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background="#cc6600"><img src="images/1p.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt=" "></TD> 91<TD> </TD> 92<TD id="text1"> 93<br> Àêòèâèçàöèÿ ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî òåððîðèçìà, ïîñëåäñòâèÿ ÿäåðíûõ àâàðèé ðàçëè÷íîãî ìàñøòàáà, âûñîêèé óðîâåíü ïðåñòóïíîñòè, ñëàáûé êîíòðîëü íàä èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ðàäèîàêòèâíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ â ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå ïðîøëîãî âåêà ñåãîäíÿ ñîçäàþò ñèòóàöèþ, â êîòîðîé âåðîÿòíîñòü ïîÿâëåíèÿ ëîêàëüíîãî (íåáîëüøèõ ðàçìåðîâ) èñòî÷íèêà ðàäèàöèè âáë
93èçè îòäåëüíîãî èíäèâèäóóìà äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêà.  ÑÌÈ íåðåäêî ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ ñîîáùåíèÿ î âûÿâëåíèè íåñàíêöèîíèðîâàííûõ, ðàäèîàêòèâíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ. 94<br> Ëîêàëüíûé èñòî÷íèê õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ òåì, ÷òî íà ðàññòîÿíèÿõ, ïðåâûøàþùèõ åãî ðàçìåðû, èíòåíñèâíîñòü èçëó÷åíèÿ óáûâàåò îáðàòíî ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî êâàäðàòó ðàññòîÿíèÿ îò èñòî÷íèêà. Òî åñòü ëîêàëüíûé èñòî÷íèê î÷åíü îïàñåí òîëüêî ïðè íàõîæäåíèè âáëèçè íåãî. 95<br> Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñåãîäíÿ ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î ïðîáëåìå ëè÷íîé ðàäèàöèîííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè. Êàêèì îáðàçîì ìîæíî îáåñïå÷èòü ñâîåâðåìåííîå îáíàðóæåíèå â àðåàëå ñâîåãî îáèòàíèÿ ðàäèîàêòèâíîãî èñòî÷íèêà? 96<br> Ïðàêòè÷åñêè êàæäûé ñêàæåò, ÷òî íóæíî ïðèîáðåñòè äîçèìåòð, è íåò ïðîáëåì. È ïðè ïîêóïêå îáû÷íî âûáèðàåòñÿ íåäîðîãîé ïðèáîð. Òàê æå ðàññóæäàþò è äåéñòâóþò ëþäè, îòâå÷àþùèå çà áåçîïàñíîñòü ïðàêòè÷åñêè ëþáûõ êîììåð÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóð è VIP-ïåðñîí. 97<br> Íà ñàìîì äåëå ñóùåñòâóåò ãðîìàäíûé ïàðê äîçèìåòðè÷åñêèõ ïðèáîðîâ ñ ðàçëè÷íûìè ïàðàìåòðàìè. Ïîýòîìó ðàçáåðåì ñèòóàöèþ ïîäðîáíåå. 98<br> Ïðîöåññ èçìåðåíèÿ â ëþáîì äîçèìåòðå ñâîäèòñÿ ê ïîäñ÷åòó ÷èñëà çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ ÷àñòèö <B>N</B> çà èíòåðâàë âðåìåíè <B>T</B>. 99<br> Ìîùíîñòü äîçû îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ñîîòíîøåíèåì:<BR> 100<CENTER><B>M = const*N/T = const,</B></CENTER><BR> ò.ê. <B>T</B> â äàííîì ñëó÷àå òàêæå ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü êîíñòàíòîé. 101<br> Êîíñòàíòà çàâèñèò îò òèïà ïðèìåíÿåìîãî äåòåêòîðà ÷àñòèö, âåëè÷èíû èíòåðâàëà <B>T</B> è åäèíèö èçìåðåíèÿ, â êîòîðûõ âû÷èñëÿåòñÿ <B>M</B>. 102<br> ×èñëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ ÷àñòèö <B>N</B> åñòü ñëó÷àéíàÿ âåëè÷èíà, ïîä÷èíÿþùàÿñÿ ðàñïðåäåëåíèþ Ïóàññîíà. Èç ñâîéñòâ ýòîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ñëåäóåò, ÷òî:<OL> 103<LI>ñðåäíåêâàäðàòè÷íàÿ îøèáêà sigma = (N)<SUP>1/2</SUP> 104<LI>ñðåäíåå ÷èñëî ÷àñòèö Nñð çà èíòåðâàë âðåìåíè T (èëè ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîå îæèäàíèå ñëó÷àéíîé âåëè÷èíû ) ëåæèò â äèàïàçîíå: 105</OL> 106 <B>N - sigma < = Nñð < = N + sigma ñ âåðîÿòíîñòüþ 0.68 107<br> N - 2*sigma < = Nñð < = N + 2*sigma ñ âåðîÿòíîñòüþ 0.95 108<br> N - 3*sigma < = Nñð < = N + 3*sigma ñ âåðîÿòíîñòüþ 0.997</B> 109<BR><br> Íà ïðàêòèêå îáû÷íî âûáèðàþò äèàïàçîí îøèáêè ±3*sigma, ïîýòîìó îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ îøèáêà èçìåðåíèÿ<BR><B>dM = 3*sigma/N = 3/(N)<SUP>1/2</SUP></B>. 110<br> Íåäîðîãèå áûòîâûå äîçèìåòðû èñïîëüçóþò ãàçîðàçðÿäíûå ñ÷åò÷èêè ñ íèçêîé ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòüþ, ïîýòîìó îíè èìåþò âðåìÿ èçìåðåíèÿ ïîðÿäêà ìèíóòû. Íàïðèìåð, ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóåìûé ñ÷åò÷èê ÑÁÌ20 ïðè çíà÷åíèÿõ ãàììà-ôîíà ïîðÿäêà 15 ìêÐ/÷àñ ðåãèñòðèðóåò îêîëî 20 ÷àñòèö â ìèíóòó. Ëåãêî ïîäñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ îøèáêà â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñîñòàâèò îêîëî 70%. 111<br> Ïðèáîðû ñî ñöèíòèëëÿöèîííûìè ñ÷åò÷èêàìè èìåþò âðåìÿ èçìåðåíèÿ 0.5-2 ñåê, à ñòàòèñòè÷åñêóþ îøèáêó èçìåðåíèÿ 10-30%. 112<br> Óâåëè÷èòü òî÷íîñòü äîçèìåòðà ìîæíî ïóòåì ìíîãîêðàòíûõ èçìåðåíèé ñ ïîñëåäóþùèì óñðåäíåíèåì. Åñëè äîçèìåòð ìåðÿåò ñ îøèáêîé 70%, òî, ñäåëàâ 50 èçìåðåíèé, ìîæíî äîñòè÷ü 10%-íîé òî÷íîñòè. Ñóììàðíîå âðåìÿ èçìåðåíèÿ äîñòèãíåò ïðè ýòîì 50 ìèíóò. 113<br> ×òî ìîæíî ñäåëàòü áûòîâûì äîçèìåòðîì? ×òîáû îòâåòèòü íà ýòîò âîïðîñ, íåîáõîäèìî õîòÿ áû ïðèìåðíî ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàòü êàíàëû ïîïàäàíèÿ ëîêàëüíîãî èñòî÷íèêà â ïîìåùåíèå, ïîñêîëüêó èìåííî â ïîìåùåíèè ÷åëîâåê ïðîâîäèò áîëüøóþ ÷àñòü âðåìåíè. 114<br> Ýòî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñòðîèòåëüíûå ìàòåðèàëû, èñïîëüçóåìûå ïðè ñòðîèòåëüñòâå èëè ðåìîíòå, êîòîðûå ìîãóò ïðèâåñòè ê äîïîëíèòåëüíîìó îáëó÷åíèþ. Ïîòåíöèàëüíî îïàñíû òàêèå ìàòåðèàëû, êàê ïåñîê, êàìåíü, êèðïè÷, ëåñ, ò.å. ìàòåðèàëû, êîòîðûå ìîãóò áûòü âçÿòû èç çàðàæåííîé çîíû. Æåëàòåëüíî ïðîâîäèòü èçìåðåíèÿ ñ ïîâûøåííîé òî÷íîñòüþ (ìíîãîêðàòíî), ÷òîáû âûÿâèòü êàê ìîæíî ìåíüøèå îòêëîíåíèÿ îò åñòåñòâåííîãî ôîíà. Âðåìåíè ýòî çàéìåò ìíîãî, îäíàêî òàêàÿ ïðîöåäóðà âûïîëíÿåòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ðåäêî. 115<br> Èñïîëüçîâàíèå òàêèõ ïðîäóêòîâ, êàê ãðèáû, ÿãîäû, ò.å. ïðîäóêòîâ, êîòîðûå ìîãóò âûðàñòè â çàðàæåííîé çîíå, òàêæå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîòåíöèàëüíî îïàñíûì. Çäåñü áûòîâîé äîçèìåòð â ñèëó ìàëåíüêîé òî÷íîñòè èçìåðåíèé ïðàêòè÷åñêè áåñïîëåçåí. Íàïîìíèì, ÷òî ïèùåâîé ïðîäóêò îïàñåí êàê èñòî÷íèê àëüôà- è áåòà-èçëó÷åíèÿ ïðè ïîïàäàíèè âíóòðü îðãàíèçìà. Êàê ïðàâ
115èëî, èñòî÷íèê àëüôà- èëè áåòà-èçëó÷åíèÿ ìîæíî "çàñå÷ü" ïî ñîïðîâîæäàþùåìó ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèþ, êîòîðîå ìîæåò áûòü ñëàáûì. Ïîýòîìó äàæå äëÿ ãðóáîé îöåíêè íåîáõîäèìû òî÷íûå èçìåðåíèÿ ãàììà-èçëó÷åíèÿ. 116<br> È, íàêîíåö, ñàìûé âàðâàðñêèé âàðèàíò.  ïîìåùåíèè ñïåöèàëüíî ñïðÿòàí î÷åíü ìîùíûé êîìïàêòíûé èñòî÷íèê èçëó÷åíèÿ ñ öåëüþ óñòðàíåíèÿ ôèçè÷åñêîãî ëèöà, ò.å. ñëó÷àé ðàäèàöèîííîé äèâåðñèè. Âîçìîæåí è äðóãîé âàðèàíò - èñòî÷íèê ïîïàë ñëó÷àéíî, íàïðèìåð, â âèäå "çàðàæåííîé" äåíåæíîé êóïþðû. Ñèòóàöèè ýòî íå ìåíÿåò - íóæíî îòûñêàòü ëîêàëüíûé èñòî÷íèê ðàçìåðîì ìåíåå ñàíòèìåòðà. 117<br> Ðàññìîòðèì ñëåäóþùèé ïðèìåð. Ïóñòü èìååòñÿ ðàäèîàêòèâíûé èñòî÷íèê, ñîçäàþùèé íà ðàññòîÿíèè 1 ñì ìîùíîñòü äîçû ïîðÿäêà 0.1 Ð/÷àñ. Åñëè âû ïðîâîäèòå ñâîå ðàáî÷åå âðåìÿ âáëèçè ýòîãî èñòî÷íèêà, òî çà 1 ìåñÿö ðàáîòû âû èìååòå øàíñ íàáðàòü äîçó ïîðÿäêà 10-15 Ðåíòãåí. Ýòî îêîëî 20-30 ïðåäåëüíî äîïóñòèìûõ ãîäîâûõ íîðì!  òî æå âðåìÿ ëþáîé äîçèìåòð íà ðàññòîÿíèè 1 ìåòðà îò òàêîãî èñòî÷íèêà çàðåãèñòðèðóåò óâåëè÷åíèå ìîùíîñòè äîçû íà óðîâíå 10 ìêÐ/÷àñ, ò.å. ïðèáîð ïîêàæåò çíà÷åíèå 20 ìêÐ/÷àñ (10 ìêÐ/÷àñ îò èñòî÷íèêà è 10 ìêÐ/÷àñ çà ñ÷åò åñòåñòâåííîãî ôîíà). Íà îñíîâàíèè îäíîãî èçìåðåíèÿ ïîëó÷åííûé ðåçóëüòàò ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü íîðìàëüíûì äëÿ äàííîãî ïîìåùåíèÿ. 118<br> Âûâîä: ÷òîáû îòûñêàòü êîìïàêòíûé èñòî÷íèê, íåîáõîäèìî ïðîñêàíèðîâàòü ïîìåùåíèå ñ øàãîì 30-50 ñì, è òàêóþ ïðîöåäóðó æåëàòåëüíî äåëàòü êàê ìîæíî ÷àùå. Î÷åâèäíî òàêæå, ÷òî ïðèáîð ñ âðåìåíåì èçìåðåíèÿ îêîëî ìèíóòû çäåñü íå ãîäèòñÿ. 119<br> Ïîäâåäåì èòîãè. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå áûòîâîãî äîçèìåòðà ñ áîëüøèì âðåìåíåì èçìåðåíèÿ è ñòîèìîñòüþ $100-$200 ìîæåò áûòü îïðàâäàíî äëÿ ëèö ñ íåâûñîêîé ïîêóïàòåëüíîé ñïîñîáíîñòüþ. À âîò äëÿ êîììåð÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóð è VIP-ïåðñîí ýòî âðÿä ëè ïîäîéäåò. Èì ìîæíî ðåêîìåíäîâàòü ðàäèîìåòð äîçèìåòð ÐÇÑ-10Ì, ñïåöèàëüíî ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûé äëÿ ëîêàëèçàöèè ðàäèîàêòèâíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ. Ïðàâäà, è ñòîèìîñòü òàêîãî äîçèìåòðà áóäåò íå ìåíåå $2000. 120<br> ×àñòîå ïðîâåäåíèå äîçèìåòðè÷åñêîãî êîíòðîëÿ ïîìåùåíèé - çàíÿòèå õëîïîòíîå è óòîìèòåëüíîå. Ïîýòîìó, êàê àëüòåðíàòèâà, èñïîëüçóþò ñòàöèîíàðíûå ìîíèòîðû. 121<br><TABLE> 122<TR> 123<TD id="text1" align="center"><B>×àñû-äîçèìåòð "ÀÐÃÓÑ-3"</B>.<BR><A HREF="argus.htm"><img src="produkt/argus3_2.jpg" width="210" height="174" border="0" alt="×àñû äîçèìåòð ÀÐÃÓÑ - 3"></A></TD> 124<TD id="text1"> êà÷åñòâå òàêîãî íåäîðîãîãî ìîíèòîðà ìîæíî ðåêîìåíäîâàòü ÷àñû-äîçèìåòð "<B><A HREF="argus.htm" style="color:#0000FF">ÀÐÃÓÑ-3</A></B>". 125<br> Ïðèáîð ïèòàåòñÿ îò îáû÷íîé ñåòè ïåðåìåííîãî òîêà 220 è ðàññ÷èòàí íà êðóãëîñóòî÷íóþ ðàáîòó.  íåì èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ìàëî÷óâñòâèòåëüíûé ãàçîðàçðÿäíûé ñ÷åò÷èê è ïðèìåíåí àäàïòèâíûé àëãîðèòì èçìåðåíèÿ. Òàêîé àëãîðèòì ïîçâîëÿåò çàðåãèñòðèðîâàòü ñèëüíûå âîçìóùåíèÿ ãàììà-ôîíà çà 15 ñåê, à óâåëè÷åíèå ôîíà íà 5-7% - çà 2-3 ÷àñà.  ñëó÷àå ðåãèñòðàöèè óâåëè÷åíèÿ ôîíà ïðèáîð ïîäàñò ñèãíàë òðåâîãè. 126<br>  ñèëó ñòàòèñòè÷åñêîãî õàðàêòåðà èçìåðåíèé âñåãäà ñóùåñòâóåò âåðîÿòíîñòü ïîðÿäêà 10<SUP>-4</SUP>-10<SUP>-5</SUP>, ÷òî ïðèáîð ïîäàñò ëîæíóþ òðåâîãó. Åñëè ïðèáîð ïîäàë òðåâîãó, òî âåðîÿòíåå âñåãî â ðàäèóñå 1-2 ì ïîÿâèëñÿ ëîêàëüíûé èñòî÷íèê èçëó÷åíèÿ. Îñòàåòñÿ ïðîâåñòè òùàòåëüíóþ ïðîâåðêó áîëåå ÷óâñòâèòåëüíûì äîçèìåòðîì è ëîêàëèçîâàòü èñòî÷íèê. 127<br> "<B>ÀÐÃÓÑ-3</B>" ñ ïîäñâå÷åííûì ëîãîòèïîì è äîïîëíèòåëüíîé ôóíêöèåé ÷àñîâ îòëè÷íî âïèøåòñÿ â èíòåðüåð êàáèíåòà äåëîâîãî ÷åëîâåêà è ïîñëóæèò ïðåêðàñíûì ñóâåíèðîì. À âîçìîæíîñòü âûáîðà ñîáñòâåííîãî ëîãîòèïà äåëàåò ýòîò ïðèáîð èíäèâèäóàëüíûì è íåïîâòîðèìûì â ñâîåì ðîäå.</TD> 128</TR> 129</TABLE> 130<TABLE WIDTH="60%" align="center"> 131<TR> 132<TD id="text1">Äëÿ êîíòðîëÿ äåíåã è êîððåñïîíäåíöèè ñóùåñòâóåò ñèãíàëèçàòîð ðàäèîàêòèâíîñòè äåíåã "<B><A HREF="irida.htm" style="color:#0000FF">ÈÐÈÄÀ</A></B>", ïîçâîëÿþùèé â òå÷åíèå 4-10 ñåê. ïðîâåñòè ïðîâåðêó äî 100 êóïþð. 133<br> Ïðåäëîæåííûé ïîäõîä ëîêàëèçàöèè ðàäèîàêòèâíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ îñíîâàí íà êîíöåïöèè ëè÷íîé ðàäèàöèîííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè, êîòîðóþ ìîæíî ðàññìàòðèâàòü êàê íèçøèé óðîâåíü ñèñòåì ðàäèàöèîííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ëþáîãî óðîâíÿ.</TD> 134<TD id="text1" align="center"><B>Ñèãíàëèçàòîð ðàäèîàêòèâíîñòè äåíåã "ÈÐÈÄÀ"</B><BR><A HREF="irida.htm"><IMG SRC="produkt/irida.jpg" WIDTH="210" HEIGHT="256" BORDER="0" ALT="ñèãíàëèçàòîð ðàäèîàêòèâíîñòè äåíåã ÈÐÈÄÀ"></A></TD> 135</TR> 136</TABLE> 137<br> 138</TD> 139<TD bgcolor="#cc6600" background="#cc6600"><img src="images/1p.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt=" "></TD> 140</TR> 141</TABLE> 142</TD> 143<TD style="background-image:URL(images/pc.gif);background-repeat:repeat-y"> </TD> 144</TR> 145<TR> 146<TD>
146<IMG SRC="images/mnleft.gif" WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="15" BORDER="0" ALT=""></TD> 147<TD style="background-image:URL(images/mnc.gif);background-repeat:repeat-x"><img src="images/1p.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt=" "></TD> 148<TD><IMG SRC="images/mnright.gif" WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="15" BORDER="0" ALT=""></TD> 149</TR> 150</TABLE> 151</TD> 152<TD> </TD> 153</TR> 154</TABLE> 155<!-- --> 156<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> 157<TR> 158<TD width="33%" align="center"> </TD> 159<TD align="center"> </TD> 160<TD align="center"> </TD> 161</TR> 162</TABLE> 163</td> 164</tr> 165</TABLE> 166<!-- --> 167<TABLE width="100%" HEIGHT="100" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> 168<TR> 169<TD WIDTH="120" style="background-image:URL(images/fon1.gif);background-repeat:repeat-x"> </TD> 170<TD style="background-image:URL(images/fon1.gif);background-repeat:repeat-x"> </TD> 171<TD WIDTH="120" style="background-image:URL(images/fon1.gif);background-repeat:repeat-x"> </TD> 172</TR> 173</TABLE> 174 175</body> 176</html>
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