PageSourceSearch

https://geckoconsortium.com/publications/

html geckoconsortium.com collected 2026-10-04 15:11:22 UTC 83,245 bytes, 935 lines download raw bytes

1<!doctype html>
2<html lang="en-US" class="no-js anim">
3<head>
4	<meta charset="UTF-8">
5	<title>Publications - GECKO</title>
6	<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">
7	<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">
8	<meta name="google-site-verification" content="qgy-HNZZ_YuZMXfyCQxLAR6SVunFbTgwomsMZ3a2e_o" />
9
10	<link rel="preconnect" href="https://use.typekit.net/"/>
11	<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/"/>
12	<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/"/>
13
14	
14<script type="text/javascript">
15        (function () {
16            document.documentElement.classList.add('js');
17            document.documentElement.classList.remove('no-js');
18        })();
19	</script>
19
20
21    
21<script id="CookieConsent" src="https://policy.app.cookieinformation.com/uc.js" data-culture="EN" type="text/javascript"></script>
21
22
23	<style>
24        @import url('https://use.typekit.net/yri1nui.css');
25        @import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Open+Sans:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&display=swap');
26	</style>
27
28	
28<script type="text/javascript">
29        WebFontConfig = {
30            //typekit: {id: 'sku8uhg'},
31            //google: {families: ['Ubuntu:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,500;0,700;1,300;1,400;1,500;1,700&display=swap']},
32            custom: {
33                families: [
34                    'Font Awesome 5 Free', 'Font Awesome 5 Brands'
35                ],
36                urls: [
37                    'https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.8.0/css/all.css',
38                ]
39            }
40        };
41
42        (function (d) {
43            var wf = d.createElement('script'), s = d.scripts[0];
44            wf.src = 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/webfontloader.min.js';
45            wf.async = true;
46            s.parentNode.insertBefore(wf, s);
47        })(document);
48	</script>
48
49	<noscript>
50		<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.8.0/css/all.css" media="all">
51	</noscript>
52
53    <!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics -->
54    
54<script data-rocketlazyloadscript='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-SPJGSLFTBQ' async ></script>
54
55    
55<script data-rocketlazyloadscript='data:text/javascript;base64,CiAgICAgICAgd2luZG93LmRhdGFMYXllciA9IHdpbmRvdy5kYXRhTGF5ZXIgfHwgW107CiAgICAgICAgZnVuY3Rpb24gZ3RhZygpe2RhdGFMYXllci5wdXNoKGFyZ3VtZW50cyk7fQogICAgICAgIGd0YWcoJ2pzJywgbmV3IERhdGUoKSk7CgogICAgICAgIGd0YWcoJ2NvbmZpZycsICdHLVNQSkdTTEZUQlEnKTsKICAgIA==' ></script>
55
56
57	<link rel="preload" href="https://use.typekit.net/af/96f648/00000000000000003b9ade35/27/l?primer=7cdcb44be4a7db8877ffa5c0007b8dd865b3bbc383831fe2ea177f62257a9191&fvd=n4&v=3" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin>
58<link rel="preload" href="https://use.typekit.net/af/96f648/00000000000000003b9ade35/27/d?primer=7cdcb44be4a7db8877ffa5c0007b8dd865b3bbc383831fe2ea177f62257a9191&fvd=n4&v=3" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin>
59<link rel="preload" href="https://use.typekit.net/af/024a03/00000000000000003b9ade34/27/l?primer=7cdcb44be4a7db8877ffa5c0007b8dd865b3bbc383831fe2ea177f62257a9191&fvd=i4&v=3" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin>
60<link rel="preload" href="https://use.typekit.net/af/024a03/00000000000000003b9ade34/27/d?primer=7cdcb44be4a7db8877ffa5c0007b8dd865b3bbc383831fe2ea177f62257a9191&fvd=i4&v=3" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin>
61<link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v20/mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFVZ0bf8pkAg.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin>
62<link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v20/mem5YaGs126MiZpBA-UN7rgOUuhpKKSTjw.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin>
63<meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />
64
65	<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v16.2 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ -->
66	<title>Publications - GECKO</title>
67	<link rel="canonical" href="https://geckoconsortium.com/publications/" />
68	<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
69	<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
70	<meta property="og:title" content="Publications - GECKO" />
71	<meta property="og:description" content="2025 Dietary macronutrients modulate the proteome of brown adipose tissue in males and their female offspring. Macartney EL, Senior AM, Crean AJ, Small L, Pulpitel TJ, Ruffino L, Nobrega MA, Barrès R, Simpson SJ. Cell Reports. 2025 Jul 24;44(8):116050 Dietary macronutrient composition in males influences brown adipose tissue (BAT) size and BAT size of daughters [&hellip;]" />
72	<meta property="og:url" content="https://geckoconsortium.com/publications/" />
73	<meta property="og:site_name" content="GECKO" />
74	<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2025-09-17T12:30:08+00:00" />
75	<meta property="og:image" content="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/fx1_lrg-1.jpg" />
76	<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
77	<meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time">
78	<meta name="twitter:data1" content="19 minutes">
79	
79<script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://geckoconsortium.com/#website","url":"https://geckoconsortium.com/","name":"GECKO","description":"Understanding the ancestral causes of obesity","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://geckoconsortium.com/?s={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://geckoconsortium.com/publications/#primaryimage","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/fx1_lrg-1.jpg","contentUrl":"https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/fx1_lrg-1.jpg","width":996,"height":846},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://geckoconsortium.com/publications/#webpage","url":"https://geckoconsortium.com/publications/","name":"Publications - GECKO","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://geckoconsortium.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://geckoconsortium.com/publications/#primaryimage"},"datePublished":"2023-10-16T12:30:33+00:00","dateModified":"2025-09-17T12:30:08+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://geckoconsortium.com/publications/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://geckoconsortium.com/publications/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://geckoconsortium.com/publications/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://geckoconsortium.com/","url":"https://geckoconsortium.com/","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https://geckoconsortium.com/publications/#webpage"}}]}]}</script>
79
80	<!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. -->
81
82
83
84<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css'  href='https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=5.7.2.1699270096' media='all' />
85<link rel='stylesheet' id='framework-css'  href='https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/themes/gecko/assets/css/framework.css?ver=1.2.0.1699270096' media='all' />
86<link rel='stylesheet' id='main-css'  href='https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/themes/gecko/style.css?ver=1.2.0.1699270096' media='all' />
87<link rel='stylesheet' id='responsive-css'  href='https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/themes/gecko/assets/css/responsive.css?ver=5.7.2.1699270096' media='all' />
88<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/485" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://geckoconsortium.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
89<link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml" /> 
90<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 5.7.2" />
91<link rel='shortlink' href='https://geckoconsortium.com/?p=485' />
92<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgeckoconsortium.com%2Fpublications%2F" />
93<link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgeckoconsortium.com%2Fpublications%2F&#038;format=xml" />
94<link rel="icon" href="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/cropped-favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" />
95<link rel="icon" href="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/cropped-favicon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" />
96<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/cropped-favicon-180x180.png" />
97<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/cropped-favicon-270x270.png" />
98<noscript><style id="rocket-lazyload-nojs-css">.rll-youtube-player, [data-lazy-src]{display:none !important;}</style></noscript></head>
99<body class="page-template-default page page-id-485 publications">
100
101<div class="wrapper broad-type">
102
103    <!-- header -->
104    <header class="header clear sticky-header-out" role="banner">
105        <div class="container header-bar">
106
107            <!-- burger-menu-wrap -->
108            <div class="burger-menu-wrap">
109                <a href="#" class="burger-menu-btn">
110                    <span class="menu-burger-icon">
111                        <span></span><span></span><span></span>
112                    </span>
113                    <span class="menu-burger-label">Menu</span>
114                </a>
115
116                <nav class="nav" role="navigation">
117					<ul id="burger-menu" class="burger-menu"><li id="menu-item-292" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-292"><a href="https://geckoconsortium.com/">Home</a></li>
118<li id="menu-item-35" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-35"><a href="https://geckoconsortium.com/about-gecko/">About GECKO</a></li>
119<li id="menu-item-36" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-36"><a href="https://geckoconsortium.com/#studies">Studies</a></li>
120<li id="menu-item-34" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-34"><a href="https://geckoconsortium.com/consortium-members/">Consortium Members</a></li>
121<li id="menu-item-580" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-580"><a href="https://geckoconsortium.com/contact/">Contact</a></li>
122<li id="menu-item-569" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-485 current_page_item menu-item-569"><a href="https://geckoconsortium.com/publications/" aria-current="page">Publications</a></li>
123</ul>                </nav>
124            </div>
125            <!-- /burger-menu-wrap -->
126
127            <!-- header-menu-wrap -->
128            <div class="header-menu-wrap">
129				<ul id="header-menu" class="header-menu"><li><a href="https://geckoconsortium.com/about-gecko/">About</a></li>
130<li><a href="https://geckoconsortium.com/"><img width="58" height="41" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%2058%2041'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Logo" class="logo-img" data-lazy-src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/themes/gecko/assets/images/logo.svg"><noscript><img width="58" height="41" src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/themes/gecko/assets/images/logo.svg" alt="Logo" class="logo-img"></noscript></a></li>
131<li><a href="https://geckoconsortium.com/#studies">Studies</a></li>
132</ul>
133                <div class="header-bar-bg">
134					<svg class="header-svg" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px"
135	 viewBox="0 0 415.4 150" style="enable-background:new 0 0 415.4 150;" xml:space="preserve">
136<path fill="#FFFFFF" d="M298.7,0H0c9.5,0.7,18.9,2.8,27.9,6.2c4.9,1.9,12.1,5.4,23.9,16.7c17.8,17,15,22.3,26.9,28.2
137	c6.4,3.2,17.4,6.7,37,6.9v0h183c20.3-0.1,31.5-3.7,38-6.9c11.9-5.9,9.1-11.1,26.9-28.2c11.8-11.3,19-14.8,23.9-16.7
138	c9-3.4,18.3-5.5,27.9-6.2L298.7,0z"/>
139</svg>
140					<svg class="mobile-header-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 287.5 150" style="enable-background:new 0 0 287.5 150;" xml:space="preserve">
141	<path fill="#FFFFFF" class="st0" d="M206.7,0H0c6.8,0.8,13.3,2.9,19.3,6.2c3.4,1.9,8.4,5.4,16.6,16.7     c12.3,17,10.4,22.3,18.6,28.2c4.4,3.2,12,6.7,25.6,6.9v0h126.6c14-0.1,21.8-3.7,26.3-6.9c8.2-5.9,6.3-11.1,18.6-28.2     c8.2-11.3,13.2-14.8,16.6-16.7c6-3.3,12.5-5.4,19.3-6.2L206.7,0z"/>
142</svg>                </div>
143            </div>
144            <!-- /header-menu-wrap -->
145
146            <!-- switcher-wrap -->
147            <div class="switcher-wrap">
148				<div class="switcher-toggle" data-type="broad-type">
149                    <span class="broad-type switcher-btn active">Broad</span>
150                    <span class="technical-type switcher-btn">Technical</span>
151                    <div class="switcher-active-border"></div>
152                </div>
153            </div>
154            <!-- /switcher-wrap -->
155
156        </div>
157    </header>
158    <!-- /header -->
159    <main id="main" class="site-main">
160        <section id="primary" class="content-area">
161
162			
163                <header class="entry-header" data-anim="fade-slide-up">
164                    <div class="container">
165						<h1 class="entry-title">Publications</h1>                    </div>
166                </header>
167
168                <article class="entry-container post-485 page type-page status-publish hentry" data-anim="fade-slide-up">
169                    <div class="container">
170                        <div class="row">
171                            <div class="small-12 columns entry-content">
172								
173<h2 class="has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color" style="font-size:45px">2025</h2>
174
175
176
177<div class="wp-block-group alignwide"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container">
178<h3><strong>Effect of ultra-processed food consumption on male reproductive and metabolic health</strong></h3>
179
180
181
182<p>Preston JM, Iversen J, Hufnagel A, Hjort L, Taylor J, Sanchez C, George V, Hansen AN, Ängquist L, Hermann S, Craig JM, Torekov S, Lindh C, Hougaard KS, Nóbrega MA, Simpson SJ, Barrès R. <strong>Cell Metab.</strong> 2025 Aug 22:S1550-4131(25)00360-2. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2025.08.004</p>
183
184
185
186<p class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color"><a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(25)00360-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(25)00360-2</em></a></p>
187
188
189
190<p></p>
191
192
193
194<div class="wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile" style="grid-template-columns:30% auto"><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><img width="996" height="846" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20996%20846'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="" class="wp-image-582 size-full" data-lazy-srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/fx1_lrg-1.jpg 996w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/fx1_lrg-1-300x255.jpg 300w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/fx1_lrg-1-768x652.jpg 768w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 99
1946px) 100vw, 996px" data-lazy-src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/fx1_lrg-1.jpg" /><noscript><img width="996" height="846" src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/fx1_lrg-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-582 size-full" srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/fx1_lrg-1.jpg 996w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/fx1_lrg-1-300x255.jpg 300w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/fx1_lrg-1-768x652.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 996px) 100vw, 996px" /></noscript></figure><div class="wp-block-media-text__content">
195<p><strong>Highlights</strong></p>
196
197
198
199<ul><li>Compared with an unprocessed diet, UPF impaired cardiometabolic and reproductive health</li><li>The deleterious effects of a UPF diet were independent of total caloric intake</li><li>A UPF diet altered the balance of several hormones, including GDF-15 and FSH</li><li>A UPF diet was associated with higher serum concentration of the phthalate cxMINP</li></ul>
200</div></div>
201
202
203
204<div class="wp-block-columns">
205<div class="wp-block-column"></div>
206
207
208
209<div class="wp-block-column"></div>
210</div>
211
212
213
214<p class="has-text-align-left has-normal-font-size">Consumption of ultra-processed food is associated with increased caloric intake and impaired health. Here, we conducted a nutrition trial (NCT05368194) with controlled, 2 × 2 crossover design and tested whether ultra-processed food impairs reproductive and metabolic fitness, with further aggravation by excess caloric intake. Comparing the response from an unprocessed to ultra-processed diet identified increased body weight and low-density lipoprotein (LDL):high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio, independent of caloric load. Several hormones involved in energy metabolism and spermatogenesis were affected, including decreased levels of growth/differentiation factor 15 and follicle-stimulating hormone. Sperm quality trended toward impairment, with a decrease in total motility. Differential accumulation of pollutants between the discordant diets were detected, such as decreased plasma lithium and a trend for increased levels of the phthalate mono(4-methyl-7-carboxyheptyl)phthalate (cxMINP) in serum, following the ultra-processed diet. Alteration in caloric load alone had distinct effects on the measured outcomes. This study provides evidence that consumption of ultra-processed food is detrimental for cardiometabolic and reproductive outcomes, regardless of excessive caloric intake.</p>
215</div></div>
216
217
218
219<hr class="wp-block-separator"/>
220
221
222
223<p></p>
224
225
226
227<h3><strong>Dietary macronutrients modulate the proteome of brown adipose tissue in males and their female offspring.</strong></h3>
228
229
230
231<p>Macartney EL, Senior AM, Crean AJ, Small L, Pulpitel TJ, Ruffino L, Nobrega MA, Barrès R, Simpson SJ. <strong><strong>Cell Reports</strong>. </strong>2025 Jul 24;44(8):116050</p>
232
233
234
235<div class="wp-block-columns">
236<div class="wp-block-column">
237<p>Dietary macronutrient composition in males influences brown adipose tissue (BAT) size and BAT size of daughters in C57BL/6J mice. However, the effects of macronutrients and paternal effects on BAT function have yet to be characterized. We investigated the effects of macronutrient composition on the BAT proteome in male mice and offspring. In fathers, >50% of the proteome was affected by macronutrients. We identified two clusters with inverse patterns that correlated with BAT mass. Notably, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) was reduced on low-fat diets that promoted increased BAT mass, while there were increased levels of proteins involved in protein turnover. The same diets also led to a reduction in proteins involved in purine biosynthesis (purines are often UCP1 inhibitors). We also found that paternal protein intake negatively affected basigin expression in daughters, a protein that regulates Ucp1 transcription. Our results show that macronutrients in males remodel the protein expression of BAT directly and in their daughters.</p>
238
239
240
241<p class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124725008216?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124725008216?via%3Dihub</em></a></p>
242</div>
243
244
245
246<div class="wp-block-column">
247<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img width="996" height="996" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20996%20996'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="" class="wp-image-602" data-lazy-srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/1-s2.0-S2211124725008216-fx1_lrg-1.jpg 996w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/1-s2.0-S2211124725008216-fx1_lrg-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/1-s2.0-S2211124725008216-fx1_lrg-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/1-s2.0-S2211124725008216-fx1_lrg-1-768x768.jpg 768w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 99
2476px) 100vw, 996px" data-lazy-src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/1-s2.0-S2211124725008216-fx1_lrg-1.jpg" /><noscript><img width="996" height="996" src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/1-s2.0-S2211124725008216-fx1_lrg-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-602" srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/1-s2.0-S2211124725008216-fx1_lrg-1.jpg 996w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/1-s2.0-S2211124725008216-fx1_lrg-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/1-s2.0-S2211124725008216-fx1_lrg-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/1-s2.0-S2211124725008216-fx1_lrg-1-768x768.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 996px) 100vw, 996px" /></noscript></figure>
248</div>
249</div>
250
251
252
253<hr class="wp-block-separator"/>
254
255
256
257<p class="has-medium-font-size"></p>
258
259
260
261<h3><strong>Healthy lifestyle before and during pregnancy to prevent childhood obesity – study protocol for a parallel group randomised trial &#8211; The PRE-STORK trial.</strong></h3>
262
263
264
265<p>Kornerup N, Danielsen JH, Sahl RE, Pico ML, Johansen MY, Knop FK, Bønnelykke K, Bergholt T, Kelstrup L, Foghsgaard S, Ghauri N, Grønlund E, Lund L, Vinter CA, Forman JL, Barrès R, Nielsen KK, Andersen A, Torekov SS, Grunnet LG and Vilsbøll T. <strong>BMJ Open</strong>. 2025 Jan 25;15(1):e087895.</p>
266
267
268
269<p class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color"><a href="https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/1/e087895.long" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/1/e087895.long</em></a></p>
270
271
272
273<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> The global prevalence of people living with overweight has tripled since 1975 and more than 40% of Danish women enter pregnancy being overweight. With the increasing rates of obesity observed in children, adolescents and adults, there is an urgent need for preventive measures. Risk factors for childhood obesity include maternal overweight or obesity before conception and excessive weight gain during pregnancy. Interventions aimed at modifying maternal lifestyle during pregnancy have demonstrated minimal positive or no impact on the health of the children. The &#8216;healthy lifestyle before and during pregnancy to prevent childhood obesity &#8211; the PRE-STORK trial&#8217; aims to provide insights into the effect of a lifestyle intervention initiated before conception and continued during pregnancy in women with overweight or obesity, on neonatal adiposity in their children.</p>
274
275
276
277<p><strong>Methods and analysis:</strong> In this randomised, two-arm, parallel-group, controlled trial, we will include 360 women with overweight or obesity (aged 18-40; body mass index 25-44 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and their partners. The women will be randomised to receive either standard of care or a lifestyle intervention focused on preconception body weight reduction, regular physical exercise, healthy diet and support from a mentor <em>before</em> and <em>during</em> pregnancy. The primary outcome is the difference in neonatal adiposity measured in their children at birth. Children conceived during the trial will constitute a birth cohort, monitoring the effects on their health until the age of 18 years.</p>
278
279
280
281<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img width="1024" height="435" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201024%20435'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="" class="wp-image-603" data-lazy-srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/bmjopen-2025-January-15-1-F1.large_-1024x435.jpg 1024w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/bmjopen-2025-January-15-1-F1.large_-300x128.jpg 300w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/bmjopen-2025-January-15-1-F1.large_-768x326.jpg 768w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/bmjopen-2025-January-15-1-F1.large_.jpg 1280w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" data-lazy-src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/bmjopen-2025-January-15-1-F1.large_-1024x435.jpg" /><noscript><img width="1024" height="435" src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/bmjopen-2025-January-15-1-F1.large_-1024x435.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-603" srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/bmjopen-2025-January-15-1-F1.large_-1024x435.jpg 1024w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/bmjopen-2025-January-15-1-F1.large_-300x128.jpg 300w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/bmjopen-2025-January-15-1-F1.large_-768x326.jpg 768w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/bmjopen-2025-January-15-1-F1.large_.jpg 1280w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></noscript></figure>
282
283
284
285<p><strong>Ethics and dissemination:</strong>
285 The trial has been approved by the Regional Committee on Health Research Ethics in the Capital Region of Denmark (identification number H-22011403) and will be conducted in agreement with the Declaration of Helsinki. All results, whether positive, negative and inconclusive, will be disseminated at national or international scientific meetings and in peer-reviewed scientific journals.</p>
286
287
288
289<p><strong>Trial registration number:</strong> ClinicalTrials.gov: <a href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05578690">NCT05578690</a> (October 2022).</p>
290
291
292
293<hr class="wp-block-separator"/>
294
295
296
297<p></p>
298
299
300
301<h3><strong>A Guinea Pig Model of Pediatric Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis: Poor Vitamin C Status May Advance Disease</strong></h3>
302
303
304
305<p>Pedersen K, Poojari A, Colberg SF, Mechernsee SM, Iversen JF, Barrès R, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. <strong>Nutrients</strong>.2025 Jan 15;17(2):291.</p>
306
307
308
309<p class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color"><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/2/291" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/2/291</em></a></p>
310
311
312
313<p><strong>Background/Objectives:</strong> Children and teenagers display a distinct metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) phenotype, yet studies of childhood MASH are scarce and validated animal models lacking, limiting the development of treatments. Poor vitamin C (VitC) status may affect MASH progression and often co-occurs with high-fat diets and related metabolic imbalances. As a regulator of DNA methylation, poor VitC status may further contribute to MASH by regulating gene expression This study investigated guinea pigs—a species that, like humans, depends on vitC in the diet—as a model of pediatric MASH, examining the effects of poor VitC status on MASH hallmarks and global DNA methylation levels. <strong>Methods:</strong> Sixty-two juvenile guinea pigs were exposed to a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. <strong>Results:</strong> Juvenile guinea pigs exhibited hepatic histopathology representative of pediatric MASH, confirmed by portal inflammation and fibrosis. Consistent with pediatric MASH, juvenile guinea pigs displayed increased lobular and portal inflammation (p &lt; 0.05 and p &lt; 0.0001, respectively) but less steatosis (p &lt; 0.001) compared to adults. Compared to the controls, the guinea pigs deprived in VitC showed lower body weight (p &lt; 0.01), higher expression of hepatic inflammatory genes (p &lt; 0.05), and a lower global hydroxymethylcytosine to methylcytosine ratio in the high-fat groups (p &lt; 0.05). <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Our study validates guinea pigs as a model of pediatric MASH and suggests that VitC contributes to an altered gene expression signature through the regulation of DNA hydroxymethylation. We postulate that nutritional co-deficiencies in MASH, such as low VitC, may accelerate disease progression and deserve further attention.</p>
314
315
316
317<hr class="wp-block-separator"/>
318
319
320
321<p></p>
322
323
324
325<h3><strong>Exposure to childhood maltreatment is associated with specific epigenetic patterns in sperm.</strong></h3>
326
327
328
329<p>Tuulari, JJ, Bourgery, M, Iversen, J, Koefoed, TG, Ahonen, A, Ahmedani A, Kataja EL, Karlsson L, Barrès R*, Karlsson L*, Kotaja, N*. <strong>Molecular Psychiatry</strong>. 2025 Jun;30(6):2635-2644.</p>
330
331
332
333<div class="wp-block-columns">
334<div class="wp-block-column" style="flex-basis:100%">
335<p class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-024-02872-3#Fig1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-024-02872-3#Fig1</em></a></p>
336
337
338
339<div class="wp-block-columns">
340<div class="wp-block-column" style="flex-basis:100%">
341<div class="wp-block-columns">
342<div class="wp-block-column">
343<div class="wp-block-columns">
344<div class="wp-block-column">
345<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img width="766" height="570" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20766%20570'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="" class="wp-image-607" data-lazy-srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Capture-decran-2025-09-17-120615-1.jpg 766w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Capture-decran-2025-09-17-120615-1-300x223.jpg 300w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 766px) 100v
345w, 766px" data-lazy-src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Capture-decran-2025-09-17-120615-1.jpg" /><noscript><img width="766" height="570" src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Capture-decran-2025-09-17-120615-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-607" srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Capture-decran-2025-09-17-120615-1.jpg 766w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Capture-decran-2025-09-17-120615-1-300x223.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 766px) 100vw, 766px" /></noscript></figure>
346</div>
347
348
349
350<div class="wp-block-column">
351<p>Childhood maltreatment exposure (CME) increases the risk of adverse long-term health consequences for the exposed individual. Animal studies suggest that CME may also influence the health and behaviour in the next generation offspring through CME-driven epigenetic changes in the germ line. Here we investigated the associated between early life stress on the epigenome of sperm in humans with history of CME. We measured paternal CME using the Trauma and Distress Scale (TADS) questionnaire and mapped sperm-borne sncRNAs expression by small RNA sequencing (small RNA-seq) and DNA methylation (DNAme) in spermatozoa by reduced-representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS-seq) in males from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. The study design was a (nested) case-control study, high-TADS (TADS ≥ 39, <em>n</em> = 25 for DNAme and <em>n</em> = 14 for small RNA-seq) and low-TADS (TADS ≤ 10, <em>n</em> = 30 for DNAme and <em>n</em> = 16 for small RNA-seq). We identified 3 genomic regions with differential methylation between low and high-TADS and 68 tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) and miRNAs with different levels in males with high CME (False discovery rate, FDR corrected <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Of potential interest, we identified differential expression of miRNA hsa-mir-34c-5p and differential methylation levels near the <em>CRTC1</em> and <em>GBX2</em> genes, which are documented to control brain development. Our results provide further evidence that early life stress influences the paternal germline epigenome and supports a possible effect in modulating the development of the central nervous system of the next generation.</p>
352</div>
353</div>
354</div>
355</div>
356</div>
357</div>
358</div>
359</div>
360
361
362
363<hr class="wp-block-separator"/>
364
365
366
367<p></p>
368
369
370
371<h2 class="has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color" style="font-size:45px">2024</h2>
372
373
374
375<h3><strong>Extracellular vesicles &#8211; small messengers with a wide range of applications?</strong></h3>
376
377
378
379<p>Hufnagel A, Barrès R. <strong>Dan Med J</strong> 2024 Jul; 71(8)</p>
380
381
382
383<p class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color"><a href="https://ugeskriftet.dk/dmj/extracellular-vesicles-small-messengers-wide-range-applications" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>https://ugeskriftet.dk/dmj/extracellular-vesicles-small-messengers-wide-range-applications</em></a></p>
384
385
386
387<div class="wp-block-columns">
388<div class="wp-block-column" style="flex-basis:100%">
389<div class="wp-block-columns">
390<div class="wp-block-column" style="flex-basis:100%">
391<div class="wp-block-columns">
392<div class="wp-block-column">
393<p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membranous vesicles secreted by many different cell types that have emerged as potentially important mediators of organ crosstalk. EVs are of research interest in health and disease and as biomarkers and therapeutic agents in various fields, including metabolism, reproduction, cancer, and others. Despite promising data and a growing understanding of their role, challenges and limitations of EV research remain, leaving room for optimisation regarding methods for pure isolations of EVs and translation into clinical practice.</p>
394</div>
395
396
397
398<div class="wp-block-column">
399<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20339%20286'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="" class="wp-image-585" width="339" height="286" data-lazy-srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/EV-image.png 472w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/EV-image-300x254.png 300w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 339px) 100vw, 339px" data-lazy-src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/EV-image.png" /><noscript><img src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/EV-image.png" alt="" class="wp-image-585" width="339" height="286" srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/EV-image.png 472w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/EV-image-300x254.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 339px) 100vw, 339px" /></noscript></figure>
400</div>
401</div>
402</div>
403</div>
404</div>
405</div>
406
407
408
409<hr class="wp-block-separator"/>
410
411
412
413<p></p>
414
415
416
417<h3><strong>Epigenetics of the non-coding RNA nc886 across blood, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in offspring exposed to diabetes in pregnancy.</strong></h3>
418
419
420
421<p>Hjort L, Bredgaard SS, Manitta E, Marques I, Sørensen AE, Martino D, Grunnet LG, Kelstrup L, Houshmand-Oeregaard A, Dalsgaard Clausen T, Mathiesen ER, Olsen SF, Saffery R, Barrès R, Damm P, Vaag AV, Dalgaard LT. <strong>Clinical Epigenetics</strong>. 2024 May 7;16(1):61.</p>
422
423
424
425<h3>
425Background</h3>
426
427
428
429<p>Diabetes in pregnancy is associated with increased risk of long-term metabolic disease in the offspring, potentially mediated by in utero epigenetic variation. Previously, we identified multiple differentially methylated single CpG sites in offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but whether stretches of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) can also be identified in adolescent GDM offspring is unknown. Here, we investigate which DNA regions in adolescent offspring are differentially methylated in blood by exposure to diabetes in pregnancy. The secondary aim was to characterize the RNA expression of the identified DMR, which contained the <em>nc886</em> non-coding RNA.</p>
430
431
432
433<h3>Methods</h3>
434
435
436
437<p>To identify DMRs, we employed the bump hunter method in samples from young (9–16&nbsp;yr, <em>n</em> = 92) offspring of women with GDM (O-GDM) and control offspring (<em>n</em> = 94). Validation by pyrosequencing was performed in an adult offspring cohort (age 28–33&nbsp;years) consisting of O-GDM (<em>n</em> = 82), offspring exposed to maternal type 1 diabetes (O-T1D, <em>n</em> = 67) and control offspring (O-BP, <em>n</em> = 57). RNA-expression was measured using RT-qPCR in subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.</p>
438
439
440
441<h3>Results</h3>
442
443
444
445<p>One significant DMR represented by 10 CpGs with a bimodal methylation pattern was identified, located in the <em>nc886</em>/<em>VTRNA2-1</em> non-coding RNA gene. Low methylation status across all CpGs of the <em>nc886</em> in the young offspring was associated with maternal GDM. While low methylation degree in adult offspring in blood, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle was not associated with maternal GDM, adipose tissue <em>nc886</em> expression was increased in O-GDM compared to O-BP, but not in O-T1D. In addition, adipose tissue <em>nc886</em> expression levels were positively associated with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (<em>p</em> = 0.006), but not with the offspring’s own adiposity.</p>
446
447
448
449<h3>Conclusions</h3>
450
451
452
453<p>Our results highlight that <em>nc886</em> is a metastable epiallele, whose methylation in young offspring is negatively correlated with maternal obesity and GDM status. The physiological effect of <em>nc886</em> may be more important in adipose tissue than in skeletal muscle. Further research should aim to investigate how <em>nc886</em> regulation in adipose tissue by exposure to GDM may contribute to development of metabolic disease.</p>
454
455
456
457<p class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color"><a href="https://clinicalepigeneticsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13148-024-01673-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>https://clinicalepigeneticsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13148-024-01673-3</em></a></p>
458
459
460
461<hr class="wp-block-separator"/>
462
463
464
465<p></p>
466
467
468
469<h3><strong>Paternal dietary macronutrient balance and energy intake drive metabolic and behavioral differences among offspring</strong></h3>
470
471
472
473<p>Crean AJ, Senior AM, Freire T, Clark TD, Mackay F, Austin G, Pulpitel TJ, Nobrega MA, Barrès R, Simpson SJ., <strong>Nat Commun</strong> 2024 Apr; 15(1): 2982.</p>
474
475
476
477<p class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46782-y/figures/1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46782-y/figures/1</em></a></p>
478
479
480
481<div class="wp-block-columns">
482<div class="wp-block-column" style="flex-basis:100%">
483<div class="wp-block-columns">
484<div class="wp-block-column">
485<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img width="1024" height="500" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201024%20500'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="" class="wp-image-588" data-lazy-srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/crean-et-al-illustr-1024x500.png 1024w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/crean-et-al-illustr-300x146.png 300w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/crean-et-al-illustr-768x375.png 768w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/crean-et-
485al-illustr.png 1107w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" data-lazy-src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/crean-et-al-illustr-1024x500.png" /><noscript><img width="1024" height="500" src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/crean-et-al-illustr-1024x500.png" alt="" class="wp-image-588" srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/crean-et-al-illustr-1024x500.png 1024w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/crean-et-al-illustr-300x146.png 300w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/crean-et-al-illustr-768x375.png 768w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/crean-et-al-illustr.png 1107w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></noscript></figure>
486</div>
487
488
489
490<div class="wp-block-column">
491<p>Paternal diet can influence the phenotype of the next generation, yet, the dietary components inducing specific responses in the offspring are not identified. Here, we use the Nutritional Geometry Framework to determine the effects of pre-conception paternal dietary macronutrient balance on offspring metabolic and behavioral traits in mice. Ten isocaloric diets varying in the relative proportion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates are fed to male mice prior to mating. Dams and offspring are fed standard chow and never exposed to treatment diets. Body fat in female offspring is positively associated with the paternal consumption of fat, while in male offspring, an anxiety-like phenotype is associated to paternal diets low in protein and high in carbohydrates. Our study uncovers that the nature and the magnitude of paternal effects are driven by interactions between macronutrient balance and energy intake and are not solely the result of over- or undernutrition.</p>
492</div>
493</div>
494</div>
495</div>
496
497
498
499<hr class="wp-block-separator"/>
500
501
502
503<p></p>
504
505
506
507<h3><strong>Dietary macronutrient composition impacts gene regulation in adipose tissue</strong></h3>
508
509
510
511<p>Farris KM, Senior AM, Sobreira DR, Mitchell RM, Weber ZT, Ingerslev LR, Barrès R, Simpson SJ, Crean AJ, Nobrega MA, <strong>Commun Biol</strong> 2024 Feb; 7(1): 194.</p>
512
513
514
515<p class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-05876-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-05876-5</em></a></p>
516
517
518
519<p>Diet is a key lifestyle component that influences metabolic health through several factors, including total energy intake and macronutrient composition. While the impact of caloric intake on gene expression and physiological phenomena in various tissues is well described, the influence of dietary macronutrient composition on these parameters is less well studied. Here, we use the Nutritional Geometry framework to investigate the role of macronutrient composition on metabolic function and gene regulation in adipose tissue. Using ten isocaloric diets that vary systematically in their proportion of energy from fat, protein, and carbohydrates, we find that gene expression and splicing are highly responsive to macronutrient composition, with distinct sets of genes regulated by different macronutrient interactions. Specifically, the expression of many genes associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome is responsive to dietary fat content. Splicing and expression changes occur in largely separate gene sets, highlighting distinct mechanisms by which dietary composition influences the transcriptome and emphasizing the importance of considering splicing changes to more fully capture the gene regulation response to environmental changes such as diet. Our study provides insight into the gene regulation plasticity of adipose tissue in response to macronutrient composition, beyond the already well-characterized response to caloric intake.</p>
520
521
522
523<hr class="wp-block-separator"/>
524
525
526
527<p class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color"></p>
528
529
530
531<h2 class="has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color" style="font-size:45px">2023</h2>
532
533
534
535<h3><strong>Splicing across adipocyte differentiation is highly dynamic and impacted by metabolic phenotype in adipose tissue</strong></h3>
536
537
538
539<p>Nobrega M, Farris K, Andersen E, Donkin I, Versteyhe S, Kristiansen VB, Simpson S, Barres R, <strong>Res Sq</strong> 2023 Oct</p>
540
541
542
543<p class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color"><a href="https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3487148/v1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://<em>www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3487148/v1</em></a></p>
544
545
546
547<p>Adipose tissue dysfunction underlies many of the metabolic complications associated with obesity. A better understanding of the gene regulation differences present in metabolically unhealthy adipose tissue can provide insights into the mechanisms underlying adipose tissue dysfunction. Here, we used RNA-seq data collected from a differentiation time course of lean, obese, and obese with type 2 diabetes (T2D) individuals to characterize the role of alterative splicing in adipocyte differentiation and function. We found that splicing was highly dynamic across adipocyte differentiation in all three cohorts, and that the dynamics of splicing were significantly impacted by metabolic phenotype. We also found that there was very little overlap between genes that were differentially spliced in adipocyte differentiation and those that were differentially expressed, positioning alternative splicing as a largely independent gene regulatory mechanism whose impact would be missed when looking at gene expression changes alone. To assess the impact of alternative splicing across adipocyte differentiation on genetic risk for metabolic diseases, we integrated the differential splicing results generated here with genome-wide association study results for body mass index and T2D, and found that variants associated with T2D were enriched in regions that were differentially spliced in early differentiation. These findings provide insight into the role of alternative splicing in adipocyte differentiation and can serve as a resource to guide future variant-to-function studies.</p>
548
549
550
551<hr class="wp-block-separator"/>
552
553
554
555<p></p>
556
557
558
559<h3><strong>Male reproductive traits are differentially affected by dietary macronutrient balance but unrelated to adiposity</strong></h3>
560
561
562
563<p>A. Crean, S. Afrin, H. Niranjan, T. Pulpitel, G. Ahmad, A. Senior, T. Freire, F. Mackay, M. Nobrega, R. Barrès, S. Simpson, T. Pini, <strong>Nature Communications</strong>, 2023, 14 (1), pp.2566. ⟨10.1038/s41467-023-38314-x⟩.</p>
564
565
566
567<p class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-38314-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-38314-x</em></a></p>
568
569
570
571<p>Dietary factors influence male reproductive function in both experimental and epidemiological studies. However, there are currently no specific dietary guidelines for male preconception health. Here, we use the Nutritional Geometry framework to examine the effects of dietary macronutrient balance on reproductive traits in C57BL/6 J male mice. Dietary effects are observed in a range of morphological, testicular and spermatozoa traits, although the relative influence of protein, fat, carbohydrate, and their interactions differ depending on the trait being examined. Interestingly, dietary fat has a positive influence on sperm motility and antioxidant capacity, differing to typical high fat diet studies where calorie content is not controlled for. Moreover, body adiposity is not significantly correlated with any of the reproductive traits measured in this study. These results demonstrate the importance of macronutrient balance and calorie intake on reproductive function and support the need to develop specific, targeted, preconception dietary guidelines for males.</p>
572
573
574
575<hr class="wp-block-separator"/>
576
577
578
579<p></p>
580
581
582
583<h3 class="has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color" style="font-size:45px">2022</h3>
584
585
586
587<h3><strong>Comparative analysis of sperm DNA methylation supports evolutionary acquired epigenetic plasticity for organ speciation</strong></h3>
588
589
590
591<p>Moharrek F, Ingerslev LR, Altıntaş A, Lundell L, Hansen AN, Small L, Workman CT and Barrès R. <strong>Epigenomics</strong>. 2022 Nov 24. doi: 10.2217/epi-2022-0168<em>.</em></p>
592
593
594
595<p><strong>Aim:</strong> To perform a comparative epigenomic analysis of DNA methylation in spermatozoa from humans, mice, rats and mini-pigs. <strong>Materials &amp; methods:</strong> Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis was used to compare the methylation profiles of orthologous CpG sites. Transcription profiles of early embryo development were analyzed to provide insight into the association between sperm methylation and gene expression programming. <strong>Results:</strong> We identified DNA methylation variation near genes related to the central nervous system and signal transduction. Gene expression dynamics at different time points of preimplantation stages were modestly associated with spermatozoal DNA methylation at the nearest promoters. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Conserved genomic regions subject to epigenetic variation across different species were associated with specific organ functions, suggesting their potential contribution to organ speciation and long-term adaptation to the environment.</p>
596
597
598
599<p class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color"><em><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.2217/epi-2022-0168?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&amp;rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.2217/epi-2022-0168?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&amp;rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed</a></em></p>
600
601
602
603<hr class="wp-block-separator"/>
604
605
606
607<p></p>
608
609
610
611<h3><strong>DNA methylation and gene expression in blood and adipose tissue of adult offspring of women with diabetes in pregnancy – A validation study of DNA methylation changes identified in adolescent offspring</strong></h3>
612
613
614
615<p>Manitta E, Marques ICF, Stokholm S, Kelstrup BL, Houshmand-Oeregaard A, Clausen DT, Grunnet LG, Mathiesen ER, Dalgaard LT, Barrès R, Vaag AA, Damm P, Hjort L. <strong>Biomedicines</strong>. 2022 May 26;10(6):1244.</p>
616
617
618
619<p>Maternal gestational diabetes and obesity are associated with adverse outcomes in offspring, including increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Previously, we identified a lower DNA methylation degree at genomic sites near the genes ESM1, MS4A3, and TSPAN14 in the blood cells of adolescent offspring exposed to gestational diabetes and/or maternal obesity in utero. In the present study, we aimed to investigate if altered methylation and expression of these genes were detectable in blood, as well in the metabolically relevant subcutaneous adipose tissue, in a separate cohort of adult offspring exposed to gestational diabetes and obesity (O-GDM) or type 1 diabetes (O-T1D) in utero, compared with the offspring of women from the background population (O-BP). We did not replicate the findings of lower methylation of ESM1, MS4A3, and TSPAN14 in blood from adults, either in O-GDM or O-T1D. In contrast, in adipose tissue of O-T1D, we found higher MS4A3 DNA methylation, which will require further validation. The adipose tissue ESM1 expression was lower in O-GDM compared to O-BP, which in turn was not associated with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI nor the offspring’s own adiposity. Adipose tissue TSPAN14 expression was slightly lower in O-GDM compared with O-BP, but also positively associated with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, as well as offspring’s own adiposity and HbA1c levels. In conclusion, the lower DNA methylation in blood from adolescent offspring exposed to GDM could not be confirmed in the present cohort of adult offspring, potentially due to methylation remodeling with increased aging. In offspring adipose tissue, ESM1 expression was associated with maternal GDM, and TSPAN14 expression was associated with both maternal GDM, as well as pre-pregnancy BMI. These altered expression patterns are potentially relevant to the concept of developmental programming of cardiometabolic diseases and require further studies.</p>
620
621
622
623<p class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color"><em><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/6/1244" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/6/1244</a></em></p>
624
625
626
627<hr class="wp-block-separator"/>
628
629
630
631<p></p>
632
633
634
635<h3><strong>Sperm count is increased by diet-induced weight loss and maintained by exercise or GLP-1 analogue treatment: a randomised controlled trial</strong></h3>
636
637
638
639<p>Andersen E, Juhl CR, Kjøller ET, Lundgren JR, Janus C, Dehestani Y, Saupstad M, Ingerslev LR, Duun OR, Jensen SBK, Holst JJ, Stallknecht BM, Madsbad S, Torekov SS, Barrès R. <strong>Human Reproduction</strong>. 2022 May 17:deac096.</p>
640
641
642
643<p>STUDY QUESTION</p>
644
645
646
647<p>Does diet-induced weight loss improve semen parameters, and are these possible improvements maintained with sustained weight loss?</p>
648
649
650
651<p>SUMMARY ANSWER</p>
652
653
654
655<p>An 8-week low-calorie diet-induced weight loss was associated with improved sperm concentration and sperm count, which were maintained after 1 year in men who maintained weight loss.</p>
656
657
658
659<p>WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY</p>
660
661
662
663<p>Obesity is associated with impaired semen quality. Weight loss improves metabolic health in obesity, but there is a lack of knowledge on the acute and long-term effects of weight loss on semen parameters.</p>
664
665
666
667<p>STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION</p>
668
669
670
671<p>This is a substudy of men with obesity enrolled in a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial (the S-LITE trial). The trial was conducted between August 2016 and November 2019. A total of 56 men were included in the study and assigned to an initial 8-week low-calorie diet (800 kcal/day) followed by randomization to 52 weeks of either: placebo and habitual activity (placebo), exercise training and placebo (exercise), the Glucagon Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogue liraglutide and habitual activity (liraglutide) or liraglutide in combination with exercise training (combination).</p>
672
673
674
675<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img width="626" height="268" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20626%20268'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="" class="wp-image-617" data-lazy-srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Capture-decran-2025-09-17-143322.jpg 626w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Capture-decran-2025-09-17-143322-300x128.jpg 300w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 626px) 100v
675w, 626px" data-lazy-src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Capture-decran-2025-09-17-143322.jpg" /><noscript><img width="626" height="268" src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Capture-decran-2025-09-17-143322.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-617" srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Capture-decran-2025-09-17-143322.jpg 626w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Capture-decran-2025-09-17-143322-300x128.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 626px) 100vw, 626px" /></noscript></figure>
676
677
678
679<p>PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS</p>
680
681
682
683<p>Inclusion criteria were men who delivered semen samples, 18 to 65 years of age, and a body mass index between 32 and 43 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, but otherwise healthy. The study was carried out at Hvidovre Hospital and at the University of Copenhagen, and the participants were from the Greater Copenhagen Area. We assessed semen parameters and anthropometrics and collected blood samples before (T0), after the 8-week low-calorie dietary intervention (T1), and after 52 weeks (T2).</p>
684
685
686
687<p>MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE</p>
688
689
690
691<p>The men lost on average 16.5 kg (95% CI: 15.2–17.8) body weight during the low-calorie diet, which increased sperm concentration 1.49-fold (95% CI: 1.18–1.88, <em>P </em>&lt;0.01) and sperm count 1.41-fold (95% CI: 1.07–1.87, <em>P </em>&lt;0.01). These improvements were maintained for 52 weeks in men who maintained the weight loss, but not in men who regained weight. Semen volume, sperm motility and motile sperm count did not change.LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION</p>
692
693
694
695<p>The S-LITE trial was a randomized controlled trial of weight loss maintenance. Analysis of semen was preregistered to explore the effects of weight loss and weight loss maintenance on semen parameters, but definite inferences cannot be made.</p>
696
697
698
699<p>WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS</p>
700
701
702
703<p>This study shows that sperm concentration and sperm count were improved after a diet-induced weight loss in men with obesity. Our findings indicate that either or both liraglutide and exercise as weight maintenance strategies may be used to maintain the improvements in sperm concentration and count.STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)</p>
704
705
706
707<p>This work is supported by an excellence grant from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0019968), a Challenge Programme Grant from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF18OC0033754) and a grant from Helsefonden. The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research is an independent research centre at the University of Copenhagen, partially funded by an unrestricted donation from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF18CC0034900). Saxenda (liraglutide) and placebo pens were provided by Novo Nordisk. Cambridge Weight Plan diet products for the 8-week low-calorie diet were provided by Cambridge Weight Plan. E.A.: shareholder, employee of ExSeed Health Ltd. Grant Recipient from ExSeed Health Ltd and listed on Patents planned, issued or pending with ExSeed Health Ltd; J.J.H.: consultant for Eli Lilly A/S and Novo Nordisk A/S. Lecture fees for Novo Nordisk A/S. Listed on Patents planned, issued or pending with the University of Copenhagen, Advocacy group for Antag Therapeutics and Bainan Biotech; S.M.: lecture fees for Novo Nordisk A/S. Recipient of Support for attending meetings from Novo Nordisk A/S. Advisory boards of Novo Nordisk A/S; Sanofi Aventis and Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme. S.S.T.: research grant recipient Novo Nordisk. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p>
708
709
710
711<p>TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER</p>
712
713
714
715<p>The trial was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Capital Region of Denmark (H-16027082) and the Danish Medicines Agency (EudraCT Number: 2015-005585-32). ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT04122716.</p>
716
717
718
719<p>TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE</p>
720
721
722
723<p>11 May 2016.</p>
724
725
726
727<p>DATE OF FIRST PATIENT’S ENROLMENT</p>
728
729
730
731<p>August 2016.</p>
732
733
734
735<p class="has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color"><em><a href="https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/37/7/1414/6587152?login=true" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/37/7/1414/6587152?login=true</a></em></p>
736                            </div>
737                        </div>
738                    </div>
739                </article>
740
741			
742        </section><!-- #primary -->
743    </main><!-- #main -->
744
745<!-- footer -->
746<footer class="footer" role="contentinfo" data-anim="fade-slide-up">
747
748    <div class="container">
749        <div class="row footer-about">
750            <!-- copyright -->
751            <div class="small-12 medium-4 large-4 columns about-company">
752                <img width="356" height="89"
753                     src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20356%2089'%3E%3C/svg%3E"
754                     alt="Logo" class="logo-big" data-lazy-src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/themes/gecko/assets/images/logo-big.svg"><noscript><img width="356" height="89"
755                     src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/themes/gecko/assets/images/logo-big.svg"
756                     alt="Logo" class="logo-big"></noscript>
757                <p>GECKO is an international consortium of researchers working to understand the ancestral causes of obesity</p>
758            </div>
759            <!-- /copyright -->
760
761            <!-- powered by -->
762            <div class="small-12 medium-3 large-2 columns footer-menu-wrap">
763                <h4>About</h4>
764				<ul id="footer-menu" class="footer-menu"><li id="menu-item-129" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-129"><a href="https://geckoconsortium.com/consortium-members/">Consortium</a></li>
765<li id="menu-item-127" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-127"><a href="https://geckoconsortium.com/contact/">Contact</a></li>
766<li id="menu-item-128" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-128"><a href="https://geckoconsortium.com/about-gecko/">About GECKO</a></li>
767<li id="menu-item-132" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-132"><a href="https://geckoconsortium.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li>
768<li id="menu-item-332" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-332"><a href="https://geckoconsortium.com/cookie-policy/">Cookie Policy</a></li>
769</ul>            </div>
770            <!-- /powered by -->
771
772            <!-- powered by -->
773            <div class="small-12 medium-4 large-3 columns footer-foundation">
774                <h4>Funded by Novo Nordisk Foundation</h4>
775                <p>We are funded by a Novo Nordisk Foundation Challenge Grant 33754 from 2019 – 2025.</p>
776                <div class="footer-social">
777                    <h4>Follow on social media</h4>
778                    <ul class="footer-social__list">
779                        <li class="footer-social__item">
780                            <a href="https://twitter.com/geckoconsortium" target="_blank">
781	                            <svg class="icon ixon-twitter-x" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
782    <path fill="currentColor"
783          d="M18.205 2.25h3.308l-7.227 8.26l8.502 11.24H16.13l-5.214-6.817L4.95 21.75H1.64l7.73-8.835L1.215 2.25H8.04l4.713 6.231l5.45-6.231Zm-1.161 17.52h1.833L7.045 4.126H5.078L17.044 19.77Z"/>
784</svg>                            </a>
785                        </li>
786                    </ul>
787                </div>
788            </div>
789            <!-- /powered by -->
790        </div>
791
792        <div class="nav-studies" data-anim="fade-slide-up">
793	<h4>Studies</h4>    <div class="scrollable-wrap studies-row-wrap">
794        <div class="scrollable">
795            <div class="scrollable-content studies-row">
796				                    <div class="study-item">
797                        <span class="study-num">01</span>
798						                        <a  href="https://geckoconsortium.com/studies/geckotek/" title="Read more about &quot;GeckoTEk&quot;">GeckoTEk</a>
799                    </div>
800				                    <div class="study-item">
801                        <span class="study-num">02</span>
802						                        <a  href="https://geckoconsortium.com/studies/3-d-epigenetics/" title="Read more about &quot;3-D Epigenetics&quot;">3-D Epigenetics</a>
803                    </div>
804				                    <div class="study-item">
805                        <span class="study-num">03</span>
806						                        <a  href="https://geckoconsortium.com/studies/epipig/" title="Read more about &quot;epiPIG&quot;">epiPIG</a>
807                    </div>
808				                    <div class="study-item">
809                        <span class="study-num">04</span>
810						                        <a  href="https://geckoconsortium.com/studies/epibunny/" title="Read more about &quot;epiRABBIT&quot;">epiRABBIT</a>
811                    </div>
812				                    <div class="study-item">
813                        <span class="study-num">05</span>
814						                        <a  href="https://geckoconsortium.com/studies/feasst-singletons/" title="Read more about &quot;FEAS[Singletons]T&quot;">FEAS[Singletons]T</a>
815                    </div>
816				                    <div class="study-item">
817                        <span class="study-num">06</span>
818						                        <a  href="https://geckoconsortium.com/studies/feasstwins/" title="Read more about &quot;FEASS[Twins]&quot;">FEASS[Twins]</a>
819                    </div>
820				                    <div class="study-item">
821                        <span class="study-num">07</span>
822						                        <a  href="https://geckoconsortium.com/studies/geomouse/" title="Read more about &quot;geoMOUSE&quot;">geoMOUSE</a>
823                    </div>
824				                    <div class="study-item">
825                        <span class="study-num">08</span>
826						                        <a  href="https://geckoconsortium.com/studies/geomouse-2-0/" title="Read more about &quot;geoMOUSE 2.0&quot;">geoMOUSE 2.0</a>
827                    </div>
828				                    <div class="study-item">
829                        <span class="study-num">09</span>
830						                        <a  href="https://geckoconsortium.com/studies/guinpig/" title="Read more about &quot;GUINepiG&quot;">GUINepiG</a>
831                    </div>
832				                    <div class="study-item">
833                        <span class="study-num">10</span>
834						                        <a  href="https://geckoconsortium.com/studies/seas/" title="Read more about &quot;SEAS&quot;">SEAS</a>
835                    </div>
836				                    <div class="study-item">
837                        <span class="study-num">11</span>
838						                        <a  href="https://geckoconsortium.com/studies/sexercise/" title="Read more about &quot;[S]Exercise&quot;">[S]Exercise</a>
839                    </div>
840				                    <div class="study-item">
841                        <span class="study-num">12</span>
842						                        <a  href="https://geckoconsortium.com/studies/gecko-origin/" title="Read more about &quot;GECKO Origin&quot;">GECKO Origin</a>
843                    </div>
844				            </div>
845        </div>
846        <div class="sc-scroll-indicator">
847            <div class="sc-scroll-indicator-bar"></div>
848        </div>
849    </div>
850</div>    </div>
851
852
853    <div class="footer-bottom">
854
855        <div class="container">
856
857			                <div class="universities">
858					                        <div class="university">
859							<img width="425" height="80" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20425%2080'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" data-lazy-srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-copenhagen.png 425w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-copenhagen-300x56.png 300w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 425px) 100v
859w, 425px" data-lazy-src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-copenhagen.png" /><noscript><img width="425" height="80" src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-copenhagen.png" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-copenhagen.png 425w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-copenhagen-300x56.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px" /></noscript>                        </div>
860					                        <div class="university">
861							<img width="345" height="120" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20345%20120'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" data-lazy-srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-sydney.png 345w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-sydney-300x104.png 300w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 345px) 100vw, 345px" data-lazy-src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-sydney.png" /><noscript><img width="345" height="120" src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-sydney.png" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-sydney.png 345w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-sydney-300x104.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 345px) 100vw, 345px" /></noscript>                        </div>
862					                        <div class="university">
863							<img width="395" height="80" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20395%2080'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" data-lazy-srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-chicago.png 395w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-chicago-300x61.png 300w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px" data-lazy-src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-chicago.png" /><noscript><img width="395" height="80" src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-chicago.png" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-chicago.png 395w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/university-of-chicago-300x61.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px" /></noscript>                        </div>
864					                        <div class="university">
865							<img width="229" height="79" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20229%2079'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" data-lazy-src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Deakin-University-e1698921596758.png" /><noscript><img width="229" height="79" src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Deakin-University-e1698921596758.png" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" /></noscript>                        </div>
866					                        <div class="university">
867							<img width="3000" height="1000" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%203000%201000'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" data-lazy-srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CNRS-IPMC-Logo-Transparent-Black-and-White.png 3000w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CNRS-IPMC-Logo-Transparent-Black-and-White-300x100.png 300w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CNRS-IPMC-Logo-Transparent-Black-and-White-1024x341.png 1024w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CNRS-IPMC-Logo-Transparent-Black-and-White-768x256.png 768w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CNRS-IPMC-Logo-Transparent-Black-and-White-1536x512.png 1536w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CNRS-IPMC-Logo-Transparent-Black-and-White-2048x683.png 2048w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 3000px) 100v
867w, 3000px" data-lazy-src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CNRS-IPMC-Logo-Transparent-Black-and-White.png" /><noscript><img width="3000" height="1000" src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CNRS-IPMC-Logo-Transparent-Black-and-White.png" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" srcset="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CNRS-IPMC-Logo-Transparent-Black-and-White.png 3000w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CNRS-IPMC-Logo-Transparent-Black-and-White-300x100.png 300w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CNRS-IPMC-Logo-Transparent-Black-and-White-1024x341.png 1024w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CNRS-IPMC-Logo-Transparent-Black-and-White-768x256.png 768w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CNRS-IPMC-Logo-Transparent-Black-and-White-1536x512.png 1536w, https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CNRS-IPMC-Logo-Transparent-Black-and-White-2048x683.png 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px" /></noscript>                        </div>
868					                </div>
869			
870            <div class="copyright-row">
871                <!-- powered by -->
872                <a href="https://rubystudio.dk/" target="_blank" class="powered-by"><p>Powered by Ruby Studio</p></a>
873                <!-- /powered by -->
874
875                <!-- copyright -->
876                <p class="copyright">&copy; GECKO 2026</p>
877                <!-- /copyright -->
878            </div>
879        </div>
880    </div>
881
882</footer>
883<!-- /footer -->
884
885</div>
886
887<div class="switch-wrap"></div>
888<div id="glossary-modal" class="modal">
889    <div class="modal-dialog center">
890        <div class="modal-content">
891            <div class="modal-header">
892                <h3 class="modal-title"></h3>
893                <button type="button" class="btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button>
894            </div>
895            <div class="modal-body"></div>
896        </div>
897    </div>
898</div>
899
900<link rel='stylesheet' id='slick-css'  href='https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/themes/gecko/assets/dependence/slick/slick.css?ver=1.8.1.1699270096' media='all' />
901<link rel='stylesheet' id='plugins-css'  href='https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/themes/gecko/assets/css/plugins.css?ver=1.2.0.1699270096' media='all' />
902<link rel='stylesheet' id='animations-css'  href='https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/themes/gecko/assets/css/animations.css?ver=1.2.0.1699270096' media='all' />
903<script id='rocket-browser-checker-js-after'>
904"use strict";var _createClass=function(){function defineProperties(target,props){for(var i=0;i<props.length;i++){var descriptor=props[i];descriptor.enumerable=descriptor.enumerable||!1,descriptor.configurable=!0,"value"in descriptor&&(descriptor.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(target,descriptor.key,descriptor)}}return function(Constructor,protoProps,staticProps){return protoProps&&defineProperties(Constructor.prototype,protoProps),staticProps&&defineProperties(Constructor,staticProps),Constructor}}();function _classCallCheck(instance,Constructor){if(!(instance instanceof Constructor))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}var RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker=function(){function RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker(options){_classCallCheck(this,RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker),this.passiveSupported=!1,this._checkPassiveOption(this),this.options=!!this.passiveSupported&&options}return _createClass(RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker,[{key:"_checkPassiveOption",value:function(self){try{var options={get passive(){return!(self.passiveSupported=!0)}};window.addEventListener("test",null,options),window.removeEventListener("test",null,options)}catch(err){self.passiveSupported=!1}}},{key:"initRequestIdleCallback",value:function(){!1 in window&&(window.requestIdleCallback=function(cb){var start=Date.now();return setTimeout(function(){cb({didTimeout:!1,timeRemaining:function(){return Math.max(0,50-(Date.now()-start))}})},1)}),!1 in window&&(window.cancelIdleCallback=function(id){return clearTimeout(id)})}},{key:"isDataSaverModeOn",value:function(){return"connection"in navigator&&!0===navigator.connection.saveData}},{key:"supportsLinkPrefetch",value:function(){var elem=document.createElement("link");return elem.relList&&elem.relList.supports&&elem.relList.supports("prefetch")&&window.IntersectionObserver&&"isIntersecting"in IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype}},{key:"isSlowConnection",value:function(){return"connection"in navigator&&"effectiveType"in navigator.connection&&("2g"===navigator.connection.effectiveType||"slow-2g"===navigator.connection.effectiveType)}}]),RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker}();
905</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 905
905
906<script id='rocket-delay-js-js-after'>
907(function() {
908"use strict";var e=function(){function n(e,t){for(var r=0;r<t.length;r++){var n=t[r];n.enumerable=n.enumerable||!1,n.configurable=!0,"value"in n&&(n.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(e,n.key,n)}}return function(e,t,r){return t&&n(e.prototype,t),r&&n(e,r),e}}();function n(e,t){if(!(e instanceof t))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}var t=function(){function r(e,t){n(this,r),this.attrName="data-rocketlazyloadscript",this.browser=t,this.options=this.browser.options,this.triggerEvents=e,this.userEventListener=this.triggerListener.bind(this)}return e(r,[{key:"init",value:function(){this._addEventListener(this)}},{key:"reset",value:function(){this._removeEventListener(this)}},{key:"_addEventListener",value:function(t){this.triggerEvents.forEach(function(e){return window.addEventListener(e,t.userEventListener,t.options)})}},{key:"_removeEventListener",value:function(t){this.triggerEvents.forEach(function(e){return window.removeEventListener(e,t.userEventListener,t.options)})}},{key:"_loadScriptSrc",value:function(){var r=this,e=document.querySelectorAll("script["+this.attrName+"]");0!==e.length&&Array.prototype.slice.call(e).forEach(function(e){var t=e.getAttribute(r.attrName);e.setAttribute("src",t),e.removeAttribute(r.attrName)}),this.reset()}},{key:"triggerListener",value:function(){this._loadScriptSrc(),this._removeEventListener(this)}}],[{key:"run",value:function(){RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker&&new r(["keydown","mouseover","touchmove","touchstart","wheel"],new RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker({passive:!0})).init()}}]),r}();t.run();
909}());
910</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 910
910
911<script id='rocket-preload-links-js-extra'>
912var RocketPreloadLinksConfig = {"excludeUris":"\/(.+\/)?feed\/?.+\/?|\/(?:.+\/)?embed\/|\/(index\\.php\/)?wp\\-json(\/.*|$)|\/wp-admin\/|\/logout\/|\/wp-login.php","usesTrailingSlash":"1","imageExt":"jpg|jpeg|gif|png|tiff|bmp|webp|avif","fileExt":"jpg|jpeg|gif|png|tiff|bmp|webp|avif|php|pdf|html|htm","siteUrl":"https:\/\/geckoconsortium.com","onHoverDelay":"100","rateThrottle":"3"};
913</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 913
913
914<script id='rocket-preload-links-js-after'>
915(function() {
916"use strict";var r="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(e){return typeof e}:function(e){return e&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&e.constructor===Symbol&&e!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof e},e=function(){function i(e,t){for(var n=0;n<t.length;n++){var i=t[n];i.enumerable=i.enumerable||!1,i.configurable=!0,"value"in i&&(i.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(e,i.key,i)}}return function(e,t,n){return t&&i(e.prototype,t),n&&i(e,n),e}}();function i(e,t){if(!(e instanceof t))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}var t=function(){function n(e,t){i(this,n),this.browser=e,this.config=t,this.options=this.browser.options,this.prefetched=new Set,this.eventTime=null,this.threshold=1111,this.numOnHover=0}return e(n,[{key:"init",value:function(){!this.browser.supportsLinkPrefetch()||this.browser.isDataSaverModeOn()||this.browser.isSlowConnection()||(this.regex={excludeUris:RegExp(this.config.excludeUris,"i"),images:RegExp(".("+this.config.imageExt+")$","i"),fileExt:RegExp(".("+this.config.fileExt+")$","i")},this._initListeners(this))}},{key:"_initListeners",value:function(e){-1<this.config.onHoverDelay&&document.addEventListener("mouseover",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions),document.addEventListener("mousedown",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions),document.addEventListener("touchstart",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions)}},{key:"listener",value:function(e){var t=e.target.closest("a"),n=this._prepareUrl(t);if(null!==n)switch(e.type){case"mousedown":case"touchstart":this._addPrefetchLink(n);break;case"mouseover":this._earlyPrefetch(t,n,"mouseout")}}},{key:"_earlyPrefetch",value:function(t,e,n){var i=this,r=setTimeout(function(){if(r=null,0===i.numOnHover)setTimeout(function(){return i.numOnHover=0},1e3);else if(i.numOnHover>i.config.rateThrottle)return;i.numOnHover++,i._addPrefetchLink(e)},this.config.onHoverDelay);t.addEventListener(n,function e(){t.removeEventListener(n,e,{passive:!0}),null!==r&&(clearTimeout(r),r=null)},{passive:!0})}},{key:"_addPrefetchLink",value:function(i){return this.prefetched.add(i.href),new Promise(function(e,t){var n=document.createElement("link");n.rel="prefetch",n.href=i.href,n.onload=e,n.onerror=t,document.head.appendChild(n)}).catch(function(){})}},{key:"_prepareUrl",value:function(e){if(null===e||"object"!==(void 0===e?"undefined":r(e))||!1 in e||-1===["http:","https:"].indexOf(e.protocol))return null;var t=e.href.substring(0,this.config.siteUrl.length),n=this._getPathname(e.href,t),i={original:e.href,protocol:e.protocol,origin:t,pathname:n,href:t+n};return this._isLinkOk(i)?i:null}},{key:"_getPathname",value:function(e,t){var n=t?e.substring(this.config.siteUrl.length):e;return n.startsWith("/")||(n="/"+n),this._shouldAddTrailingSlash(n)?n+"/":n}},{key:"_shouldAddTrailingSlash",value:function(e){return this.config.usesTrailingSlash&&!e.endsWith("/")&&!this.regex.fileExt.test(e)}},{key:"_isLinkOk",value:function(e){return null!==e&&"object"===(void 0===e?"undefined":r(e))&&(!this.prefetched.has(e.href)&&e.origin===this.config.siteUrl&&-1===e.href.indexOf("?")&&-1===e.href.indexOf("#")&&!this.regex.excludeUris.test(e.href)&&!this.regex.images.test(e.href))}}],[{key:"run",value:function(){"undefined"!=typeof RocketPreloadLinksConfig&&new n(new RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker({capture:!0,passive:!0}),RocketPreloadLinksConfig).init()}}]),n}();t.run();
917}());
918</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 918
918
919<script src='https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.5.1.1699270096' id='jquery-js'></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 919
919
920<script src='https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/themes/gecko/assets/dependence/slick/slick.min.js?ver=1.8.0.1699270096' id='slick-js'></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 920
920
921<script src='https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/themes/gecko/assets/dependence/isotope/isotope.pkgd.min.js?ver=3.0.6.1699270096' id='isotope-js'></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 921
921
922<script src='https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/themes/gecko/assets/dependence/gsap/gsap.min.js?ver=3.3.4.1699270096' id='gsap-js'></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 922
922
923<script src='https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/themes/gecko/assets/js/plugins.js?ver=1.2.0.1699270096' id='plugins-js'></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 923
923
924<script id='main-js-extra'>
925var theme_params = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/geckoconsortium.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"};
926</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 926
926
927<script src='https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/themes/gecko/assets/js/main.js?ver=1.2.0.1699270096' id='main-js'></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 927
927
928<script src='https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-includes/js/wp-embed.min.js?ver=5.7.2.1699270096' id='wp-embed-js'></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 928
928
929<script>window.lazyLoadOptions={elements_selector:"img[data-lazy-src],.rocket-lazyload,iframe[data-lazy-src]",data_src:"lazy-src",data_srcset:"lazy-srcset",data_sizes:"lazy-sizes",class_loading:"lazyloading",class_loaded:"lazyloaded",threshold:300,callback_loaded:function(element){if(element.tagName==="IFRAME"&&element.dataset.rocketLazyload=="fitvidscompatible"){if(element.classList.contains("lazyloaded")){if(typeof window.jQuery!="undefined"){if(jQuery.fn.fitVids){jQuery(element).parent().fitVids()}}}}}};window.addEventListener('LazyLoad::Initialized',function(e){var lazyLoadInstance=e.detail.instance;if(window.MutationObserver){var observer=new MutationObserver(function(mutations){var image_count=0;var iframe_count=0;var rocketlazy_count=0;mutations.forEach(function(mutation){for(i=0;i<mutation.addedNodes.length;i++){if(typeof mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByTagName!=='function'){continue}
930if(typeof mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByClassName!=='function'){continue}
931images=mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByTagName('img');is_image=mutation.addedNodes[i].tagName=="IMG";iframes=mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByTagName('iframe');is_iframe=mutation.addedNodes[i].tagName=="IFRAME";rocket_lazy=mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByClassName('rocket-lazyload');image_count+=images.length;iframe_count+=iframes.length;rocketlazy_count+=rocket_lazy.length;if(is_image){image_count+=1}
932if(is_iframe){iframe_count+=1}}});if(image_count>0||iframe_count>0||rocketlazy_count>0){lazyLoadInstance.update()}});var b=document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0];var config={childList:!0,subtree:!0};observer.observe(b,config)}},!1)</script>
932<script data-no-minify="1" async src="https://geckoconsortium.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-rocket/assets/js/lazyload/16.1/lazyload.min.js"></script>
932
933</body>
934</html>
935<!-- This website is like a Rocket, isn't it? Performance optimized by WP Rocket. Learn more: https://wp-rocket.me - Debug: cached@1791116082 -->

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.