PageSourceSearch

https://geokush.com/blog/

html geokush.com collected 2026-10-05 02:27:19 UTC 244,412 bytes, 2,247 lines download raw bytes

1<!DOCTYPE html>
2<!--[if IE 7]>
3<html id="ie7" lang="en">
4<![endif]-->
5<!--[if (gt IE 7) | (!IE)]><!-->
6<html lang="en">
7<!--<![endif]-->
8<head>
9<meta charset="UTF-8" />
10<title>Geoff Kushnick&#8217;s Blog | Dr Geoff Kushnick | Biocultural Anthropologist</title>
11<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" />
12<link rel="pingback" href="https://geokush.com/xmlrpc.php" />
13<meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' />
14
15<!-- Async WordPress.com Remote Login -->
16<script id="wpcom_remote_login_js">
17var wpcom_remote_login_extra_auth = '';
18function wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( element_id ) {
19	var dom_node = document.getElementById( element_id );
20	if ( dom_node ) { dom_node.parentNode.removeChild( dom_node ); }
21}
22function wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_classes( class_name ) {
23	var dom_nodes = document.querySelectorAll( '.' + class_name );
24	for ( var i = 0; i < dom_nodes.length; i++ ) {
25		dom_nodes[ i ].parentNode.removeChild( dom_nodes[ i ] );
26	}
27}
28function wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup() {
29	wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_classes( "wpcom_remote_login_msg" );
30	wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
31	wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_validate" );
32	wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_js" );
33	wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_request_access_iframe" );
34	wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_request_access_styles" );
35}
36
37// Watch for messages back from the remote login
38window.addEventListener( "message", function( e ) {
39	if ( e.origin === "https://r-login.wordpress.com" ) {
40		var data = {};
41		try {
42			data = JSON.parse( e.data );
43		} catch( e ) {
44			wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup();
45			return;
46		}
47
48		if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN' ) {
49			// Clean up the login check iframe
50			wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
51
52			var id_regex = new RegExp( /^[0-9]+$/ );
53			var token_regex = new RegExp( /^.*|.*|.*$/ );
54			if (
55				token_regex.test( data.token )
56				&& id_regex.test( data.wpcomid )
57			) {
58				// We have everything we need to ask for a login
59				var script = document.createElement( "script" );
60				script.setAttribute( "id", "wpcom_remote_login_validate" );
61				script.src = '/remote-login.php?wpcom_remote_login=validate'
62					+ '&wpcomid=' + data.wpcomid
63					+ '&token=' + encodeURIComponent( data.token )
64					+ '&host=' + window.location.protocol
65					+ '//' + window.location.hostname
66					+ '&postid=2001'
67					+ '&is_singular=';
68				document.body.appendChild( script );
69			}
70
71			return;
72		}
73
74		// Safari ITP, not logged in, so redirect
75		if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN-REDIRECT' ) {
76			window.location = 'https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=' + window.location.href;
77			return;
78		}
79
80		// Safari ITP, storage access failed, remove the request
81		if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN-REMOVE' ) {
82			var css_zap = 'html { -webkit-transition: margin-top 1s; transition: margin-top 1s; } /* 9001 */ html { margin-top: 0 !important; } * html body { margin-top: 0 !important; } @media screen and ( max-width: 782px ) { html { margin-top: 0 !important; } * html body { margin-top: 0 !important; } }';
83			var style_zap = document.createElement( 'style' );
84			style_zap.type = 'text/css';
85			style_zap.appendChild( document.createTextNode( css_zap ) );
86			document.body.appendChild( style_zap );
87
88			var e = document.getElementById( 'wpcom_request_access_iframe' );
89			e.parentNode.removeChild( e );
90
91			document.cookie = 'wordpress_com_login_access=denied; path=/; max-age=31536000';
92
93			return;
94		}
95
96		// Safari ITP
97		if ( data.msg === 'REQUEST_ACCESS' ) {
98			console.log( 'request access: safari' );
99
100			// Check ITP iframe enable/disable knob
101			if ( wpcom_remote_login_extra_auth !== 'safari_itp_iframe' ) {
102				return;
103			}
104
105			// If we are in a "private window" there is no ITP.
106			var private_window = false;
107			try {
108				var opendb = window.openDatabase( null, null, null, null );
109			} catch( e ) {
110				private_window = true;
111			}
112
113			if ( private_window ) {
114				console.log( 'private window' );
115				return;
116			}
117
118			var iframe = document.createElement( 'iframe' );
119			iframe.id = 'wpcom_request_access_iframe';
120			iframe.setAttribute( 'scrolling', 'no' );
121			iframe.setAttribute( 'sandbox', 'allow-storage-access-by-user-activation allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation' );
122			iframe.src = 'https://r-login.wordpress.com/remote-login.php?wpcom_remote_login=request_access&origin=' + encodeURIComponent( data.origin ) + '&wpcomid=' + encodeURIComponent( data.wpcomid );
123
124			var css = 'html { -webkit-transition: margin-top 1s; transition: margin-top 1s; } /* 9001 */ html { margin-top: 46px !important; } * html body { margin-top: 46px !important; } @media screen and ( max-width: 660px ) { html { margin-top: 71px !important; } * html body { margin-top: 71px !important; } #wpcom_request_access_iframe { display: block; height: 71px !important; } } #wpcom_request_access_iframe { border: 0px; height: 46px; position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; z-index: 99999; background: #23282d; } ';
125
126			var style = document.createElement( 'style' );
127			style.type = 'text/css';
128			style.id = 'wpcom_request_access_styles';
129			style.appendChild( document.createTextNode( css ) );
130			document.body.appendChild( style );
131
132			document.body.appendChild( iframe );
133		}
134
135		if ( data.msg === 'DONE' ) {
136			wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup();
137		}
138	}
139}, false );
140
141// Inject the remote login iframe after the page has had a chance to load
142// more critical resources
143window.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", function( e ) {
144	var iframe = document.createElement( "iframe" );
145	iframe.style.display = "none";
146	iframe.setAttribute( "scrolling", "no" );
147	iframe.setAttribute( "id", "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
148	iframe.src = "https://r-login.wordpress.com/remote-login.php"
149		+ "?wpcom_remote_login=key"
150		+ "&origin=aHR0cHM6Ly9nZW9rdXNoLmNvbQ%3D%3D"
151		+ "&wpcomid=86743669"
152		+ "&time=" + Math.floor( Date.now() / 1000 );
153	document.body.appendChild( iframe );
154}, false );
155</script>
155
156<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s2.wp.com' />
157<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s1.wp.com' />
158<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s0.wp.com' />
159<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Dr Geoff Kushnick &raquo; Feed" href="https://geokush.com/feed/" />
160<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Dr Geoff Kushnick &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://geokush.com/comments/feed/" />
161	
161<script type="text/javascript">
162		/* <![CDATA[ */
163		function addLoadEvent(func) {
164			var oldonload = window.onload;
165			if (typeof window.onload != 'function') {
166				window.onload = func;
167			} else {
168				window.onload = function () {
169					oldonload();
170					func();
171				}
172			}
173		}
174		/* ]]> */
175	</script>
175
176	<style id="wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css">
177img:is([sizes=auto i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px}
178/*# sourceURL=wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css */
179</style>
180<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-2-1' href='/_static/??-eJxtjEkKgDAMAD9kjUuhJ/EtUqtE07SYFvH3bnjzMjAwDOxR2cDJcQKfVaQ8IwsQrk5gcSkOdlWPlVakgP/8C18HH8KNMdM1QZ6QMTkldgtEnx/3r/ddbYzRddU2ejkBpDkzwg==&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
181<style id="wp-emoji-styles-inline-css">
182
183	img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
184		display: inline !important;
185		border: none !important;
186		box-shadow: none !important;
187		height: 1em !important;
188		width: 1em !important;
189		margin: 0 0.07em !important;
190		vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
191		background: none !important;
192		padding: 0 !important;
193	}
194/*# sourceURL=wp-emoji-styles-inline-css */
195</style>
196<style id="wp-block-library-inline-css">
197:root{--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color);--wp-editor-canvas-background:#ddd;--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,160.5;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;
197--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}:root .has-text-align-center{text-align:center}:root .has-text-align-left{text-align:left}:root .has-text-align-right{text-align:right}.has-fit-text{white-space:nowrap!important}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:normal!important;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-break:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-color],[style*=";border-color"],[style*="; border-color"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-color],[style*=";border-top-color"],[style*="; border-top-color"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-color],[style*=";border-right-color"],[style*="; border-right-color"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-color],[style*=";border-bottom-color"],[style*="; border-bottom-color"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-color],[style*=";border-left-color"],[style*="; border-left-color"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-width],[style*=";border-width"],[style*="; border-width"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-width],[style*=";border-top-width"],[style*="; border-top-width"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-width],[style*=";border-right-width"],[style*="; border-right-width"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-width],[style*=";border-bottom-width"],[style*="; border-bottom-width"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-width],[style*=";border-left-width"],[style*="; border-left-width"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}}
198
199/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v24.1.0/build/styles/block-library/common.min.css */
200</style>
201<style id="wp-block-embed-inline-css">
202.wp-block-embed.alignleft,.wp-block-embed.alignright,.wp-block[data-align=left]>[data-type="core/embed"],.wp-block[data-align=right]>[data-type="core/embed"]{max-width:360px;width:100%}.wp-block-embed.alignleft .wp-block-embed__wrapper,.wp-block-embed.alignright .wp-block-embed__wrapper,.wp-block[data-align=left]>[data-type="core/embed"] .wp-block-embed__wrapper,.wp-block[data-align=right]>[data-type="core/embed"] .wp-block-embed__wrapper{min-width:280px}.wp-block-cover .wp-block-embed{min-height:240px;min-width:320px}.wp-block-group.is-layout-flex .wp-block-embed{flex:1 1 0%;min-width:0}.wp-block-embed{overflow-wrap:break-word}.wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){margin-bottom:1em;margin-top:.5em}.wp-block-embed iframe{max-width:100%}.wp-block-embed__wrapper{position:relative}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-has-aspect-ratio .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{content:"";display:block;padding-top:50%}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-has-aspect-ratio iframe{bottom:0;height:100%;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-21-9 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:42.85%}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-18-9 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:50%}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-16-9 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:56.25%}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-4-3 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:75%}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-1-1 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:100%}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-9-16 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:177.77%}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-1-2 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:200%}
203/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v24.1.0/build/styles/block-library/embed/style.min.css */
204</style>
205<style id="wp-block-quote-inline-css">
206.wp-block-quote{box-sizing:border-box;overflow-wrap:break-word}
206.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)),.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)){margin-bottom:1em;padding:0 1em}.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) p,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) p{font-size:1.5em;font-style:italic;line-height:1.6}.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) cite,.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) footer,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) cite,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) footer{font-size:1.125em;text-align:right}.wp-block-quote>cite{display:block}
207/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v24.1.0/build/styles/block-library/quote/style.min.css */
208</style>
209<style id="wp-block-table-inline-css">
210.wp-block-table{overflow-x:auto}.wp-block-table table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%}.wp-block-table thead{border-bottom:3px solid}.wp-block-table tfoot{border-top:3px solid}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{border:1px solid;padding:.5em}.wp-block-table .has-fixed-layout{table-layout:fixed;width:100%}.wp-block-table .has-fixed-layout td,.wp-block-table .has-fixed-layout th{word-break:break-word}.wp-block-table.aligncenter,.wp-block-table.alignleft,.wp-block-table.alignright{display:table;width:auto}.wp-block-table.aligncenter td,.wp-block-table.aligncenter th,.wp-block-table.alignleft td,.wp-block-table.alignleft th,.wp-block-table.alignright td,.wp-block-table.alignright th{word-break:break-word}.wp-block-table .has-subtle-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#f3f4f5}.wp-block-table .has-subtle-pale-green-background-color{background-color:#e9fbe5}.wp-block-table .has-subtle-pale-blue-background-color{background-color:#e7f5fe}.wp-block-table .has-subtle-pale-pink-background-color{background-color:#fcf0ef}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes{background-color:transparent;border-collapse:inherit;border-spacing:0}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#f0f0f0}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes.has-subtle-light-gray-background-color tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#f3f4f5}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes.has-subtle-pale-green-background-color tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#e9fbe5}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes.has-subtle-pale-blue-background-color tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#e7f5fe}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes.has-subtle-pale-pink-background-color tbody tr:nth-child(odd){background-color:#fcf0ef}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes td,.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes th{border-color:transparent}.wp-block-table.is-style-stripes{border-bottom:1px solid #f0f0f0}.wp-block-table .has-border-color td,.wp-block-table .has-border-color th,.wp-block-table .has-border-color tr,.wp-block-table .has-border-color>*{border-color:inherit}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color] tr:first-child,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color] tr:first-child td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color] tr:first-child th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color]>*,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color]>* td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color]>* th{border-top-color:inherit}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-top-color] tr:not(:first-child){border-top-color:currentColor}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-right-color] td:last-child,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-right-color] th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-right-color] tr,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-right-color]>*{border-right-color:inherit}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color] tr:last-child,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color] tr:last-child td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color] tr:last-child th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color]>*,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color]>* td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color]>* th{border-bottom-color:inherit}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-bottom-color] tr:not(:last-child){border-bottom-color:currentColor}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-left-color] td:first-child,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-left-color] th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-left-color] tr,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-left-color]>*{border-left-color:inherit}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-style] td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-style] th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-style] tr,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-style]>*{border-style:inherit}.wp-block-table table[style*=border-width] td,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-width] th,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-width] tr,.wp-block-table table[style*=border-width]>*{border-style:inherit;border-width:inherit}
211/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v24.1.0/build/styles/block-library/table/style.min.css */
212</style>
213<style id="wp-block-gallery-inline-css">
214.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images){display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style-type:none;margin:0;padding:0}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item{display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-grow:1;justify-content:center;margin:0 1em 1em 0;position:relative;width:calc(50% - 1em)}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(2n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(2n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(2n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(2n){margin-right:0}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image figure,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item figure,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image figure,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item figure{align-items:flex-end;display:flex;height:100%;justify-content:flex-start;margin:0}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image img,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item img,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image img,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item img{display:block;height:auto;max-width:100%;width:auto}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image figcaption,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item figcaption,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image figcaption,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item figcaption{background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(0,0,0,.7),rgba(0,0,0,.3) 70%,transparent);bottom:0;box-sizing:border-box;color:#fff;font-size:.8em;margin:0;max-height:100%;overflow:auto;padding:3em .77em .7em;position:absolute;text-align:center;width:100%;z-index:2}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image figcaption img,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item figcaption img,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image figcaption img,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item figcaption img{display:inline}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) figcaption,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) figcaption{flex-grow:1}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).is-cropped .blocks-gallery-image a,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).is-cropped .blocks-gallery-image img,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).is-cropped .blocks-gallery-item a,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).is-cropped .blocks-gallery-item img,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).is-cropped .blocks-gallery-image a,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).is-cropped .blocks-gallery-image img,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).is-cropped .blocks-gallery-item a,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).is-cropped .blocks-gallery-item img{flex:1;height:100%;object-fit:cover;width:100%}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-1 .blocks-gallery-image,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-1 .blocks-gallery-item,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-1 .blocks-gallery-image,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-1 .blocks-gallery-item{margin-right:0;width:100%}@media (min-width:600px){.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-3 .blocks-gallery-image,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-3 .blocks-gallery-item,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-3 .blocks-gallery-image,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-3 .blocks-gallery-item{margin-right:1em;width:calc(33.33333% - .66667em)}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-4 .blocks-gallery-image,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-4 .blocks-gallery-item,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-4 .blocks-gallery-image,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-4 .blocks-gallery-item{margin-right:1em;width:calc(25% - .75em)}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-5 .blocks-gallery-image,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-5 .blocks-gallery-item,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-5 .blocks-gallery-image,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-5 .blocks-gallery-item{margin-right:1em;width:calc(20% - .8em)}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-6 .blocks-gallery-image,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-6 .blocks-gallery-item,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-6 .blocks-gallery-image,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-6 .blocks-gallery-item{margin-right:1em;width:calc(16.66667% - .83333em)}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-7 .blocks-gallery-image,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-7 .blocks-gallery-item,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-7 .blocks-gallery-image,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-7 .blocks-gallery-item{margin-right:1em;width:calc(14.28571% - .85714em)}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-8 .blocks-gallery-image,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-8 .blocks-gallery-item,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-8 .blocks-gallery-image,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-8 .blocks-gallery-item{margin-right:1em;width:calc(12.5% - .875em)}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-1 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(1n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-1 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(1n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-2 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(2n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-2 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(2n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-3 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(3n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-3 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(3n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-4 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(4n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-4 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(4n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-5 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(5n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-5 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(5n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-6 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(6n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-6 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(6n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-7 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(7n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-7 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(7n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-8 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(8n),.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).columns-8 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(8n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-1 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(1n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-1 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(1n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-2 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(2n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-2 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(2n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-3 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(3n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-3 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(3n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-4 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(4n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-4 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(4n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-5 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(5n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-5 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(5n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-6 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(6n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-6 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(6n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-7 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(7n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-7 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(7n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-8 .blocks-gallery-image:nth-of-type(8n),.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).columns-8 .blocks-gallery-item:nth-of-type(8n){margin-right:0}}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image:last-child,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item:last-child,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-image:last-child,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images) .blocks-gallery-item:last-child{margin-right:0}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).alignleft,.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).alignright,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).alignleft,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).alignright{max-width:420px;width:100%}.blocks-gallery-grid:not(.has-nested-images).aligncenter .blocks-gallery-item figure,.wp-block-gallery:not(.has-nested-images).aligncenter .blocks-gallery-item figure{justify-content:center}.wp-block-gallery:not(.is-cropped) .blocks-gallery-item{align-self:flex-start}figure.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex){align-items:normal}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex) figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){margin:0;width:calc(50% - var(--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap, 16px)/2)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex) figure.wp-block-image{box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-grow:1;justify-content:center;max-width:100%}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex) figure.wp-block-image>a,.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex) figure.wp-block-image>div{flex-direction:column;flex-grow:1;margin:0}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex) figure.wp-block-image img{display:block;height:auto;max-width:100%!important;width:auto}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex) figcaption{flex-basis:100%;flex-grow:1;text-align:center}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex):not(.is-cropped) figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){margin-bottom:auto;margin-top:0}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).is-cropped figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){align-self:inherit}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).is-cropped figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image)>a,.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).is-cropped figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image)>div:not(.components-drop-zone){display:flex}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).is-cropped figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image) a,.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).is-cropped figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image) img{flex:1 0 0%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;width:100%}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).columns-1 figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:100%}@media (min-width:600px){.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).columns-3 figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:calc(33.33333% - var(-
214-wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap, 16px)*.66667)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).columns-4 figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:calc(25% - var(--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap, 16px)*.75)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).columns-5 figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:calc(20% - var(--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap, 16px)*.8)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).columns-6 figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:calc(16.66667% - var(--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap, 16px)*.83333)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).columns-7 figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:calc(14.28571% - var(--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap, 16px)*.85714)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).columns-8 figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:calc(12.5% - var(--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap, 16px)*.875)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).columns-default figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:calc(33.33% - var(--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap, 16px)*.66667)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).columns-default figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image):first-child:nth-last-child(2),.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).columns-default figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image):first-child:nth-last-child(2)~figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image){width:calc(50% - var(--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap, 16px)*.5)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).columns-default figure.wp-block-image:not(#individual-image):first-child:last-child{width:100%}}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).alignleft,.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).alignright{max-width:420px;width:100%}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images:where(.is-layout-flex).aligncenter{justify-content:center}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image{margin:0;position:relative}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image figcaption,.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image:has(figcaption):before{bottom:0;left:0;max-height:100%;position:absolute;right:0}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image:has(figcaption):before{backdrop-filter:blur(3px);content:"";height:100%;mask-image:linear-gradient(0deg,#000 20%,transparent);max-height:3em;pointer-events:none}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image figcaption{box-sizing:border-box;color:#fff;font-size:13px;margin:0;overflow:auto;padding:1em;text-align:center;text-shadow:0 0 1.5px #000}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image figcaption::-webkit-scrollbar{height:12px;width:12px}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image figcaption::-webkit-scrollbar-track{background-color:transparent}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image figcaption::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background-clip:padding-box;background-color:transparent;border:3px solid transparent;border-radius:8px}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image figcaption:focus-within::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb,.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image figcaption:focus::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb,.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image figcaption:hover::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.8)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image figcaption{scrollbar-color:transparent transparent;scrollbar-gutter:stable both-edges;scrollbar-width:thin}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image figcaption:focus,.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image figcaption:focus-within,.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image figcaption:hover{scrollbar-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.8) transparent}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image figcaption{will-change:transform}@media (hover:none){.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image figcaption{scrollbar-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.8) transparent}}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image figcaption{background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(0,0,0,.4),transparent)}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image figcaption img{display:inline}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image figcaption a{color:inherit}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image.has-custom-border img{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image.has-custom-border>a,.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image.has-custom-border>div,.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image.is-style-rounded>a,.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image.is-style-rounded>div{flex:1 1 auto}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image.has-custom-border figcaption,.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image.is-style-rounded figcaption{background:none;color:inherit;flex:initial;margin:0;padding:10px 10px 9px;position:relative;text-shadow:none}.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image.has-custom-border:before,.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images figure.wp-block-image.is-style-rounded:before{content:none}:where(.wp-block-gallery.has-nested-images.is-layout-grid)>.blocks-gallery-caption{grid-column:1/-1;text-align:center}
215/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v24.1.0/build/styles/block-library/gallery/style.min.css */
216</style>
217<style id="wp-block-heading-inline-css">
218h1:where(.wp-block-heading).has-background,h2:where(.wp-block-heading).has-background,h3:where(.wp-block-heading).has-background,h4:where(.wp-block-heading).has-background,h5:where(.wp-block-heading).has-background,h6:where(.wp-block-heading).has-background{padding:var(--wp--style--block-background-padding,1.25em 2.375em)}h1.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h1.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h2.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h2.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h3.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h3.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h4.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h4.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h5.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h5.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h6.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h6.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]){rotate:180deg}
219/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v24.1.0/build/styles/block-library/heading/style.min.css */
220</style>
221<style id="wp-block-image-inline-css">
222.wp-block-image>a,.wp-block-image>figure>a{color:inherit;display:inline-block}.wp-block-image img{box-sizing:border-box;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}@media not (prefers-reduced-motion){.wp-block-image img.hide{visibility:hidden}.wp-block-image img.show{animation:show-content-image .4s}}.wp-block-image[style*=border-radius] img,.wp-block-image[style*=border-radius]>a{border-radius:inherit}.wp-block-image.has-custom-border img{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-image.aligncenter{text-align:center}.wp-block-image.alignfull>a,.wp-block-image.alignwide>a{width:100%}.wp-block-image.alignfull img,.wp-block-image.alignwide img{height:auto;width:100%}.wp-block-image .aligncenter,.wp-block-image .alignleft,.wp-block-image .alignright,.wp-block-image.aligncenter,.wp-block-image.alignleft,.wp-block-image.alignright{display:table}.wp-block-image .aligncenter>figcaption,.wp-block-image .alignleft>figcaption,.wp-block-image .alignright>figcaption,.wp-block-image.aligncenter>figcaption,.wp-block-image.alignleft>figcaption,.wp-block-image.alignright>figcaption{caption-side:bottom;display:table-caption}.wp-block-image .alignleft{float:left;margin:.5em 1em .5em 0}.wp-block-image .alignright{float:right;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em}.wp-block-image .aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-image :where(figcaption){margin-bottom:1em;margin-top:.5em}.wp-block-image.is-style-circle-mask img{border-radius:9999px}@supports (mask-image:none) or (-webkit-mask-image:none){.wp-block-image.is-style-circle-mask img{border-radius:0;mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg viewBox="0 0 100 100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="50"/></svg>');mask-mode:alpha;mask-position:center;mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-size:contain}}:root :where(.wp-block-image.is-style-rounded img,.wp-block-image .is-style-rounded img){border-radius:9999px}.wp-block-image figure{margin:0}.wp-lightbox-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative}.wp-lightbox-container img{cursor:zoom-in}.wp-lightbox-container img:hover+button{opacity:1}.wp-lightbox-container button{align-items:center;backdrop-filter:blur(16px) saturate(180%);background-color:rgba(90,90,90,.25);border:none;border-radius:4px;cursor:zoom-in;display:flex;height:20px;justify-content:center;opacity:0;padding:0;position:absolute;right:16px;text-align:center;top:16px;width:20px;z-index:100}@media not (prefers-reduced-motion){.wp-lightbox-container button{transition:opacity .2s ease}}.wp-lightbox-container button:focus-visible{outline:3px auto rgba(90,90,90,.25);outline:3px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;outline-offset:3px}.wp-lightbox-container button:hover{cursor:pointer;opacity:1}.wp-lightbox-container button:focus{opacity:1}.wp-lightbox-container button:focus,.wp-lightbox-container button:hover,.wp-lightbox-container button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background){background-color:rgba(90,90,90,.25);border:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay{box-sizing:border-box;
222cursor:zoom-out;height:100vh;left:0;overflow:hidden;position:fixed;top:0;visibility:hidden;width:100%;z-index:100000}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-close-button{align-items:center;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-family:inherit;gap:8px;justify-content:center;line-height:1;min-height:40px;min-width:40px;padding:0 4px;position:absolute;right:calc(env(safe-area-inset-right) + 16px);top:calc(env(safe-area-inset-top) + 16px);z-index:5000000}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-close-button:focus,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-close-button:hover,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-close-button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background){background:none;border:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-close-button:has(.wp-lightbox-close-text:not([hidden])) .wp-lightbox-close-icon svg{height:1em;width:1em}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-close-icon svg{display:block}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-next,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-prev{align-items:center;bottom:16px;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-family:inherit;gap:4px;justify-content:center;line-height:1;min-height:40px;min-width:40px;padding:0 8px;position:absolute;z-index:2000002}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-next[hidden],.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-prev[hidden]{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-next,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-prev{bottom:50%;transform:translateY(-50%)}}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-next:focus,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-next:hover,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-next:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background),.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-prev:focus,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-prev:hover,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-prev:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background){background:none;border:none;padding:0 8px}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-next:has(.wp-lightbox-navigation-text:not([hidden])) .wp-lightbox-navigation-icon svg,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-prev:has(.wp-lightbox-navigation-text:not([hidden])) .wp-lightbox-navigation-icon svg{display:block;height:1.5em;width:1.5em}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-prev{left:calc(env(safe-area-inset-left) + 16px)}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-next{right:calc(env(safe-area-inset-right) + 16px)}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-icon svg{vertical-align:middle}.wp-lightbox-overlay .lightbox-image-container{height:var(--wp--lightbox-container-height);left:50%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);transform-origin:top left;width:var(--wp--lightbox-container-width);z-index:2000001}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-block-image{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;height:100%;justify-content:center;margin:0;position:relative;transform-origin:0 0;width:100%;z-index:3000000}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-block-image img{height:var(--wp--lightbox-image-height);min-height:var(--wp--lightbox-image-height);min-width:var(--wp--lightbox-image-width);width:var(--wp--lightbox-image-width)}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-block-image figcaption{display:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay button{background:none;border:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay .scrim{background-color:#fff;height:100%;opacity:.9;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:2000000}.wp-lightbox-overlay.active{visibility:visible}@media not (prefers-reduced-motion){.wp-lightbox-overlay.active{animation:turn-on-visibility .25s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.active img{animation:turn-on-visibility .35s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.show-closing-animation:not(.active){animation:turn-off-visibility .35s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.show-closing-animation:not(.active) img{animation:turn-off-visibility .25s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active{animation:none;opacity:1;visibility:visible}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .lightbox-image-container{animation:lightbox-zoom-in .4s}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .lightbox-image-container img{animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .scrim{animation:turn-on-visibility .4s forwards}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.show-closing-animation:not(.active){animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.show-closing-animation:not(.active) .lightbox-image-container{animation:lightbox-zoom-out .4s}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.show-closing-animation:not(.active) .lightbox-image-container img{animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.show-closing-animation:not(.active) .scrim{animation:turn-off-visibility .4s forwards}}
222@keyframes show-content-image{0%{visibility:hidden}99%{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}@keyframes turn-on-visibility{0%{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}@keyframes turn-off-visibility{0%{opacity:1;visibility:visible}99%{opacity:0;visibility:visible}to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-in{0%{transform:translate(calc((-100vw + var(--wp--lightbox-scrollbar-width))/2 + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position))) scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale))}to{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1)}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-out{0%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1);visibility:visible}99%{visibility:visible}to{transform:translate(calc((-100vw + var(--wp--lightbox-scrollbar-width))/2 + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position))) scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale));visibility:hidden}}
223/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v24.1.0/build/styles/block-library/image/style.min.css */
224</style>
225<style id="wp-block-list-inline-css">
226ol,ul{box-sizing:border-box}:root :where(.wp-block-list.has-background){padding:var(--wp--style--block-background-padding,1.25em 2.375em)}
227/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v24.1.0/build/styles/block-library/list/style.min.css */
228</style>
229<style id="wp-block-paragraph-inline-css">
230.is-small-text{font-size:.875em}.is-regular-text{font-size:1em}.is-large-text{font-size:2.25em}.is-larger-text{font-size:3em}.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;font-style:normal;font-weight:100;line-height:.68;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase}body.rtl .has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:none;margin-left:.1em}p.has-drop-cap.has-background{overflow:hidden}:root :where(p.has-background){padding:var(--wp--style--block-background-padding,1.25em 2.375em)}:where(p.has-text-color:not(.has-link-color)) a{color:inherit}p.has-text-align-left[style*="writing-mode:vertical-lr"],p.has-text-align-right[style*="writing-mode:vertical-rl"]{rotate:180deg}
231/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v24.1.0/build/styles/block-library/paragraph/style.min.css */
232</style>
233<style id="wp-block-library-inline-css-extra">
234.has-text-align-justify {
235	text-align:justify;
236}
237.has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;}
238/*# sourceURL=wp-block-library-inline-css */
239</style>
240
241<style id="classic-theme-styles-inline-css">
242.wp-block-button__link{background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;color:#fff;font-size:1.125em;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration:none}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff}.wp-block-accordion-heading{margin:0}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle{background-color:inherit!important;color:inherit!important}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:not(:focus-visible){outline:none}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:focus,.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:hover{background-color:inherit!important;border:none;box-shadow:none;color:inherit;padding:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20,1em) 0;text-decoration:none}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:focus-visible{outline:auto;outline-offset:0}.wp-block-tab:not(.has-text-color){color:inherit!important}.wp-block-tab:not(.has-background){background-color:inherit!important}.wp-block-tab:focus,.wp-block-tab:hover{text-decoration:none}.wp-block-tab:focus-visible{outline:auto;outline-offset:0}
243/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v24.1.0/build/styles/block-library/classic.min.css */
244</style>
245
246<style id="coblocks-inline-format-inline-css">
247.uppercase{text-transform:uppercase}
248/*# sourceURL=coblocks-inline-format-inline-css */
249</style>
250<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-12-1' href='/_static/??-eJx9jUsOwjAMRC+EY6UgCAvEWZrEKoG4jWq3hduTLvisurFG1nszuBQIQ6/UK5Y8dakXDIPPQ3gINsY6Y0ESl0ww0mwOGJPolwDRVyYTRHb4V8QT/LpGqn8ura4EU0wtZeKKbWlLih1p1eWTQem5rZQ6A96XkUSgXk4Tg97qlqzelS/26KzbN835dH8DjlpbIA==&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
251<style id="global-styles-inline-css">
252:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(6,147,227) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(252,185,
2520) 0%,rgb(255,105,0) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,105,0) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans: 'Albert Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya: Alegreya, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--arvo: Arvo, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda: 'Bodoni Moda', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque: 'Bricolage Grotesque', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cabin: Cabin, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--chivo: Chivo, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner: Commissioner, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant: Cormorant, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime: 'Courier Prime', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro: 'Crimson Pro', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono: 'DM Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display: 'DM Serif Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--domine: Domine, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond: 'EB Garamond', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue: Epilogue, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang: Fahkwang, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--figtree: Figtree, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans: 'Fira Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one: 'Fjalla One', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces: Fraunces, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito: Gabarito, system-ui;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans: 'IBM Plex Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova: 'Ibarra Real Nova', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif: 'Instrument Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: Inter, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans: 'Josefin Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--jost: Jost, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin: 'Libre Franklin', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--literata: Literata, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--lora: Lora, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather: Merriweather, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat: Montserrat, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader: Newsreader, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono: 'Noto Sans Mono', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--nunito: Nunito, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--overpass: Overpass, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif: 'PT Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--petrona: Petrona, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla: Piazzolla, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display: 'Playfair Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--poppins: Poppins, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--raleway: Raleway, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto: Roboto, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab: 'Roboto Slab', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rubik: Rubik, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rufina: Rufina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--sora: Sora, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3: 'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4: 'Source Serif 4', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono: 'Space Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--syne: Syne, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--texturina: Texturina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist: Urbanist, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans: 'Work Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--text-shadow--light: 0.05em 0.05em 0.1em rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);--wp--preset--text-shadow--strong: 0.1em 0.1em 0.25em rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgb(255, 255, 255), 6px 6px rgb(0, 0, 0);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgb(0, 0, 0);}.wp-block-button{--wp--preset--dimension--25: 25%;--wp--preset--dimension--50: 50%;--wp--preset--dimension--75: 75%;--wp--preset--dimension--100: 100%;}:where(body) { margin: 0; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit;letter-spacing: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding-top: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-right: calc(1.333em + 2px);padding-bottom: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-left: calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;text-transform: inherit;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}
252.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-albert-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans) !important;}.has-alegreya-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya) !important;}.has-arvo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--arvo) !important;}.has-bodoni-moda-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda) !important;}.has-bricolage-grotesque-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque) !important;}.has-cabin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cabin) !important;}.has-chivo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--chivo) !important;}.has-commissioner-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner) !important;}.has-cormorant-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant) !important;}.has-courier-prime-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime) !important;}.has-crimson-pro-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro) !important;}.has-dm-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono) !important;}.has-dm-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans) !important;}.has-dm-serif-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display) !important;}.has-domine-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--domine) !important;}.has-eb-garamond-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond) !important;}.has-epilogue-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue) !important;}.has-fahkwang-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang) !important;}.has-figtree-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--figtree) !important;}.has-fira-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans) !important;}.has-fjalla-one-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one) !important;}.has-fraunces-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces) !important;}.has-gabarito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans) !important;}.has-ibarra-real-nova-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova) !important;}.has-instrument-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif) !important;}.has-inter-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter) !important;}.has-josefin-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans) !important;}.has-jost-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--jost) !important;}.has-libre-baskerville-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville) !important;}.has-libre-franklin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin) !important;}.has-literata-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--literata) !important;}.has-lora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--lora) !important;}.has-merriweather-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather) !important;}.has-montserrat-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat) !important;}.has-newsreader-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader) !important;}.has-noto-sans-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono) !important;}.has-nunito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--nunito) !important;}.has-open-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans) !important;}.has-overpass-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--overpass) !important;}.has-pt-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif) !important;}.has-petrona-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--petrona) !important;}.has-piazzolla-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla) !important;}.has-playfair-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display) !important;}.has-plus-jakarta-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans) !important;}.has-poppins-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--poppins) !important;}.has-raleway-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--raleway) !important;}.has-roboto-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto) !important;}.has-roboto-slab-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab) !important;}.has-rubik-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rubik) !important;}.has-rufina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rufina) !important;}.has-sora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--sora) !important;}.has-source-sans-3-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3) !important;}.has-source-serif-4-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4) !important;}.has-space-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono) !important;}.has-syne-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--syne) !important;}.has-texturina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--texturina) !important;}.has-urbanist-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist) !important;}.has-work-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans) !important;}.has-light-text-shadow{text-shadow: var(--wp--preset--text-shadow--light) !important;}.has-strong-text-shadow{text-shadow: var(--wp--preset--text-shadow--strong) !important;}
253:where(.wp-block-gallery.is-layout-flex){gap: var( --wp--style--gallery-gap-default, var( --gallery-block--gutter-size, var( --wp--style--block-gap, 0.5em ) ) );}:where(.wp-block-gallery.is-layout-grid){gap: var( --wp--style--gallery-gap-default, var( --gallery-block--gutter-size, var( --wp--style--block-gap, 0.5em ) ) );}
254/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */
255</style>
256
257<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-14-1' href='/_static/??-eJx9i8sOhCAMAH9IbAxmH4eN36KksphCCS0h/v3qTS97m0lmoGXjOCkmBf1iRIFcF8iBXOEGojth70Q6uISxmkzVhyRQcCH2B3o4qov+mzyyIXazBk43MSvNoZzrFD/Dcxweb2vta/sBjzc9Qw==&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
258<style id="jetpack-global-styles-frontend-style-inline-css">
259:root { --font-headings: unset; --font-base: unset; --font-headings-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; --font-base-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;}
260/*# sourceURL=jetpack-global-styles-frontend-style-inline-css */
261</style>
262<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-16-1' href='/_static/??-eJyNjcEKAjEMRH/ImhVlqwfxU6TbhrZrmhTTIv69u+JFvHgZ5sHwBh7VeOGG3KB0U6nHzAoztur87cNQRNYInVBBk7tjcCE83zVz3HrVDfxvumb2MPVMAVR8dmRIougX/DhbwrK8pwNEksnROriU884e9+PJDnaYXxwFS20=&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
263<script id="wpcom-actionbar-placeholder-js-extra">
264var actionbardata = {"siteID":"86743669","postID":"0","siteURL":"https://geokush.com","xhrURL":"https://geokush.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"23a9f81623","isLoggedIn":"","statusMessage":"","statusSubscribed":"","subsEmailDefault":"instantly","proxyScriptUrl":"https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/js/wpcom-proxy-request.js?m=1513050504i&amp;ver=20211021","i18n":{"followedText":"New posts from this site will now appear in your \u003Ca href=\"https://wordpress.com/reader\"\u003EReader\u003C/a\u003E","foldBar":"Collapse this bar","unfoldBar":"Expand this bar","shortLinkCopied":"Copied to clipboard."}};
265//# sourceURL=wpcom-actionbar-placeholder-js-extra
266</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 266
266
267<script id="jetpack-mu-wpcom-settings-js-before">
268var JETPACK_MU_WPCOM_SETTINGS = {"assetsUrl":"https://s1.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-mu-wpcom-plugin/moon/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-mu-wpcom/src/build/"};
269//# sourceURL=jetpack-mu-wpcom-settings-js-before
270</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 270
270
271<script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript'  src='/wp-content/js/rlt-proxy.js?m=1720530689i'></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 271
271
272<script id="rlt-proxy-js-after">
273	rltInitialize( {"token":null,"iframeOrigins":["https:\/\/widgets.wp.com"]} );
274//# sourceURL=rlt-proxy-js-after
275</script>
275
276<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://hbeanu.wordpress.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
277<meta name="generator" content="WordPress.com" />
278
279<!-- Jetpack Open Graph Tags -->
280<meta property="og:type" content="website" />
281<meta property="og:title" content="Dr Geoff Kushnick" />
282<meta property="og:description" content="Biocultural Anthropologist" />
283<meta property="og:url" content="https://geokush.com/blog/" />
284<meta property="og:site_name" content="Dr Geoff Kushnick" />
285<meta property="og:image" content="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-gk.png?w=200" />
286<meta property="og:image:width" content="200" />
287<meta property="og:image:height" content="200" />
288<meta property="og:image:alt" content="" />
289<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
290<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@gkushnick" />
291<meta name="twitter:site" content="@gkushnick" />
292
293<!-- End Jetpack Open Graph Tags -->
294<link rel='openid.server' href='https://geokush.com/?openidserver=1' />
295<link rel='openid.delegate' href='https://geokush.com/' />
296<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://geokush.com/osd.xml" title="Dr Geoff Kushnick" />
297<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://s1.wp.com/opensearch.xml" title="WordPress.com" />
298		<style type="text/css">
299			.recentcomments a {
300				display: inline !important;
301				padding: 0 !important;
302				margin: 0 !important;
303			}
304
305			table.recentcommentsavatartop img.avatar, table.recentcommentsavatarend img.avatar {
306				border: 0px;
307				margin: 0;
308			}
309
310			table.recentcommentsavatartop a, table.recentcommentsavatarend a {
311				border: 0px !important;
312				background-color: transparent !important;
313			}
314
315			td.recentcommentsavatarend, td.recentcommentsavatartop {
316				padding: 0px 0px 1px 0px;
317				margin: 0px;
318			}
319
320			td.recentcommentstextend {
321				border: none !important;
322				padding: 0px 0px 2px 10px;
323			}
324
325			.rtl td.recentcommentstextend {
326				padding: 0px 10px 2px 0px;
327			}
328
329			td.recentcommentstexttop {
330				border: none;
331				padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;
332			}
333
334			.rtl td.recentcommentstexttop {
335				padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;
336			}
337		</style>
338		<meta name="description" content="Biocultural Anthropologist" />
339	<style type="text/css">
340			#site-title a {
341			color: #0c6c7f;
342		}
343		</style>
344	<link rel="icon" href="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-gk.png?w=32" sizes="32x32" />
345<link rel="icon" href="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-gk.png?w=192" sizes="192x192" />
346<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-gk.png?w=180" />
347<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-gk.png?w=270" />
348			<link rel="stylesheet" id="custom-css-css" type="text/css" href="https://s2.wp.com/?custom-css=1&#038;csblog=5RXZr&#038;cscache=6&#038;csrev=11" />
349			<style id="core-block-supports-inline-css">
350.wp-block-gallery.wp-block-gallery-1{--wp--style--unstable-gallery-gap:var( --wp--style--gallery-gap-default, var( --gallery-block--gutter-size, var( --wp--style--block-gap, 0.5em ) ) );}
351/*# sourceURL=core-block-supports-inline-css */
352</style>
353<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-2-5' href='/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-plugin/moon/modules/tiled-gallery/tiled-gallery/tiled-gallery.css?m=1753089498i&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
354
355</head>
356
357<body class="blog wp-theme-pubpilcrow customizer-styles-applied three-column sidebar-content-sidebar color-light jetpack-reblog-enabled custom-colors">
358<div id="container" class="hfeed">
359	<div id="page" class="blog">
360		<div id="header">
361						<h1 id="site-title">
362				<span>
363					<a href="https://geokush.com/" title="Dr Geoff Kushnick" rel="home">Dr Geoff Kushnick</a>
364				</span>
365			</h1>
366
367			<div id="nav" role="navigation">
368			  				<div class="skip-link screen-reader-text"><a href="#content" title="Skip to content">Skip to content</a></div>
369								<div class="menu-header"><ul id="menu-menu-1" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-18" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-18"><a href="https://geokush.com/">Home</a></li>
370<li id="menu-item-23" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-23"><a href="https://geokush.com/publications/">Publications</a></li>
371<li id="menu-item-241" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-241"><a href="https://geokush.com/about/">About/CV</a></li>
372<li id="menu-item-240" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-240"><a href="https://geokush.com/academic/research/">Research</a></li>
373<li id="menu-item-587" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-587"><a href="https://geokush.com/academic/people/">Students</a></li>
374<li id="menu-item-219" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-219"><a href="https://geokush.com/pics/">Photos</a></li>
375<li id="menu-item-20" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-16 current_page_item current_page_parent menu-item-20"><a href="https://geokush.com/blog/" aria-current="page">Blog</a></li>
376</ul></div>			</div><!-- #nav -->
377
378			<div id="pic">
379				<a href="https://geokush.com/" rel="home">
380										<img src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/kushnick51-copy.jpg" width="990" height="257" alt="" />
381								</a>
382			</div><!-- #pic -->
383		</div><!-- #header -->
384
385		<div id="content-box">
386
387<div id="content-container">
388	<div id="content" role="main">
389
390	<div id="nav-above" class="navigation">
391	<div class="nav-previous"><a href="https://geokush.com/blog/page/2/" ><span class="meta-nav">&larr;</span> Older posts</a></div>
392	<div class="nav-next"></div>
393</div><!-- #nav-above -->
394
395<div id="post-2001" class="post-2001 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized tag-fieldwork tag-indonesia tag-research">
396	<div class="entry-meta">
397
398		11 Mar 24 &middot; 4:13 pm	</div><!-- .entry-meta -->
399
400	<h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://geokush.com/2024/03/11/back-to-the-field-after-5-years/" rel="bookmark">Back to the Field &#8212; after 5&nbsp;
400years!</a></h2>	<div class="entry entry-content">
401		<div class="wp-block-image">
402<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img width="689" height="919" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img-20240228-wa0019.jpg?w=689" alt="Geoff Kushnick standing outside a home in a Karo village" class="wp-image-2003" style="width:275px" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img-20240228-wa0019.jpg 689w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img-20240228-wa0019.jpg?w=112 112w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img-20240228-wa0019.jpg?w=225 225w" sizes="(max-width: 689px) 100vw, 689px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Outside a house in a Karo village.</figcaption></figure>
403</div>
404
405
406<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I am thrilled to report that I was finally able to continue my research in Indonesia. My previous fieldwork was pre-Covid (2018 to be exact). Over the past few months, I did fieldwork for 7 weeks in November/December 2023 and another 2.5 weeks in February/March 2024.</p>
407
408
409
410<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So happy to be back doing the second round of data collection for the <a href="https://endowproject.github.io/">ENDOW Project</a> &#8212; a collaborative, longitudinal project looking at the effect of social networks on wealth inequality.</p>
411
412
413
414<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The project boasts fieldworkers collecting comparative data at over <a href="https://endowproject.github.io/fieldsites/">40 sites</a> around the world. The work was funded by <a href="https://endowproject.github.io/about-us/">NSF funds</a> awarded to the ENDOW Project, and time and money provided by my home institution &#8212; the <a href="https://cass.anu.edu.au/">College of Arts and Social Sciences</a> at The <a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/">Australian National University</a>.</p>
415
416
417
418<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Together with an amazing team of local collaborators and assistants, I collected the necessary data for this project, as well as data for two additional projects, including one that is a continuation of research I did as part of my <a href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/304967379">PhD research</a>. I wore my <a href="https://www.washington.edu/">University of Washington</a> (<a href="https://anthropology.washington.edu/research/graduate/parent-offspring-conflict-among-karo-north-sumatra">PhD 2006</a>) hat to reflect my heritage.</p>
419
420
421
422<figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex">
423<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img width="743" height="284" data-id="2008" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/team.png?w=743" alt="" class="wp-image-2008" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/team.png 743w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/team.png?w=150 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/team.png?w=300 300w" sizes="(max-width: 743px) 100vw, 743px" /></figure>
424</figure>
425
426
427
428<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The fieldwork was done in cooperation with the <a href="https://fisip.usu.ac.id/id/s1-antropologi-sosial">Department of Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://www.usu.ac.id/">Universitas Sumatera Utara</a> (USU) in Medan, Indonesia. I was lucky enough to be invited to give a public lecture about my research in Indonesia &#8212; starting with my PhD research until now. I was absolutely thrilled with the level of engagement the students from USU showed. Can&#8217;t wait to go back again!</p>
429
430
431
432<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img width="1024" height="575" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134413.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-2022" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134413.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134413.jpg?w=2048 2048w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134413.jpg?w=150 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134413.jpg?w=300 300w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134413.jpg?w=768 768w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134413.jpg?w=1440 1440w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>
433
434
435
436<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" width="1024" height="576" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img-20240229-wa0027.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-2023" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img-20240229-wa0027.jpg?w=1024 1024
436w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img-20240229-wa0027.jpg?w=150 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img-20240229-wa0027.jpg?w=300 300w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img-20240229-wa0027.jpg?w=768 768w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img-20240229-wa0027.jpg 1280w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>
437
438
439
440<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" width="1024" height="575" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134102.jpg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-2024" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134102.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134102.jpg?w=2048 2048w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134102.jpg?w=150 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134102.jpg?w=300 300w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134102.jpg?w=768 768w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240304_134102.jpg?w=1440 1440w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>
441<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
442				data-shared="sharing-facebook-2001"
443				class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon"
444				href="https://geokush.com/2024/03/11/back-to-the-field-after-5-years/?share=facebook"
445				target="_blank"
446				aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-2001"
447				>
448				<span id="sharing-facebook-2001" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span>
449				<span>Facebook</span>
450			</a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
451				data-shared="sharing-twitter-2001"
452				class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon"
453				href="https://geokush.com/2024/03/11/back-to-the-field-after-5-years/?share=twitter"
454				target="_blank"
455				aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-2001"
456				>
457				<span id="sharing-twitter-2001" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span>
458				<span>X</span>
459			</a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
460				data-shared="sharing-email-2001"
461				class="share-email sd-button share-icon"
462				href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Back%20to%20the%20Field%20--%20after%205%20years%21&#038;body=https%3A%2F%2Fgeokush.com%2F2024%2F03%2F11%2Fback-to-the-field-after-5-years%2F&#038;share=email"
463				target="_blank"
464				aria-labelledby="sharing-email-2001"
465				data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you&#039;re having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="a746ff423b" data-email-share-track-url="https://geokush.com/2024/03/11/back-to-the-field-after-5-years/?share=email">
466				<span id="sharing-email-2001" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span>
467				<span>Email</span>
468			</a></li><li><a href="#" class="sharing-anchor sd-button share-more"><span>More</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul><div class="sharing-hidden"><div class="inner" style="display: none;"><ul><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
469				data-shared="sharing-linkedin-2001"
470				class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon"
471				href="https://geokush.com/2024/03/11/back-to-the-field-after-5-years/?share=linkedin"
472				target="_blank"
473				aria-labelledby="sharing-linkedin-2001"
474				>
475				<span id="sharing-linkedin-2001" hidden>Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span>
476				<span>LinkedIn</span>
477			</a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
478				data-shared="sharing-pinterest-2001"
479				class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon"
480				href="https://geokush.com/2024/03/11/back-to-the-field-after-5-years/?share=pinterest"
481				target="_blank"
482				aria-labelledby="sharing-pinterest-2001"
483				>
484				<span id="sharing-pinterest-2001" hidden>Share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)</span>
485				<span>Pinterest</span>
486			</a></li><li class="share-tumblr"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
487				data-shared="sharing-tumblr-2001"
488				class="share-tumblr sd-button share-icon"
489				href="https://geokush.com/2024/03/11/back-to-the-field-after-5-years/?share=tumblr"
490				target="_blank"
491				aria-labelledby="sharing-tumblr-2001"
492				>
493				<span id="sharing-tumblr-2001" hidden>Share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)</span>
494				<span>Tumblr</span>
495			</a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
496				data-shared="sharing-reddit-2001"
497				class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon"
498				href="https://geokush.com/2024/03/11/back-to-the-field-after-5-years/?share=reddit"
499				target="_blank"
500				aria-labelledby="sharing-reddit-2001"
501				>
502				<span id="sharing-reddit-2001" hidden>Share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span>
503				<span>Reddit</span>
504			</a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
505				data-shared="sharing-print-2001"
506				class="share-print sd-button share-icon"
507				href="https://geokush.com/2024/03/11/back-to-the-field-after-5-years/?share=print"
508				target="_blank"
509				aria-labelledby="sharing-print-2001"
510				>
511				<span id="sharing-print-2001" hidden>Print (Opens in new window)</span>
512				<span>Print</span>
513			</a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-86743669-2001-6ac30b04cc384' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20261005#blog_id=86743669&amp;post_id=2001&amp;origin=hbeanu.wordpress.com&amp;obj_id=86743669-2001-6ac30b04cc384&amp;domain=geokush.com' data-name='like-post-frame-86743669-2001-6ac30b04cc384' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div>			</div><!-- .entry-content -->
514	
515	<div class="entry-links">
516		<p class="comment-number"><a href="https://geokush.com/2024/03/11/back-to-the-field-after-5-years/#respond">Leave a comment</a></p>
517
518					<p class="entry-categories tagged">Filed under <a href="https://geokush.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></p>
519			<p class="entry-tags tagged">Tagged as <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/fieldwork/" rel="tag">fieldwork</a>, <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/indonesia/" rel="tag">indonesia</a>, <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/research/" rel="tag">research</a><br /></p>
520			</div><!-- .entry-links -->
521
522</div><!-- #post-## -->
523
524
525
526<div id="post-1959" class="post-1959 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized tag-anu tag-human-behavioural-ecology tag-oxford-university-press tag-publishing tag-school-of-archaeology-and-anthropology">
527	<div class="entry-meta">
528
529		8 Aug 22 &middot; 10:27 am	</div><!-- .entry-meta -->
530
531	<h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://geokush.com/2022/08/08/in-the-not-so-far-off-field/" rel="bookmark">In the (Not So) Far-Off&nbsp;Field</a></h2>	<div class="entry entry-content">
532		
533<p class="wp-block-paragraph">One consequence of the pandemic over the last few years is that field researchers such as myself have found it difficult to keep our research programs on a forward trajectory. I wrote a short piece for the school&#8217;s annual magazine about finding a research object right under my own nose.</p>
534
535
536
537<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
538<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Kushnick, G (2022). In the (Not So) Far-Off Field. <span style="text-decoration:underline;">In</span> <em>2021: The Year in Review: School of Archaeology and Anthropology</em>. ANU, Canberra. <a href="https://archanth.cass.anu.edu.au/research/publications/year-review-anu-school-archaeology-and-anthropology-2021" rel="nofollow">https://archanth.cass.anu.edu.au/research/publications/year-review-anu-school-archaeology-and-anthropology-2021</a></p>
539</blockquote>
540
541
542
543<p class="wp-block-paragraph">From page 30:</p>
544
545
546
547<p class="wp-block-paragraph">&#8220;As anthropologists, we ply our trade by seeking insights on the lives of others, and sometimes ourselves, in far-off locales. This makes it easy to overlook the lessons to be learned from local sources. I was writing a chapter on what evolutionary theory can tell us about parenting and technology. Seeking apt illustrations for each example, I rummaged personal (Figure A) and open-access images. One of my case studies was the cultural evolution of baby bottles. The earliest were from Ancient Rome, but the only images I could find would have saddled me with hefty publishing fees.</p>
548
549
550
551<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/image.jpg?w=505" alt="" class="wp-image-1964" width="603" height="339" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/image.jpg 505w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/image.jpg?w=150 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/image.jpg?w=300 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 603px) 100vw, 603px" /></figure>
552
553
554
555<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What could I do?</p>
556
557
558
559<p class="wp-block-paragraph">My initial solution was to use something more recent—a porcelain bottle from 19<sup>th</sup> Century Japan. Then, as I walked to my classroom in AD Hope (miss that place!), something caught my eye. In one of the ANU Classics Museum’s cabinets was something that looked like the baby bottle of my desire. It&#8217;s label confirmed my suspicion and, just like that, I had the perfect image of one of the earliest infant-feeding vessels (Figure B). It was a timely lesson. The pandemic lockdowns and resultant fieldwork bans have meant that most of our research has had to focus on things that are right here under our noses.</p>
560
561
562
563<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Although these events occurred a couple years back (&#8220;the pandemic slowed down publishing,” my editors told me) the book was published in October 2021:</p>
564
565
566
567<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Kushnick G (2021). The cradle of humankind: Evolutionary approaches to technology and parenting. In: Weekes-Shackelford VA, Shackelford TK (eds.), <em>The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Parenting </em>(pp. 115-134). Oxford University Press.&#8221;</p>
568<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
569				data-shared="sharing-facebook-1959"
570				class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon"
571				href="https://geokush.com/2022/08/08/in-the-not-so-far-off-field/?share=facebook"
572				target="_blank"
573				aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-1959"
574				>
575				<span id="sharing-facebook-1959" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span>
576				<span>Facebook</span>
577			</a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
578				data-shared="sharing-twitter-1959"
579				class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon"
580				href="https://geokush.com/2022/08/08/in-the-not-so-far-off-field/?share=twitter"
581				target="_blank"
582				aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-1959"
583				>
584				<span id="sharing-twitter-1959" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span>
585				<span>X</span>
586			</a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
587				data-shared="sharing-email-1959"
588				class="share-email sd-button share-icon"
589				href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20In%20the%20%28Not%20So%29%20Far-Off%20Field&#038;body=https%3A%2F%2Fgeokush.com%2F2022%2F08%2F08%2Fin-the-not-so-far-off-field%2F&#038;share=email"
590				target="_blank"
591				aria-labelledby="sharing-email-1959"
592				data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you&#039;re having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="f28e30d489" data-email-share-track-url="https://geokush.com/2022/08/08/in-the-not-so-far-off-field/?share=email">
593				<span id="sharing-email-1959" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span>
594				<span>Email</span>
595			</a></li><li><a href="#" class="sharing-anchor sd-button share-more"><span>More</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul><div class="sharing-hidden"><div class="inner" style="display: none;"><ul><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
596				data-shared="sharing-linkedin-1959"
597				class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon"
598				href="https://geokush.com/2022/08/08/in-the-not-so-far-off-field/?share=linkedin"
599				target="_blank"
600				aria-labelledby="sharing-linkedin-1959"
601				>
602				<span id="sharing-linkedin-1959" hidden>Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span>
603				<span>LinkedIn</span>
604			</a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
605				data-shared="sharing-pinterest-1959"
606				class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon"
607				href="https://geokush.com/2022/08/08/in-the-not-so-far-off-field/?share=pinterest"
608				target="_blank"
609				aria-labelledby="sharing-pinterest-1959"
610				>
611				<span id="sharing-pinterest-1959" hidden>Share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)</span>
612				<span>Pinterest</span>
613			</a></li><li class="share-tumblr"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
614				data-shared="sharing-tumblr-1959"
615				class="share-tumblr sd-button share-icon"
616				href="https://geokush.com/2022/08/08/in-the-not-so-far-off-field/?share=tumblr"
617				target="_blank"
618				aria-labelledby="sharing-tumblr-1959"
619				>
620				<span id="sharing-tumblr-1959" hidden>Share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)</span>
621				<span>Tumblr</span>
622			</a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
623				data-shared="sharing-reddit-1959"
624				class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon"
625				href="https://geokush.com/2022/08/08/in-the-not-so-far-off-field/?share=reddit"
626				target="_blank"
627				aria-labelledby="sharing-reddit-1959"
628				>
629				<span id="sharing-reddit-1959" hidden>Share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span>
630				<span>Reddit</span>
631			</a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
632				data-shared="sharing-print-1959"
633				class="share-print sd-button share-icon"
634				href="https://geokush.com/2022/08/08/in-the-not-so-far-off-field/?share=print"
635				target="_blank"
636				aria-labelledby="sharing-print-1959"
637				>
638				<span id="sharing-print-1959" hidden>Print (Opens in new window)</span>
639				<span>Print</span>
640			</a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-86743669-1959-6ac30b04d1040' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20261005#blog_id=86743669&amp;post_id=1959&amp;origin=hbeanu.wordpress.com&amp;obj_id=86743669-1959-6ac30b04d1040&amp;domain=geokush.com' data-name='like-post-frame-86743669-1959-6ac30b04d1040' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div>			</div><!-- .entry-content -->
641	
642	<div class="entry-links">
643		<p class="comment-number"><a href="https://geokush.com/2022/08/08/in-the-not-so-far-off-field/#respond">Leave a comment</a></p>
644
645					<p class="entry-categories tagged">Filed under <a href="https://geokush.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></p>
646			<p class="entry-tags tagged">Tagged as <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/anu/" rel="tag">ANU</a>, <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/human-behavioural-ecology/" rel="tag">human behavioural ecology</a>, <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/oxford-university-press/" rel="tag">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/publishing/" rel="tag">publishing</a>, <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/school-of-archaeology-and-anthropology/" rel="tag">School of Archaeology and Anthropology</a><br /></p>
647			</div><!-- .entry-links -->
648
649</div><!-- #post-## -->
650
651
652
653<div id="post-1907" class="post-1907 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized">
654	<div class="entry-meta">
655
656		8 Jun 22 &middot; 2:06 pm	</div><!-- .entry-meta -->
657
658	<h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://geokush.com/2022/06/08/the-view-on-human-pairbonding-through-multiple-evolutionary-lenses/" rel="bookmark">The View on Human Pairbonding Through Multiple Evolutionary&nbsp;Lenses</a></h2>	<div class="entry entry-content">
659		
660<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This post relates to a paper I recently wrote and posted on <a href="https://psyarxiv.com/vesgq/">PsyArXiv</a>.</p>
661
662
663<div class="wp-block-image">
664<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/collectie_tropenmuseum_een_karo-bataks_echtpaar_tmnr_10002971.jpg?w=500" alt="" class="wp-image-1931" width="218" height="340" /><figcaption>Karo couple from North Sumatra, Indonesia. I previously conducted Fulbright Scholars Research on <a href="https://karoimpal.wordpress.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>impal</em> marriage</a> amongst the Karo.</figcaption></figure>
665</div>
666
667
668<p class="wp-block-paragraph">A pairbond is a close and enduring relationship between two individuals. It often includes mating and, in the case of humans, marriage and shared childcare responsibilities. There might be a tendency to think of pairbonding as unique to monogamy, but an individual can develop a bond with more than one individual in polygamous systems as well.</p>
669
670
671
672<p class="wp-block-paragraph">At some point in our recent evolutionary past, our ancestors began to pairbond, which differentiated us from our closest living relative the chimpanzee who engages is much more promiscuous mating. The evolution of pairbonding then had wide-ranging effects in shaping various aspects of our behaviour, anatomy, p
672hysiology, and society.</p>
673
674
675
676<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Evolutionary scholars interested in human behaviour have approached the problem in a variety of ways &#8212; so, in a nutshell:</p>
677
678
679
680<ul class="wp-block-list"><li><em>Human behavioural ecologists </em>analyse the adaptiveness of human behaviour in social and ecological context.</li><li><em>Evolutionary psychologists</em> study the evolution of the behaviour-producing mechanisms in past environments.</li><li><em>Dual inheritance theorists</em> are concerned with cultural evolutionary processes, including how biology and culture coevolve.</li></ul>
681
682
683
684<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I wrote a paper that investigates how these paradigms have tackled the problem of pairbonding. For each, I examined two questions that have been addressed by their practitioners (see table below). In doing so, I was able to assess the viability of three pathways that have been proposed for integrating the methods and assumptions of each paradigm.</p>
685
686
687
688<figure class="wp-block-table is-style-stripes"><table><thead><tr><th class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><strong>Paradigm</strong></th><th class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><strong>Question 1</strong></th><th class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left"><strong>Question 2</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Human Behavioral Ecology</td><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">When will a woman marry an already married man?</td><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">What ecological factors are associated with pairbond stability?</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Evolutionary Psychology</td><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">How do short- and long-term mating preferences compare?</td><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Do sex differences in jealousy reflect our evolutionary history as a pairbonded species?</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Dual Inheritance Theory</td><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">What cultural factors have led to the primacy of monogamy in Western societies?</td><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Can cultural evolutionary forces lead to variations on the normal pattern of pairbonding?</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>
689
690
691
692<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Some background: First, I am a human behavioural ecologist at <a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/kushnick-gc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Australian National University</a> (ANU) with interests in human reproductive strategies. Second, my PhD supervisor was <a href="https://faculty.washington.edu/easmith/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Alden Smith</a>, who wrote a series of papers on the &#8220;<a href="https://faculty.washington.edu/easmith/ThreeStyles.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Three Styles</a>&#8221; outlining the assumptions of each paradigm. These had a formative effect on how I view the evolutionary social sciences. Third, I wrote a <a href="https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/k23md">book chapter</a> on the relationship between parenting and technology from an evolutionary perspective that was framed in a similar way. Fourth, I wrote a <a href="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/kushnick_pairbond-stability_eeps1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mini-review</a> of the ecological factors influencing pairbond stability, which was fleshed out to become one of the sections of the current paper. Finally, I recently co-authored a <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.573123/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">paper</a> on one aspect of pairbonding &#8212; the evolution of romantic love &#8212; with a PhD student at ANU.</p>
693
694
695
696<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The manuscript has been submitted to a peer-reviewed journal, and I have posted a pre-peer review version on the preprint server PsyArXiv:</p>
697
698
699
700<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>Kushnick, G. (2022, June 4). Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Pairbonding: Reconciling the Major Paradigms. <a href="https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/vesgq" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/vesgq</a>.</p></blockquote>
701
702
703
704<p class="has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph"><em>Image Credit: </em>
704Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Unported 3.0, <a href="http://collectie.wereldculturen.nl/?query=search=*=TM-10002971">Collectie Stichting Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen</a>.</p>
705<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
706				data-shared="sharing-facebook-1907"
707				class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon"
708				href="https://geokush.com/2022/06/08/the-view-on-human-pairbonding-through-multiple-evolutionary-lenses/?share=facebook"
709				target="_blank"
710				aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-1907"
711				>
712				<span id="sharing-facebook-1907" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span>
713				<span>Facebook</span>
714			</a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
715				data-shared="sharing-twitter-1907"
716				class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon"
717				href="https://geokush.com/2022/06/08/the-view-on-human-pairbonding-through-multiple-evolutionary-lenses/?share=twitter"
718				target="_blank"
719				aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-1907"
720				>
721				<span id="sharing-twitter-1907" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span>
722				<span>X</span>
723			</a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
724				data-shared="sharing-email-1907"
725				class="share-email sd-button share-icon"
726				href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20The%20View%20on%20Human%20Pairbonding%20Through%20Multiple%20Evolutionary%20Lenses&#038;body=https%3A%2F%2Fgeokush.com%2F2022%2F06%2F08%2Fthe-view-on-human-pairbonding-through-multiple-evolutionary-lenses%2F&#038;share=email"
727				target="_blank"
728				aria-labelledby="sharing-email-1907"
729				data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you&#039;re having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="6f96ff441c" data-email-share-track-url="https://geokush.com/2022/06/08/the-view-on-human-pairbonding-through-multiple-evolutionary-lenses/?share=email">
730				<span id="sharing-email-1907" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span>
731				<span>Email</span>
732			</a></li><li><a href="#" class="sharing-anchor sd-button share-more"><span>More</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul><div class="sharing-hidden"><div class="inner" style="display: none;"><ul><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
733				data-shared="sharing-linkedin-1907"
734				class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon"
735				href="https://geokush.com/2022/06/08/the-view-on-human-pairbonding-through-multiple-evolutionary-lenses/?share=linkedin"
736				target="_blank"
737				aria-labelledby="sharing-linkedin-1907"
738				>
739				<span id="sharing-linkedin-1907" hidden>Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span>
740				<span>LinkedIn</span>
741			</a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
742				data-shared="sharing-pinterest-1907"
743				class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon"
744				href="https://geokush.com/2022/06/08/the-view-on-human-pairbonding-through-multiple-evolutionary-lenses/?share=pinterest"
745				target="_blank"
746				aria-labelledby="sharing-pinterest-1907"
747				>
748				<span id="sharing-pinterest-1907" hidden>Share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)</span>
749				<span>Pinterest</span>
750			</a></li><li class="share-tumblr"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
751				data-shared="sharing-tumblr-1907"
752				class="share-tumblr sd-button share-icon"
753				href="https://geokush.com/2022/06/08/the-view-on-human-pairbonding-through-multiple-evolutionary-lenses/?share=tumblr"
754				target="_blank"
755				aria-labelledby="sharing-tumblr-1907"
756				>
757				<span id="sharing-tumblr-1907" hidden>Share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)</span>
758				<span>Tumblr</span>
759			</a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
760				data-shared="sharing-reddit-1907"
761				class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon"
762				href="https://geokush.com/2022/06/08/the-view-on-human-pairbonding-through-multiple-evolutionary-lenses/?share=reddit"
763				target="_blank"
764				aria-labelledby="sharing-reddit-1907"
765				>
766				<span id="sharing-reddit-1907" hidden>Share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span>
767				<span>Reddit</span>
768			</a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
769				data-shared="sharing-print-1907"
770				class="share-print sd-button share-icon"
771				href="https://geokush.com/2022/06/08/the-view-on-human-pairbonding-through-multiple-evolutionary-lenses/?share=print"
772				target="_blank"
773				aria-labelledby="sharing-print-1907"
774				>
775				<span id="sharing-print-1907" hidden>Print (Opens in new window)</span>
776				<span>Print</span>
777			</a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-86743669-1907-6ac30b04d6566' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20261005#blog_id=86743669&amp;post_id=1907&amp;origin=hbeanu.wordpress.com&amp;obj_id=86743669-1907-6ac30b04d6566&amp;domain=geokush.com' data-name='like-post-frame-86743669-1907-6ac30b04d6566' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div>			</div><!-- .entry-content -->
778	
779	<div class="entry-links">
780		<p class="comment-number"><a href="https://geokush.com/2022/06/08/the-view-on-human-pairbonding-through-multiple-evolutionary-lenses/#respond">Leave a comment</a></p>
781
782					<p class="entry-categories tagged">Filed under <a href="https://geokush.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></p>
783			<p class="entry-tags tagged"></p>
784			</div><!-- .entry-links -->
785
786</div><!-- #post-## -->
787
788
789
790<div id="post-1819" class="post-1819 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized">
791	<div class="entry-meta">
792
793		3 Jun 21 &middot; 12:34 pm	</div><!-- .entry-meta -->
794
795	<h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://geokush.com/2021/06/03/pregnancy-outcomes-of-sinabung-evacuees/" rel="bookmark">Pregnancy Outcomes of Sinabung&nbsp;Evacuees</a></h2>	<div class="entry entry-content">
796		
797<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In 2010, I was in Kabanjahe, the capital of the Karo regency of North Sumatra, Indonesia, studying marriage and baptism records at the area&#8217;s longest standing Catholic church. I sought data on the decline of <a href="https://karoimpal.wordpress.com/"><em>impal</em> marriage</a> amongst the local Karo people. This was not my first trip to Taneh Karo. I had conducted a 12-month research project in two Karo villages for my PhD project.</p>
798
799
800
801<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There are two volcanoes jutting up from the plateau. The larger one, Gunung Sinabung, which I climbed on one of my earlier trips, had been <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinabung">dormant for 400 years</a>. I rode my motorbike past one of the best vantage points when I noticed smoke issuing from the top of the mountain. I stopped in a village and the people there had noticed too. The place was buzzing with talk of the mountain and the ominous white cloud emanating from the <em>puncak </em>(peak).</p>
802
803
804
805<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick37.jpg?w=800" alt="" class="wp-image-193" width="457" height="343" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick37.jpg?w=457 457w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick37.jpg?w=150 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick37.jpg?w=300 300w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick37.jpg?w=768 768w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick37.jpg 800w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 457px) 100vw, 457px" /><figcaption><em>Afternoon before first eruption of Sinabung (2010)</em></figcaption></figure>
806
807
808
809<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Just after midnight that evening, we felt a jarring of the earth, much like the frequent earthquakes I experienced growing up in the Los Angeles area. From the balcony of our rental home, we could see lava emitting from the Gunung Sinabung. Evacuees from near-by villages in the backs of pickup trucks and on motorbikes came flooding in. The next morning there were more eruptions that we could see clearly from Kabanjahe (see below). The eruptions have been occurring on-and-off <a href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=261080">continuously since that time</a>.</p>
810
811
812
813<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick44.jpg?w=600" alt="" class="wp-image-200" width="348" height="464" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick44.jpg?w=348 348w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick44.jpg?w=113 113w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick44.jpg?w=225 225w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/kushnick44.jpg 600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 348px) 100vw, 348px" /><figcaption><em>View from my home in Kabanjahe on morning after first eruption (2010)</em></figcaption></figure>
814
815
816
817<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Evacuating the Volcano</h3>
818
819
820
821<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The volcanic eruptions of Gunung Sinabung led to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinabung">evacuation of up to 17,000 people</a>. By and large, these people are Karo farmers who are tied to the land on which they make their living. The land is equally important for Karo <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12110-010-9082-4">reproduction</a> as it is for production. Some were able to return to their villages. Others lived in evacuation centres for extended periods. Others evacuated, returned, and re-evacuated. Some villages in the &#8216;red zone&#8217; have been abandoned permanently and the people relocated to a new village c
821alled <a href="https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icoposdev-17/25889803">Siosar</a>.</p>
822
823
824
825<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In 2014 I was awarded a Fulbright Scholars grant to continue <a href="https://karoimpal.wordpress.com/">my work</a> on the decline of cousin marriage. During that five-month trip, interested in the living conditions of displaced Karo people, I <a href="https://karoimpal.wordpress.com/2014/04/25/some-karo-villagers-still-displaced-by-sinabung-volcano/">visited</a> evacuees that were staying in various evacuation centres. I was inspired to conduct research on the health of Gunung Sinabung evacuees.</p>
826
827
828
829<p class="wp-block-paragraph">To protect the identities of the participants of our study, we borrowed images of the volcano and its evacuees from the Getty collection (see below).</p>
830
831
832
833<a id='vkkDRiGJTi5WuwDE16dyRA' class='gie-slideshow' href='https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/466474547' target='_blank' style='color:#a7a7a7;text-decoration:none;font-weight:normal !important;border:none;display:inline-block;'>Embed from Getty Images</a>
833<script>window.gie=window.gie||function(c){(gie.q=gie.q||[]).push(c)};gie(function(){gie.widgets.load({id:'vkkDRiGJTi5WuwDE16dyRA',sig:'jd9oil6Pb9qRxXQ5db-DKRn0nSc-waMWhet17nHSpm0=',w:'594px',h:'396px',items:'466474547,186800000,457188996,186799997,466349729',caption: false ,tld:'com',is360: false })});</script>
833<script src='//embed-cdn.gettyimages.com/widgets.js' charset='utf-8' async></script>
833
834
835
836
837<h3 class="wp-block-heading">New Paper</h3>
838
839
840
841<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In 2017-18, I teamed up with a colleague at The Australian National University, <a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/behie-am">Prof Alison Behie</a>, who is an expert at the effects of natural disasters on maternal and child health, and the Chair of the Department of Anthropology at University of North Sumatra, <a href="https://direktori.usu.ac.id/profile/eyJpdiI6IkpiR0oxUEFOYldFRWRJbWJMaGJRTWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOFMxaFlDUENOdU81RjdtNTBWSkd5Zz09IiwibWFjIjoiMmEzY2Q4NDc1OTYwZTNiNzIwZGFmNDI4NzY1ZDc4NTg3YmFjZjEzZTQ2ZWU5OWMwYzZiYmE2ZDg2ODRlYTY5YiJ9">Dr Fikarwin Zuska</a>, who provided logistical support. We received generous funding from the <a href="https://cass.anu.edu.au/">ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences</a> to support a round of fieldwork during which I would track down women who were pregnant during their evacuation. We wanted to compare their pregnancy outcomes with those of women who were pregnant at the same time but lived far enough away from the volcano to not have been evacuated.</p>
842
843
844
845<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The results of this study have been published in the <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.23628">American Journal of Human Biology</a></em>. We found that the 97 women who were pregnant during their evacuation had an almost five-fold increase in the adjusted odds of having an early or preterm birth compared to the matching sample of 97 non-evacuee women. We also found that births to evacuee women were 1 cm shorter, when controlling for potential confounding factors, than births to non-evacuees.</p>
846
847
848
849<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Our study is important because it adds to the growing evidence that natural disasters lead to poor maternal/child health outcomes. It is one of the first to show early births and shorter, but not underweight, newborns. It is also the first to address evacuation from volcanoes. This is important because we are rapidly approaching a climate change tipping point for volcanic eruptions to become more common, and because volcanoes are location-specific and, thus, lead to increased vulnerability for those already vulnerable.</p>
850
851
852
853<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p><strong>Kushnick G, Behie A, Zuska F (2021) </strong>Pregnancy outcomes among evacuees of the Sinabung volcano, 2010-2018 (North Sumatra, Indonesia): a matched cohort study.&nbsp;<em>Am J Hum Biol</em>, e23628.  <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.23628">Link</a> *</p></blockquote>
854
855
856
857<p class="has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph">* The paper is behind a paywall, which means it is not viewable outside a subscribing library or without purchase. The publisher allows us to post a pre-peer review version of the paper on our personal website, so we have done this. Peer review added to the quality of the paper but the overall conclusions remained unchanged. <a href="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/kushnick-et-al_sinabung_ajhb-3.pdf">Click here to see the free pre-peer review PDF</a>.</p>
858<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
859				data-shared="sharing-facebook-1819"
860				class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon"
861				href="https://geokush.com/2021/06/03/pregnancy-outcomes-of-sinabung-evacuees/?share=facebook"
862				target="_blank"
863				aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-1819"
864				>
865				<span id="sharing-facebook-1819" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span>
866				<span>Facebook</span>
867			</a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
868				data-shared="sharing-twitter-1819"
869				class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon"
870				href="https://geokush.com/2021/06/03/pregnancy-outcomes-of-sinabung-evacuees/?share=twitter"
871				target="_blank"
872				aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-1819"
873				>
874				<span id="sharing-twitter-1819" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span>
875				<span>X</span>
876			</a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
877				data-shared="sharing-email-1819"
878				class="share-email sd-button share-icon"
879				href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Pregnancy%20Outcomes%20of%20Sinabung%20Evacuees&#038;body=https%3A%2F%2Fgeokush.com%2F2021%2F06%2F03%2Fpregnancy-outcomes-of-sinabung-evacuees%2F&#038;share=email"
880				target="_blank"
881				aria-labelledby="sharing-email-1819"
882				data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you&#039;re having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="0224d10ecf" data-email-share-track-url="https://geokush.com/2021/06/03/pregnancy-outcomes-of-sinabung-evacuees/?share=email">
883				<span id="sharing-email-1819" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span>
884				<span>Email</span>
885			</a></li><li><a href="#" class="sharing-anchor sd-button share-more"><span>More</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul><div class="sharing-hidden"><div class="inner" style="display: none;"><ul><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
886				data-shared="sharing-linkedin-1819"
887				class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon"
888				href="https://geokush.com/2021/06/03/pregnancy-outcomes-of-sinabung-evacuees/?share=linkedin"
889				target="_blank"
890				aria-labelledby="sharing-linkedin-1819"
891				>
892				<span id="sharing-linkedin-1819" hidden>Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span>
893				<span>LinkedIn</span>
894			</a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
895				data-shared="sharing-pinterest-1819"
896				class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon"
897				href="https://geokush.com/2021/06/03/pregnancy-outcomes-of-sinabung-evacuees/?share=pinterest"
898				target="_blank"
899				aria-labelledby="sharing-pinterest-1819"
900				>
901				<span id="sharing-pinterest-1819" hidden>Share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)</span>
902				<span>Pinterest</span>
903			</a></li><li class="share-tumblr"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
904				data-shared="sharing-tumblr-1819"
905				class="share-tumblr sd-button share-icon"
906				href="https://geokush.com/2021/06/03/pregnancy-outcomes-of-sinabung-evacuees/?share=tumblr"
907				target="_blank"
908				aria-labelledby="sharing-tumblr-1819"
909				>
910				<span id="sharing-tumblr-1819" hidden>Share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)</span>
911				<span>Tumblr</span>
912			</a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
913				data-shared="sharing-reddit-1819"
914				class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon"
915				href="https://geokush.com/2021/06/03/pregnancy-outcomes-of-sinabung-evacuees/?share=reddit"
916				target="_blank"
917				aria-labelledby="sharing-reddit-1819"
918				>
919				<span id="sharing-reddit-1819" hidden>Share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span>
920				<span>Reddit</span>
921			</a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
922				data-shared="sharing-print-1819"
923				class="share-print sd-button share-icon"
924				href="https://geokush.com/2021/06/03/pregnancy-outcomes-of-sinabung-evacuees/?share=print"
925				target="_blank"
926				aria-labelledby="sharing-print-1819"
927				>
928				<span id="sharing-print-1819" hidden>Print (Opens in new window)</span>
929				<span>Print</span>
930			</a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-86743669-1819-6ac30b0573807' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20261005#blog_id=86743669&amp;post_id=1819&amp;origin=hbeanu.wordpress.com&amp;obj_id=86743669-1819-6ac30b0573807&amp;domain=geokush.com' data-name='like-post-frame-86743669-1819-6ac30b0573807' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div>			</div><!-- .entry-content -->
931	
932	<div class="entry-links">
933		<p class="comment-number"><a href="https://geokush.com/2021/06/03/pregnancy-outcomes-of-sinabung-evacuees/#respond">Leave a comment</a></p>
934
935					<p class="entry-categories tagged">Filed under <a href="https://geokush.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></p>
936			<p class="entry-tags tagged"></p>
937			</div><!-- .entry-links -->
938
939</div><!-- #post-## -->
940
941
942
943<div id="post-1727" class="post-1727 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized">
944	<div class="entry-meta">
945
946		26 Mar 20 &middot; 2:44 pm	</div><!-- .entry-meta -->
947
948	<h2 class="entry-title">
948<a href="https://geokush.com/2020/03/26/almost-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-evolution-of-human-reproductive-strategies-written-by-anu-students/" rel="bookmark">A Wiki Site with (Almost) Everything You Wanted to Know about the Evolution of Human Reproductive Strategies, written by ANU&nbsp;students</a></h2>	<div class="entry entry-content">
949		<p>Students enrolled in my course BIAN 2133/6133 (Human Reproductive Strategies) in Semester 2 of 2019 at The Australian National University wrote short topical articles about the evolution of human reproductive strategies and published them on a <a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/">class Wiki site</a>.</p>
950<p>I&#8217;m very proud of them for doing this project. I hope you find the fruits of their labour useful and interesting!</p>
951<p>Here&#8217;s a list of articles about the evolution of human mating:</p>
952<div class="list-pages-item">
953<div class="title">
954<ul>
955<li><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:a-muscular-male-body:a-result-of-female-mate-choice">A Muscular Male Body: A Result of Female Mate Choice?</a></li>
956</ul>
957</div>
958</div>
959<div class="list-pages-item">
960<div class="title">
961<ul>
962<li><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:body-modification-and-sexual-selection">Body Modification and Sexual Selection</a></li>
963</ul>
964</div>
965</div>
966<div class="list-pages-item">
967<div class="title">
968<ul>
969<li><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:body-odour-and-sexual-attraction-in-humans">Body Odour and Sexual Attraction in Humans</a></li>
970</ul>
971</div>
972</div>
973<div class="list-pages-item">
974<div class="title">
975<ul>
976<li><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:comparison-of-human-and-primate-mating-systems-with-the">Comparison of Human and Primate Mating Systems with the Application of Sexual Selection Theory</a></li>
977</ul>
978</div>
979</div>
980<div class="list-pages-item">
981<div class="title">
982<ul>
983<li><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:costly-signalling-in-the-meriam">Costly Signalling in the Meriam</a></li>
984</ul>
985</div>
986</div>
987<div class="list-pages-item">
988<div class="title">
989<ul>
990<li><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:deceptive-signalling-of-mate-quality-in-men">Deceptive Signalling of Mate Quality in Men</a></li>
991</ul>
992</div>
993</div>
994<div class="list-pages-item">
995<div class="title">
996<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:direct-benefits-and-mate-choice">Direct Benefits and Mate Choice</a></p>
997</div>
998</div>
999<div class="list-pages-item">
1000<div class="title">
1001<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:sex-role-reversal">Discussion of Three Hypotheses for the Evolution of Lekking</a></p>
1002</div>
1003</div>
1004<div class="list-pages-item">
1005<div class="title">
1006<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:evolution-of-mate-guarding">Evolution of Mate Guarding</a></p>
1007</div>
1008</div>
1009<div class="list-pages-item">
1010<div class="title">
1011<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:evolution-of-sex-based-differences-in-jealousy">Evolution of Sex-Based Differences in Jealousy</a></p>
1012</div>
1013</div>
1014<div class="list-pages-item">
1015<div class="title">
1016<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:evolutionary-mechanisms-influencing-mate-choice-within">Evolutionary Mechanisms Influencing Mate Choice Within Nonhuman Primates</a></p>
1017</div>
1018</div>
1019<div class="list-pages-item">
1020<div class="title">
1021<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:evolutionary-perspectives-on-altering-physical-appearan">Evolutionary Perspectives on Altering Physical Appearance</a></p>
1022</div>
1023</div>
1024<div class="list-pages-item">
1025<div class="title">
1026<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:female-waist-to-hip-ratio-and-attractiveness">Female Waist-to-Hip Ratio and Attractiveness</a></p>
1027</div>
1028</div>
1029<div class="list-pages-item">
1030<div class="title">
1031<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:foot-size-and-attractiveness">Foot Size and Attractiveness</a></p>
1032</div>
1033</div>
1034<div class="list-pages-item">
1035<div class="title">
1036<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:gender-differences-in-human-non-verbal-flirting-behavio">Gender Differences in Human Non-Verbal Flirting Behaviours</a></p>
1037</div>
1038</div>
1039<div class="list-pages-item">
1040<div class="title">
1041<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:human-breast-morphology-and-sexual-selection">Human Breast Morphology and Sexual Selection</a></p>
1042</div>
1043</div>
1044<div class="list-pages-item">
1045<div class="title">
1046<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:humour-as-a-sexually-selected-trait">Humour as a Sexually Selected Trait</a></p>
1047</div>
1048</div>
1049<div class="list-pages-item">
1050<div class="title">
1051<p>
1051<a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:intrasexual-competition-in-adolescent-girls">Intrasexual Competition in Adolescent Girls</a></p>
1052</div>
1053</div>
1054<div class="list-pages-item">
1055<div class="title">
1056<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:mate-choice-copying-in-humans">Mate Choice Copying in Humans</a></p>
1057</div>
1058</div>
1059<div class="list-pages-item">
1060<div class="title">
1061<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:mate-preference-and-the-ovulatory-cycle">Mate Preference and the Ovulatory Cycle</a></p>
1062<div class="list-pages-item">
1063<div class="title">
1064<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:physiological-costs-of-maternal-care">Operational Sex Ratio and Human Mate Choice</a></p>
1065</div>
1066</div>
1067<div class="list-pages-item">
1068<div class="title">
1069<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:quality-vs-quantity:why-do-post-demographic-transition">Quality vs Quantity: why do post-demographic transition societies have smaller families?</a></p>
1070</div>
1071</div>
1072<div class="list-pages-item">
1073<div class="title">
1074<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:rape-as-a-reproductive-strategy:fact-or-fiction">Rape as a Reproductive Strategy: Fact or Fiction?</a></p>
1075</div>
1076</div>
1077<div class="list-pages-item">
1078<div class="title">
1079<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:red-as-a-sexual-signal-in-humans">Red as a Sexual Signal In Humans</a></p>
1080</div>
1081</div>
1082<div class="list-pages-item">
1083<div class="title">
1084<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:religion-and-mating-strategies-in-evolutionary-perspect">Religion and Mating Strategies in Evolutionary Perspective</a></p>
1085</div>
1086</div>
1087<div class="list-pages-item">
1088<div class="title">
1089<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:sex-differences-in-human-mate-preferences">Sex Differences in Human Mate Preferences</a></p>
1090</div>
1091</div>
1092<div class="list-pages-item">
1093<div class="title">
1094<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:sexual-imprinting-and-mate-choice-in-humans">Sexual Imprinting and Mate Choice in Humans</a></p>
1095</div>
1096</div>
1097<div class="list-pages-item">
1098<div class="title">
1099<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:sexual-selection-of-beards">Sexual Selection of Beards</a></p>
1100</div>
1101</div>
1102<div class="list-pages-item">
1103<div class="title">
1104<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:tattoos-and-sexual-selection">Tattoos and Sexual Selection</a></p>
1105</div>
1106</div>
1107<div class="list-pages-item">
1108<div class="title">
1109<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:three-hypotheses-on-the-evolution-of-romantic-relations">Three Hypotheses on the Evolution of Romantic Relationships</a></p>
1110</div>
1111</div>
1112<div class="list-pages-item">
1113<div class="title">
1114<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:waist-to-hip-ratio-and-fertility">Waist to Hip ratio and Fertility</a></p>
1115<p>&nbsp;</p>
1116</div>
1117</div>
1118</div>
1119</div>
1120<p>Here&#8217;s a list of articles about the evolution of human parenting:</p>
1121<div class="list-pages-item">
1122<div class="title">
1123<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:allomaternal-care-in-non-human-primates">Allomaternal Care in Non-Human Primates</a></p>
1124</div>
1125</div>
1126<div class="list-pages-item">
1127<div class="title">
1128<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:discriminative-grandparental-solicitude:evolution-and-c">Discriminative Grandparental Solicitude: Evolution and Culture</a></p>
1129</div>
1130</div>
1131<div class="list-pages-item">
1132<div class="title">
1133<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:effect-of-offspring-age-on-parental-care">Effect of Offspring Age on Parental Care</a></p>
1134</div>
1135</div>
1136<div class="list-pages-item">
1137<div class="title">
1138<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:evolution-implications-and-selective-pressures-of-the-o">Evolution, Implications, and Selective Pressures of the Obstetric Dilemma</a></p>
1139</div>
1140</div>
1141<div class="list-pages-item">
1142<div class="title">
1143<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:evolution-of-biparental-care-in-humans">Evolution of Biparental Care in Humans</a></p>
1144</div>
1145</div>
1146<div class="list-pages-item">
1147<div class="title">
1148<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:evolutionary-perspectives-on-step-parental-investment">Evolutionary Perspectives on Step Parental Investment</a></p>
1149</div>
1150</div>
1151<div class="list-pages-item">
1152<div class="title">
1153<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:example-parenting">Example Parenting</a></p>
1154</div>
1155</div>
1156<div class="list-pages-item">
1157<div class="title">
1158<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:explanations-for-human-and-non-human-primate-infanticid">Explanations for Human and Non‐Human Primate Infanticide</a></p>
1159</div>
1160</div>
1161<div class="list-pages-item">
1162<div class="title">
1163<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:hormones-that-influence-paternal-care-in-nonhuman-prima">
1163Hormones That Influence Paternal Care Behaviors In Nonhuman Primates</a></p>
1164</div>
1165</div>
1166<div class="list-pages-item">
1167<div class="title">
1168<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:human-adoption-from-an-evolutionary-perspective">Human Adoption From An Evolutionary Perspective</a></p>
1169</div>
1170</div>
1171<div class="list-pages-item">
1172<div class="title">
1173<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:man-the-provider-a-debate-on-the-evolutionary-driver-be">Man, The Provider? A Debate on the Evolutionary Driver Behind Hunting Behaviour</a></p>
1174</div>
1175</div>
1176<div class="list-pages-item">
1177<div class="title">
1178<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:optimisation-of-the-quantity-quality-trade-off-in-weird">Optimisation of the Quantity-Quality Trade-off in WEIRD Societies</a></p>
1179</div>
1180</div>
1181<div class="list-pages-item">
1182<div class="title">
1183<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:paternity-certainty-and-paternal-care-in-humans">Paternity Certainty and Paternal Care in Humans</a></p>
1184</div>
1185</div>
1186<div class="list-pages-item">
1187<div class="title">
1188<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:physiological-cost-of-maternal-care">Physiological Costs of Maternal Care</a></p>
1189</div>
1190</div>
1191<div class="list-pages-item">
1192<div class="title">
1193<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:son-preference-in-the-evolutionary-perspective">Son preference in the evolutionary perspective</a></p>
1194</div>
1195</div>
1196<div class="list-pages-item">
1197<div class="title">
1198<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:the-cinderella-effect:violence-and-abuse-towards-stepch">The “Cinderella Effect”: Violence and Abuse Towards Stepchildren</a></p>
1199</div>
1200</div>
1201<div class="list-pages-item">
1202<div class="title">
1203<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:the-evolution-of-fatherhood-in-humans">The Evolution of Fatherhood in Humans</a></p>
1204</div>
1205</div>
1206<div class="list-pages-item">
1207<div class="title">
1208<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:the-grandmother-hypothesis">The Grandmother Hypothesis</a></p>
1209</div>
1210</div>
1211<div class="list-pages-item">
1212<div class="title">
1213<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:the-origin-of-paternal-investment-among-primates">The Origin of Paternal Investment Among Primates</a></p>
1214</div>
1215</div>
1216<div class="list-pages-item">
1217<div class="title">
1218<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:the-rarity-of-infanticide-amongst-bonobos">The Rarity of Infanticide Amongst Bonobos</a></p>
1219<div class="list-pages-item">
1220<div class="title">
1221<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:trivers-willard-hypothesis-and-human-parental-favouriti">Trivers‐Willard Hypothesis and Human Parental Favouritism</a></p>
1222</div>
1223</div>
1224<div class="list-pages-item">
1225<div class="title">
1226<p><a href="http://reprostrat.wikidot.com/wiki:why-females-tend-to-care-more">Why Females Tend to Care More</a></p>
1227</div>
1228</div>
1229</div>
1230</div>
1231<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1232				data-shared="sharing-facebook-1727"
1233				class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon"
1234				href="https://geokush.com/2020/03/26/almost-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-evolution-of-human-reproductive-strategies-written-by-anu-students/?share=facebook"
1235				target="_blank"
1236				aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-1727"
1237				>
1238				<span id="sharing-facebook-1727" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span>
1239				<span>Facebook</span>
1240			</a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1241				data-shared="sharing-twitter-1727"
1242				class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon"
1243				href="https://geokush.com/2020/03/26/almost-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-evolution-of-human-reproductive-strategies-written-by-anu-students/?share=twitter"
1244				target="_blank"
1245				aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-1727"
1246				>
1247				<span id="sharing-twitter-1727" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span>
1248				<span>X</span>
1249			</a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1250				data-shared="sharing-email-1727"
1251				class="share-email sd-button share-icon"
1252				href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20A%20Wiki%20Site%20with%20%28Almost%29%20Everything%2
12520You%20Wanted%20to%20Know%20about%20the%20Evolution%20of%20Human%20Reproductive%20Strategies%2C%20written%20by%20ANU%20students&#038;body=https%3A%2F%2Fgeokush.com%2F2020%2F03%2F26%2Falmost-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-evolution-of-human-reproductive-strategies-written-by-anu-students%2F&#038;share=email"
1253				target="_blank"
1254				aria-labelledby="sharing-email-1727"
1255				data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you&#039;re having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="58d760d9ab" data-email-share-track-url="https://geokush.com/2020/03/26/almost-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-evolution-of-human-reproductive-strategies-written-by-anu-students/?share=email">
1256				<span id="sharing-email-1727" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span>
1257				<span>Email</span>
1258			</a></li><li><a href="#" class="sharing-anchor sd-button share-more"><span>More</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul><div class="sharing-hidden"><div class="inner" style="display: none;"><ul><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1259				data-shared="sharing-linkedin-1727"
1260				class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon"
1261				href="https://geokush.com/2020/03/26/almost-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-evolution-of-human-reproductive-strategies-written-by-anu-students/?share=linkedin"
1262				target="_blank"
1263				aria-labelledby="sharing-linkedin-1727"
1264				>
1265				<span id="sharing-linkedin-1727" hidden>Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span>
1266				<span>LinkedIn</span>
1267			</a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1268				data-shared="sharing-pinterest-1727"
1269				class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon"
1270				href="https://geokush.com/2020/03/26/almost-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-evolution-of-human-reproductive-strategies-written-by-anu-students/?share=pinterest"
1271				target="_blank"
1272				aria-labelledby="sharing-pinterest-1727"
1273				>
1274				<span id="sharing-pinterest-1727" hidden>Share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)</span>
1275				<span>Pinterest</span>
1276			</a></li><li class="share-tumblr"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1277				data-shared="sharing-tumblr-1727"
1278				class="share-tumblr sd-button share-icon"
1279				href="https://geokush.com/2020/03/26/almost-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-evolution-of-human-reproductive-strategies-written-by-anu-students/?share=tumblr"
1280				target="_blank"
1281				aria-labelledby="sharing-tumblr-1727"
1282				>
1283				<span id="sharing-tumblr-1727" hidden>Share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)</span>
1284				<span>Tumblr</span>
1285			</a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1286				data-shared="sharing-reddit-1727"
1287				class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon"
1288				href="https://geokush.com/2020/03/26/almost-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-evolution-of-human-reproductive-strategies-written-by-anu-students/?share=reddit"
1289				target="_blank"
1290				aria-labelledby="sharing-reddit-1727"
1291				>
1292				<span id="sharing-reddit-1727" hidden>Share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span>
1293				<span>Reddit</span>
1294			</a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1295				data-shared="sharing-print-1727"
1296				class="share-print sd-button share-icon"
1297				href="https://geokush.com/2020/03/26/almost-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-evolution-of-human-reproductive-strategies-written-by-anu-students/?share=print"
1298				target="_blank"
1299				aria-labelledby="sharing-print-1727"
1300				>
1301				<span id="sharing-print-1727" hidden>Print (Opens in new window)</span>
1302				<span>Print</span>
1303			</a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-86743669-1727-6ac30b057684c' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20261005#blog_id=86743669&amp;post_id=1727&amp;origin=hbeanu.wordpress.com&amp;obj_id=86743669-1727-6ac30b057684c&amp;domain=geokush.com' data-name='like-post-frame-86743669-1727-6ac30b057684c' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div>			</div><!-- .entry-content -->
1304	
1305	<div class="entry-links">
1306		<p class="comment-number"><a href="https://geokush.com/2020/03/26/almost-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-evolution-of-human-reproductive-strategies-written-by-anu-students/#respond">Leave a comment</a></p>
1307
1308					<p class="entry-categories tagged">Filed under <a href="https://geokush.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></p>
1309			<p class="entry-tags tagged"></p>
1310			</div><!-- .entry-links -->
1311
1312</div><!-- #post-## -->
1313
1314
1315
1316<div id="post-1639" class="post-1639 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-analysis-working-papers tag-analysis tag-regression">
1317	<div class="entry-meta">
1318
1319		17 Feb 20 &middot; 12:39 pm	</div><!-- .entry-meta -->
1320
1321	<h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://geokush.com/2020/02/17/regression-analysis-in-biological-anthropology/" rel="bookmark">Analysis Working Papers: Regression Analysis in Biological&nbsp;Anthropology</a></h2>	<div class="entry entry-content">
1322		<p><strong>What is Regression?</strong></p>
1323<p>Regression analysis comprises several related analytical tools that are useful to researchers in a variety of disciplines, including biological anthropology. Different styles of regression are available for different types of dependent variables (see Table 1 for a non-exhaustive list) and can accommodate a wide range of contexts that are challenging for many standard statistical methods, including controlling for any number of potential confounding variables, adjusting for non-independent sampling units, and using cases that have missing data.</p>
1324<p><div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1642" style="width: 666px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1642" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1642" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/table-1.jpg" alt="table 1" width="656" height="140" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/table-1.jpg 656w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/table-1.jpg?w=150&amp;h=32 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/table-1.jpg?w=300&amp;h=64 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 656px) 100vw, 656px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1642" class="wp-caption-text"><strong>Table 1.</strong>   Some types of regression.</p></div></p>
1325<p>Most types of regression analysis can be used to: (a) test hypotheses about the association between variables, (b) model the relationship between variables and provide measures of the strength of model fit and proportion of variation in a dependent variable explained by the independent variables, and (c) build equations that can be used for prediction. Regression analysis can accommodate any number of independent variables, ranging from the simplest cases where you are interested in the effect of a single independent variable on the dependent variable, to the case of multiple regression where you are interested in two or more independent variables. The simplest case is where the independent variables are continuous, but other types of independent variables can be accommodated. Table 2 introduces some resources for issues in the application of regression analysis.</p>
1326<p><div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1643" style="width: 667px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1643" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1643" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/table-2.jpg" alt="table 2" width="657" height="398" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/table-2.jpg 657w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/table-2.jpg?w=150&amp;h=91 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/table-2.jpg?w=300&amp;h=182 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 657px) 100vw, 657px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1643" class="wp-caption-text"><strong>Table 2. </strong> Resources for issues in the application of regression analysis.</p></div></p>
1327<p><strong>References</strong></p>
1328<p>Agresti, A. (2013). <em>Categorical data analysis</em> (3E). NY: Wiley.</p>
1329<p>Allison, P.D. (2001). <em>Missing data</em>. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.</p>
1330<p>Allison, P.D. (2014). <em>Event history and survival analysis</em>. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.</p>
1331<p>Burnham, K. P., &amp; Anderson, D. R. (2004). Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. <em>Sociological Methods &amp; Research</em>, 33, 261-304.</p>
1332<p>Coxe, S., West, S. G., &amp; Aiken, L. S. (2009). The analysis of count data: A gentle introduction to Poisson regression and its alternatives. <em>Journal of Personality Assessment</em>, 91(2), 121-136.</p>
1333<p>Gelman, A., &amp; Hill, J. (2007). <em>Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models</em>
1333. NY: Cambridge University Press.</p>
1334<p>Graham, M. H. (2003). Confronting multicollinearity in ecological multiple regression. <em>Ecology</em>, 84(11), 2809-15.</p>
1335<p>Graubard, B. I., &amp; Korn, E. L. (1994). Regression analysis with clustered data. <em>Statistics in Medicine</em>, 13, 509-522.</p>
1336<p>Hardy, M. A. (1993). <em>Regression with dummy variables</em>. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.</p>
1337<p>Harrison, X. A., Donaldson, L., Correa-Cano, et al. (2018). A brief introduction to mixed effects modelling and multi-model inference in ecology. <em>PeerJ</em>, 6, e4794.</p>
1338<p>Hilba, J.M. (2009). <em>Logistic regression models</em>. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.</p>
1339<p>Hosmer, D.W. (2008). <em>Applied survival analysis: Regression modeling of time-to-event data</em>. NJ: Wiley.</p>
1340<p>Hosmer, D.W., Lemeshow, S., &amp; Sturdivant, R.X. (2013). <em>Applied logistic regression</em> (3E). NY: John Wiley.</p>
1341<p>Klein, J.P. (2016) <em>Handbook of survival analysis</em>. London: CRC Press.</p>
1342<p>Jaccard, J. (2001). <em>Interaction effects in logistic regression</em>. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.</p>
1343<p>Jaccard, J., Turrisi, R., &amp; Wan, C. K. (1990). <em>Interaction effects in multiple regression</em>. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.</p>
1344<p>Johnson, J., &amp; Omland, K. S. (2004). Model selection in ecology and evolution. <em>Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution</em>, 19(2), 101-108.</p>
1345<p>Mckinnon, A. (2010). The use and reporting of multiple imputation in medical research &#8212; a review.<em> Journal of Internal Medicine</em>, 268, 586-593.</p>
1346<p>McNamee, R. (2005). Regression modelling and other methods to control confounding. <em>Occupational and Environmental Medicine, </em>62, 500-506.</p>
1347<p>Montgomery, D.C. (2013). <em>Introduction to linear regression analysis</em> (5E). Somerset: John Wiley and Sons.</p>
1348<p>O’Brien, R. (2007). A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. <em>Quality &amp; Quantity</em>, 41, 673.</p>
1349<p>Palmer, P. B., &amp; O&#8217;Connell, D. G. (2009). Regression analysis for prediction: Understanding the process. <em>Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal</em>, 20(3), 23-26.</p>
1350<p>Weisberg, S. (2014). <em>Applied linear regression</em>. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.</p>
1351<p>Westfall, J., &amp; Yarkoni, T. (2016). Statistically controlling for confounding constructs is harder than you think. <em>PLoS ONE</em>, 11(3), e0152719.</p>
1352<blockquote><p>Written by:<br />
1353<strong>Dr Geoff Kushnick </strong>([email protected])<br />
1354The Australian National University, Canberra</p>
1355<p>Download a PDF copy of this post by clicking <a title="regression-in-bian-kushnick-2020" href="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/regression-in-bian-kushnick-2020.pdf">here</a>.</p>
1356<p><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" rel="license"><img src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" alt="Creative Commons License" /></a><br />
1357This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a></p></blockquote>
1358<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1359				data-shared="sharing-facebook-1639"
1360				class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon"
1361				href="https://geokush.com/2020/02/17/regression-analysis-in-biological-anthropology/?share=facebook"
1362				target="_blank"
1363				aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-1639"
1364				>
1365				<span id="sharing-facebook-1639" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span>
1366				<span>Facebook</span>
1367			</a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1368				data-shared="sharing-twitter-1639"
1369				class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon"
1370				href="https://geokush.com/2020/02/17/regression-analysis-in-biological-anthropology/?share=twitter"
1371				target="_blank"
1372				aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-1639"
1373				>
1374				<span id="sharing-twitter-1639" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span>
1375				<span>X</span>
1376			</a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1377				data-shared="sharing-email-1639"
1378				class="share-email sd-button share-icon"
1379				href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Analysis%20Working%20Papers%3A%20Regression%20Analysis%20in%20Biological%20Anthropology&#038;body=https%3A%2F%2Fgeokush.com%2F2020%2F02%2F17%2Fregression-analysis-in-biological-anthropology%2F&#038;share=email"
1380				target="_blank"
1381				aria-labelledby="sharing-email-1639"
1382				data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you&#039;re having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="c28d8aecea" data-email-share-track-url="https://geokush.com/2020/02/17/regression-analysis-in-biological-anthropology/?share=email">
1383				<span id="sharing-email-1639" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span>
1384				<span>Email</span>
1385			</a></li><li><a href="#" class="sharing-anchor sd-button share-more"><span>More</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul><div class="sharing-hidden"><div class="inner" style="display: none;"><ul><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1386				data-shared="sharing-linkedin-1639"
1387				class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon"
1388				href="https://geokush.com/2020/02/17/regression-analysis-in-biological-anthropology/?share=linkedin"
1389				target="_blank"
1390				aria-labelledby="sharing-linkedin-1639"
1391				>
1392				<span id="sharing-linkedin-1639" hidden>Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span>
1393				<span>LinkedIn</span>
1394			</a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1395				data-shared="sharing-pinterest-1639"
1396				class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon"
1397				href="https://geokush.com/2020/02/17/regression-analysis-in-biological-anthropology/?share=pinterest"
1398				target="_blank"
1399				aria-labelledby="sharing-pinterest-1639"
1400				>
1401				<span id="sharing-pinterest-1639" hidden>Share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)</span>
1402				<span>Pinterest</span>
1403			</a></li><li class="share-tumblr"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1404				data-shared="sharing-tumblr-1639"
1405				class="share-tumblr sd-button share-icon"
1406				href="https://geokush.com/2020/02/17/regression-analysis-in-biological-anthropology/?share=tumblr"
1407				target="_blank"
1408				aria-labelledby="sharing-tumblr-1639"
1409				>
1410				<span id="sharing-tumblr-1639" hidden>Share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)</span>
1411				<span>Tumblr</span>
1412			</a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1413				data-shared="sharing-reddit-1639"
1414				class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon"
1415				href="https://geokush.com/2020/02/17/regression-analysis-in-biological-anthropology/?share=reddit"
1416				target="_blank"
1417				aria-labelledby="sharing-reddit-1639"
1418				>
1419				<span id="sharing-reddit-1639" hidden>Share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span>
1420				<span>Reddit</span>
1421			</a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1422				data-shared="sharing-print-1639"
1423				class="share-print sd-button share-icon"
1424				href="https://geokush.com/2020/02/17/regression-analysis-in-biological-anthropology/?share=print"
1425				target="_blank"
1426				aria-labelledby="sharing-print-1639"
1427				>
1428				<span id="sharing-print-1639" hidden>Print (Opens in new window)</span>
1429				<span>Print</span>
1430			</a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-86743669-1639-6ac30b0579b49' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20261005#blog_id=86743669&amp;post_id=1639&amp;origin=hbeanu.wordpress.com&amp;obj_id=86743669-1639-6ac30b0579b49&amp;domain=geokush.com' data-name='like-post-frame-86743669-1639-6ac30b0579b49' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div>			</div><!-- .entry-content -->
1431	
1432	<div class="entry-links">
1433		<p class="comment-number"><a href="https://geokush.com/2020/02/17/regression-analysis-in-biological-anthropology/#respond">Leave a comment</a></p>
1434
1435					<p class="entry-categories tagged">Filed under <a href="https://geokush.com/category/analysis-working-papers/" rel="category tag">Analysis Working Papers</a></p>
1436			<p class="entry-tags tagged">Tagged as <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/analysis/" rel="tag">Analysis</a>, <a href="https://geokush.com/tag/regression/" rel="tag">Regression</a><br /></p>
1437			</div><!-- .entry-links -->
1438
1439</div><!-- #post-## -->
1440
1441
1442
1443<div id="post-1599" class="post-1599 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized">
1444	<div class="entry-meta">
1445
1446		4 Aug 19 &middot; 3:24 pm	</div><!-- .entry-meta -->
1447
1448	<h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://geokush.com/2019/08/04/new-study-on-cross-cultural-variation-in-jealous-response-is-another-win-for-human-behavioural-ecology/" rel="bookmark">New study on cross-cultural variation in jealous response is another win for human behavioural&nbsp;ecology</a></h2>	<div class="entry entry-content">
1449		<p><div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1606" style="width: 251px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1606" loading="lazy" class=" wp-image-1606" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/karoman.jpg" alt="Karo Man" width="241" height="311" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/karoman.jpg?w=241&amp;h=310 241w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/karoman.jpg?w=117&amp;h=150 117w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/karoman.jpg?w=233&amp;h=300 233w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/karoman.jpg 320w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 241px) 100v
1449w, 241px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1606" class="wp-caption-text">Man holding a baby in a Karo village (picture taken by and copyright to Geoff Kushnick)</p></div></p>
1450<p>In one of the classes I teach at The Australian National University &#8212; &#8220;Evolution and Human Behaviour&#8221; (<a href="https://programsandcourses.anu.edu.au/course/BIAN3124">BIAN 3124</a>) &#8212; I teach the students about the diverse evolutionary approaches that have been use to study human behaviour.</p>
1451<p>In my section on evolutionary psychology, I use a little experiment with the students to drive home some of the key concepts. I present them with a handful of questions about infidelity and we, invariably, find that the males in the class report much more concern about sexual infidelity than the females. The opposite is found for emotional infidelity. We, thus, replicate the finding of a sex difference touted by evolutionary psychology as one of their great successes (Buss 2018; Sagarin et al. 2012).</p>
1452<p>You see, the fitness payoff to males for investing in offspring is always tempered by the probability that they are being &#8220;tricked&#8221; into investing in an offspring that is not their own. Women don&#8217;t have to worry about this. One way for men to win this game is to adopt behaviours that serve to maximize the probability they have sired the offspring for which they are caring.</p>
1453<p>Jealousy is viewed as a strategy that can provide this result. Since this has been a recurring theme throughout human evolutionary history, evolutionary psychologists argue that you should see more intense jealousy evoked by sexual infidelity in men. In women, emotional jealousy is predicted to be more common. These patterns should hold up regardless of cultural background. It should be a <em>universal</em>.</p>
1454<p>On the face of it, the hypothesis has fared well when tested in a variety of settings, including cross-cultural ones.</p>
1455<p>As a human behavioural ecologist, I&#8217;m relatively uncomfortable with the concept of universality &#8212; and refer you to my paper &#8220;Why do the Karo Batak Prefer Women with Big Feet?&#8221; for more discussion (Kushnick 2013). People adapt to their environments via culture and biology, and since humans live in such a diverse range of socioecological settings I would expect human behaviour to be more complex than that. For most things, I expect humans to adopt flexible, conditional strategies.</p>
1456<p>According to pioneers of the field, Winterhalder and Smith (2000), said:</p>
1457<blockquote><p>[Human behavioural ecology] usually frames the study of adaptive design in terms of <em>decision rules</em>, or <em>conditional strategies</em>: &#8220;In the context of X, do α; in context Y, switch to β.&#8221;</p></blockquote>
1458<p>Why shouldn&#8217;t this logic apply to sexual jealousy as well? The benefits of acting jealously to stave off the chance of becoming a cuckold should vary with a number of socioenvironmental factors, not the least of which is the degree to which a man will provide investment (time, resources, etc) to his putative offspring. This is exactly the logic which led my colleague Brooke Scelza (an anthropologist at UCLA, who &#8212; like me &#8212; did her PhD under the supervision of the aforementioned Eric Alden Smith) to design a project whereby a number of us would conduct the experiment in different small-scale societies. Brooke takes you behind the scenes <a href="https://socialsciences.nature.com/users/266380-brooke-scelza/posts/51390-breaking-down-the-false-dichotomy-of-universality-and-variation-evidence-for-both-in-a-cross-cultural-study-of-jealousy">here</a>.</p>
1459<p>I conducted the experiment in rural North Sumatra, Indonesia, amongst a group of people referred to as the Karo that I have been working with for over 10 years. The Karo are one of the so-called &#8220;Batak&#8221; groups who share some similarities, like a stated preferences for marriages with their matrilateral cross cousins &#8212; an aspect of their society that I have studied (Kushnick et al 2016).</p>
1460<p>The results of this research, conducted with over 1000 subjects in 11 societies, have recently been published in <a href="https://rdcu.be/bLiqw"><em>Nature Human Behaviour</em></a> (Scelza et al 2019). The article sits, unfortunately, behind a paywall, but the publisher has made a readable, but not downloadable version of the <a href="https://rdcu.be/bLiqw">PDF available for free</a>.</p>
1461<p><div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1611" style="width: 510px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1611" loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-1611" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/map-1.jpg" alt="map" width="500" height="237" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/map-1.jpg?w=500&amp;h=237 500w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/map-1.jpg?w=150&amp;h=71 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/map-1.jpg?w=300&amp;h=142 300w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/map-1.jpg 720w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 500px) 100v
1461w, 500px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1611" class="wp-caption-text">Map of field sites in Scelza et al (2019)</p></div></p>
1462<p>We found that jealous response, indeed, varied with the degree to which males were involved in parental care in those societies, as well as with the strictness of sociosexual norms, which are correlated with the male&#8217;s familial role in those societies.</p>
1463<p>We consider this a big win for human behavioural ecology, but a small step in the understanding of human nature and behaviour.</p>
1464<p>The research has received some press coverage:</p>
1465<ul>
1466<li><a href="https://www.college.ucla.edu/2019/07/25/study-finds-cultural-differences-in-attitudes-toward-infidelity-jealousy/">UCLA News</a></li>
1467<li><a href="https://www.miragenews.com/study-finds-cultural-differences-in-attitudes-toward-infidelity-jealousy/">Mirage News</a></li>
1468<li><a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/news/all-news/hands-on-dads-more-prone-to-jealousy-in-face-of-infidelity">ANU News</a></li>
1469<li><a href="https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-07-hands-on-dads-prone-jealousy-infidelity.html">Medical Express</a></li>
1470</ul>
1471<p>And Brooke was chuffed to see this comment from David Buss on Twitter:</p>
1472<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
1473<p dir="ltr" lang="en">This is such a cool paper. A great demonstration of how evolutionary hypotheses can predict cultural variation as well as universal sex differences&#8230;in this case in the powerful emotion of jealousy. <a href="https://t.co/fS3eMlhpqC">https://t.co/fS3eMlhpqC</a></p>
1474<p>— David Buss (@ProfDavidBuss) <a href="https://twitter.com/ProfDavidBuss/status/1153465156648820737?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">July 23, 2019</a></p></blockquote>
1475<h2>References:</h2>
1476<p>Buss DM (2018). Sexual and emotional infidelity: evolved gender differences in jealousy prove robust and replicable. <em>Perspectives in Psychological Science</em>, 13, 155-160.</p>
1477<p>Kushnick, G. (2013) Why do the Karo Batak prefer women with big feet? Flexible mate preferences and the notion that one size fits all. <em>Human Nature</em>, 24, 268-79. <a title="KaroBigFeet" href="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/karobigfeet.pdf">PDF</a>  <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12110-013-9171-2">Link</a></p>
1478<p>Kushnick G, Fessler DMT, Zuska F (2016) Disgust, gender, and social change: Testing alternative explanations for the decline of cousin marriage in Karo society. <em>Human Nature</em>, 27, 533-555.  <a title="impal-experiment_kushnick-et-al_2016" href="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/impal-experiment_kushnick-et-al_2016.pdf">PDF</a>   <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12110-016-9263-x">Link</a>  <a href="https://geokush.com/2016/08/07/decline-of-cousin-marriage-among-the-karo-a-case-of-sexual-conflict/">Blog</a>  <a href="https://figshare.com/articles/Impal_Experiment_Data_Codebook_and_Data_Form/1619669">Data</a></p>
1479<p>Sagarin BJ, et al (2012). Sex differences in jealousy: a meta-analytic examination. <em>Evolution and Human Behaviour</em>, 33, 595-614.</p>
1480<p>Scelza BA, Prall S, Blumenfeld T, Crittenden A, Gurven M, Kline M, Koster J, Kushnick G, Mattison SM, Pillsworth E, Shenk M, Starkweather K, Stieglitz J, Sum, C-Y, Yamaguchi K, McElreath R (2019) Patterns of paternal investment explain cross-cultural variance in jealous response. <em>Nature Human Behaviour</em>.  <a href="https://rdcu.be/bLiqw">PDF</a>  <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-019-0654-y">Link</a></p>
1481<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1482				data-shared="sharing-facebook-1599"
1483				class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon"
1484				href="https://geokush.com/2019/08/04/new-study-on-cross-cultural-variation-in-jealous-response-is-another-win-for-human-behavioural-ecology/?share=facebook"
1485				target="_blank"
1486				aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-1599"
1487				>
1488				<span id="sharing-facebook-1599" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span>
1489				<span>Facebook</span>
1490			</a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1491				data-shared="sharing-twitter-1599"
1492				class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon"
1493				href="https://geokush.com/2019/08/04/new-study-on-cross-cultural-variation-in-jealous-response-is-another-win-for-human-behavioural-ecology/?share=twitter"
1494				target="_blank"
1495				aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-1599"
1496				>
1497				<span id="sharing-twitter-1599" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span>
1498				<span>X</span>
1499			</a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1500				data-shared="sharing-email-1599"
1501				class="share-email sd-button share-icon"
1502				href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20New%20study%20on%20cross-cultural%20variation%20in%20jealous%20response%20is%20another%20win%20for%20human%20behavioural%20ecology&#038;body=https%3A%2F%2Fgeokush.com%2F2019%2F08%2F04%2Fnew-study-on-cross-cultural-variation-in-jealous-response-is-another-win-for-human-behavioural-ecology%2F&#038;share=email"
1503				target="_blank"
1504				aria-labelledby="sharing-email-1599"
1505				data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you&#039;re having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="6e203af1bc" data-email-share-track-url="https://geokush.com/2019/08/04/new-study-on-cross-cultural-variation-in-jealous-response-is-another-win-for-human-behavioural-ecology/?share=email">
1506				<span id="sharing-email-1599" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span>
1507				<span>Email</span>
1508			</a></li><li><a href="#" class="sharing-anchor sd-button share-more"><span>More</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul><div class="sharing-hidden"><div class="inner" style="display: none;"><ul><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1509				data-shared="sharing-linkedin-1599"
1510				class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon"
1511				href="https://geokush.com/2019/08/04/new-study-on-cross-cultural-variation-in-jealous-response-is-another-win-for-human-behavioural-ecology/?share=linkedin"
1512				target="_blank"
1513				aria-labelledby="sharing-linkedin-1599"
1514				>
1515				<span id="sharing-linkedin-1599" hidden>Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span>
1516				<span>LinkedIn</span>
1517			</a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1518				data-shared="sharing-pinterest-1599"
1519				class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon"
1520				href="https://geokush.com/2019/08/04/new-study-on-cross-cultural-variation-in-jealous-response-is-another-win-for-human-behavioural-ecology/?share=pinterest"
1521				target="_blank"
1522				aria-labelledby="sharing-pinterest-1599"
1523				>
1524				<span id="sharing-pinterest-1599" hidden>Share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)</span>
1525				<span>Pinterest</span>
1526			</a></li><li class="share-tumblr"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1527				data-shared="sharing-tumblr-1599"
1528				class="share-tumblr sd-button share-icon"
1529				href="https://geokush.com/2019/08/04/new-study-on-cross-cultural-variation-in-jealous-response-is-another-win-for-human-behavioural-ecology/?share=tumblr"
1530				target="_blank"
1531				aria-labelledby="sharing-tumblr-1599"
1532				>
1533				<span id="sharing-tumblr-1599" hidden>Share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)</span>
1534				<span>Tumblr</span>
1535			</a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1536				data-shared="sharing-reddit-1599"
1537				class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon"
1538				href="https://geokush.com/2019/08/04/new-study-on-cross-cultural-variation-in-jealous-response-is-another-win-for-human-behavioural-ecology/?share=reddit"
1539				target="_blank"
1540				aria-labelledby="sharing-reddit-1599"
1541				>
1542				<span id="sharing-reddit-1599" hidden>Share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span>
1543				<span>Reddit</span>
1544			</a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1545				data-shared="sharing-print-1599"
1546				class="share-print sd-button share-icon"
1547				href="https://geokush.com/2019/08/04/new-study-on-cross-cultural-variation-in-jealous-response-is-another-win-for-human-behavioural-ecology/?share=print"
1548				target="_blank"
1549				aria-labelledby="sharing-print-1599"
1550				>
1551				<span id="sharing-print-1599" hidden>Print (Opens in new window)</span>
1552				<span>Print</span>
1553			</a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-86743669-1599-6ac30b057cee2' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20261005#blog_id=86743669&amp;post_id=1599&amp;origin=hbeanu.wordpress.com&amp;obj_id=86743669-1599-6ac30b057cee2&amp;domain=geokush.com' data-name='like-post-frame-86743669-1599-6ac30b057cee2' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div>			</div><!-- .entry-content -->
1554	
1555	<div class="entry-links">
1556		<p class="comment-number"><a href="https://geokush.com/2019/08/04/new-study-on-cross-cultural-variation-in-jealous-response-is-another-win-for-human-behavioural-ecology/#respond">Leave a comment</a></p>
1557
1558					<p class="entry-categories tagged">Filed under <a href="https://geokush.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></p>
1559			<p class="entry-tags tagged"></p>
1560			</div><!-- .entry-links -->
1561
1562</div><!-- #post-## -->
1563
1564
1565
1566<div id="post-1583" class="post-1583 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized">
1567	<div class="entry-meta">
1568
1569		4 Mar 19 &middot; 11:20 am	</div><!-- .entry-meta -->
1570
1571	<h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://geokush.com/2019/03/04/eugenics-in-australia-the-secret-of-melbournes-elite/" rel="bookmark">Eugenics in Australia: The secret of Melbourne&#8217;s elite</a></h2>	<div class="entry entry-content">
1572		<p><em>Written by:<br />
1573</em><strong><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/ross-l-jones-4293">Ross L Jones</a></strong><br />
1574Post-Doctoral Research Fellow in History<br />
1575<em><a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-sydney-841">University of Sydney</a></em></p>
1576<figure>
1577<p><div style="width: 764px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/3752/original/Flickr_Science_Museum_London.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;rect=39%2C72%2C951%2C705&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="Flickr science museum london.jpg?ixlib=rb 1.1" width="754" height="559" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Francis Galton pioneered the concept of eugenics in this lab in London in the late 19th century. (<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Flickr/Science Museum London)</span></span></p></div></p>
1578</figure>
1579<p>Eugenics — the science of improving the race —was a powerful influence on the development of Western civilisation in the first half of the twentieth century. And Melbourne’s elite were among its chief proponents.</p>
1580<p>In this period all the institutions and practices of modern societies came into being and eugenics played an important role in moulding them.</p>
1581<p>As the home of the Australian federal government in the early decades of the twentieth century, Melbourne was the ideal place for activists wishing to pursue a national eugenic agenda.</p>
1582<h2>The role of the University of Melbourne</h2>
1583<p>An important leader of this loose alignment of like-thinking middle class academics and doctors was the Professor of Anatomy at Melbourne University from 1903 to 1929, <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/berry-richard-james-arthur-5220">Richard Berry</a>. His influence extended beyond the university, which still has a building bearing his name, to some of the most important members of the city’s society.</p>
1584<p>Although there was a short-lived Eugenics Education Society, until the founding of the <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2973082/pdf/eugenrev00224-0033.pdf">Eugenics Society of Victoria</a> in 1936 eugenicists operated primarily as a pressure group within the university, the education department and various government agencies and committees.</p>
1585<h2>Legalising eugenics</h2>
1586<p>Important legislation, in the form of three Mental Deficiency Bills,<a href="http://mlsv.org.au/files/1939-1941/28th%20September%201940,%20The%20Treatment%20of%20Mental%20Deficiency%20in%20Victoria%20by%20Guy%20Springthorpe,%20M.R.C.P.%20.pdf"> was presented to the parliament</a> in 1926, 1929 and 1939 by the <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/argyle-sir-stanley-seymour-5049">Premier Stanley Argyle</a>, a friend and colleague of Berry.</p>
1587<p>The bill aimed to institutionalise and potentially sterilise a significant proportion of the population &#8211; those seen as inefficient. Included in the group were slum dwellers, homosexuals, prostitutes, alcoholics, as well as those with small heads and with low IQs. The Aboriginal population was also seen to fall within this group.</p>
1588<p>The first two attempts to enact the bills failed not due to any significant opposition but rather because of the unstable political climate and the fall of governments.</p>
1589<p>The third in 1939 was passed unanimously, but not enacted in the first instance because of the outbreak of war and, later, due to the embarrassment of the <a href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007062">Holocaust</a>.</p>
1590<p>
1590Other state parliaments were inspired to also institute such legislation by Berry’s many town hall lectures across the nation.</p>
1591<p>Important national <a href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/23788117?searchTerm=&amp;searchLimits=l-title=The+Mercury+%28Hobart%2C...%7Ctitleid%3A10%7C%7C%7Cl-decade=192%7C%7C%7Cl-year=1925">Royal Commissions in the 1920s</a> also recommended a range of eugenic reforms including measures relating to child endowment, marriage laws and pensions.</p>
1592<h2>National survey</h2>
1593<p>Perhaps the culmination of all this activity was the commissioning of a <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10314610802663027#preview">national survey of mental deficiency</a> by the Federal Minister for health, Sir Neville Howse, in 1928.</p>
1594<p>It was carried out by Berry’s colleague, the Chief Inspector for the Insane in Victorian <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-william-ernest-6882">William Ernest Jones</a>. In it, he claimed that the statistics collected showed the incidence of mental deficiency was rising, mainly due to genetics, and was more often found in the working class. He concluded that it required urgent government action along the lines previously championed by Berry. It was tabled before parliament and created a sensation in the press.</p>
1595<p>Little happened, however, as the government fell and the <a href="http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/great-depression">Great Depression</a> hit the nation. The Director of the Department of Health, <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cumpston-john-howard-lidgett-5846">John Cumpston</a>, claimed that the dire financial situation destroyed any chance of such a reform.</p>
1596<h2>Eugenics in education</h2>
1597<p>Another important influence of eugenic thinking was found in the development of post-primary education in Victoria.</p>
1598<p>The most important educationalists involved in the radical developments in the development of secondary and technical schools in Victoria were either active in eugenic circles or closely associated with Berry.</p>
1599<p>Perhaps the most influential, the first director of education, <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/tate-frank-8748">Frank Tate</a>, was associated on most important government bodies with Berry and strongly supported his research on head size and, on occasions, introduced his public lectures.</p>
1600<p>Others, such as the <a href="http://www.acer.edu.au/library/who-was-cunningham">first Director</a> of the Carnegie funded Australian Council for Educational Research, Kenneth Cunningham, as well as one of the most significant early psychologists, Chris McRae, published research claiming to show that working class children were unfit for academic secondary education and the university study that it led to.</p>
1601<p>McRae replicated in Melbourne suburbs research carried out in a variety of different socio-economic suburbs of London. He subsequently reported in the <a href="http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1596823">Victorian Education Gazette</a> (sent out to every state school primary teacher) that those in schools in poorer suburbs “will never go to university and should not follow the same curriculum … people live in slums because they are mentally deficient and not vice-versa”.</p>
1602<p>As a consequence, in this period the Victorian Education Department set up technical schools in the poorer suburbs of Melbourne with just a few academic high schools.</p>
1603<p>In comparison, in New South Wales the Director of Education, <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/board-peter-5275">Peter Board</a>, vigorously opposed such thinking and championed higher education opportunity for all. Many more state school children in New South Wales were given an academic secondary education and went on to university.</p>
1604<h2>The spread of the movement</h2>
1605<p>Richard Berry returned to England in 1929 but<br />
1606others took up the mantle, founding the <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2973082/pdf/eugenrev00224-0033.pdf">Eugenics Society of Victoria</a>.</p>
1607<p>Its membership read like a who’s who of Melbourne’s elite including the <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/rivett-sir-albert-cherbury-david-8512">Chief Executive Officer</a> of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research — the precursor to the <a href="http://www.csiro.au/">CSIRO</a>, the <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/medley-sir-john-dudley-gibbs-jack-11101">Vice-Chancellor</a> of the University of Melbourne, the <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/sewell-sir-sidney-valentine-8388">President</a> of the Royal College of Physicians and the <a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/herring-sir-edmund-francis-ned-12626">Chief Justice</a> of the Supreme Court of Victoria.</p>
1608<p>
1608Although the aims of the society included supporting the sterilisation of mental defectives, more and more they were involved in environmental reforms (such as slum clearance) and the birth control movement.</p>
1609<h2>Berry’s legacy</h2>
1610<p>In Britain Richard Berry continued to preach his uncompromising theory of “rotten heredity”. In 1934 he would argue that to eliminate mental deficiency would require the sterilisation of twenty-five per cent of the population. At the same time he also advocated the “kindly euthanasia” of the unfit.</p>
1611<p>But his legacy in Australia continued, with the <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2973082/pdf/eugenrev00224-0033.pdf">Eugenics Society of Victoria</a> operating until 1961.</p>
1612<p>Although Melbourne may wish to forget its dark past, the powerful leaders of the eugenics movement once controlled the city, and their beliefs influenced a generation.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading="lazy" style="border:none !important;box-shadow:none !important;margin:0!important;max-height:1px !important;max-width:1px !important;min-height:1px !important;min-width:1px !important;opacity:0 !important;outline:none !important;padding:0!important;text-shadow:none !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/3350/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p>
1613<blockquote><p>This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/eugenics-in-australia-the-secret-of-melbournes-elite-3350">original article</a>.</p></blockquote>
1614<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1615				data-shared="sharing-facebook-1583"
1616				class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon"
1617				href="https://geokush.com/2019/03/04/eugenics-in-australia-the-secret-of-melbournes-elite/?share=facebook"
1618				target="_blank"
1619				aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-1583"
1620				>
1621				<span id="sharing-facebook-1583" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span>
1622				<span>Facebook</span>
1623			</a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1624				data-shared="sharing-twitter-1583"
1625				class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon"
1626				href="https://geokush.com/2019/03/04/eugenics-in-australia-the-secret-of-melbournes-elite/?share=twitter"
1627				target="_blank"
1628				aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-1583"
1629				>
1630				<span id="sharing-twitter-1583" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span>
1631				<span>X</span>
1632			</a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1633				data-shared="sharing-email-1583"
1634				class="share-email sd-button share-icon"
1635				href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Eugenics%20in%20Australia%3A%20The%20secret%20of%20Melbourne%27s%20elite&#038;body=https%3A%2F%2Fgeokush.com%2F2019%2F03%2F04%2Feugenics-in-australia-the-secret-of-melbournes-elite%2F&#038;share=email"
1636				target="_blank"
1637				aria-labelledby="sharing-email-1583"
1638				data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you&#039;re having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="5f77651e0c" data-email-share-track-url="https://geokush.com/2019/03/04/eugenics-in-australia-the-secret-of-melbournes-elite/?share=email">
1639				<span id="sharing-email-1583" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span>
1640				<span>Email</span>
1641			</a></li><li><a href="#" class="sharing-anchor sd-button share-more"><span>More</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul><div class="sharing-hidden"><div class="inner" style="display: none;"><ul><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1642				data-shared="sharing-linkedin-1583"
1643				class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon"
1644				href="https://geokush.com/2019/03/04/eugenics-in-australia-the-secret-of-melbournes-elite/?share=linkedin"
1645				target="_blank"
1646				aria-labelledby="sharing-linkedin-1583"
1647				>
1648				<span id="sharing-linkedin-1583" hidden>Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span>
1649				<span>LinkedIn</span>
1650			</a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1651				data-shared="sharing-pinterest-1583"
1652				class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon"
1653				href="https://geokush.com/2019/03/04/eugenics-in-australia-the-secret-of-melbournes-elite/?share=pinterest"
1654				target="_blank"
1655				aria-labelledby="sharing-pinterest-1583"
1656				>
1657				<span id="sharing-pinterest-1583" hidden>Share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)</span>
1658				<span>Pinterest</span>
1659			</a></li><li class="share-tumblr"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1660				data-shared="sharing-tumblr-1583"
1661				class="share-tumblr sd-button share-icon"
1662				href="https://geokush.com/2019/03/04/eugenics-in-australia-the-secret-of-melbournes-elite/?share=tumblr"
1663				target="_blank"
1664				aria-labelledby="sharing-tumblr-1583"
1665				>
1666				<span id="sharing-tumblr-1583" hidden>Share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)</span>
1667				<span>Tumblr</span>
1668			</a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1669				data-shared="sharing-reddit-1583"
1670				class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon"
1671				href="https://geokush.com/2019/03/04/eugenics-in-australia-the-secret-of-melbournes-elite/?share=reddit"
1672				target="_blank"
1673				aria-labelledby="sharing-reddit-1583"
1674				>
1675				<span id="sharing-reddit-1583" hidden>Share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span>
1676				<span>Reddit</span>
1677			</a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1678				data-shared="sharing-print-1583"
1679				class="share-print sd-button share-icon"
1680				href="https://geokush.com/2019/03/04/eugenics-in-australia-the-secret-of-melbournes-elite/?share=print"
1681				target="_blank"
1682				aria-labelledby="sharing-print-1583"
1683				>
1684				<span id="sharing-print-1583" hidden>Print (Opens in new window)</span>
1685				<span>Print</span>
1686			</a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-86743669-1583-6ac30b057f7bb' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20261005#blog_id=86743669&amp;post_id=1583&amp;origin=hbeanu.wordpress.com&amp;obj_id=86743669-1583-6ac30b057f7bb&amp;domain=geokush.com' data-name='like-post-frame-86743669-1583-6ac30b057f7bb' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div>			</div><!-- .entry-content -->
1687	
1688	<div class="entry-links">
1689		<p class="comment-number"><a href="https://geokush.com/2019/03/04/eugenics-in-australia-the-secret-of-melbournes-elite/#comments">1 Comment</a></p>
1690
1691					<p class="entry-categories tagged">Filed under <a href="https://geokush.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></p>
1692			<p class="entry-tags tagged"></p>
1693			</div><!-- .entry-links -->
1694
1695</div><!-- #post-## -->
1696
1697
1698
1699<div id="post-1541" class="post-1541 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized">
1700	<div class="entry-meta">
1701
1702		1 Aug 18 &middot; 2:04 pm	</div><!-- .entry-meta -->
1703
1704	<h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://geokush.com/2018/08/01/can-evolutionary-theory-help-us-understand-the-relationship-between-parenting-and-technology/" rel="bookmark">Can Evolutionary Theory Help Us Understand the Relationship Between Parenting and&nbsp;Technology?</a></h2>	<div class="entry entry-content">
1705		<p>Parenting and technology interact in many ways. As a sampling of these interactions, take the illustrations in Figure 1 of my soon-to-be-published chapter titled &#8220;The Cradle of Humankind: Evolutionary Approaches to Technology and Parenting&#8221; in the upcoming book <em>The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology of Parenting</em>. The thesis of the chapter is that evolutionary theory has helped &#8212; or, in some cases, can help &#8212; us to understand of the relationship between parenting and technology.</p>
1706<p><div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1542" style="width: 704px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1542" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1542" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/figure-1-kushnick.png" alt="figure 1 kushnick" width="694" height="434" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/figure-1-kushnick.png 694w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/figure-1-kushnick.png?w=150&amp;h=94 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/figure-1-kushnick.png?w=300&amp;h=188 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 694px) 100vw, 694px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1542" class="wp-caption-text"><strong>Figure 1. </strong> Technology as always been an important driver of offspring-directed parental behaviour and beliefs, and vice versa. Pictured here are some examples: (A) terracotta infant-feeding vessel from southern Italy (4<sup>th</sup> Century BC); ; (B) advertisement for a baby cage used to get fresh air for children in crowded cities (early 20<sup>th</sup> century); (C) woman getting a fetal ultrasound in a rural clinic in Brazil; (D) ingenious contraption used by a Karo mother in rural Indonesia to keep a baby safe and occupied with a chair, umbrella, and mobile phone while she tends to a tomato garden; (E) woman with her baby slung on her back using a water pump in Ghana; and, (F) Sami woman carrying a child in a <em>Komse</em>, or child carrier, in Lapland, Sweden (ca. 1880). C<em>opyright information for images:</em> (A) photograph taken by author from ANU Classics Museum, Canberra; (B) public domain image taken from Fischer (1905); (C) Agencia de Noticias do Acre, Creative Common CC BY 2.0; (D) photograph taken by author; (E) USAID, public domain; and, (F) public domain image from 1880.</p></div></p>
1707<p>Now, I had to start the chapter by sorting out that parenting can mean both <em>childbearing</em> (producing offspring) and <em>childrearing </em>(raising offspring). Further, I wanted my account to include the full range of the most frequently adopted evolutionary approaches to understanding human behaviour: <em>evolutionary psychology</em>, <em>human behavioural ecology,</em> and <em>dual inheritance theory</em>. With this framing, I chose six examples as illustrated with Table 1 from my chapter:</p>
1708<p><div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1543" style="width: 822px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1543" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1543" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/table-1-kushnick.png" alt="table 1 kushnick" width="812" height="794" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/table-1-kushnick.png 812w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/table-1-kushnick.png?w=150&amp;h=147 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/table-1-kushnick.png?w=300&amp;h=293 300w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/table-1-kushnick.png?w=768&amp;h=751 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 812px) 100vw, 812px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1543" class="wp-caption-text"><strong>Table 1. </strong> Evolutionary approaches to the study of human behaviour: the ‘three styles’ framework (adapted from Smith 2000: 34).</p></div></p>
1709<p>If that sounds interesting to you, please check out the preprint of my chapter, which I am allowed to provide under Oxford University Press&#8217;s <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/rights/permissions/autperm/?cc=au&amp;lang=en&amp;">Author Re-Use and Self-Archiving</a> policy. The book is slated for publication in the 4th quarter of 2018. I will update this post with a link once that occurs.</p>
1710<blockquote><p><strong>Kushnick G</strong> (in press) The cradle of humankind: Evolutionary approaches to technology and parenting. In: Weekes-Shackelford VA, Shackelford TK (eds.), <em>The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Parenting</em>. Oxford University Press. (To appear in 2019).</p>
1711<p>Preprint posted to <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/k23md/">Socarxiv Preprints</a>.</p></blockquote>
1712<p>&nbsp;</p>
1713<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1714				data-shared="sharing-facebook-1541"
1715				class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon"
1716				href="https://geokush.com/2018/08/01/can-evolutionary-theory-help-us-understand-the-relationship-between-parenting-and-technology/?share=facebook"
1717				target="_blank"
1718				aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-1541"
1719				>
1720				<span id="sharing-facebook-1541" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span>
1721				<span>Facebook</span>
1722			</a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1723				data-shared="sharing-twitter-1541"
1724				class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon"
1725				href="https://geokush.com/2018/08/01/can-evolutionary-theory-help-us-understand-the-relationship-between-parenting-and-technology/?share=twitter"
1726				target="_blank"
1727				aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-1541"
1728				>
1729				<span id="sharing-twitter-1541" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span>
1730				<span>X</span>
1731			</a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1732				data-shared="sharing-email-1541"
1733				class="share-email sd-button share-icon"
1734				href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Can%20Evolutionary%20Theory%20Help%20Us%20Understand%20the%20Relationship%20Between%20Parenting%20and%20Technology%3F&#038;body=https%3A%2F%2Fgeokush.com%2F2018%2F08%2F01%2Fcan-evolutionary-theory-help-us-understand-the-relationship-between-parenting-and-technology%2F&#038;share=email"
1735				target="_blank"
1736				aria-labelledby="sharing-email-1541"
1737				data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you&#039;re having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="956312dd81" data-email-share-track-url="https://geokush.com/2018/08/01/can-evolutionary-theory-help-us-understand-the-relationship-between-parenting-and-technology/?share=email">
1738				<span id="sharing-email-1541" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span>
1739				<span>Email</span>
1740			</a></li><li><a href="#" class="sharing-anchor sd-button share-more"><span>More</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul><div class="sharing-hidden"><div class="inner" style="display: none;"><ul><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1741				data-shared="sharing-linkedin-1541"
1742				class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon"
1743				href="https://geokush.com/2018/08/01/can-evolutionary-theory-help-us-understand-the-relationship-between-parenting-and-technology/?share=linkedin"
1744				target="_blank"
1745				aria-labelledby="sharing-linkedin-1541"
1746				>
1747				<span id="sharing-linkedin-1541" hidden>Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span>
1748				<span>LinkedIn</span>
1749			</a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1750				data-shared="sharing-pinterest-1541"
1751				class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon"
1752				href="https://geokush.com/2018/08/01/can-evolutionary-theory-help-us-understand-the-relationship-between-parenting-and-technology/?share=pinterest"
1753				target="_blank"
1754				aria-labelledby="sharing-pinterest-1541"
1755				>
1756				<span id="sharing-pinterest-1541" hidden>Share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)</span>
1757				<span>Pinterest</span>
1758			</a></li><li class="share-tumblr"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1759				data-shared="sharing-tumblr-1541"
1760				class="share-tumblr sd-button share-icon"
1761				href="https://geokush.com/2018/08/01/can-evolutionary-theory-help-us-understand-the-relationship-between-parenting-and-technology/?share=tumblr"
1762				target="_blank"
1763				aria-labelledby="sharing-tumblr-1541"
1764				>
1765				<span id="sharing-tumblr-1541" hidden>Share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)</span>
1766				<span>Tumblr</span>
1767			</a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1768				data-shared="sharing-reddit-1541"
1769				class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon"
1770				href="https://geokush.com/2018/08/01/can-evolutionary-theory-help-us-understand-the-relationship-between-parenting-and-technology/?share=reddit"
1771				target="_blank"
1772				aria-labelledby="sharing-reddit-1541"
1773				>
1774				<span id="sharing-reddit-1541" hidden>Share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span>
1775				<span>Reddit</span>
1776			</a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1777				data-shared="sharing-print-1541"
1778				class="share-print sd-button share-icon"
1779				href="https://geokush.com/2018/08/01/can-evolutionary-theory-help-us-understand-the-relationship-between-parenting-and-technology/?share=print"
1780				target="_blank"
1781				aria-labelledby="sharing-print-1541"
1782				>
1783				<span id="sharing-print-1541" hidden>Print (Opens in new window)</span>
1784				<span>Print</span>
1785			</a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-86743669-1541-6ac30b0582251' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20261005#blog_id=86743669&amp;post_id=1541&amp;origin=hbeanu.wordpress.com&amp;obj_id=86743669-1541-6ac30b0582251&amp;domain=geokush.com' data-name='like-post-frame-86743669-1541-6ac30b0582251' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div>			</div><!-- .entry-content -->
1786	
1787	<div class="entry-links">
1788		<p class="comment-number"><a href="https://geokush.com/2018/08/01/can-evolutionary-theory-help-us-understand-the-relationship-between-parenting-and-technology/#respond">Leave a comment</a></p>
1789
1790					<p class="entry-categories tagged">Filed under <a href="https://geokush.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></p>
1791			<p class="entry-tags tagged"></p>
1792			</div><!-- .entry-links -->
1793
1794</div><!-- #post-## -->
1795
1796
1797
1798<div id="post-1534" class="post-1534 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized">
1799	<div class="entry-meta">
1800
1801		27 Jul 18 &middot; 2:28 pm	</div><!-- .entry-meta -->
1802
1803	<h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://geokush.com/2018/07/27/some-advice-on-teaching-for-tas-or-tutors-as-we-call-them-in-australia/" rel="bookmark">Some Advice on Teaching for TAs (or Tutors, as We Call them in&nbsp;Australia)</a></h2>	<div class="entry entry-content">
1804		<p><img loading="lazy" class="  wp-image-1535 alignleft" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/owl-teacher-clipart-6961.png" alt="owl-teacher-clipart-6961.jpg" width="278" height="188" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/owl-teacher-clipart-6961.png?w=278&amp;h=189 278w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/owl-teacher-clipart-6961.png?w=556&amp;h=377 556w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/owl-teacher-clipart-6961.png?w=150&amp;h=102 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/owl-teacher-clipart-6961.png?w=300&amp;h=204 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 278px) 100vw, 278px" />Teaching is an important skill to develop when you are still a PhD student, as many academic job opportunities requires some degree of teaching experience.</p>
1805<p>But, how can one get teaching experience when opportunities are scarce? Unfortunately, I don&#8217;t have a definitive answer. I was lucky to get lots of teaching experience as a PhD student. What I can offer some advice for PhD students regarding teaching and being a teaching assistant (or Tutor in Australian academia).</p>
1806<p>The following advice is drawn from a handout I developed to pass out to PhD students attending my lecture on building a teaching portfolio that I gave at the University of Washington during my time as a Lecturer there between 2007 and 2014. It was part of the necessary training that TAs had to undergo before starting:</p>
1807<ul>
1808<li><strong>TAing (Tutoring) and Teaching are Different but the Same: </strong>With TAing (or tutoring), you are following a curriculum set by the instructor; with teaching, you are following your own This doesn’t mean, as a TA, you’re required to suppress your individuality. It just means that you need to teach the material the instructor deems important. This is actually a good thing: I’ve found that the best TAs are creative (within an established set of boundaries). Hey, and if you can perfect that skill, you will be a very attractive hire both within academia and beyond it! With both, you are one of the key elements of the learning experience for the students in your class. When teaching or TAing, I believe it’s <u>equally</u> important to take <em>pride</em> in your performance (e.g., by being familiar with the material, preparing ahead of time, acting professionally, etc.) and to develop a <em>sincere interest</em> in whether the students learn (e.g., by listening sometimes instead of talking all the time, making yourself available, etc). Of course, this is a balancing act since teaching is only one part of your academic career, and your academic career is only one part of your life.</li>
1809<li><strong>TAing (Tutoring) is Good, but Teaching is Better: </strong>At the bare minimum, you’ll have to TA at least once to get through the PhD program (in most programs, at least). Chances are you’ll do it more than If you get a chance to teach a class—meaning act as the actual instructor of a class—take it! Some of the benefits include: (a) a taste of greater responsibility (let’s face it, as a TA, we have a lot of responsibility, but the ultimate responsibility—if something goes wrong, for instance—is in the hands of the instructor); (b) a chance to infuse the lesson plan with a larger dose of your personality and interests; (c) having a complete class ready to go when you’re called upon to do it professionally—which potentially frees a lot of time to focus on other important things (e.g., it could mean you’ll have more time to write and less time preparing for class when you get an academic job); and, (d) it looks great on your CV. I didn’t teach as a grad student (only TA’d). I thought it better to push toward a completed dissertation without distraction. Painfully unrealistic and wrong at worst. Short sighted at best.</li>
1810<li><strong>Teaching</strong> <strong>= Learning: </strong>I once ran into a student in the library, and was dismayed by what I heard: “Dr Kushnick, what are you doing in the library? I didn’t know teachers use the library. What a bummer that you still have to read.” Teaching (or TAing) provides a great opportunity to learn, and I suggest you learn as much as you can. Use your preparation time as a chance to learn something new. Read about how to be an effective teacher. Be careful though. Some of what is out there is specific to teaching at a specific school and since every school has a different teaching (and TAing) culture and social structure, some of it won’t be all that valuable. The useful stuff, in my opinion, is the stuff that’s simultaneously both general and specific—general enough to apply to teaching anywhere, but specific in that it provides advice about specific things you might do to improve your effectiveness (see the list from Webb’s article in the sidebar   is a good example). The stuff that applies to teaching at a particular institution is useful too (if you’re teaching at that institution).</li>
1811<li><strong>Manage Your Portfolio: </strong>I’ve applied for more academic jobs than I’m willing to admit, and I count myself as lucky to have had this Lectureship for the past few I believe I’m qualified to make generalizations about what you’ll find in the job ads; less qualified to make statements about how to get the jobs being advertised. More than half of the available jobs I’ve seen ask for a detailed statement of your teaching interests and experience, and documentation of your “commitment to teaching excellence.” Usually, you’re asked to include this information as part of the application letter. Sometimes, you’re asked to send a separate teaching statement or mini‐portfolio. Other times, especially when applying to large research institutions, you’re asked for less information about your teaching. Whether the job you’ll be applying for asks for a lot or a little information, you’re better off if you’ve been keeping a portfolio of teaching materials that you can pull from to build your application. This might include: syllabi from courses you’ve taught or TA’d; evaluations from students or instructors; video or audio recordings of you in the classroom; notes regarding your teaching philosophy, if not a draft of an actual statement; etc, etc…</li>
1812</ul>
1813<blockquote><p><strong>Twelve Easy Steps to Becoming an Effective Teaching Assistant</strong></p>
1814<p>By Derek Webb from (2005) <em>Political Science and Politics</em>, v.38, pp. 757‐761.</p>
1815<p>Derek Webb was a PhD Candidate at when he published this. He was the winner of the 2003 Outstanding Graduate Student Teaching Assistant at Notre Dame University. Here are his steps to being a great Teaching Assistant for those who find the opportunity:</p>
1816<ol>
1817<li>Be yourself.</li>
1818<li>Be available.</li>
1819<li>B<span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#3d596d;">e organized.</span></li>
1820<li>Learn your students&#8217; names ASAP.</li>
1821<li>The three goals of discussion section: Nuts and bolts, challenge and excitement, fun and games.</li>
1822<li>Provide a handout or or agenda.</li>
1823<li>Provide a mini‐lecture.</li>
1824<li>Provide an opportunity for students to ask questions.</li>
1825<li>Work to stimulate discussion.</li>
1826</ol>
1827</blockquote>
1828<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1829				data-shared="sharing-facebook-1534"
1830				class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon"
1831				href="https://geokush.com/2018/07/27/some-advice-on-teaching-for-tas-or-tutors-as-we-call-them-in-australia/?share=facebook"
1832				target="_blank"
1833				aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-1534"
1834				>
1835				<span id="sharing-facebook-1534" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span>
1836				<span>Facebook</span>
1837			</a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1838				data-shared="sharing-twitter-1534"
1839				class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon"
1840				href="https://geokush.com/2018/07/27/some-advice-on-teaching-for-tas-or-tutors-as-we-call-them-in-australia/?share=twitter"
1841				target="_blank"
1842				aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-1534"
1843				>
1844				<span id="sharing-twitter-1534" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span>
1845				<span>X</span>
1846			</a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1847				data-shared="sharing-email-1534"
1848				class="share-email sd-button share-icon"
1849				href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Some%20Advice%20on%20Teaching%20for%20TAs%20%28or%20Tutors%2C%20as%20We%20Call%20them%20in%20Australia%29&#038;body=https%3A%2F%2Fgeokush.com%2F2018%2F07%2F27%2Fsome-advice-on-teaching-for-tas-or-tutors-as-we-call-them-in-australia%2F&#038;share=email"
1850				target="_blank"
1851				aria-labelledby="sharing-email-1534"
1852				data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you&#039;re having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="fc9f431029" data-email-share-track-url="https://geokush.com/2018/07/27/some-advice-on-teaching-for-tas-or-tutors-as-we-call-them-in-australia/?share=email">
1853				<span id="sharing-email-1534" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span>
1854				<span>Email</span>
1855			</a></li><li><a href="#" class="sharing-anchor sd-button share-more"><span>More</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul><div class="sharing-hidden"><div class="inner" style="display: none;"><ul><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1856				data-shared="sharing-linkedin-1534"
1857				class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon"
1858				href="https://geokush.com/2018/07/27/some-advice-on-teaching-for-tas-or-tutors-as-we-call-them-in-australia/?share=linkedin"
1859				target="_blank"
1860				aria-labelledby="sharing-linkedin-1534"
1861				>
1862				<span id="sharing-linkedin-1534" hidden>Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span>
1863				<span>LinkedIn</span>
1864			</a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1865				data-shared="sharing-pinterest-1534"
1866				class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon"
1867				href="https://geokush.com/2018/07/27/some-advice-on-teaching-for-tas-or-tutors-as-we-call-them-in-australia/?share=pinterest"
1868				target="_blank"
1869				aria-labelledby="sharing-pinterest-1534"
1870				>
1871				<span id="sharing-pinterest-1534" hidden>Share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)</span>
1872				<span>Pinterest</span>
1873			</a></li><li class="share-tumblr"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1874				data-shared="sharing-tumblr-1534"
1875				class="share-tumblr sd-button share-icon"
1876				href="https://geokush.com/2018/07/27/some-advice-on-teaching-for-tas-or-tutors-as-we-call-them-in-australia/?share=tumblr"
1877				target="_blank"
1878				aria-labelledby="sharing-tumblr-1534"
1879				>
1880				<span id="sharing-tumblr-1534" hidden>Share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)</span>
1881				<span>Tumblr</span>
1882			</a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1883				data-shared="sharing-reddit-1534"
1884				class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon"
1885				href="https://geokush.com/2018/07/27/some-advice-on-teaching-for-tas-or-tutors-as-we-call-them-in-australia/?share=reddit"
1886				target="_blank"
1887				aria-labelledby="sharing-reddit-1534"
1888				>
1889				<span id="sharing-reddit-1534" hidden>Share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span>
1890				<span>Reddit</span>
1891			</a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
1892				data-shared="sharing-print-1534"
1893				class="share-print sd-button share-icon"
1894				href="https://geokush.com/2018/07/27/some-advice-on-teaching-for-tas-or-tutors-as-we-call-them-in-australia/?share=print"
1895				target="_blank"
1896				aria-labelledby="sharing-print-1534"
1897				>
1898				<span id="sharing-print-1534" hidden>Print (Opens in new window)</span>
1899				<span>Print</span>
1900			</a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-86743669-1534-6ac30b05849c5' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20261005#blog_id=86743669&amp;post_id=1534&amp;origin=hbeanu.wordpress.com&amp;obj_id=86743669-1534-6ac30b05849c5&amp;domain=geokush.com' data-name='like-post-frame-86743669-1534-6ac30b05849c5' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div>			</div><!-- .entry-content -->
1901	
1902	<div class="entry-links">
1903		<p class="comment-number"><a href="https://geokush.com/2018/07/27/some-advice-on-teaching-for-tas-or-tutors-as-we-call-them-in-australia/#respond">Leave a comment</a></p>
1904
1905					<p class="entry-categories tagged">Filed under <a href="https://geokush.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a></p>
1906			<p class="entry-tags tagged"></p>
1907			</div><!-- .entry-links -->
1908
1909</div><!-- #post-## -->
1910
1911
1912<div id="nav-below" class="navigation">
1913	<div class="nav-previous"><a href="https://geokush.com/blog/page/2/" ><span class="meta-nav">&larr;</span> Older posts</a></div>
1914	<div class="nav-next"></div>
1915</div><!-- #nav-below -->
1916
1917	</div><!-- #content -->
1918</div><!-- #content-container -->
1919
1920
1921	<div id="sidebar" class="widget-area" role="complementary">
1922				<ul class="xoxo sidebar-list">
1923
1924			<li id="media_image-2" class="widget widget_media_image"><style>.widget.widget_media_image { overflow: hidden; }.widget.widget_media_image img { height: auto; max-width: 100%; }</style><a href="https://geokush.com/about"><img width="500" height="401" src="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/429946_10150728862813573_1712060595_n-e1426418460601.jpg" class="image wp-image-30 alignnone attachment-full size-full" alt="" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/429946_10150728862813573_1712060595_n-e1426418460601.jpg 500w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/429946_10150728862813573_1712060595_n-e1426418460601.jpg?w=150&amp;h=120 150w, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/429946_10150728862813573_1712060595_n-e1426418460601.jpg?w=300&amp;
1924h=241 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" /></a></li><li id="text-2" class="widget widget_text">			<div class="textwidget"><p>Evolutionary anthropologist with expertise in human behavioural ecology. Research interests include human reproductive strategies, evolution of social norms and institutions, quantitative methods and analysis, and the peoples of SE and the Pacific.</p>
1925</div>
1926		</li>
1927		<li id="recent-posts-4" class="widget widget_recent_entries">
1928		<h3 class="widget-title">Recent Blog Posts</h3>
1929		<ul>
1930											<li>
1931					<a href="https://geokush.com/2024/03/11/back-to-the-field-after-5-years/">Back to the Field &#8212; after 5&nbsp;years!</a>
1932											<span class="post-date">11 Mar 24</span>
1933									</li>
1934											<li>
1935					<a href="https://geokush.com/2022/08/08/in-the-not-so-far-off-field/">In the (Not So) Far-Off&nbsp;Field</a>
1936											<span class="post-date">8 Aug 22</span>
1937									</li>
1938											<li>
1939					<a href="https://geokush.com/2022/06/08/the-view-on-human-pairbonding-through-multiple-evolutionary-lenses/">The View on Human Pairbonding Through Multiple Evolutionary&nbsp;Lenses</a>
1940											<span class="post-date">8 Jun 22</span>
1941									</li>
1942					</ul>
1943
1944		</li><li id="archives-6" class="widget widget_archive"><h3 class="widget-title">Blog Archive</h3>
1945			<ul>
1946					<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2024/03/'>March 2024</a></li>
1947	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2022/08/'>August 2022</a></li>
1948	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2022/06/'>June 2022</a></li>
1949	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2021/06/'>June 2021</a></li>
1950	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2020/03/'>March 2020</a></li>
1951	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2020/02/'>February 2020</a></li>
1952	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2019/08/'>August 2019</a></li>
1953	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2019/03/'>March 2019</a></li>
1954	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2018/08/'>August 2018</a></li>
1955	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2018/07/'>July 2018</a></li>
1956	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2017/08/'>August 2017</a></li>
1957	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2017/07/'>July 2017</a></li>
1958	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2017/05/'>May 2017</a></li>
1959	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2017/04/'>April 2017</a></li>
1960	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2017/02/'>February 2017</a></li>
1961	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2016/11/'>November 2016</a></li>
1962	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2016/10/'>October 2016</a></li>
1963	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2016/08/'>August 2016</a></li>
1964	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2016/07/'>July 2016</a></li>
1965	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2016/06/'>June 2016</a></li>
1966	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2016/05/'>May 2016</a></li>
1967	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2016/04/'>April 2016</a></li>
1968	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2016/03/'>March 2016</a></li>
1969	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2016/02/'>February 2016</a></li>
1970	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2016/01/'>January 2016</a></li>
1971	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2015/12/'>December 2015</a></li>
1972	<li><a href='https://geokush.com/2015/11/'>November 2015</a></li>
1973			</ul>
1974
1975			</li><li id="rss_links-2" class="widget widget_rss_links"><p class="size-small"><a class="feed-image-link" href="https://geokush.com/feed/" title="Subscribe to Posts"><img src="https://geokush.com/i/rss/red-small.png" alt="RSS Feed" /></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://geokush.com/feed/" title="Subscribe to Posts">RSS - Posts</a></p>
1976</li><li id="follow_button_widget-2" class="widget widget_follow_button_widget">
1977		<a class="wordpress-follow-button" href="https://geokush.com" data-blog="86743669" data-lang="en" >Follow Dr Geoff Kushnick on WordPress.com</a>
1978		
1978<script type="text/javascript">(function(d){ window.wpcomPlatform = {"titles":{"timelines":"Embeddable Timelines","followButton":"Follow Button","wpEmbeds":"WordPress Embeds"}}; var f = d.getElementsByTagName('SCRIPT')[0], p = d.createElement('SCRIPT');p.type = 'text/javascript';p.async = true;p.src = '//widgets.wp.com/platform.js';f.parentNode.insertBefore(p,f);}(document));</script>
1978
1979
1980		</li>		</ul>
1981	</div><!-- #sidebar .widget-area -->
1982
1983		<div id="secondary-sidebar" class="widget-area" role="complementary">
1984		<ul class="xoxo sidebar-list">
1985		<li id="block-7" class="widget widget_block">
1986<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
1987<div class="embed-twitter"><a class="twitter-timeline" data-width="500" data-height="750" data-dnt="true" href="https://twitter.com/gkushnick?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">Tweets by gkushnick</a>
1987<script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
1987</div>
1988</div></figure>
1989</li>		</ul>
1990	</div><!-- #secondary-sidebar .widget-area -->
1991	
1992		</div><!-- #content-box -->
1993
1994		<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
1995			<div id="colophon">
1996
1997				
1998				<div id="site-info">
1999					<a href="https://geokush.com/" title="Dr Geoff Kushnick" rel="home">Dr Geoff Kushnick</a> &middot; Biocultural Anthropologist				</div><!-- #site-info -->
2000
2001				<div id="site-generator">
2002					<a href="https://wordpress.com/?ref=footer_blog" rel="nofollow">Blog at WordPress.com.</a>				</div><!-- #site-generator -->
2003
2004			</div><!-- #colophon -->
2005		</div><!-- #footer -->
2006	</div><!-- #page .blog -->
2007</div><!-- #container -->
2008
2009		
2009<script type="text/javascript">
2010		var infiniteScroll = {"settings":{"id":"content","ajaxurl":"https://geokush.com/?infinity=scrolling","type":"scroll","wrapper":true,"wrapper_class":"infinite-wrap","footer":"page","click_handle":"1","text":"Older posts","totop":"Scroll back to top","currentday":"27.07.18","order":"DESC","scripts":[],"styles":[],"google_analytics":false,"offset":1,"history":{"host":"geokush.com","path":"/blog/page/%d/","use_trailing_slashes":true,"parameters":""},"query_args":{"page":0,"pagename":"blog","error":"","m":"","p":0,"post_parent":"","subpost":"","subpost_id":"","attachment":"","attachment_id":0,"name":"","page_id":0,"second":"","minute":"","hour":"","day":0,"monthnum":0,"year":0,"w":0,"category_name":"","tag":"","cat":"","tag_id":"","author":"","author_name":"","feed":"","tb":"","paged":0,"meta_key":"","meta_value":"","preview":"","s":"","sentence":"","title":"","fields":"all","menu_order":"","embed":"","category__in":[],"category__not_in":[],"category__and":[],"post__in":[],"post__not_in":[],"post_name__in":[],"tag__in":[],"tag__not_in":[],"tag__and":[],"tag_slug__in":[],"tag_slug__and":[],"post_parent__in":[],"post_parent__not_in":[],"author__in":[],"author__not_in":[],"search_columns":[],"lazy_load_term_meta":false,"posts_per_page":10,"ignore_sticky_posts":false,"suppress_filters":false,"cache_results":true,"update_post_term_cache":true,"update_menu_item_cache":false,"update_post_meta_cache":true,"post_type":"","nopaging":false,"comments_per_page":"50","no_found_rows":false,"order":"DESC"},"query_before":"2026-10-05 13:27:17","last_post_date":"2018-07-27 14:28:24","body_class":"infinite-scroll neverending","loading_text":"Loading new page","stats":"blog=86743669\u0026v=wpcom\u0026tz=10\u0026user_id=0\u0026arch_home=1\u0026subd=hbeanu\u0026x_pagetype=infinite"}};
2011		</script>
2011
2012		<!--  -->
2013<script type="speculationrules">
2014{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["/wp-*.php","/wp-admin/*","/files/*","/wp-content/*","/wp-content/plugins/*","/wp-content/themes/pub/pilcrow/*","/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
2015</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2015
2015
2016<script id="grofiles-cards-js" src="//0.gravatar.com/js/hovercards/hovercards.min.js?ver=202641d1133547e8a1f2801609f51cef12522abe7f6647d869e9fbc974fe356a37e613"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2016
2016
2017<script id="wpgroho-js-extra">
2018var WPGroHo = {"my_hash":""};
2019//# sourceURL=wpgroho-js-extra
2020</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2020
2020
2021<script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript'  src='/wp-content/mu-plugins/gravatar-hovercards/wpgroho.js?m=1610363240i'></script>
2021
2022
2023	
2023<script>
2024		// Initialize and attach hovercards to all gravatars
2025		( function() {
2026			function init() {
2027				if ( typeof Gravatar === 'undefined' ) {
2028					return;
2029				}
2030
2031				if ( typeof Gravatar.init !== 'function' ) {
2032					return;
2033				}
2034
2035				Gravatar.profile_cb = function ( hash, id ) {
2036					WPGroHo.syncProfileData( hash, id );
2037				};
2038
2039				Gravatar.my_hash = WPGroHo.my_hash;
2040				Gravatar.init(
2041					'body',
2042					'#wp-admin-bar-my-account',
2043					{
2044						i18n: {
2045							'Edit your profile →': 'Edit your profile →',
2046							'View profile →': 'View profile →',
2047							'Contact': 'Contact',
2048							'Send money': 'Send money',
2049							'Sorry, we are unable to load this Gravatar profile.': 'Sorry, we are unable to load this Gravatar profile.',
2050							'Gravatar not found.': 'Gravatar not found.',
2051							'Too Many Requests.': 'Too Many Requests.',
2052							'Internal Server Error.': 'Internal Server Error.',
2053							'Is this you?': 'Is this you?',
2054							'Claim your free profile.': 'Claim your free profile.',
2055							'Email': 'Email',
2056							'Home Phone': 'Home Phone',
2057							'Work Phone': 'Work Phone',
2058							'Cell Phone': 'Cell Phone',
2059							'Contact Form': 'Contact Form',
2060							'Calendar': 'Calendar',
2061						},
2062					}
2063				);
2064			}
2065
2066			if ( document.readyState !== 'loading' ) {
2067				init();
2068			} else {
2069				document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', init );
2070			}
2071		} )();
2072	</script>
2072
2073
2074		<div style="display:none">
2075	</div>
2076		<div id="infinite-footer">
2077			<div class="container">
2078				<div class="blog-info">
2079					<a id="infinity-blog-title" href="https://geokush.com/" rel="home">
2080						Dr Geoff Kushnick					</a>
2081				</div>
2082				<div class="blog-credits">
2083					<a href="https://wordpress.com/?ref=footer_blog" rel="nofollow">Blog at WordPress.com.</a> 				</div>
2084			</div>
2085		</div><!-- #infinite-footer -->
2086					<div id="actionbar" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"
2087				class="actnbr-pub-pilcrow" role="region" aria-label="Site actions">
2088			<span class="actnbr-live" aria-live="polite"></span>
2089			<ul>
2090										<li class="actnbr-btn actnbr-hidden">
2091										<a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-follow " href="" role="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false">
2092				<svg class="actnbr-icon actnbr-icon-bell" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17 11.5c0 1.353.17 2.368.976 3 .266.209.602.376 1.024.5v1H5v-1c.422-.124.757-.291 1.024-.5.806-.632.976-1.647.976-3V9c0-2.8 2.2-5 5-5s5 2.2 5 5v2.5ZM15.5 9v2.5c0 .93.066 1.98.515 2.897l.053.103H7.932a4.018 4.018 0 0 0 .053-.103c.449-.917.515-1.967.515-2.897V9c0-1.972 1.528-3.5 3.5-3.5s3.5 1.528 3.5 3.5Zm-5.492 9.008c0-.176.023-.346.065-.508h3.854A1.996 1.996 0 0 1 12 20c-1.1 0-1.992-.892-1.992-1.992Z"/></svg>				<span>Subscribe</span>
2093			</a>
2094			<a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-following  no-display" href="" role="button">
2095				<svg class="actnbr-icon actnbr-icon-check" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="fill: none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5"><path d="M7 12L10 15L17 8" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"/></svg>				<span>Subscribed</span>
2096			</a>
2097									<div class="actnbr-popover actnbr-panel actnbr-notice" id="follow-bubble" role="dialog" aria-label="Subscribe to Dr Geoff Kushnick">
2098								<div class="actnbr-follow-bubble">
2099								<div class="actnbr-panel__group"><a class="actnbr-menu__item actnbr-sitename" href="https://geokush.com"><img loading='lazy' alt='' src='https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-gk.png?w=50' srcset='https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-gk.png?w=50 1x, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-gk.png?w=75 1.5x, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-gk.png?w=100 2x, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-gk.png?w=150 3x, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-gk.png?w=200 4x' class='avatar avatar-50' height='50' width='50' /><span class="actnbr-menu__label">Dr Geoff Kushnick</span></a></div>																	<div class="actnbr-panel__group">
2100										<div class="actnbr-message no-display" aria-live="polite"></div>
2101										<form method="post" action="https://subscribe.wordpress.com" accept-charset="utf-8" class="no-display">
2102																						<input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Want updates? Enter your email" class="actnbr-email-field" aria-label="Email address" />
2103											<input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe" />
2104											<input type="hidden" name="blog_id" value="86743669" />
2105											<input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://geokush.com/blog/" />
2106											<input type="hidden" name="sub-type" value="actionbar-follow" />
2107											<input type="hidden" id="_wpnonce" name="_wpnonce" value="6d7a651066" />											<button type="submit" class="actnbr-button">Sign me up</button>
2108										</form>
2109										<p class="actnbr-login-nudge">
2110											Have a WordPress.com account? <a href="https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fr-login.wordpress.com%2Fremote-login.php%3Faction%3Dlink%26back%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fgeokush.com%252F2024%252F03%252F11%252Fback-to-the-field-after-5-years%252F">Log in now.</a>										</p>
2111									</div>
2112																	</div>
2113							</div>
2114						</li>
2115									<li class="actnbr-ellipsis actnbr-hidden">
2116					<button type="button" class="actnbr-more-toggle" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="More options">
2117						<svg class="actnbr-icon actnbr-icon-more-horizontal" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor"><path d="M11 13h2v-2h-2v2zm-6 0h2v-2H5v2zm12-2v2h2v-2h-2z"/></svg>					</button>
2118					<div class="actnbr-popover actnbr-menu" role="menu" aria-label="Site options">
2119						<div class="actnbr-menu__group" role="group"><a role="menuitem" class="actnbr-menu__item actnbr-sitename" href="https://geokush.com"><img loading='lazy' alt='' src='https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-gk.png?w=50' srcset='https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-gk.png?w=50 1x, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-gk.png?w=75 1.5x, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-gk.png?w=100 2x, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-gk.png?w=150 3x, https://geokush.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cropped-gk.png?w=200 4x' class='avatar avatar-50' height='50' width='50' /><span class="actnbr-menu__label">Dr Geoff Kushnick</span></a></div><div class="actnbr-menu__group" role="group"><a role="menuitem" class="actnbr-menu__item actnbr-reader" href="https://wordpress.com/reader/feeds/40673665"><span class="actnbr-menu__label">View site in Reader</span></a></div><div class="actnbr-menu__group" role="group"><a role="menuitem" class="actnbr-menu__item actnbr-subs" href="https://subscribe.wordpress.com/"><span class="actnbr-menu__label">Manage subscriptions</span></a><a role="menuitem" class="actnbr-menu__item actnbr-signup" href="https://wordpress.com/start/"><span class="actnbr-menu__label">Sign up</span></a><a role="menuitem" class="actnbr-menu__item actnbr-login" href="https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fr-login.wordpress.com%2Fremote-login.php%3Faction%3Dlink%26back%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fgeokush.com%252F2024%252F03%252F11%252Fback-to-the-field-after-5-years%252F"><span class="actnbr-menu__label">Log in</span></a></div><div class="actnbr-menu__group" role="group"><a role="menuitem" class="actnbr-menu__item flb-report" href="https://wordpress.com/abuse/?report_url=https://geokush.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="actnbr-menu__label">Report this content</span><span class="actnbr-menu__icon"><svg class="actnbr-icon actnbr-icon-external" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor"><path d="M19.5 4.5h-7V6h4.44l-5.97 5.97 1.06 1.06L18 7.06v4.44h1.5v-7Zm-13 1a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v10a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h10a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-3H17v3a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-10a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5v-10a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h3V5.5h-3Z"/></svg></span></a></div><div class="actnbr-menu__group" role="group"><a role="menuitem" class="actnbr-menu__item actnbr-fold" href=""><span class="actnbr-menu__label">Collapse this bar</span></a></div>					</div>
2120				</li>
2121			</ul>
2122		</div>
2123		
2123<script>
2124window.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", function () {
2125				var link = document.createElement( "link" );
2126				link.href = "\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/jetpack-plugin\/moon\/jetpack_vendor\/automattic\/jetpack-newsletter\/src\/..\/build\/action-bar.css?ver=35dd33285eb46dc308dd";
2127				link.rel = "stylesheet";
2128				document.head.appendChild( link );
2129
2130				var script = document.createElement( "script" );
2131				script.src = "\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/jetpack-plugin\/moon\/jetpack_vendor\/automattic\/jetpack-newsletter\/src\/..\/build\/action-bar.js?ver=35dd33285eb46dc308dd";
2132				document.body.appendChild( script );
2133			} );
2134</script>
2134
2135
2136	
2136<script type="text/javascript">
2137		window.WPCOM_sharing_counts = {"https://geokush.com/2024/03/11/back-to-the-field-after-5-years/":2001,"https://geokush.com/2022/08/08/in-the-not-so-far-off-field/":1959,"https://geokush.com/2022/06/08/the-view-on-human-pairbonding-through-multiple-evolutionary-lenses/":1907,"https://geokush.com/2021/06/03/pregnancy-outcomes-of-sinabung-evacuees/":1819,"https://geokush.com/2020/03/26/almost-everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-evolution-of-human-reproductive-strategies-written-by-anu-students/":1727,"https://geokush.com/2020/02/17/regression-analysis-in-biological-anthropology/":1639,"https://geokush.com/2019/08/04/new-study-on-cross-cultural-variation-in-jealous-response-is-another-win-for-human-behavioural-ecology/":1599,"https://geokush.com/2019/03/04/eugenics-in-australia-the-secret-of-melbournes-elite/":1583,"https://geokush.com/2018/08/01/can-evolutionary-theory-help-us-understand-the-relationship-between-parenting-and-technology/":1541,"https://geokush.com/2018/07/27/some-advice-on-teaching-for-tas-or-tutors-as-we-call-them-in-australia/":1534};
2138	</script>
2138
2139						
2140	
2140<script type="text/javascript">
2141		(function () {
2142			var wpcom_reblog = {
2143				source: 'toolbar',
2144
2145				toggle_reblog_box_flair: function (obj_id, post_id) {
2146
2147					// Go to site selector. This will redirect to their blog if they only have one.
2148					const postEndpoint = `https://wordpress.com/post`;
2149
2150					// Ideally we would use the permalink here, but fortunately this will be replaced with the 
2151					// post permalink in the editor.
2152					const originalURL = `${ document.location.href }?page_id=${ post_id }`; 
2153					
2154					const url =
2155						postEndpoint +
2156						'?url=' +
2157						encodeURIComponent( originalURL ) +
2158						'&is_post_share=true' +
2159						'&v=5';
2160
2161					const redirect = function () {
2162						if (
2163							! window.open( url, '_blank' )
2164						) {
2165							location.href = url;
2166						}
2167					};
2168
2169					if ( /Firefox/.test( navigator.userAgent ) ) {
2170						setTimeout( redirect, 0 );
2171					} else {
2172						redirect();
2173					}
2174				},
2175			};
2176
2177			window.wpcom_reblog = wpcom_reblog;
2178		})();
2179	</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2179
2179
2180<script id="coblocks-loader-js-extra">
2181var wpcom_coblocks_js = {"coblocks_masonry_js":"https://s2.wp.com/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/2.18.1-simple-rev.4/dist/js/coblocks-masonry.min.js?m=1681832297i","coblocks_lightbox_js":"https://s2.wp.com/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/2.18.1-simple-rev.4/dist/js/coblocks-lightbox.min.js?m=1681832297i","jquery_core_js":"/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js","jquery_migrate_js":"/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js","masonry_js":"/wp-includes/js/masonry.min.js","imagesloaded_js":"/wp-includes/js/imagesloaded.min.js"};
2182var coblocksLigthboxData = {"closeLabel":"Close Gallery","leftLabel":"Previous","rightLabel":"Next"};
2183//# sourceURL=coblocks-loader-js-extra
2184</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2184
2184
2185<script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript'  src='/_static/??-eJxtjtEKwjAMAH/INlYH80X8FNnaqOnStC6t4t8r6BDEx4PjOLgX47NUlAqpmcLtTKLANKHCtWHDyyCBcbZRV/BfjljL4KcPQ8pZ4EjiYWzEAUhOJFTRqJ8z88IPm0h+q0vS55GznxQ21u2sM0qpMJoZb7aDQFohfiXDeQivw3fvkPau7/vOrbebLj4BHg1Rqg=='></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2185
2185
2186<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="tiled-gallery-js" src="/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-plugin/moon/_inc/build/tiled-gallery/tiled-gallery/tiled-gallery.min.js?m=1755006225i&#038;ver=16.3-a.8"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2186
2186
2187<script id="sharing-js-js-extra">
2188var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"};
2189//# sourceURL=sharing-js-js-extra
2190</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2190
2190
2191<script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript'  src='/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-plugin/moon/_inc/build/sharedaddy/sharing.min.js?m=1787950866i'></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2191
2191
2192<script id="sharing-js-js-after">
2193window.WPCOM_sharing_popups = window.WPCOM_sharing_popups || {};
2194window.WPCOM_sharing_popups[ "facebook" ] = "menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400";
2195window.WPCOM_sharing_popups = window.WPCOM_sharing_popups || {};
2196window.WPCOM_sharing_popups[ "twitter" ] = "menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=350";
2197window.WPCOM_sharing_popups = window.WPCOM_sharing_popups || {};
2198window.WPCOM_sharing_popups[ "linkedin" ] = "menubar=1,resizable=1,width=580,height=450";
2199window.WPCOM_sharing_popups = window.WPCOM_sharing_popups || {};
2200window.WPCOM_sharing_popups[ "tumblr" ] = "menubar=1,resizable=1,width=450,height=450";
2201//# sourceURL=sharing-js-js-after
2202</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2202
2202
2203<script id="wp-emoji-settings" type="application/json">
2204{"baseUrl":"https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-smileys/twemoji/2/72x72/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-smileys/twemoji/2/svg/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-release.min.js?m=1783090810i&ver=7.2-alpha-63885"}}
2205</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2205
2205
2206<script type="module">
2207/*! This file is auto-generated */
2208var e="script#wp-emoji-settings",t=document.querySelector(e);if(!(t instanceof HTMLScriptElement))throw new Error("Element missing: "+e);const r=JSON.parse(t.text),s=(window._wpemojiSettings=r,"wpEmojiSettingsSupports"),o=["flag","emoji"];function i(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(s,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function c(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0);const r=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);return t.every((e,t)=>e===r[t])}function p(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1);for(let e=0;e<n.data.length;e++)if(0!==n.data[e])return!1;return!0}function u(e,t,n,r){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!r(e,"\ud83e\udec8")}return!1}function f(e,t,n,r){let a;const s=(a="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):document.createElement("canvas")).getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(e=>{o[e]=t(s,e,n,r)}),o}function a(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,document.head.appendChild(t)}r.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},new Promise(t=>{let n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(s));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(o),u.toString(),c.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"});const a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=e=>{i(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}i(n=f(o,u,c,p))}t(n)}).then(e=>{for(const n in e)r.supports[n]=e[n],r.supports.everything=r.supports.everything&&r.supports[n],"flag"!==n&&(r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&r.supports[n]);var t;r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!r.supports.flag,r.supports.everything||((t=r.source||{}).concatemoji?a(t.concatemoji):t.wpemoji&&t.twemoji&&(a(t.twemoji),a(t.wpemoji)))});
2209//# sourceURL=/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.min.js
2210</script>
2210
2211		
2211<script type="text/javascript">
2212			(function() {
2213				var extend = function(out) {
2214					out = out || {};
2215
2216					for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) {
2217						if (!arguments[i])
2218						continue;
2219
2220						for (var key in arguments[i]) {
2221						if (arguments[i].hasOwnProperty(key))
2222							out[key] = arguments[i][key];
2223						}
2224					}
2225
2226					return out;
2227				};
2228				extend( window.infiniteScroll.settings.scripts, ["jetpack-mu-wpcom-settings","rlt-proxy","wpcom-actionbar-placeholder","grofiles-cards","wpgroho","jetpack_likes_queuehandler","the-neverending-homepage","coblocks-loader","tiled-gallery","sharing-js"] );
2229				extend( window.infiniteScroll.settings.styles, ["jetpack_likes","the-neverending-homepage","coblocks-frontend","wpcom-core-compat-playlist-styles","wpcom-text-widget-styles","wpcom-bbpress2-staff-css","pilcrow","reblogging","geo-location-flair","sharedaddy","social-logos","h4-global","wp-img-auto-sizes-contain","wp-emoji-styles","wp-block-library","classic-theme-styles","wp-block-styles-placeholder","coblocks-inline-format","wp-global-styles-placeholder","jetpack-global-styles-frontend-style","wp-block-embed","wp-block-html","wp-block-quote","wp-block-table","wp-block-gallery","wp-block-heading","wp-block-image","wp-block-list","wp-block-paragraph","global-styles","tiled-gallery","core-block-supports","core-block-supports-duotone"] );
2230			})();
2231		</script>
2231
2232				<span id="infinite-aria" aria-live="polite"></span>
2233			<iframe src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/master.html?ver=20261005#ver=20261005' scrolling='no' id='likes-master' name='likes-master' style='display:none;'></iframe>
2234	<div id='likes-other-gravatars' role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="likes-text"><span>%d</span></div><ul class="wpl-avatars sd-like-gravatars"></ul></div>
2235	
2235<script src="//stats.wp.com/w.js?69" defer></script>
2235 
2235<script type="text/javascript">
2236_tkq = window._tkq || [];
2237_stq = window._stq || [];
2238_tkq.push(['storeContext', {'blog_id':'86743669','blog_tz':'10','user_lang':'en','blog_lang':'en','user_id':'0'}]);
2239		// Prevent sending pageview tracking from WP-Admin pages.
2240		_stq.push(['view', {'blog':'86743669','v':'wpcom','tz':'10','user_id':'0','arch_home':'1','subd':'hbeanu'}]);
2241		_stq.push(['extra', {'crypt':'UE5tW3cvZGRDdlFnNktvMDdYLnFTKz81VW9LK2FtYS1mUj1YeERBSnhWNm8xMVcyUFd8L0MrVVY2dy9FN1BbXU91cEJkWENlTDlza1RiR3pzL3xpR0ZEdGFRP3VdL2otYmIlbHJsMiZBMFJ5aTduUSwxUCZDSmgwZ0JTcXAvL05OU0JrQ0NQTy58M2xjOVIrfGY5REJNNHMzQ3VfcF03Jl82ZmRfQW9Oc0Z6XTdRaDU2MFd0TEhuP1E1cGFrfGEyV0EtS3lmbU4yUmo0QTJldiZGRm00RDc5c0JINFp5WmtBP0NFMjJTLn5uQg=='}]);
2242_stq.push([ 'clickTrackerInit', '86743669', '0' ]);
2243</script>
2243
2244<noscript><img src="https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" style="height:1px;width:1px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;bottom:1px;" alt="" /></noscript>
2245<meta id="bilmur" property="bilmur:data" content="" data-provider="wordpress.com" data-service="simple" data-site-tz="Australia/Sydney" data-custom-props="{&quot;logged_in&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;wptheme&quot;:&quot;pub\/pilcrow&quot;,&quot;wptheme_is_block&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}"   >
2246		
2246<script defer src="/wp-content/js/bilmur.min.js?i=19&amp;m=202641"></script>
2246 	</body>
2247</html>

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.