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400years!</a></h2> <div class="entry entry-content"> 401 <div class="wp-block-image"> 402<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img width="689" height="919" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img-20240228-wa0019.jpg?w=689" alt="Geoff Kushnick standing outside a home in a Karo village" class="wp-image-2003" style="width:275px" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img-20240228-wa0019.jpg 689w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img-20240228-wa0019.jpg?w=112 112w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img-20240228-wa0019.jpg?w=225 225w" sizes="(max-width: 689px) 100vw, 689px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Outside a house in a Karo village.</figcaption></figure> 403</div> 404 405 406<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I am thrilled to report that I was finally able to continue my research in Indonesia. My previous fieldwork was pre-Covid (2018 to be exact). Over the past few months, I did fieldwork for 7 weeks in November/December 2023 and another 2.5 weeks in February/March 2024.</p> 407 408 409 410<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So happy to be back doing the second round of data collection for the <a href="https://endowproject.github.io/">ENDOW Project</a> — a collaborative, longitudinal project looking at the effect of social networks on wealth inequality.</p> 411 412 413 414<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The project boasts fieldworkers collecting comparative data at over <a href="https://endowproject.github.io/fieldsites/">40 sites</a> around the world. The work was funded by <a href="https://endowproject.github.io/about-us/">NSF funds</a> awarded to the ENDOW Project, and time and money provided by my home institution — the <a href="https://cass.anu.edu.au/">College of Arts and Social Sciences</a> at The <a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/">Australian National University</a>.</p> 415 416 417 418<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Together with an amazing team of local collaborators and assistants, I collected the necessary data for this project, as well as data for two additional projects, including one that is a continuation of research I did as part of my <a href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/304967379">PhD research</a>. I wore my <a href="https://www.washington.edu/">University of Washington</a> (<a href="https://anthropology.washington.edu/research/graduate/parent-offspring-conflict-among-karo-north-sumatra">PhD 2006</a>) hat to reflect my heritage.</p> 419 420 421 422<figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex"> 423<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img width="743" height="284" data-id="2008" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/team.png?w=743" alt="" class="wp-image-2008" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/team.png 743w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/team.png?w=150 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/team.png?w=300 300w" sizes="(max-width: 743px) 100vw, 743px" /></figure> 424</figure> 425 426 427 428<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The fieldwork was done in cooperation with the <a href="https://fisip.usu.ac.id/id/s1-antropologi-sosial">Department of Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://www.usu.ac.id/">Universitas Sumatera Utara</a> (USU) in Medan, Indonesia. I was lucky enough to be invited to give a public lecture about my research in Indonesia — starting with my PhD research until now. I was absolutely thrilled with the level of engagement the students from USU showed. Can’t wait to go back again!</p> 429 430 431 432<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img width="1024" height="575" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134413.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-2022" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134413.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134413.jpg?w=2048 2048w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134413.jpg?w=150 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134413.jpg?w=300 300w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134413.jpg?w=768 768w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134413.jpg?w=1440 1440w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure> 433 434 435 436<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" width="1024" height="576" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img-20240229-wa0027.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-2023" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img-20240229-wa0027.jpg?w=1024 1024
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515 <div class="entry-links"> 516 <p class="comment-number"><a href="https://geokush.com/2024/03/11/back-to-the-field-after-5-years/#respond">Leave a comment</a></p> 517 518 <p class="entry-categories tagged">Filed under <a href="https://geokush.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></p> 519 <p class="entry-tags tagged">Tagged as <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/fieldwork/" rel="tag">fieldwork</a>, <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/indonesia/" rel="tag">indonesia</a>, <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/research/" rel="tag">research</a><br /></p> 520 </div><!-- .entry-links --> 521 522</div><!-- #post-## --> 523 524 525 526<div id="post-1959" class="post-1959 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized tag-anu tag-human-behavioural-ecology tag-oxford-university-press tag-publishing tag-school-of-archaeology-and-anthropology"> 527 <div class="entry-meta"> 528 529 8 Aug 22 · 10:27 am </div><!-- .entry-meta --> 530 531 <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://geokush.com/2022/08/08/in-the-not-so-far-off-field/" rel="bookmark">In the (Not So) Far-Off Field</a></h2> <div class="entry entry-content"> 532 533<p class="wp-block-paragraph">One consequence of the pandemic over the last few years is that field researchers such as myself have found it difficult to keep our research programs on a forward trajectory. I wrote a short piece for the school’s annual magazine about finding a research object right under my own nose.</p> 534 535 536 537<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> 538<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Kushnick, G (2022). In the (Not So) Far-Off Field. <span style="text-decoration:underline;">In</span> <em>2021: The Year in Review: School of Archaeology and Anthropology</em>. ANU, Canberra. <a href="https://archanth.cass.anu.edu.au/research/publications/year-review-anu-school-archaeology-and-anthropology-2021" rel="nofollow">https://archanth.cass.anu.edu.au/research/publications/year-review-anu-school-archaeology-and-anthropology-2021</a></p> 539</blockquote> 540 541 542 543<p class="wp-block-paragraph">From page 30:</p> 544 545 546 547<p class="wp-block-paragraph">“As anthropologists, we ply our trade by seeking insights on the lives of others, and sometimes ourselves, in far-off locales. This makes it easy to overlook the lessons to be learned from local sources. I was writing a chapter on what evolutionary theory can tell us about parenting and technology. Seeking apt illustrations for each example, I rummaged personal (Figure A) and open-access images. One of my case studies was the cultural evolution of baby bottles. The earliest were from Ancient Rome, but the only images I could find would have saddled me with hefty publishing fees.</p> 548 549 550 551<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/image.jpg?w=505" alt="" class="wp-image-1964" width="603" height="339" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/image.jpg 505w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/image.jpg?w=150 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/image.jpg?w=300 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 603px) 100vw, 603px" /></figure> 552 553 554 555<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What could I do?</p> 556 557 558 559<p class="wp-block-paragraph">My initial solution was to use something more recentâa porcelain bottle from 19<sup>th</sup> Century Japan. Then, as I walked to my classroom in AD Hope (miss that place!), something caught my eye. In one of the ANU Classics Museumâs cabinets was something that looked like the baby bottle of my desire. It’s label confirmed my suspicion and, just like that, I had the perfect image of one of the earliest infant-feeding vessels (Figure B). It was a timely lesson. The pandemic lockdowns and resultant fieldwork bans have meant that most of our research has had to focus on things that are right here under our noses.</p> 560 561 562 563<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Although these events occurred a couple years back (“the pandemic slowed down publishing,â my editors told me) the book was published in October 2021:</p> 564 565 566 567<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Kushnick G (2021). The cradle of humankind: Evolutionary approaches to technology and parenting. In: Weekes-Shackelford VA, Shackelford TK (eds.), <em>The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Parenting </em>(pp. 115-134). Oxford University Press.”</p>
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642 <div class="entry-links"> 643 <p class="comment-number"><a href="https://geokush.com/2022/08/08/in-the-not-so-far-off-field/#respond">Leave a comment</a></p> 644 645 <p class="entry-categories tagged">Filed under <a href="https://geokush.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></p> 646 <p class="entry-tags tagged">Tagged as <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/anu/" rel="tag">ANU</a>, <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/human-behavioural-ecology/" rel="tag">human behavioural ecology</a>, <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/oxford-university-press/" rel="tag">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/publishing/" rel="tag">publishing</a>, <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/school-of-archaeology-and-anthropology/" rel="tag">School of Archaeology and Anthropology</a><br /></p> 647 </div><!-- .entry-links --> 648 649</div><!-- #post-## --> 650 651 652 653<div id="post-1907" class="post-1907 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized"> 654 <div class="entry-meta"> 655 656 8 Jun 22 · 2:06 pm </div><!-- .entry-meta --> 657 658 <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://geokush.com/2022/06/08/the-view-on-human-pairbonding-through-multiple-evolutionary-lenses/" rel="bookmark">The View on Human Pairbonding Through Multiple Evolutionary Lenses</a></h2> <div class="entry entry-content"> 659 660<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This post relates to a paper I recently wrote and posted on <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/vesgq/">PsyArXiv</a>.</p> 661 662 663<div class="wp-block-image"> 664<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/collectie_tropenmuseum_een_karo-bataks_echtpaar_tmnr_10002971.jpg?w=500" alt="" class="wp-image-1931" width="218" height="340" /><figcaption>Karo couple from North Sumatra, Indonesia. I previously conducted Fulbright Scholars Research on <a href="https://karoimpal.wordpress.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>impal</em> marriage</a> amongst the Karo.</figcaption></figure> 665</div> 666 667 668<p class="wp-block-paragraph">A pairbond is a close and enduring relationship between two individuals. It often includes mating and, in the case of humans, marriage and shared childcare responsibilities. There might be a tendency to think of pairbonding as unique to monogamy, but an individual can develop a bond with more than one individual in polygamous systems as well.</p> 669 670 671 672<p class="wp-block-paragraph">At some point in our recent evolutionary past, our ancestors began to pairbond, which differentiated us from our closest living relative the chimpanzee who engages is much more promiscuous mating. The evolution of pairbonding then had wide-ranging effects in shaping various aspects of our behaviour, anatomy, p
672hysiology, and society.</p> 673 674 675 676<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Evolutionary scholars interested in human behaviour have approached the problem in a variety of ways — so, in a nutshell:</p> 677 678 679 680<ul class="wp-block-list"><li><em>Human behavioural ecologists </em>analyse the adaptiveness of human behaviour in social and ecological context.</li><li><em>Evolutionary psychologists</em> study the evolution of the behaviour-producing mechanisms in past environments.</li><li><em>Dual inheritance theorists</em> are concerned with cultural evolutionary processes, including how biology and culture coevolve.</li></ul> 681 682 683 684<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I wrote a paper that investigates how these paradigms have tackled the problem of pairbonding. For each, I examined two questions that have been addressed by their practitioners (see table below). In doing so, I was able to assess the viability of three pathways that have been proposed for integrating the methods and assumptions of each paradigm.</p> 685 686 687 688<figure class="wp-block-table is-style-stripes"><table><thead><tr><th class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><strong>Paradigm</strong></th><th class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><strong>Question 1</strong></th><th class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><strong>Question 2</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Human Behavioral Ecology</td><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">When will a woman marry an already married man?</td><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">What ecological factors are associated with pairbond stability?</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Evolutionary Psychology</td><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">How do short- and long-term mating preferences compare?</td><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Do sex differences in jealousy reflect our evolutionary history as a pairbonded species?</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Dual Inheritance Theory</td><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">What cultural factors have led to the primacy of monogamy in Western societies?</td><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Can cultural evolutionary forces lead to variations on the normal pattern of pairbonding?</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> 689 690 691 692<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Some background: First, I am a human behavioural ecologist at <a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/kushnick-gc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Australian National University</a> (ANU) with interests in human reproductive strategies. Second, my PhD supervisor was <a href="https://faculty.washington.edu/easmith/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Alden Smith</a>, who wrote a series of papers on the “<a href="https://faculty.washington.edu/easmith/ThreeStyles.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Three Styles</a>” outlining the assumptions of each paradigm. These had a formative effect on how I view the evolutionary social sciences. Third, I wrote a <a href="https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/k23md">book chapter</a> on the relationship between parenting and technology from an evolutionary perspective that was framed in a similar way. Fourth, I wrote a <a href="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/kushnick_pairbond-stability_eeps1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mini-review</a> of the ecological factors influencing pairbond stability, which was fleshed out to become one of the sections of the current paper. Finally, I recently co-authored a <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.573123/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">paper</a> on one aspect of pairbonding — the evolution of romantic love — with a PhD student at ANU.</p> 693 694 695 696<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The manuscript has been submitted to a peer-reviewed journal, and I have posted a pre-peer review version on the preprint server PsyArXiv:</p> 697 698 699 700<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>Kushnick, G. (2022, June 4). Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Pairbonding: Reconciling the Major Paradigms. <a href="https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/vesgq" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/vesgq</a>.</p></blockquote> 701 702 703 704<p class="has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph"><em>Image Credit: </em>
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779 <div class="entry-links"> 780 <p class="comment-number"><a href="https://geokush.com/2022/06/08/the-view-on-human-pairbonding-through-multiple-evolutionary-lenses/#respond">Leave a comment</a></p> 781 782 <p class="entry-categories tagged">Filed under <a href="https://geokush.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></p> 783 <p class="entry-tags tagged"></p> 784 </div><!-- .entry-links --> 785 786</div><!-- #post-## --> 787 788 789 790<div id="post-1819" class="post-1819 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized"> 791 <div class="entry-meta"> 792 793 3 Jun 21 · 12:34 pm </div><!-- .entry-meta --> 794 795 <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://geokush.com/2021/06/03/pregnancy-outcomes-of-sinabung-evacuees/" rel="bookmark">Pregnancy Outcomes of Sinabung Evacuees</a></h2> <div class="entry entry-content"> 796 797<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In 2010, I was in Kabanjahe, the capital of the Karo regency of North Sumatra, Indonesia, studying marriage and baptism records at the area’s longest standing Catholic church. I sought data on the decline of <a href="https://karoimpal.wordpress.com/"><em>impal</em> marriage</a> amongst the local Karo people. This was not my first trip to Taneh Karo. I had conducted a 12-month research project in two Karo villages for my PhD project.</p> 798 799 800 801<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There are two volcanoes jutting up from the plateau. The larger one, Gunung Sinabung, which I climbed on one of my earlier trips, had been <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinabung">dormant for 400 years</a>. I rode my motorbike past one of the best vantage points when I noticed smoke issuing from the top of the mountain. I stopped in a village and the people there had noticed too. The place was buzzing with talk of the mountain and the ominous white cloud emanating from the <em>puncak </em>(peak).</p> 802 803 804 805<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick37.jpg?w=800" alt="" class="wp-image-193" width="457" height="343" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick37.jpg?w=457 457w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick37.jpg?w=150 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick37.jpg?w=300 300w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick37.jpg?w=768 768w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick37.jpg 800w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 457px) 100vw, 457px" /><figcaption><em>Afternoon before first eruption of Sinabung (2010)</em></figcaption></figure> 806 807 808 809<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Just after midnight that evening, we felt a jarring of the earth, much like the frequent earthquakes I experienced growing up in the Los Angeles area. From the balcony of our rental home, we could see lava emitting from the Gunung Sinabung. Evacuees from near-by villages in the backs of pickup trucks and on motorbikes came flooding in. The next morning there were more eruptions that we could see clearly from Kabanjahe (see below). The eruptions have been occurring on-and-off <a href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=261080">continuously since that time</a>.</p> 810 811 812 813<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick44.jpg?w=600" alt="" class="wp-image-200" width="348" height="464" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick44.jpg?w=348 348w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick44.jpg?w=113 113w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick44.jpg?w=225 225w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick44.jpg 600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 348px) 100vw, 348px" /><figcaption><em>View from my home in Kabanjahe on morning after first eruption (2010)</em></figcaption></figure> 814 815 816 817<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Evacuating the Volcano</h3> 818 819 820 821<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The volcanic eruptions of Gunung Sinabung led to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinabung">evacuation of up to 17,000 people</a>. By and large, these people are Karo farmers who are tied to the land on which they make their living. The land is equally important for Karo <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12110-010-9082-4">reproduction</a> as it is for production. Some were able to return to their villages. Others lived in evacuation centres for extended periods. Others evacuated, returned, and re-evacuated. Some villages in the ‘red zone’ have been abandoned permanently and the people relocated to a new village c
821alled <a href="https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icoposdev-17/25889803">Siosar</a>.</p> 822 823 824 825<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In 2014 I was awarded a Fulbright Scholars grant to continue <a href="https://karoimpal.wordpress.com/">my work</a> on the decline of cousin marriage. During that five-month trip, interested in the living conditions of displaced Karo people, I <a href="https://karoimpal.wordpress.com/2014/04/25/some-karo-villagers-still-displaced-by-sinabung-volcano/">visited</a> evacuees that were staying in various evacuation centres. I was inspired to conduct research on the health of Gunung Sinabung evacuees.</p> 826 827 828 829<p class="wp-block-paragraph">To protect the identities of the participants of our study, we borrowed images of the volcano and its evacuees from the Getty collection (see below).</p> 830 831 832 833<a id='vkkDRiGJTi5WuwDE16dyRA' class='gie-slideshow' href='https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/466474547' target='_blank' style='color:#a7a7a7;text-decoration:none;font-weight:normal !important;border:none;display:inline-block;'>Embed from Getty Images</a>
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833 834 835 836 837<h3 class="wp-block-heading">New Paper</h3> 838 839 840 841<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In 2017-18, I teamed up with a colleague at The Australian National University, <a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/behie-am">Prof Alison Behie</a>, who is an expert at the effects of natural disasters on maternal and child health, and the Chair of the Department of Anthropology at University of North Sumatra, <a href="https://direktori.usu.ac.id/profile/eyJpdiI6IkpiR0oxUEFOYldFRWRJbWJMaGJRTWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOFMxaFlDUENOdU81RjdtNTBWSkd5Zz09IiwibWFjIjoiMmEzY2Q4NDc1OTYwZTNiNzIwZGFmNDI4NzY1ZDc4NTg3YmFjZjEzZTQ2ZWU5OWMwYzZiYmE2ZDg2ODRlYTY5YiJ9">Dr Fikarwin Zuska</a>, who provided logistical support. We received generous funding from the <a href="https://cass.anu.edu.au/">ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences</a> to support a round of fieldwork during which I would track down women who were pregnant during their evacuation. We wanted to compare their pregnancy outcomes with those of women who were pregnant at the same time but lived far enough away from the volcano to not have been evacuated.</p> 842 843 844 845<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The results of this study have been published in the <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.23628">American Journal of Human Biology</a></em>. We found that the 97 women who were pregnant during their evacuation had an almost five-fold increase in the adjusted odds of having an early or preterm birth compared to the matching sample of 97 non-evacuee women. We also found that births to evacuee women were 1 cm shorter, when controlling for potential confounding factors, than births to non-evacuees.</p> 846 847 848 849<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Our study is important because it adds to the growing evidence that natural disasters lead to poor maternal/child health outcomes. It is one of the first to show early births and shorter, but not underweight, newborns. It is also the first to address evacuation from volcanoes. This is important because we are rapidly approaching a climate change tipping point for volcanic eruptions to become more common, and because volcanoes are location-specific and, thus, lead to increased vulnerability for those already vulnerable.</p> 850 851 852 853<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p><strong>Kushnick G, Behie A, Zuska F (2021) </strong>Pregnancy outcomes among evacuees of the Sinabung volcano, 2010-2018 (North Sumatra, Indonesia): a matched cohort study. <em>Am J Hum Biol</em>, e23628. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.23628">Link</a> *</p></blockquote> 854 855 856 857<p class="has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph">* The paper is behind a paywall, which means it is not viewable outside a subscribing library or without purchase. The publisher allows us to post a pre-peer review version of the paper on our personal website, so we have done this. Peer review added to the quality of the paper but the overall conclusions remained unchanged. <a href="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/kushnick-et-al_sinabung_ajhb-3.pdf">Click here to see the free pre-peer review PDF</a>.</p> 858<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 859 data-shared="sharing-facebook-1819" 860 class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" 861 href="https://geokush.com/2021/06/03/pregnancy-outcomes-of-sinabung-evacuees/?share=facebook" 862 target="_blank" 863 aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-1819" 864 > 865 <span id="sharing-facebook-1819" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span> 866 <span>Facebook</span> 867 </a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 868 data-shared="sharing-twitter-1819" 869 class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" 870 href="https://geokush.com/2021/06/03/pregnancy-outcomes-of-sinabung-evacuees/?share=twitter" 871 target="_blank" 872 aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-1819" 873 > 874 <span id="sharing-twitter-1819" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span> 875 <span>X</span> 876 </a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 877 data-shared="sharing-email-1819" 878 class="share-email sd-button share-icon" 879 href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Pregnancy%20Outcomes%20of%20Sinabung%20Evacuees&body=https%3A%2F%2Fgeokush.com%2F2021%2F06%2F03%2Fpregnancy-outcomes-of-sinabung-evacuees%2F&share=email" 880 target="_blank" 881 aria-labelledby="sharing-email-1819"
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948<a href="https://geokush.com/2020/03/26/almost-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-evolution-of-human-reproductive-strategies-written-by-anu-students/" rel="bookmark">A Wiki Site with (Almost) Everything You Wanted to Know about the Evolution of Human Reproductive Strategies, written by ANU students</a></h2> <div class="entry entry-content"> 949 <p>Students enrolled in my course BIAN 2133/6133 (Human Reproductive Strategies) in Semester 2 of 2019 at The Australian National University wrote short topical articles about the evolution of human reproductive strategies and published them on a <a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/">class Wiki site</a>.</p> 950<p>I’m very proud of them for doing this project. I hope you find the fruits of their labour useful and interesting!</p> 951<p>Here’s a list of articles about the evolution of human mating:</p> 952<div class="list-pages-item"> 953<div class="title"> 954<ul> 955<li><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:a-muscular-male-body:a-result-of-female-mate-choice">A Muscular Male Body: A Result of Female Mate Choice?</a></li> 956</ul> 957</div> 958</div> 959<div class="list-pages-item"> 960<div class="title"> 961<ul> 962<li><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:body-modification-and-sexual-selection">Body Modification and Sexual Selection</a></li> 963</ul> 964</div> 965</div> 966<div class="list-pages-item"> 967<div class="title"> 968<ul> 969<li><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:body-odour-and-sexual-attraction-in-humans">Body Odour and Sexual Attraction in Humans</a></li> 970</ul> 971</div> 972</div> 973<div class="list-pages-item"> 974<div class="title"> 975<ul> 976<li><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:comparison-of-human-and-primate-mating-systems-with-the">Comparison of Human and Primate Mating Systems with the Application of Sexual Selection Theory</a></li> 977</ul> 978</div> 979</div> 980<div class="list-pages-item"> 981<div class="title"> 982<ul> 983<li><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:costly-signalling-in-the-meriam">Costly Signalling in the Meriam</a></li> 984</ul> 985</div> 986</div> 987<div class="list-pages-item"> 988<div class="title"> 989<ul> 990<li><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:deceptive-signalling-of-mate-quality-in-men">Deceptive Signalling of Mate Quality in Men</a></li> 991</ul> 992</div> 993</div> 994<div class="list-pages-item"> 995<div class="title"> 996<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:direct-benefits-and-mate-choice">Direct Benefits and Mate Choice</a></p> 997</div> 998</div> 999<div class="list-pages-item"> 1000<div class="title"> 1001<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:sex-role-reversal">Discussion of Three Hypotheses for the Evolution of Lekking</a></p> 1002</div> 1003</div> 1004<div class="list-pages-item"> 1005<div class="title"> 1006<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:evolution-of-mate-guarding">Evolution of Mate Guarding</a></p> 1007</div> 1008</div> 1009<div class="list-pages-item"> 1010<div class="title"> 1011<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:evolution-of-sex-based-differences-in-jealousy">Evolution of Sex-Based Differences in Jealousy</a></p> 1012</div> 1013</div> 1014<div class="list-pages-item"> 1015<div class="title"> 1016<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:evolutionary-mechanisms-influencing-mate-choice-within">Evolutionary Mechanisms Influencing Mate Choice Within Nonhuman Primates</a></p> 1017</div> 1018</div> 1019<div class="list-pages-item"> 1020<div class="title"> 1021<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:evolutionary-perspectives-on-altering-physical-appearan">Evolutionary Perspectives on Altering Physical Appearance</a></p> 1022</div> 1023</div> 1024<div class="list-pages-item"> 1025<div class="title"> 1026<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:female-waist-to-hip-ratio-and-attractiveness">Female Waist-to-Hip Ratio and Attractiveness</a></p> 1027</div> 1028</div> 1029<div class="list-pages-item"> 1030<div class="title"> 1031<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:foot-size-and-attractiveness">Foot Size and Attractiveness</a></p> 1032</div> 1033</div> 1034<div class="list-pages-item"> 1035<div class="title"> 1036<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:gender-differences-in-human-non-verbal-flirting-behavio">Gender Differences in Human Non-Verbal Flirting Behaviours</a></p> 1037</div> 1038</div> 1039<div class="list-pages-item"> 1040<div class="title"> 1041<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:human-breast-morphology-and-sexual-selection">Human Breast Morphology and Sexual Selection</a></p> 1042</div> 1043</div> 1044<div class="list-pages-item"> 1045<div class="title"> 1046<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:humour-as-a-sexually-selected-trait">Humour as a Sexually Selected Trait</a></p> 1047</div> 1048</div> 1049<div class="list-pages-item"> 1050<div class="title"> 1051<p>
1051<a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:intrasexual-competition-in-adolescent-girls">Intrasexual Competition in Adolescent Girls</a></p> 1052</div> 1053</div> 1054<div class="list-pages-item"> 1055<div class="title"> 1056<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:mate-choice-copying-in-humans">Mate Choice Copying in Humans</a></p> 1057</div> 1058</div> 1059<div class="list-pages-item"> 1060<div class="title"> 1061<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:mate-preference-and-the-ovulatory-cycle">Mate Preference and the Ovulatory Cycle</a></p> 1062<div class="list-pages-item"> 1063<div class="title"> 1064<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:physiological-costs-of-maternal-care">Operational Sex Ratio and Human Mate Choice</a></p> 1065</div> 1066</div> 1067<div class="list-pages-item"> 1068<div class="title"> 1069<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:quality-vs-quantity:why-do-post-demographic-transition">Quality vs Quantity: why do post-demographic transition societies have smaller families?</a></p> 1070</div> 1071</div> 1072<div class="list-pages-item"> 1073<div class="title"> 1074<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:rape-as-a-reproductive-strategy:fact-or-fiction">Rape as a Reproductive Strategy: Fact or Fiction?</a></p> 1075</div> 1076</div> 1077<div class="list-pages-item"> 1078<div class="title"> 1079<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:red-as-a-sexual-signal-in-humans">Red as a Sexual Signal In Humans</a></p> 1080</div> 1081</div> 1082<div class="list-pages-item"> 1083<div class="title"> 1084<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:religion-and-mating-strategies-in-evolutionary-perspect">Religion and Mating Strategies in Evolutionary Perspective</a></p> 1085</div> 1086</div> 1087<div class="list-pages-item"> 1088<div class="title"> 1089<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:sex-differences-in-human-mate-preferences">Sex Differences in Human Mate Preferences</a></p> 1090</div> 1091</div> 1092<div class="list-pages-item"> 1093<div class="title"> 1094<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:sexual-imprinting-and-mate-choice-in-humans">Sexual Imprinting and Mate Choice in Humans</a></p> 1095</div> 1096</div> 1097<div class="list-pages-item"> 1098<div class="title"> 1099<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:sexual-selection-of-beards">Sexual Selection of Beards</a></p> 1100</div> 1101</div> 1102<div class="list-pages-item"> 1103<div class="title"> 1104<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:tattoos-and-sexual-selection">Tattoos and Sexual Selection</a></p> 1105</div> 1106</div> 1107<div class="list-pages-item"> 1108<div class="title"> 1109<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:three-hypotheses-on-the-evolution-of-romantic-relations">Three Hypotheses on the Evolution of Romantic Relationships</a></p> 1110</div> 1111</div> 1112<div class="list-pages-item"> 1113<div class="title"> 1114<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:waist-to-hip-ratio-and-fertility">Waist to Hip ratio and Fertility</a></p> 1115<p> </p> 1116</div> 1117</div> 1118</div> 1119</div> 1120<p>Here’s a list of articles about the evolution of human parenting:</p> 1121<div class="list-pages-item"> 1122<div class="title"> 1123<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:allomaternal-care-in-non-human-primates">Allomaternal Care in Non-Human Primates</a></p> 1124</div> 1125</div> 1126<div class="list-pages-item"> 1127<div class="title"> 1128<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:discriminative-grandparental-solicitude:evolution-and-c">Discriminative Grandparental Solicitude: Evolution and Culture</a></p> 1129</div> 1130</div> 1131<div class="list-pages-item"> 1132<div class="title"> 1133<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:effect-of-offspring-age-on-parental-care">Effect of Offspring Age on Parental Care</a></p> 1134</div> 1135</div> 1136<div class="list-pages-item"> 1137<div class="title"> 1138<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:evolution-implications-and-selective-pressures-of-the-o">Evolution, Implications, and Selective Pressures of the Obstetric Dilemma</a></p> 1139</div> 1140</div> 1141<div class="list-pages-item"> 1142<div class="title"> 1143<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:evolution-of-biparental-care-in-humans">Evolution of Biparental Care in Humans</a></p> 1144</div> 1145</div> 1146<div class="list-pages-item"> 1147<div class="title"> 1148<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:evolutionary-perspectives-on-step-parental-investment">Evolutionary Perspectives on Step Parental Investment</a></p> 1149</div> 1150</div> 1151<div class="list-pages-item"> 1152<div class="title"> 1153<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:example-parenting">Example Parenting</a></p> 1154</div> 1155</div> 1156<div class="list-pages-item"> 1157<div class="title"> 1158<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:explanations-for-human-and-non-human-primate-infanticid">Explanations for Human and NonâHuman Primate Infanticide</a></p> 1159</div> 1160</div> 1161<div class="list-pages-item"> 1162<div class="title"> 1163<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:hormones-that-influence-paternal-care-in-nonhuman-prima">
1163Hormones That Influence Paternal Care Behaviors In Nonhuman Primates</a></p> 1164</div> 1165</div> 1166<div class="list-pages-item"> 1167<div class="title"> 1168<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:human-adoption-from-an-evolutionary-perspective">Human Adoption From An Evolutionary Perspective</a></p> 1169</div> 1170</div> 1171<div class="list-pages-item"> 1172<div class="title"> 1173<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:man-the-provider-a-debate-on-the-evolutionary-driver-be">Man, The Provider? A Debate on the Evolutionary Driver Behind Hunting Behaviour</a></p> 1174</div> 1175</div> 1176<div class="list-pages-item"> 1177<div class="title"> 1178<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:optimisation-of-the-quantity-quality-trade-off-in-weird">Optimisation of the Quantity-Quality Trade-off in WEIRD Societies</a></p> 1179</div> 1180</div> 1181<div class="list-pages-item"> 1182<div class="title"> 1183<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:paternity-certainty-and-paternal-care-in-humans">Paternity Certainty and Paternal Care in Humans</a></p> 1184</div> 1185</div> 1186<div class="list-pages-item"> 1187<div class="title"> 1188<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:physiological-cost-of-maternal-care">Physiological Costs of Maternal Care</a></p> 1189</div> 1190</div> 1191<div class="list-pages-item"> 1192<div class="title"> 1193<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:son-preference-in-the-evolutionary-perspective">Son preference in the evolutionary perspective</a></p> 1194</div> 1195</div> 1196<div class="list-pages-item"> 1197<div class="title"> 1198<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:the-cinderella-effect:violence-and-abuse-towards-stepch">The âCinderella Effectâ: Violence and Abuse Towards Stepchildren</a></p> 1199</div> 1200</div> 1201<div class="list-pages-item"> 1202<div class="title"> 1203<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:the-evolution-of-fatherhood-in-humans">The Evolution of Fatherhood in Humans</a></p> 1204</div> 1205</div> 1206<div class="list-pages-item"> 1207<div class="title"> 1208<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:the-grandmother-hypothesis">The Grandmother Hypothesis</a></p> 1209</div> 1210</div> 1211<div class="list-pages-item"> 1212<div class="title"> 1213<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:the-origin-of-paternal-investment-among-primates">The Origin of Paternal Investment Among Primates</a></p> 1214</div> 1215</div> 1216<div class="list-pages-item"> 1217<div class="title"> 1218<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:the-rarity-of-infanticide-amongst-bonobos">The Rarity of Infanticide Amongst Bonobos</a></p> 1219<div class="list-pages-item"> 1220<div class="title"> 1221<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:trivers-willard-hypothesis-and-human-parental-favouriti">TriversâWillard Hypothesis and Human Parental Favouritism</a></p> 1222</div> 1223</div> 1224<div class="list-pages-item"> 1225<div class="title"> 1226<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:why-females-tend-to-care-more">Why Females Tend to Care More</a></p> 1227</div> 1228</div> 1229</div> 1230</div> 1231<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1232 data-shared="sharing-facebook-1727" 1233 class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" 1234 href="https://geokush.com/2020/03/26/almost-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-evolution-of-human-reproductive-strategies-written-by-anu-students/?share=facebook" 1235 target="_blank" 1236 aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-1727" 1237 > 1238 <span id="sharing-facebook-1727" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span> 1239 <span>Facebook</span> 1240 </a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1241 data-shared="sharing-twitter-1727" 1242 class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" 1243 href="https://geokush.com/2020/03/26/almost-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-evolution-of-human-reproductive-strategies-written-by-anu-students/?share=twitter" 1244 target="_blank" 1245 aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-1727" 1246 > 1247 <span id="sharing-twitter-1727" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span> 1248 <span>X</span> 1249 </a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1250 data-shared="sharing-email-1727" 1251 class="share-email sd-button share-icon" 1252 href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20A%20Wiki%20Site%20with%20%28Almost%29%20Everything%2
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1305 <div class="entry-links"> 1306 <p class="comment-number"><a href="https://geokush.com/2020/03/26/almost-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-evolution-of-human-reproductive-strategies-written-by-anu-students/#respond">Leave a comment</a></p> 1307 1308 <p class="entry-categories tagged">Filed under <a href="https://geokush.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></p> 1309 <p class="entry-tags tagged"></p> 1310 </div><!-- .entry-links --> 1311 1312</div><!-- #post-## --> 1313 1314 1315 1316<div id="post-1639" class="post-1639 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-analysis-working-papers tag-analysis tag-regression"> 1317 <div class="entry-meta"> 1318 1319 17 Feb 20 · 12:39 pm </div><!-- .entry-meta --> 1320 1321 <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://geokush.com/2020/02/17/regression-analysis-in-biological-anthropology/" rel="bookmark">Analysis Working Papers: Regression Analysis in Biological Anthropology</a></h2> <div class="entry entry-content"> 1322 <p><strong>What is Regression?</strong></p> 1323<p>Regression analysis comprises several related analytical tools that are useful to researchers in a variety of disciplines, including biological anthropology. Different styles of regression are available for different types of dependent variables (see Table 1 for a non-exhaustive list) and can accommodate a wide range of contexts that are challenging for many standard statistical methods, including controlling for any number of potential confounding variables, adjusting for non-independent sampling units, and using cases that have missing data.</p> 1324<p><div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1642" style="width: 666px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1642" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1642" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/table-1.jpg" alt="table 1" width="656" height="140" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/table-1.jpg 656w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/table-1.jpg?w=150&h=32 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/table-1.jpg?w=300&h=64 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 656px) 100vw, 656px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1642" class="wp-caption-text"><strong>Table 1.</strong>  Some types of regression.</p></div></p> 1325<p>Most types of regression analysis can be used to: (a) test hypotheses about the association between variables, (b) model the relationship between variables and provide measures of the strength of model fit and proportion of variation in a dependent variable explained by the independent variables, and (c) build equations that can be used for prediction. Regression analysis can accommodate any number of independent variables, ranging from the simplest cases where you are interested in the effect of a single independent variable on the dependent variable, to the case of multiple regression where you are interested in two or more independent variables. The simplest case is where the independent variables are continuous, but other types of independent variables can be accommodated. Table 2 introduces some resources for issues in the application of regression analysis.</p> 1326<p><div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1643" style="width: 667px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1643" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1643" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/table-2.jpg" alt="table 2" width="657" height="398" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/table-2.jpg 657w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/table-2.jpg?w=150&h=91 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/table-2.jpg?w=300&h=182 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 657px) 100vw, 657px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1643" class="wp-caption-text"><strong>Table 2. </strong> Resources for issues in the application of regression analysis.</p></div></p> 1327<p><strong>References</strong></p> 1328<p>Agresti, A. (2013). <em>Categorical data analysis</em> (3E). NY: Wiley.</p> 1329<p>Allison, P.D. (2001). <em>Missing data</em>. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.</p> 1330<p>Allison, P.D. (2014). <em>Event history and survival analysis</em>. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.</p> 1331<p>Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (2004). Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. <em>Sociological Methods & Research</em>, 33, 261-304.</p> 1332<p>Coxe, S., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2009). The analysis of count data: A gentle introduction to Poisson regression and its alternatives. <em>Journal of Personality Assessment</em>, 91(2), 121-136.</p> 1333<p>Gelman, A., & Hill, J. (2007). <em>Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models</em>
1333. NY: Cambridge University Press.</p> 1334<p>Graham, M. H. (2003). Confronting multicollinearity in ecological multiple regression. <em>Ecology</em>, 84(11), 2809-15.</p> 1335<p>Graubard, B. I., & Korn, E. L. (1994). Regression analysis with clustered data. <em>Statistics in Medicine</em>, 13, 509-522.</p> 1336<p>Hardy, M. A. (1993). <em>Regression with dummy variables</em>. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.</p> 1337<p>Harrison, X. A., Donaldson, L., Correa-Cano, et al. (2018). A brief introduction to mixed effects modelling and multi-model inference in ecology. <em>PeerJ</em>, 6, e4794.</p> 1338<p>Hilba, J.M. (2009). <em>Logistic regression models</em>. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.</p> 1339<p>Hosmer, D.W. (2008). <em>Applied survival analysis: Regression modeling of time-to-event data</em>. NJ: Wiley.</p> 1340<p>Hosmer, D.W., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R.X. (2013). <em>Applied logistic regression</em> (3E). NY: John Wiley.</p> 1341<p>Klein, J.P. (2016) <em>Handbook of survival analysis</em>. London: CRC Press.</p> 1342<p>Jaccard, J. (2001). <em>Interaction effects in logistic regression</em>. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.</p> 1343<p>Jaccard, J., Turrisi, R., & Wan, C. K. (1990). <em>Interaction effects in multiple regression</em>. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.</p> 1344<p>Johnson, J., & Omland, K. S. (2004). Model selection in ecology and evolution. <em>Trends in Ecology & Evolution</em>, 19(2), 101-108.</p> 1345<p>Mckinnon, A. (2010). The use and reporting of multiple imputation in medical research — a review.<em> Journal of Internal Medicine</em>, 268, 586-593.</p> 1346<p>McNamee, R. (2005). Regression modelling and other methods to control confounding. <em>Occupational and Environmental Medicine, </em>62, 500-506.</p> 1347<p>Montgomery, D.C. (2013). <em>Introduction to linear regression analysis</em> (5E). Somerset: John Wiley and Sons.</p> 1348<p>OâBrien, R. (2007). A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. <em>Quality & Quantity</em>, 41, 673.</p> 1349<p>Palmer, P. B., & O’Connell, D. G. (2009). Regression analysis for prediction: Understanding the process. <em>Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal</em>, 20(3), 23-26.</p> 1350<p>Weisberg, S. (2014). <em>Applied linear regression</em>. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.</p> 1351<p>Westfall, J., & Yarkoni, T. (2016). Statistically controlling for confounding constructs is harder than you think. <em>PLoS ONE</em>, 11(3), e0152719.</p> 1352<blockquote><p>Written by:<br /> 1353<strong>Dr Geoff Kushnick </strong>([email protected])<br /> 1354The Australian National University, Canberra</p> 1355<p>Download a PDF copy of this post by clicking <a title="regression-in-bian-kushnick-2020" href="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/regression-in-bian-kushnick-2020.pdf">here</a>.</p> 1356<p><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" rel="license"><img src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" alt="Creative Commons License" /></a><br /> 1357This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a></p></blockquote> 1358<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1359 data-shared="sharing-facebook-1639" 1360 class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" 1361 href="https://geokush.com/2020/02/17/regression-analysis-in-biological-anthropology/?share=facebook" 1362 target="_blank" 1363 aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-1639" 1364 > 1365 <span id="sharing-facebook-1639" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span> 1366 <span>Facebook</span> 1367 </a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1368 data-shared="sharing-twitter-1639" 1369 class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" 1370 href="https://geokush.com/2020/02/17/regression-analysis-in-biological-anthropology/?share=twitter" 1371 target="_blank" 1372 aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-1639" 1373 > 1374 <span id="sharing-twitter-1639" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span> 1375 <span>X</span> 1376 </a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1377 data-shared="sharing-email-1639" 1378 class="share-email sd-button share-icon" 1379 href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Analysis%20Working%20Papers%3A%20Regression%20Analysis%20in%20Biological%20Anthropology&body=https%3A%2F%2Fgeokush.com%2F2020%2F02%2F17%2Fregression-analysis-in-biological-anthropology%2F&share=email" 1380 target="_blank" 1381 aria-labelledby="sharing-email-1639"
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href="https://geokush.com/tag/analysis/" rel="tag">Analysis</a>, <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/regression/" rel="tag">Regression</a><br /></p> 1437 </div><!-- .entry-links --> 1438 1439</div><!-- #post-## --> 1440 1441 1442 1443<div id="post-1599" class="post-1599 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized"> 1444 <div class="entry-meta"> 1445 1446 4 Aug 19 · 3:24 pm </div><!-- .entry-meta --> 1447 1448 <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://geokush.com/2019/08/04/new-study-on-cross-cultural-variation-in-jealous-response-is-another-win-for-human-behavioural-ecology/" rel="bookmark">New study on cross-cultural variation in jealous response is another win for human behavioural ecology</a></h2> <div class="entry entry-content"> 1449 <p><div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1606" style="width: 251px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1606" loading="lazy" class=" wp-image-1606" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/karoman.jpg" alt="Karo Man" width="241" height="311" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/karoman.jpg?w=241&h=310 241w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/karoman.jpg?w=117&h=150 117w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/karoman.jpg?w=233&h=300 233w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/karoman.jpg 320w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 241px) 100v
1449w, 241px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1606" class="wp-caption-text">Man holding a baby in a Karo village (picture taken by and copyright to Geoff Kushnick)</p></div></p> 1450<p>In one of the classes I teach at The Australian National University — “Evolution and Human Behaviour” (<a href="https://programsandcourses.anu.edu.au/course/BIAN3124">BIAN 3124</a>) — I teach the students about the diverse evolutionary approaches that have been use to study human behaviour.</p> 1451<p>In my section on evolutionary psychology, I use a little experiment with the students to drive home some of the key concepts. I present them with a handful of questions about infidelity and we, invariably, find that the males in the class report much more concern about sexual infidelity than the females. The opposite is found for emotional infidelity. We, thus, replicate the finding of a sex difference touted by evolutionary psychology as one of their great successes (Buss 2018; Sagarin et al. 2012).</p> 1452<p>You see, the fitness payoff to males for investing in offspring is always tempered by the probability that they are being “tricked” into investing in an offspring that is not their own. Women don’t have to worry about this. One way for men to win this game is to adopt behaviours that serve to maximize the probability they have sired the offspring for which they are caring.</p> 1453<p>Jealousy is viewed as a strategy that can provide this result. Since this has been a recurring theme throughout human evolutionary history, evolutionary psychologists argue that you should see more intense jealousy evoked by sexual infidelity in men. In women, emotional jealousy is predicted to be more common. These patterns should hold up regardless of cultural background. It should be a <em>universal</em>.</p> 1454<p>On the face of it, the hypothesis has fared well when tested in a variety of settings, including cross-cultural ones.</p> 1455<p>As a human behavioural ecologist, I’m relatively uncomfortable with the concept of universality — and refer you to my paper “Why do the Karo Batak Prefer Women with Big Feet?” for more discussion (Kushnick 2013). People adapt to their environments via culture and biology, and since humans live in such a diverse range of socioecological settings I would expect human behaviour to be more complex than that. For most things, I expect humans to adopt flexible, conditional strategies.</p> 1456<p>According to pioneers of the field, Winterhalder and Smith (2000), said:</p> 1457<blockquote><p>[Human behavioural ecology] usually frames the study of adaptive design in terms of <em>decision rules</em>, or <em>conditional strategies</em>: “In the context of X, do α; in context Y, switch to β.”</p></blockquote> 1458<p>Why shouldn’t this logic apply to sexual jealousy as well? The benefits of acting jealously to stave off the chance of becoming a cuckold should vary with a number of socioenvironmental factors, not the least of which is the degree to which a man will provide investment (time, resources, etc) to his putative offspring. This is exactly the logic which led my colleague Brooke Scelza (an anthropologist at UCLA, who — like me — did her PhD under the supervision of the aforementioned Eric Alden Smith) to design a project whereby a number of us would conduct the experiment in different small-scale societies. Brooke takes you behind the scenes <a href="https://socialsciences.nature.com/users/266380-brooke-scelza/posts/51390-breaking-down-the-false-dichotomy-of-universality-and-variation-evidence-for-both-in-a-cross-cultural-study-of-jealousy">here</a>.</p> 1459<p>I conducted the experiment in rural North Sumatra, Indonesia, amongst a group of people referred to as the Karo that I have been working with for over 10 years. The Karo are one of the so-called “Batak” groups who share some similarities, like a stated preferences for marriages with their matrilateral cross cousins — an aspect of their society that I have studied (Kushnick et al 2016).</p> 1460<p>The results of this research, conducted with over 1000 subjects in 11 societies, have recently been published in <a href="https://rdcu.be/bLiqw"><em>Nature Human Behaviour</em></a> (Scelza et al 2019). The article sits, unfortunately, behind a paywall, but the publisher has made a readable, but not downloadable version of the <a href="https://rdcu.be/bLiqw">PDF available for free</a>.</p> 1461<p><div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1611" style="width: 510px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1611" loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-1611" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/map-1.jpg" alt="map" width="500" height="237" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/map-1.jpg?w=500&h=237 500w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/map-1.jpg?w=150&h=71 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/map-1.jpg?w=300&h=142 300w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/map-1.jpg 720w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 500px) 100v
1461w, 500px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1611" class="wp-caption-text">Map of field sites in Scelza et al (2019)</p></div></p> 1462<p>We found that jealous response, indeed, varied with the degree to which males were involved in parental care in those societies, as well as with the strictness of sociosexual norms, which are correlated with the male’s familial role in those societies.</p> 1463<p>We consider this a big win for human behavioural ecology, but a small step in the understanding of human nature and behaviour.</p> 1464<p>The research has received some press coverage:</p> 1465<ul> 1466<li><a href="https://www.college.ucla.edu/2019/07/25/study-finds-cultural-differences-in-attitudes-toward-infidelity-jealousy/">UCLA News</a></li> 1467<li><a href="https://www.miragenews.com/study-finds-cultural-differences-in-attitudes-toward-infidelity-jealousy/">Mirage News</a></li> 1468<li><a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/news/all-news/hands-on-dads-more-prone-to-jealousy-in-face-of-infidelity">ANU News</a></li> 1469<li><a href="https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-07-hands-on-dads-prone-jealousy-infidelity.html">Medical Express</a></li> 1470</ul> 1471<p>And Brooke was chuffed to see this comment from David Buss on Twitter:</p> 1472<blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> 1473<p dir="ltr" lang="en">This is such a cool paper. A great demonstration of how evolutionary hypotheses can predict cultural variation as well as universal sex differences…in this case in the powerful emotion of jealousy. <a href="https://t.co/fS3eMlhpqC">https://t.co/fS3eMlhpqC</a></p> 1474<p>â David Buss (@ProfDavidBuss) <a href="https://twitter.com/ProfDavidBuss/status/1153465156648820737?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">July 23, 2019</a></p></blockquote> 1475<h2>References:</h2> 1476<p>Buss DM (2018). Sexual and emotional infidelity: evolved gender differences in jealousy prove robust and replicable. <em>Perspectives in Psychological Science</em>, 13, 155-160.</p> 1477<p>Kushnick, G. (2013) Why do the Karo Batak prefer women with big feet? Flexible mate preferences and the notion that one size fits all. <em>Human Nature</em>, 24, 268-79. <a title="KaroBigFeet" href="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/karobigfeet.pdf">PDF</a>  <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12110-013-9171-2">Link</a></p> 1478<p>Kushnick G, Fessler DMT, Zuska F (2016) Disgust, gender, and social change: Testing alternative explanations for the decline of cousin marriage in Karo society. <em>Human Nature</em>, 27, 533-555.  <a title="impal-experiment_kushnick-et-al_2016" href="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/impal-experiment_kushnick-et-al_2016.pdf">PDF</a>  <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12110-016-9263-x">Link</a>  <a href="https://geokush.com/2016/08/07/decline-of-cousin-marriage-among-the-karo-a-case-of-sexual-conflict/">Blog</a>  <a href="https://figshare.com/articles/Impal_Experiment_Data_Codebook_and_Data_Form/1619669">Data</a></p> 1479<p>Sagarin BJ, et al (2012). Sex differences in jealousy: a meta-analytic examination. <em>Evolution and Human Behaviour</em>, 33, 595-614.</p> 1480<p>Scelza BA, Prall S, Blumenfeld T, Crittenden A, Gurven M, Kline M, Koster J, Kushnick G, Mattison SM, Pillsworth E, Shenk M, Starkweather K, Stieglitz J, Sum, C-Y, Yamaguchi K, McElreath R (2019) Patterns of paternal investment explain cross-cultural variance in jealous response. <em>Nature Human Behaviour</em>.  <a href="https://rdcu.be/bLiqw">PDF</a>  <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-019-0654-y">Link</a></p> 1481<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1482 data-shared="sharing-facebook-1599" 1483 class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" 1484 href="https://geokush.com/2019/08/04/new-study-on-cross-cultural-variation-in-jealous-response-is-another-win-for-human-behavioural-ecology/?share=facebook" 1485 target="_blank" 1486 aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-1599" 1487 > 1488 <span id="sharing-facebook-1599" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span> 1489 <span>Facebook</span> 1490 </a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1491 data-shared="sharing-twitter-1599" 1492 class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" 1493 href="https://geokush.com/2019/08/04/new-study-on-cross-cultural-variation-in-jealous-response-is-another-win-for-human-behavioural-ecology/?share=twitter" 1494 target="_blank" 1495 aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-1599" 1496 > 1497 <span id="sharing-twitter-1599" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span> 1498 <span>X</span> 1499 </a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1500 data-shared="sharing-email-1599" 1501 class="share-email sd-button share-icon"
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1555 <div class="entry-links"> 1556 <p class="comment-number"><a href="https://geokush.com/2019/08/04/new-study-on-cross-cultural-variation-in-jealous-response-is-another-win-for-human-behavioural-ecology/#respond">Leave a comment</a></p> 1557 1558 <p class="entry-categories tagged">Filed under <a href="https://geokush.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></p> 1559 <p class="entry-tags tagged"></p> 1560 </div><!-- .entry-links --> 1561 1562</div><!-- #post-## --> 1563 1564 1565 1566<div id="post-1583" class="post-1583 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized"> 1567 <div class="entry-meta"> 1568 1569 4 Mar 19 · 11:20 am </div><!-- .entry-meta --> 1570 1571 <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://geokush.com/2019/03/04/eugenics-in-australia-the-secret-of-melbournes-elite/" rel="bookmark">Eugenics in Australia: The secret of Melbourne’s elite</a></h2> <div class="entry entry-content"> 1572 <p><em>Written by:<br /> 1573</em><strong><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/ross-l-jones-4293">Ross L Jones</a></strong><br /> 1574Post-Doctoral Research Fellow in History<br /> 1575<em><a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-sydney-841">University of Sydney</a></em></p> 1576<figure> 1577<p><div style="width: 764px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/3752/original/Flickr_Science_Museum_London.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=39%2C72%2C951%2C705&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" alt="Flickr science museum london.jpg?ixlib=rb 1.1" width="754" height="559" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Francis Galton pioneered the concept of eugenics in this lab in London in the late 19th century. (<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Flickr/Science Museum London)</span></span></p></div></p> 1578</figure> 1579<p>Eugenics â the science of improving the race âwas a powerful influence on the development of Western civilisation in the first half of the twentieth century. And Melbourneâs elite were among its chief proponents.</p> 1580<p>In this period all the institutions and practices of modern societies came into being and eugenics played an important role in moulding them.</p> 1581<p>As the home of the Australian federal government in the early decades of the twentieth century, Melbourne was the ideal place for activists wishing to pursue a national eugenic agenda.</p> 1582<h2>The role of the University of Melbourne</h2> 1583<p>An important leader of this loose alignment of like-thinking middle class academics and doctors was the Professor of Anatomy at Melbourne University from 1903 to 1929, <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/berry-richard-james-arthur-5220">Richard Berry</a>. His influence extended beyond the university, which still has a building bearing his name, to some of the most important members of the cityâs society.</p> 1584<p>Although there was a short-lived Eugenics Education Society, until the founding of the <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2973082/pdf/eugenrev00224-0033.pdf">Eugenics Society of Victoria</a> in 1936 eugenicists operated primarily as a pressure group within the university, the education department and various government agencies and committees.</p> 1585<h2>Legalising eugenics</h2> 1586<p>Important legislation, in the form of three Mental Deficiency Bills,<a href="http://mlsv.org.au/files/1939-1941/28th%20September%201940,%20The%20Treatment%20of%20Mental%20Deficiency%20in%20Victoria%20by%20Guy%20Springthorpe,%20M.R.C.P.%20.pdf"> was presented to the parliament</a> in 1926, 1929 and 1939 by the <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/argyle-sir-stanley-seymour-5049">Premier Stanley Argyle</a>, a friend and colleague of Berry.</p> 1587<p>The bill aimed to institutionalise and potentially sterilise a significant proportion of the population – those seen as inefficient. Included in the group were slum dwellers, homosexuals, prostitutes, alcoholics, as well as those with small heads and with low IQs. The Aboriginal population was also seen to fall within this group.</p> 1588<p>The first two attempts to enact the bills failed not due to any significant opposition but rather because of the unstable political climate and the fall of governments.</p> 1589<p>The third in 1939 was passed unanimously, but not enacted in the first instance because of the outbreak of war and, later, due to the embarrassment of the <a href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007062">Holocaust</a>.</p> 1590<p>
1590Other state parliaments were inspired to also institute such legislation by Berryâs many town hall lectures across the nation.</p> 1591<p>Important national <a href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/23788117?searchTerm=&searchLimits=l-title=The+Mercury+%28Hobart%2C...%7Ctitleid%3A10%7C%7C%7Cl-decade=192%7C%7C%7Cl-year=1925">Royal Commissions in the 1920s</a> also recommended a range of eugenic reforms including measures relating to child endowment, marriage laws and pensions.</p> 1592<h2>National survey</h2> 1593<p>Perhaps the culmination of all this activity was the commissioning of a <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10314610802663027#preview">national survey of mental deficiency</a> by the Federal Minister for health, Sir Neville Howse, in 1928.</p> 1594<p>It was carried out by Berryâs colleague, the Chief Inspector for the Insane in Victorian <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-william-ernest-6882">William Ernest Jones</a>. In it, he claimed that the statistics collected showed the incidence of mental deficiency was rising, mainly due to genetics, and was more often found in the working class. He concluded that it required urgent government action along the lines previously championed by Berry. It was tabled before parliament and created a sensation in the press.</p> 1595<p>Little happened, however, as the government fell and the <a href="http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/great-depression">Great Depression</a> hit the nation. The Director of the Department of Health, <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cumpston-john-howard-lidgett-5846">John Cumpston</a>, claimed that the dire financial situation destroyed any chance of such a reform.</p> 1596<h2>Eugenics in education</h2> 1597<p>Another important influence of eugenic thinking was found in the development of post-primary education in Victoria.</p> 1598<p>The most important educationalists involved in the radical developments in the development of secondary and technical schools in Victoria were either active in eugenic circles or closely associated with Berry.</p> 1599<p>Perhaps the most influential, the first director of education, <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/tate-frank-8748">Frank Tate</a>, was associated on most important government bodies with Berry and strongly supported his research on head size and, on occasions, introduced his public lectures.</p> 1600<p>Others, such as the <a href="http://www.acer.edu.au/library/who-was-cunningham">first Director</a> of the Carnegie funded Australian Council for Educational Research, Kenneth Cunningham, as well as one of the most significant early psychologists, Chris McRae, published research claiming to show that working class children were unfit for academic secondary education and the university study that it led to.</p> 1601<p>McRae replicated in Melbourne suburbs research carried out in a variety of different socio-economic suburbs of London. He subsequently reported in the <a href="http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1596823">Victorian Education Gazette</a> (sent out to every state school primary teacher) that those in schools in poorer suburbs âwill never go to university and should not follow the same curriculum ⦠people live in slums because they are mentally deficient and not vice-versaâ.</p> 1602<p>As a consequence, in this period the Victorian Education Department set up technical schools in the poorer suburbs of Melbourne with just a few academic high schools.</p> 1603<p>In comparison, in New South Wales the Director of Education, <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/board-peter-5275">Peter Board</a>, vigorously opposed such thinking and championed higher education opportunity for all. Many more state school children in New South Wales were given an academic secondary education and went on to university.</p> 1604<h2>The spread of the movement</h2> 1605<p>Richard Berry returned to England in 1929 but<br /> 1606others took up the mantle, founding the <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2973082/pdf/eugenrev00224-0033.pdf">Eugenics Society of Victoria</a>.</p> 1607<p>Its membership read like a whoâs who of Melbourneâs elite including the <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/rivett-sir-albert-cherbury-david-8512">Chief Executive Officer</a> of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research â the precursor to the <a href="http://www.csiro.au/">CSIRO</a>, the <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/medley-sir-john-dudley-gibbs-jack-11101">Vice-Chancellor</a> of the University of Melbourne, the <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/sewell-sir-sidney-valentine-8388">President</a> of the Royal College of Physicians and the <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/herring-sir-edmund-francis-ned-12626">Chief Justice</a> of the Supreme Court of Victoria.</p> 1608<p>
1608Although the aims of the society included supporting the sterilisation of mental defectives, more and more they were involved in environmental reforms (such as slum clearance) and the birth control movement.</p> 1609<h2>Berryâs legacy</h2> 1610<p>In Britain Richard Berry continued to preach his uncompromising theory of ârotten heredityâ. In 1934 he would argue that to eliminate mental deficiency would require the sterilisation of twenty-five per cent of the population. At the same time he also advocated the âkindly euthanasiaâ of the unfit.</p> 1611<p>But his legacy in Australia continued, with the <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2973082/pdf/eugenrev00224-0033.pdf">Eugenics Society of Victoria</a> operating until 1961.</p> 1612<p>Although Melbourne may wish to forget its dark past, the powerful leaders of the eugenics movement once controlled the city, and their beliefs influenced a generation.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading="lazy" style="border:none !important;box-shadow:none !important;margin:0!important;max-height:1px !important;max-width:1px !important;min-height:1px !important;min-width:1px !important;opacity:0 !important;outline:none !important;padding:0!important;text-shadow:none !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/3350/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> 1613<blockquote><p>This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. 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1688 <div class="entry-links"> 1689 <p class="comment-number"><a href="https://geokush.com/2019/03/04/eugenics-in-australia-the-secret-of-melbournes-elite/#comments">1 Comment</a></p> 1690 1691 <p class="entry-categories tagged">Filed under <a href="https://geokush.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></p> 1692 <p class="entry-tags tagged"></p> 1693 </div><!-- .entry-links --> 1694 1695</div><!-- #post-## --> 1696 1697 1698 1699<div id="post-1541" class="post-1541 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized"> 1700 <div class="entry-meta"> 1701 1702 1 Aug 18 · 2:04 pm </div><!-- .entry-meta --> 1703 1704 <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://geokush.com/2018/08/01/can-evolutionary-theory-help-us-understand-the-relationship-between-parenting-and-technology/" rel="bookmark">Can Evolutionary Theory Help Us Understand the Relationship Between Parenting and Technology?</a></h2> <div class="entry entry-content"> 1705 <p>Parenting and technology interact in many ways. As a sampling of these interactions, take the illustrations in Figure 1 of my soon-to-be-published chapter titled “The Cradle of Humankind: Evolutionary Approaches to Technology and Parenting” in the upcoming book <em>The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology of Parenting</em>. The thesis of the chapter is that evolutionary theory has helped — or, in some cases, can help — us to understand of the relationship between parenting and technology.</p> 1706<p><div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1542" style="width: 704px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1542" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1542" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/figure-1-kushnick.png" alt="figure 1 kushnick" width="694" height="434" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/figure-1-kushnick.png 694w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/figure-1-kushnick.png?w=150&h=94 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/figure-1-kushnick.png?w=300&h=188 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 694px) 100vw, 694px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1542" class="wp-caption-text"><strong>Figure 1. </strong> Technology as always been an important driver of offspring-directed parental behaviour and beliefs, and vice versa. Pictured here are some examples: (A) terracotta infant-feeding vessel from southern Italy (4<sup>th</sup> Century BC); ; (B) advertisement for a baby cage used to get fresh air for children in crowded cities (early 20<sup>th</sup> century); (C) woman getting a fetal ultrasound in a rural clinic in Brazil; (D) ingenious contraption used by a Karo mother in rural Indonesia to keep a baby safe and occupied with a chair, umbrella, and mobile phone while she tends to a tomato garden; (E) woman with her baby slung on her back using a water pump in Ghana; and, (F) Sami woman carrying a child in a <em>Komse</em>, or child carrier, in Lapland, Sweden (ca. 1880). C<em>opyright information for images:</em> (A) photograph taken by author from ANU Classics Museum, Canberra; (B) public domain image taken from Fischer (1905); (C) Agencia de Noticias do Acre, Creative Common CC BY 2.0; (D) photograph taken by author; (E) USAID, public domain; and, (F) public domain image from 1880.</p></div></p> 1707<p>Now, I had to start the chapter by sorting out that parenting can mean both <em>childbearing</em> (producing offspring) and <em>childrearing </em>(raising offspring). Further, I wanted my account to include the full range of the most frequently adopted evolutionary approaches to understanding human behaviour: <em>evolutionary psychology</em>, <em>human behavioural ecology,</em> and <em>dual inheritance theory</em>. With this framing, I chose six examples as illustrated with Table 1 from my chapter:</p> 1708<p><div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1543" style="width: 822px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1543" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1543" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/table-1-kushnick.png" alt="table 1 kushnick" width="812" height="794" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/table-1-kushnick.png 812w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/table-1-kushnick.png?w=150&h=147 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/table-1-kushnick.png?w=300&h=293 300w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/table-1-kushnick.png?w=768&h=751 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 812px) 100vw, 812px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1543" class="wp-caption-text"><strong>Table 1. </strong> Evolutionary approaches to the study of human behaviour: the âthree stylesâ framework (adapted from Smith 2000: 34).</p></div></p> 1709<p>If that sounds interesting to you, please check out the preprint of my chapter, which I am allowed to provide under Oxford University Press’s <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/rights/permissions/autperm/?cc=au&lang=en&">Author Re-Use and Self-Archiving</a> policy. The book is slated for publication in the 4th quarter of 2018. I will update this post with a link once that occurs.</p> 1710<blockquote><p><strong>Kushnick G</strong> (in press) The cradle of humankind: Evolutionary approaches to technology and parenting. In: Weekes-Shackelford VA, Shackelford TK (eds.), <em>The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Parenting</em>. Oxford University Press. (To appear in 2019).</p> 1711<p>Preprint posted to <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/k23md/">Socarxiv Preprints</a>.</p></blockquote> 1712<p> </p>
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1787 <div class="entry-links"> 1788 <p class="comment-number"><a href="https://geokush.com/2018/08/01/can-evolutionary-theory-help-us-understand-the-relationship-between-parenting-and-technology/#respond">Leave a comment</a></p> 1789 1790 <p class="entry-categories tagged">Filed under <a href="https://geokush.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></p> 1791 <p class="entry-tags tagged"></p> 1792 </div><!-- .entry-links --> 1793 1794</div><!-- #post-## --> 1795 1796 1797 1798<div id="post-1534" class="post-1534 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized"> 1799 <div class="entry-meta"> 1800 1801 27 Jul 18 · 2:28 pm </div><!-- .entry-meta --> 1802 1803 <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://geokush.com/2018/07/27/some-advice-on-teaching-for-tas-or-tutors-as-we-call-them-in-australia/" rel="bookmark">Some Advice on Teaching for TAs (or Tutors, as We Call them in Australia)</a></h2> <div class="entry entry-content"> 1804 <p><img loading="lazy" class=" wp-image-1535 alignleft" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/owl-teacher-clipart-6961.png" alt="owl-teacher-clipart-6961.jpg" width="278" height="188" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/owl-teacher-clipart-6961.png?w=278&h=189 278w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/owl-teacher-clipart-6961.png?w=556&h=377 556w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/owl-teacher-clipart-6961.png?w=150&h=102 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/owl-teacher-clipart-6961.png?w=300&h=204 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 278px) 100vw, 278px" />Teaching is an important skill to develop when you are still a PhD student, as many academic job opportunities requires some degree of teaching experience.</p> 1805<p>But, how can one get teaching experience when opportunities are scarce? Unfortunately, I don’t have a definitive answer. I was lucky to get lots of teaching experience as a PhD student. What I can offer some advice for PhD students regarding teaching and being a teaching assistant (or Tutor in Australian academia).</p> 1806<p>The following advice is drawn from a handout I developed to pass out to PhD students attending my lecture on building a teaching portfolio that I gave at the University of Washington during my time as a Lecturer there between 2007 and 2014. It was part of the necessary training that TAs had to undergo before starting:</p> 1807<ul> 1808<li><strong>TAing (Tutoring) and Teaching are Different but the Same: </strong>With TAing (or tutoring), you are following a curriculum set by the instructor; with teaching, you are following your own This doesnât mean, as a TA, youâre required to suppress your individuality. It just means that you need to teach the material the instructor deems important. This is actually a good thing: Iâve found that the best TAs are creative (within an established set of boundaries). Hey, and if you can perfect that skill, you will be a very attractive hire both within academia and beyond it! With both, you are one of the key elements of the learning experience for the students in your class. When teaching or TAing, I believe itâs <u>equally</u> important to take <em>pride</em> in your performance (e.g., by being familiar with the material, preparing ahead of time, acting professionally, etc.) and to develop a <em>sincere interest</em> in whether the students learn (e.g., by listening sometimes instead of talking all the time, making yourself available, etc). Of course, this is a balancing act since teaching is only one part of your academic career, and your academic career is only one part of your life.</li> 1809<li><strong>TAing (Tutoring) is Good, but Teaching is Better: </strong>At the bare minimum, youâll have to TA at least once to get through the PhD program (in most programs, at least). Chances are youâll do it more than If you get a chance to teach a classâmeaning act as the actual instructor of a classâtake it! Some of the benefits include: (a) a taste of greater responsibility (letâs face it, as a TA, we have a lot of responsibility, but the ultimate responsibilityâif something goes wrong, for instanceâis in the hands of the instructor); (b) a chance to infuse the lesson plan with a larger dose of your personality and interests; (c) having a complete class ready to go when youâre called upon to do it professionallyâwhich potentially frees a lot of time to focus on other important things (e.g., it could mean youâll have more time to write and less time preparing for class when you get an academic job); and, (d) it looks great on your CV. I didnât teach as a grad student (only TAâd). I thought it better to push toward a completed dissertation without distraction. Painfully unrealistic and wrong at worst. Short sighted at best.</li> 1810<li><strong>Teaching</strong> <strong>= Learning: </strong>I once ran into a student in the library, and was dismayed by what I heard: âDr Kushnick, what are you doing in the library? I didnât know teachers use the library. What a bummer that you still have to read.â Teaching (or TAing) provides a great opportunity to learn, and I suggest you learn as much as you can. Use your preparation time as a chance to learn something new. Read about how to be an effective teacher. Be careful though. Some of what is out there is specific to teaching at a specific school and since every school has a different teaching (and TAing) culture and social structure, some of it wonât be all that valuable. The useful stuff, in my opinion, is the stuff thatâs simultaneously both general and specificâgeneral enough to apply to teaching anywhere, but specific in that it provides advice about specific things you might do to improve your effectiveness (see the list from Webbâs article in the sidebar   is a good example). The stuff that applies to teaching at a particular institution is useful too (if youâre teaching at that institution).</li> 1811<li><strong>Manage Your Portfolio: </strong>Iâve applied for more academic jobs than Iâm willing to admit, and I count myself as lucky to have had this Lectureship for the past few I believe Iâm qualified to make generalizations about what youâll find in the job ads; less qualified to make statements about how to get the jobs being advertised. More than half of the available jobs Iâve seen ask for a detailed statement of your teaching interests and experience, and documentation of your âcommitment to teaching excellence.â Usually, youâre asked to include this information as part of the application letter. Sometimes, youâre asked to send a separate teaching statement or miniâportfolio. Other times, especially when applying to large research institutions, youâre asked for less information about your teaching. Whether the job youâll be applying for asks for a lot or a little information, youâre better off if youâve been keeping a portfolio of teaching materials that you can pull from to build your application. This might include: syllabi from courses youâve taught or TAâd; evaluations from students or instructors; video or audio recordings of you in the classroom; notes regarding your teaching philosophy, if not a draft of an actual statement; etc, etcâ¦</li> 1812</ul> 1813<blockquote><p><strong>Twelve Easy Steps to Becoming an Effective Teaching Assistant</strong></p> 1814<p>By Derek Webb from (2005) <em>Political Science and Politics</em>, v.38, pp. 757â761.</p> 1815<p>Derek Webb was a PhD Candidate at when he published this. He was the winner of the 2003 Outstanding Graduate Student Teaching Assistant at Notre Dame University. Here are his steps to being a great Teaching Assistant for those who find the opportunity:</p> 1816<ol> 1817<li>Be yourself.</li> 1818<li>Be available.</li> 1819<li>B<span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#3d596d;">e organized.</span></li> 1820<li>Learn your students’ names ASAP.</li> 1821<li>The three goals of discussion section: Nuts and bolts, challenge and excitement, fun and games.</li> 1822<li>Provide a handout or or agenda.</li> 1823<li>Provide a miniâlecture.</li> 1824<li>Provide an opportunity for students to ask questions.</li> 1825<li>Work to stimulate discussion.</li> 1826</ol> 1827</blockquote>
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