1<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en"> 2<html> 3<head> 4 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> 5 <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (X11; I; Linux 2.0.36 i586) [Netscape]"> 6</head> 7<body><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> 8<html><head> 9</head><body> 10<!-- BEGIN BALD.D SUPPORT LINKS--> 11<!-- END BALD.D SUPPORT LINKS--> 12</body></html> 13 14 15<h1> 16Readings in Jacksonian America</h1> 17 18<ul>This work is an incomplete online book of readings on Jacksonian America, 19which aims to, in time, provide samplings of every aspect of the era, as 20well as an encyclopedic bibliography. I.e., it should provide a starting 21point for the study of any topic in Jacksonian America, <b><u>and</u></b> 22a way of exploring the possibilities, so that one can <b><u>discover</u></b> 23new interests. 24<p>Presently, it is very much a work in progress, and makes no claim to 25balance or completeness (<font size=-1>except that you can safely expect 26a lack of same</font>). Religion is the most thoroughly treated general 27heading, because I started with it, and also because it very important 28to understanding Jacksonian America, and has been emphasized in <i><a href="../jmisc/index.html">Jacksonian
29Miscellanies</a></i>, the source of most of the online readings.</ul> 30 31<h2> 32Topics</h2> 33 34<ul><a href="#Religion">Religion</a> 35<ul> 36<li> 37<a href="#Calvinism and Puritanism">Calvinism and Puritanism</a></li> 38 39<li> 40<a href="#After the Revolution: The Church on the Rebound">After the Revolution: 41The Church on the Rebound</a></li> 42 43<li> 44<a href="#Other Causes of Erosion of the Main Calvinist Churches">Other 45Causes of Erosion of the Main Calvinist Churches</a></li> 46 47<li> 48<a href="#Unitarianism: The Reasonbleness of Christianity,">Unitarianism: 49"The Reasonableness of Christianity", and its Argument With Calvinism</a></li> 50 51<li> 52<a href="#The Methodist Church">The Methodist Church</a></li> 53 54<li> 55<a href="#A List of Online Readings on Religion in the E.A.R.">A List of 56Online Readings on Religion in the Early American Republic</a></li> 57 58<li> 59<a href="#The Episcopalian Church">The Episcopalian Church</a></li> 60 61<li> 62<a href="#The Controversy over Revivalism">The Controversy over Revivalism</a></li> 63 64<li> 65<a href="#Other Subheadings of Religion:">Other Subheadings of Religion 66(to be developed later)</a></li> 67</ul> 68Other Sub-headings (besides Religion) 69<ul> 70<li> 71<a href="#The Transportation Revolution">The Transportation Revolution</a></li> 72 73<li> 74<a href="#The Communications Revolution">The Communications Revolution</a></li> 75 76<li> 77<a href="#Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> 78 79<li> 80<a href="#Money and the Marketplace">Money and the Marketplace</a></li> 81 82<li> 83<a href="#Changes in the Nature of Work (decline in">Changes in the Nature 84of Work (decline in apprenticeships and artisanship)</a>.</li> 85 86<li> 87<a href="#Politics and Party Systems">Politics and Party Systems</a></li> 88 89<li> 90<a href="#The Capitol (City of Magnificent Distances)">The Capitol (City 91of Magnificent Distances)</a></li> 92 93<li> 94<a href="#Congress">Congress</a></li> 95 96<li> 97<a href="#Administration">Administration</a></li> 98 99<li> 100<a href="#Supreme Court - Dartmouth Coll. Case,">Supreme Court</a></li> 101 102<li> 103<a href="#Europeans Look at America">Europeans Look at America</a></li> 104 105<li> 106<a href="#Americans Abroad">Americans Abroad</a></li> 107 108<li> 109<a href="#Slavery">Slavery</a></li> 110 111<li> 112<a href="#Anti-slavery">Anti-slavery</a></li> 113 114<li> 115<a href="#Free African-Americans">Free African-Americans</a></li> 116 117<li> 118<a href="#Learning">Learning</a></li> 119 120<ul> 121<li> 122<a href="#Colleges">Colleges</a></li> 123 124<li> 125<a href="#Upbringing of Children and Early Education">Upbringing of Children 126and Early Education</a></li> 127 128<li> 129<a href="#The Lyceum - Josiah Holbrook, Emerson, Lincoln and">The Lyceum</a></li> 130 131<li> 132<a href="#Science and Technology">Science and Technology</a></li> 133 134<li> 135<a href="#Medicine">Medicine</a></li> 136 137<li> 138<a href="#Law In a Litigious Society">Law In a Litigious Society</a></li> 139</ul> 140 141<li> 142<a href="#Manners and Refinement">Manners and "Refinement"</a></li> 143 144<li> 145<a href="#The Theater">The Theater</a></li> 146 147<li> 148<a href="#Literature">Literature</a></li> 149 150<li> 151<a href="#The Fine Arts">The "Fine Arts"</a></li> 152 153<li> 154<a href="#Folk Arts">Folk Arts</a></li> 155 156<li> 157<a href="#Folk Arts">Changing Role of Women</a></li> 158 159<li> 160<a href="#Native Americans">Native Americans</a></li> 161 162<li> 163<a href="#Amusements and Festivities">Amusements and Festivities</a></li> 164 165<li> 166<a href="#Violence">Violence</a></li> 167 168<ul> 169<li> 170<a href="#Dueling">Dueling</a></li> 171 172<li> 173<a href="#Riots">Riots</a></li> 174 175<li> 176<a href="#Crime (highway robbery..)">Crime (highway robbery..)</a></li> 177</ul> 178 179<li> 180<a href="#Crash and Burn: Suicide, Madness, and Drinking">Crash and Burn: 181Suicide, Madness, and Drinking oneself to death</a></li> 182 183<li> 184<a href="#Texture of Everyday Life">Texture of Everyday Life</a></li> 185 186<li> 187<a href="#Cities">Cities</a></li> 188 189<li> 190<a href="#Burghs">Burghs</a></li> 191 192<li> 193<a href="#Towns (no villages in America)">Towns ("no villages" in America)</a></li> 194 195<li> 196<a href="#Country">Country</a></li> 197 198<li> 199<a href="#Back-Country">Back Country</a></li> 200 201<li> 202<a href="#The Mississippi and Ohio Valleys">The Mississippi and Ohio Valleys</a></li> 203 204<li> 205<a href="#Wilderness (Trapper and Indian country)">Wilderness (Trapper 206and Indian country)</a></li> 207 208<li> 209<a href="#West Coast (John Marsh; 2 Years Before the Mast)">West Coast 210(John Marsh; 2 Years Before the Mast)</a></li> 211</ul> 212<a href="#Historiography">Historiography</a></ul> 213 214<h2> 215<a NAME="Religion"></a>Religion</h2> 216 217<ul>Religion was an enormous force and preoccupation in peoples' lives 218in this era. Religious books were among the few that most people owned, 219and perhaps as many as a third of all newspapers had some religious orientation 220(<font size=-1>For support of this tentative claim, see Michael S. Foley, 221"A Mission Unfulfilled: The Post Office and the Distribution of Information 222in Rural New England, 1821-1835, in <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i>, 22317 - Winter 1997, p611ff; especially the table on p635</font>). 224<p>Nearly all colleges - especially in the northeast, had a religious basis, 225and most college presidents -- perhaps most college teachers, were trained 226for the ministry. 227<p>Religion was "on the march". The "camp meeting" in the woods, and the 228"extended meeting" in the meeting house were used to nurture revivals. 229(<font size=-1>c.f.</font> <font size=-1><i><a href="../bb/bc.htm#Conkin, Paul Keith, Cane Ridge">Cane 230Ridge</a></i>; <i><a href="../bb/bj.htm#Johnson, Paul E., A Shopkeeper's Millennium">Shopkeeper's 231Millennium</a></i>; <i><a href="../bb/bc.htm#Cartwright, Peter, Autobiography of Peter">Autobiography 232of Peter Cartwright</a></i> ... C.G. Finney</font>). These were likely 233to go on for days. 234<p>America was overwhelmingly Protestant (with widespread anti-Catholic 235bigotry). But it was a very fragmented Protestantism, mostly as a heritage 236of England's breakdown of religious orthodoxy, which climaxed in the Cromwell 237years. 238<h3> 239<a NAME="Calvinism and Puritanism"></a>Calvinism and Puritanism</h3> 240Given the origins of the Anglican church, in reasons of state, and its 241clinging to the liturgical style of Catholic worship, it did little to 242satisfy those who were captivated by the idea, sweeping Europe, of stripping 243Christianity down to its essential truths; "purifying" it of pagan seeming 244rituals, graven images, and doctrines that could not be found in the bible. 245Such people found a strong, coherent doctrine in the Calvinist movement 246that first took root in Switzerland and Holland. 247<p>Calvinists believed strongly in searching the Bible for truth, and the 248tradition included an emphasis on learning -- learning the original languages 249of the Bible, and developing analytical minds for interpreting it. For 250this reason, the Calvinists of America built important educational institutions 251like <a href="../schools.htm#Harvard University">Harvard</a>, <a href="../schools.htm#Yale University">Yale</a>, 252and <a href="../schools.htm#Princeton University">Princeton</a>. They also 253developed, in New England, the strongest network of primary schools anywhere 254in the world at that time, and helped encourage a thriving printing industry. 255<p>The doctrines used by the Calvinist churches of America are widely available 256on the Web. Two very good places are: <a href="http://www.reformed.org/books/institutes/index.html">John 257Calvin, <i>Institutes of the Christian Religion, </i>A New Translation, 258by Henry Beveridge, Esq.</a>; and <a href="http://www.math.princeton.edu/~sanders/ref/gbkp.html">Great 259Books of Protestantism</a>. You can also find the <u>Westminster Confession 260of Faith complete with line by line links to the Biblical "proofs" of each 261doctrine (<font size=+1>NOTE: Locate it</font>)</u>. 262<p>
262Two major strains of Calvinism: Presbyterianism, with its roots in Scotland, 263and "puritanism", which became New England Congregationalism, were well 264represented. At the very beginning of the 19th century, there was an attempt, 265for a while, to unite these two forms of Calvinism. Both valued scholarship, 266and the tradition of the clergyman being the most learned man in the community, 267and were losing ground to Methodism and other highly emotional sects. 268<h3> 269<a NAME="After the Revolution: The Church on the Rebound"></a>After the 270Revolution: The Church on the Rebound</h3> 271In the early years of the American republic, Protestantism was on something 272of a counter-offensive. 273<p>There was a strong tendency, particularly in the educated northeast, 274towards the secular ideas of the enlightenment, such as deism, summed up 275in the popular phrase "nature and nature's God" (<a href="http://altavista.digital.com/cgi-bin/query?pg=q&kl=XX&q=%22nature+and+nature%27s+god%22">Click 276here to see how many "hits" the Internet search engine Altavista gets on 277the phrase</a>. It gave me 470). As the massive physical reality of the 278earth was growing more comprehensible, and as knowledge of it began to 279give mankind unprecedented new powers, it was natural for some to look 280<i><b>there, 281in the "book of nature"</b>,</i> for knowledge of the universe, and of 282whatever <b>Being</b> created it and made it work, rather than to a book 283whose origins are known at fifth hand. (<font size=-1>Similar concerns 284about the Bible, and the traditions through which we know it, may also 285have helped convince Quakers to listen for direct experience of being "moved 286by the spirit".</font>) But the <b>basic intellectuality</b> of the Calvinist 287tradition made a movement towards <b>liberal Christian, deistic, or even 288<i>secular</i> intellectualism</b> more likely than one toward any form 289of mysticism. 290<p>Finally, in men like <a href="../BIOG-P.htm#Paine, Thomas 1737 - 1809:">Thomas 291Paine</a> and <a href="../BIOG-J.htm#Jefferson, Thomas 1743 - 1826">Thomas 292Jefferson</a>, we had real American heroes (though Paine was on the outs), 293and brilliant writers lending weight to a skeptical approach to religion. 294Thus we have <a href="../BIOG-D.htm#Dwight, Timothy (1752 - 1817):">Timothy 295Dwight</a>, at <a href="../schools.htm#Yale University">Yale</a>, and <a href="../BIOG-B.htm#Beecher, Lyman">Lyman 296Beecher</a> in Long Island, at the beginning of the century, fighting to 297turn back the secular tide. 298<h3> 299<a NAME="Other Causes of Erosion of the Main Calvinist Churches"></a>Other 300(Specifically American) Causes of Erosion of the Main Calvinist Churches</h3> 301Meanwhile, on the frontiers, people has simply outrun much of the institutional 302structure of society, including churches. This is what inspired the Presbyterians 303and Congregationalists to try to pull together, for Methodist circuit riders 304and the promoters of "camp meetings" were filling the vacuum with new denominations, 305particularly Methodists and Baptists. 306<p>Memoirs of frontier Baptist and Methodist preachers in <i>Jacksonian
307Miscellanies:</i> 308<br><a href="../jm970311.htm">Issue #9: March 11, 1997</a> (Calvinism in 309Frontier Tennessee and Kentucky), 310<br><a href="../jm970318.htm">Issue #10: March 18, 1997 </a>(Baptist Preachers 311on the Early Frontier), 312<br><a href="../jm970429.htm">Issue #16: April 29, 1997</a> (The Arminianization 313of Granville Moody). 314<h3> 315<a NAME="Unitarianism: The Reasonbleness of Christianity,"></a>Unitarianism: 316"The Reasonableness of Christianity", and its Argument With Calvinism</h3> 317Another development of the early 19th century, in the opposite direction 318from the emotional fervor of Methodists and Baptists, was that of Unitarianism. 319A major peculiarity of Congregationalism was its anti-hierarchical nature. 320Many Congregational churches in eastern Massachusetts, particularly around 321Boston, simply drifted in doctrine with the climate of thought of the times. 322<p>In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, in a different climate of 323thought, and <b>during a period of lax church discipline</b>, a similar 324"drift" had led some English congregations towards Puritanism. When the 325church hierarchy moved to <b>squelch</b> the trend, many congregations 326sought a <b>permanently</b> abolition of hierarchical discipline. Ironically, 327this in turn facilitated the emergence of a <b>liberal</b> church. 328<p>It took a couple of decades for Unitarianism to attain anything like 329the coherence of a denomination, but <a href="../schools.htm#Harvard University">Harvard</a> 330became an enclave of the new doctrines about 1805, and by the mid 1820s, 331"Unitarian Christianity" had a clear identity. 332<p>Unitarians were strongly influenced by Enlightenment thought, particularly 333by <a href="../BIOG-L.htm#Locke, John 1632 - 1704:">John Locke</a>, and 334rejected any such mysterious concept as the Trinity, an entity that was 335somehow three "persons" and one at the same time. Their basic attitude 336might be summed up in the title of one of Locke's works: <b><i>The Reasonableness 337of Christianity </i></b>(for an excerpt, and related discussions, 338<a href="http://www.baylor.edu/~Scott_Moore/essays/reasonableness.html">click 339here</a>). They also firmly rejected the Calvinist doctrines of man as 340"innately depraved" and of an inscrutable God, repulsed by his creation, 341who has decided in advance who will be saved, and damned the rest of mankind 342to eternal torment. 343<p><i><a href="../jm970112.htm">Jacksonian Miscellanies #1</a></i> presented 344a hymn, "Lord I am Vile", an adaptation of Psalm 59, by Isaac Watts, illustrating 345the doctrine of human depravity, and the attitude of fear and cringing 346in God's presence. This is contrasted with hymn or poem by <a href="../BIOG-F.htm#Frisbie, Levi 1784 - July 9, 1822">Levi 347Frisbie</a> (1784-1822), Professor of Moral Philosophy at Harvard, portraying 348God as a warm and kind being, whom man can approach without shame or fear. 349<p><a href="../jm971111.htm">Issue #37: November 11, 1997</a> (<i>Henry 350Ware's Letters to Trinitarians and Calvinists</i>) is the work of the man 351whose elevation to <a href="../schools.htm#Harvard University">Harvard</a> 352Professor of Divinity shocked the orthodox in 1805. 353<p>A quick summary, well known at the time, of the Calvinist doctrine, 354was the "Five Points of Calvinism" (1. Total depravity (Original Sin) 2.Unconditional 355election (God's Election) 3.Limited atonement (Particular Redemption) 4.Irresistible 356grace (Effectual Calling) 5.Perseverance of the Saints -- note the 1st 357letters spell "TULIP"). Two sites for the "Five Points" of Calvinism: click 358<br><b><font size=+2><a href="http://www.gty.org/~phil/dabney/5points.htm">here 359or</a> <a href="http://www.dabney.com/charles/Calvinism.html">here</a></font></b>. 360<p><a href="../jm970311.htm">In Jacksonian Miscellanies #9</a> are backwoods 361<a href="../jm970311.htm#Lewis Moore: God's Election Cheats No One">"plain 362talk" defenses of the doctrine of election and other Calvinist doctrines</a>, 363as well as a plain statement of the doctrine of <a href="../jm970311.htm#Elder Brooks: 'Adam Drawn Out at Length'">Original 364Sin, and similarly plain rejection of it</a>. 365<h3> 366<a NAME="The Methodist Church"></a>The Methodist Church</h3> 367Among the distinguishing characteristics of the Methodist Church, begun 368by John Wesley (who spent several years in the American colonies in the 369early 18th century), were: 370<ul> 371<li> 372a lack of interest in hair-splitting doctrine (and belief in human perfectibility 373incompatible with "Total Depravity" or "Limited Atonement"). <a href="../BIOG-C.htm#Cartwright, Peter">Peter 374Cartwright</a>, famous early 19th century Methodist preacher, asked why 375there were so few Doctors of Divinity in his sect, is supposed to have 376said <b><i>"Our divinity ain't sick and it don't need doctoring"</i></b>.</li> 377 378<li> 379Organizationally, the Methodist Church was one solid structure, focused 380on bringing everyone into the fold. Regular meetings were held at different 381geographical levels to compare counts of converts and attendees, and determine 382whether this district or that region needed a particularly strong preacher, 383(See <i><a href="../bb/bc.htm#Cartwright, Peter, Autobiography of Peter">Autobiography 384of Peter Cartwright</a></i>).</li> 385</ul> 386<i><a href="../jm970429.htm">
386Jacksonian Miscellanies #16</a></i> describes 387how Granville Moody, raised in a Calvinist faith, was converted to Methodism 388when he transplanted himself West. 389<h3> 390<a NAME="A List of Online Readings on Religion in the E.A.R."></a>A List 391of Online Readings on Religion in the Early American Republic:</h3> 392Some other <b><i>Jacksonian Miscellanies</i></b> issues having to do with 393religion in the early republic are: 394<ul> 395<li> 396<a href="../jm970318.htm">Issue #10: March 18, 1997 </a>(Baptist Preachers 397on the Early Frontier)</li> 398 399<li> 400<a href="../jm970520.htm">Issue #19: May 20, 1997</a></li> 401 402<br>(Building Revivals and Steam Engines at Bowdoin) 403<li> 404<a href="../jm970617.htm">Issue #21: June 17, 1997</a> (Home Economics 405and the Millennium)</li> 406 407<li> 408<a href="../jm971111.htm">Issue #37: November 11, 1997</a></li> 409 410<br>(Henry Ware's Letters to Trinitarians and Calvinists) 411<li> 412<a href="../jm971202.htm">Issue #40: December 2, 1997</a></li> 413 414<br>(A Log Church and a Preacher's Son on the Erie Frontier) 415<li> 416<a href="../jm971209.htm">Issue #41: December 9, 1997</a></li> 417 418<br>(S.J.M. Eaton, 2: A Frontier Preacher & the Early Education of 419his Son) 420<li> 421<a href="../jm971216.htm">Issue #42: December 16, 1997</a></li> 422 423<br>(S.J.M. Eaton, 3: A Future Minister Prepares for College on the Erie 424Frontier) 425<li> 426<a href="../jm980217.htm">Issue #49: February 17, 1998</a></li> 427 428<br>(Chase and Otey: Episcopalian Backwoodsmen) 429<li> 430<a href="../jm980421.htm">Issue #58: April 21, 1998</a></li> 431 432<br>(The Owen­Campbell Debate: Is there a God?) 433<li> 434<a href="../jm980818.htm">Issue #67: August 18, 1998</a></li> 435 436<br>(The Man Who Lived on Water for 53 Days) 437<li> 438<a href="../jm980922.htm">Issue #70: September 22, 1998</a> (Revival (In 439the Old Sense) at Amherst)</li> 440</ul> 441 442<h3> 443<a NAME="The Episcopalian Church"></a>The Episcopalian Church</h3> 444The Anglican Church in America could not continue its allegiance to England, 445and so formed a new organization, the Episcopalian church. It had the same 446hierarchical organization as the Methodist Church (a spin-off of the Anglicans, 447which retained this feature), but was not so aggressive (but see <i><a href="../jm980217.htm">J.M.</a></i><a href="../jm980217.htm"> 448#49: February 17, 1998</a> (Chase and Otey: Episcopalian Backwoodsmen) 449for contrary indications). 450<p>The Chesapeake Bay colonies, and those further south, were not typically 451settled by religious dissenters, so the Episcopalian church was strong 452there. It was also fairly strong in the upper middle colonies, especially 453New York. The Episcopalian church retained a toned down version of the 454grandeur 455and ceremony of the Catholic church. It appealed to upwardly mobile, polite 456society, tended to be anti-evangelical (<font size=-1><a href="../bb/bp.htm#Pintard, John, Letters from John Pintard to his Daughter">see 457Pintard, John, <i>Letters from John Pintard to his daughter..., 1816-1833</i></a> 458for complaints of anti-evangelicalism in New York</font>), and usually 459built the tallest, most graceful churches. See (<a href="../bb/bb.htm#Bushman, Richard L. Title: The refinement of America">Richard 460Bushman, <i>The Refinement of America</i></a> for the contrast in style 461between the Episcopal and other churches, and how the difference shrank 462in the early 19th Century. 463<p>The Episcopal church was, at first, almost nonexistent in New England, 464but due to upward mobility and sometimes just rebelliousness, it began 465to grow there in the period. See <a href="../bb/bs.htm#Shepard, Odell, Pedlar's Progress, the life of">Odell 466Shepard, Pedlar's Progress, the Life of Bronson Alcott</a> for one example. 467<h3> 468<a NAME="The Controversy over Revivalism"></a>The Controversy over Revivalism</h3> 469To an older generation, a "revival" was a kind of spiritual visitation 470upon a community. An example of this view of revival is described by <a href="../BIOG-A.htm#Abbot, Jacob 1803-1879:">Jacob 471Abbott</a> in his book, <i><a href="../bb/ba.htm#Abbott, Jacob, The Cornerstone">The 472Cornerstone</a></i>. See <i><a href="../jm980922.htm">J.M.</a></i><a href="../jm980922.htm"> 473#70: September 22, 1998</a> (Revival (In the Old Sense) at Amherst). Cyrus 474Hamlin vividly implies the same thing in describing a <a href="../jm970520.htm#Revival at Bowdoin (Cyrus Hamlin)">revival 475at Bowdoin College</a>. He said it "came as silently as the dew", and its 476coming was first signaled when the "colored sister of the church", asked 477why she was kneeling in prayer on the church doorstone, said <a href="../jm970520.htm#I know the Lord is coming; I feel it in my bones">"I 478know the Lord is coming; I feel it in my bones."</a>. Generally, Unitarians 479shared the old style Congregationalist's disdain for revivals. 480<p> 481<hr WIDTH="100%"> 482<h2> 483<a NAME="Other Subheadings of Religion:"></a><font size=+1>Other Subheadings 484of Religion:<br> 485<i><u>
485Mostly a sketchy outline, to be filled in, from here on:</u></i></font></h2> 486 487<h4> 488<a NAME="Black Episcopalians"></a>Black Episcopalians</h4> 489 490<ul>In Philadelphia: <a href="../bb/bn.htm#Nash, Gary B., Forging freedom : the formation of">Nash, 491<i>Forging 492Freedom</i></a></ul> 493 494<h3> 495<a NAME="The Black Methodist Church (AME, AME Zion,"></a>The Black Methodist 496Church (AME, AME Zion, & other)</h3> 497 498<h3> 499<a NAME="The Baptist Church"></a>The Baptist Church</h3> 500 501<h3> 502<a NAME="The Quakers, or Society of Friends"></a>The Quakers, or Society 503of Friends</h3> 504 505<h3> 506<a NAME="The Shakers"></a>The Shakers</h3> 507 508<ul><a href="../bb/bf.htm#Fowler, John, Journal of a Tour Through the State of New York">John 509Fowler <i>Tour... New York, 1830</i></a>.</ul> 510 511<h3> 512<a NAME="Founding of the Mormon Church"></a>Founding of the Mormon Church</h3> 513 514<h3> 515<a NAME="Small and Strange Sects"></a>Small and Strange Sects</h3> 516 517<ul> 518<li> 519<a href="../bb/bj.htm#Johnson and Wilentz, The Kingdom of Matthias">Johnson 520and Willentz, <i>Kingdom of Matthias</i></a>.</li> 521 522<li> 523<a href="../bb/bc.htm#Cross, Whitney R. The Burned-Over">Cross, <i>Burned 524Over District</i></a><i>.</i></li> 525 526<li> 527Noyes and Oneida -- spiritual wifery...</li> 528</ul> 529 530<h3> 531<a NAME="Universalism"></a>Universalism</h3> 532 533<h3> 534<a NAME="The Transcendentalists"></a>The Transcendentalists</h3> 535 536<ul> 537<li> 538<a href="../bb/bh.htm#Hutchison, William R., The Transcendentalist Ministers">Hutchison, 539William R. <i>The Transcendentalist Ministers</i></a></li> 540</ul> 541 542<h3> 543<a NAME="The Sisterhood of Reforms"></a>The "Sisterhood of Reforms"</h3> 544 545<ul>Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical ...</ul> 546 547<h3> 548<a NAME="Anti-Religious Religious Movements"></a>Anti-Religious Religious 549Movements</h3> 550 551<ul>(Owen: father and son; Francis Wright; Thomas Paine, Paineites, and 552Workies [Some material in <i>Shopkeeper's Millennium</i> and <i>Chants 553Democratic</i>]).</ul> 554 555<h3> 556<a NAME="Anti-Sabbatarianism and Anti-Blue-skinism"></a>Anti-Sabbatarianism 557and "Anti-Blue-skinism"</h3> 558 559<ul> 560<li> 561<a href="../BIOG-R.htm#Royall, Anne Newport 1769 - 1854:">Anne Royall</a></li> 562 563<li> 564<a href="../BIOG-J.htm#Johnson, Richard Mentor 1780 - 1850">Richard M. 565Johnson</a></li> 566</ul> 567</ul> 568 569<h2> 570<a NAME="Other Sub-headings (besides Religion)"></a><i>Other Sub-headings 571(besides Religion)</i></h2> 572 573<ul> 574<ul> 575<li> 576<a NAME="The Transportation Revolution"></a>The Transportation Revolution</li> 577 578<ul> 579<li> 580<a href="../bb/bt.htm#Taylor, George Rogers, The Transportation Revolution">Taylor, 581George Rogers, <i>The Transportation Revolution</i></a></li> 582 583<li> 584Moving People</li> 585 586<ul> 587<li> 588<a href="../jm970415.htm">Issue #14: April 15, 1997</a> (Trains, Stages, 589Canal and Steam Boats)</li> 590 591<li> 592The National Road, and other Roads</li> 593 594<li> 595Steamboat Travel</li> 596 597<ul> 598<li> 599<a href="http://www.hhpl.on.ca/GreatLakes">In Maritime History of the Great 600Lakes:</a> <a href="http://www.hhpl.on.ca/GreatLakes/scripts/Bib.asp?PubID=3">Stanton, 601Samuel Ward, <i>American Steam Vessels</i>, (NY: Smith & Stanton, 1895)</a></li> 602 603<br>Online and searchable -- contains many representations of specific 604vessels, etc. 605<li> 606<a href="../jm970415.htm#Steamboat Travel - Fannie Kemble (1832)">Description 607by Fannie Kemble of a Steamer (off the NJ coast?) in 1832</a>.</li> 608</ul> 609 610<li> 611<a href="../jm970415.htm#F. Kemble on Canal Boat Travel">F. Kemble on Canal 612Boat Travel</a></li> 613 614<li> 615Evolution of the Railroad</li> 616 617<ul> 618<li> 619<a href="../jm970415.htm#F. Kemble on a Horse-drawn Railway Car">F. Kemble 620on a Horse drawn Railway Car</a></li> 621 622<li> 623<a href="../jm970415.htm#THE FIRST AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVE">THE FIRST AMERICAN 624LOCOMOTIVE</a></li> 625</ul> 626</ul> 627 628<li> 629Moving Goods</li> 630 631<ul> 632<li> 633Older Ways</li> 634 635<ul> 636<li> 637The Yankee Pedlar (<font size=-1>or Peddler, but the former was more common 638in early America</font>)</li> 639 640<ul> 641<li> 642"Education of James Guild" from <a href="../bb/bs.htm">Sanford, 643<i>Quest 644for America, 1810-1824</i></a>., p47-76. Diary entries of one who felt 645he had sunk to the lowest depths when he put a pedlar's trunk on his back; 646crying bitter tears and fearing most of all to be seen by any childhood 647companion.</li> 648 649<br> Later, he toughens up, and later still , becomes 650a miniature portrait artist, and eventually a successful portrait painter. 651<li> 652<a href="../bb/bd.htm#Dolan, J. R., The Yankee Peddlers of Early America">Dolan, 653<i>Yankee 654Peddlers</i></a> - A very thorough account of the Yankee Peddler and his 655world, including the roads he traveled on, the factories that made the 656goods, ... Profusely illustrated, mostly with prints from the peri
656od. Probably 657more on the popular than scholarly side.</li> 658 659<li> 660<a href="../bb/bs.htm#Shepard, Odell, Pedlar's Progress, the life of">Odell 661Shepard, Pedlar's Progress, the Life of Bronson Alcott</a>. Esp. p38ff, 662which describes the few years Alcott lived the peddler's life.</li> 663 664<li> 665Description of peddlers purchasing assorted goods to take on the road from 666New York stores, in <a href="../bb/bc.htm#Cleland, Robert Glass, A History of Phelps Dodge,">Cleland, 667<i>A 668History of Phelps Dodge</i></a><i>,</i> p19. <a href="../bb/bd.htm#Dwight, Timothy, Travels in New England and New">Dwight's 669<i>Travels</i></a>, 670I, p223; II, p33-34.</li> 671</ul> 672 673<li> 674Keelboats and "One-Way" boats</li> 675</ul> 676 677<li> 678Revolutionary Ways</li> 679 680<ul> 681<li> 682Building the Canals</li> 683 684<ul> 685<li> 686<i><a href="../bb/bj.htm#Jervis, John B, The Reminiscences of John B. Jervis">Reminiscences 687of John B. Jervis</a></i> gives first-hand account of recruitment of farm 688boys as laborers, and the occasional self-made engineer who came from that 689background.</li> 690</ul> 691 692<li> 693Shipping by Canal</li> 694 695<li> 696Early Specialized Railroads</li> 697 698<br>The first railroads in America were strictly for moving heavy materials 699like coal and building stone. The locomotive was secondary to use of smooth 700hard wheels on smooth hard tracks to minimize friction. This was sometimes 701true, in the first years, even for passenger trains (<a href="../jm970415.htm#F. Kemble on a Horse-drawn Railway Car">F. 702Kemble on a Horse-drawn Railway Car</a>). 703<li> 704"The" Railroad.</li> 705</ul> 706</ul> 707</ul> 708 709<li> 710<a NAME="The Communications Revolution"></a>The Communications Revolution</li> 711 712<ul> 713<li> 714The Postal System - <a href="../bb/bj.htm">Richard John, <i>Spreading the 715News</i></a>.</li> 716 717<li> 718Newspapers</li> 719 720<ul> 721<li> 722<a href="../jm970513.htm">Issue #18: May 13, 1997</a> ("The News" in the 723Wake of the Hayne-Webster Debate)</li> 724 725<li> 726<a href="../jm970603.htm">Issue #20: June 3, 1997</a></li> 727 728<br>(Parton on Horace Greeley's Apprenticeship)</ul> 729</ul> 730 731<li> 732<a NAME="Manufacturing"></a>Manufacturing</li> 733 734<ul> 735<li> 736Rockdale</li> 737 738<li> 739Lowell</li> 740 741<li> 742Fall River Outrage</li> 743</ul> 744 745<li> 746<a NAME="Money and the Marketplace"></a>Money and the Marketplace</li> 747 748<li> 749<a NAME="Changes in the Nature of Work (decline in"></a>Changes in the 750Nature of Work (decline in apprenticeships and artisanship).</li> 751 752<li> 753<a NAME="Politics and Party Systems"></a>Politics and Party Systems</li> 754 755<ul> 756<li> 757"Era of Good Feelings" and Cracks in the Wall</li> 758 759<li> 760Jacksonian Democrats</li> 761 762<li> 763The New Politics</li> 764 765<ul> 766<li> 767<a href="../bb/bc.htm#Cole, Donald B., Jacksonian Democracy in New Hampshire">Cole, 768Donald, <i>Jacksonian Democracy in New Hampshire</i></a></li> 769</ul> 770 771<li> 772The Anti-Masonic Movement - <a href="../bb/bs.htm">Schlessinger, Hist of 773Polit Parties</a></li> 774 775<li> 776<a href="../Whigs.htm">Whig Party</a></li> 777</ul> 778 779<li> 780<a NAME="The Capitol (City of Magnificent Distances)"></a>The Capitol (City 781of Magnificent Distances)</li> 782 783<ul> 784<li> 785Boardinghouses and Messes.</li> 786 787<li> 788High Society (Diplomats, etc.)</li> 789 790<li> 791A "Crush".</li> 792</ul> 793 794<li> 795<a NAME="Congress"></a>Congress</li> 796 797<ul> 798<li> 799Legislation as a Spectator Sport</li> 800 801<ul> 802<li> 803(quotes by Basil Hall; another that Richard John mentioned)</li> 804 805<li> 806<a href="../jm970211.htm">Issue #5: February 11, 1997</a> (A Southern Tariff 807Nullifier Appeals to Western "Brothers in Affliction")</li> 808 809<li> 810<a href="../jm970513.htm">Issue #18: May 13, 1997</a> ("The News" in the 811Wake of the Hayne-Webster Debate)</li> 812 813<li> 814The <a href="../hwdebate.htm">Hayne-Webster Debate Online</a></li> 815 816<li> 817<a href="../jm980707.htm">Issue #64: July 7, 1998</a> (Clay on Expunging 818Resolution & Seminole War ))</li> 819</ul> 820</ul> 821 822<li> 823<a NAME="Administration"></a>Administration</li> 824 825<ul> 826<li> 827<a href="../bb/bj.htm">Richard John, <i>Spreading the News</i></a></li> 828 829<li> 830Robert V. Remini (various titles)</li> 831 832<li> 833<a href="../bb/bv.htm#Van Buren, Martin,The autobiography of Martin Van Buren">Martin 834Van Buren, <i>Autobiography of...</i></a></li> 835 836<li> 837<a href="../bb/bc.htm#Cole, Donald B., The Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Cole, 838Donald, <i>Presidency of Andrew Jackson</i></a>.</li> 839</ul> 840 841<li> 842<a NAME="Supreme Court - Dartmouth Coll. Case,"></a>Supreme Court - Dartmouth 843Coll. Case, {Charlestown? Bridge} case</li> 844 845<li> 846<a NAME="Europeans Look at America"></a>Europeans Look at America (& 847Americans Look Back In Anger)</li> 848 849<ul> 850<li> 851Francis Wright (1st visit and book), Basil Hall, Francis Trollope, Harriet
852Martineau, Edward Abdy, Frederick(?) Marryatt, Thomas Hamilton, <b><i>Notions 853of the Americans</i></b> (parody?)</li> 854</ul> 855 856<li> 857<a NAME="Americans Abroad"></a>Americans Abroad</li> 858 859<ul> 860<li> 861Emerson, Irving, Cooper, Powell and other sculptors and painters, Gallatin, 862John Randolph in Russia, Peggy and John in Spain</li> 863</ul> 864 865<li> 866<a NAME="Slavery"></a>Slavery</li> 867 868<ul> 869<li> 870(Online) <a href="http://bentley.uh.edu/mintz/newslbib.htm">Bibliography 871of Slavery and Anti-Slavery</a> by Stephen Mintz</li> 872 873<li> 874Changes in Slavery in the early 19c</li> 875 876<li> 877Conditions of Slavery</li> 878 879<li> 880<a href="../jm980721.htm">Issue #65: July 21, 1998</a></li> 881 882<br>(William and Ellen Croft's Escape from Slavery)</ul> 883 884<li> 885<a NAME="Anti-slavery"></a>Anti-slavery</li> 886 887<ul> 888<li> 889<a href="../jm980609.htm">Issue #60: June 9, 1998</a></li> 890 891<br>(Founding the New England Anti-Slavery Society) 892<li> 893<a href="../jm980630.htm">Issue #63: June 30, 1998</a> (Abdy: 'A More thorough 894Humbug Never Existed' (African Colonization and other Observations))</li> 895</ul> 896 897<li> 898<a NAME="Free African-Americans"></a>Free African-Americans</li> 899 900<ul> 901<li> 902Africans into Negroes (H&H: <b><i>In Search of Liberty</i></b>)</li> 903 904<li> 905Institutions (Nash, <i>Forging Freedom</i>; also H&H...)</li> 906 907<li> 908David Walker</li> 909</ul> 910 911<li> 912<a NAME="Learning"></a>Learning</li> 913 914<ul> 915<li> 916<a NAME="Colleges"></a>Colleges [<a href="../schools.htm">schools.htm</a>; 917Founding of American Colleges] - Harvard (Samuel Elliot Morison), Yale, 918Princeton, Bowdoin, Amherst, Andover, Oberlin (history)</li> 919 920<br><a href="../jm970204.htm">Issue #4: February 4, 1997</a> (School Days) 921<ul> 922<li> 923<a href="../jm970520.htm">Issue #19: May 20, 1997</a></li> 924 925<br>(Building Revivals and Steam Engines at Bowdoin)</ul> 926 927<li> 928Manual Labor Colleges</li> 929 930<li> 931<a NAME="Upbringing of Children and Early Education"></a>Upbringing of 932Children and Early Education</li> 933 934<ul> 935<li> 936<a href="../jm970218.htm">Issue #6: February 18, 1997</a> (Mississippi 937River Traffic, and "Boom and Bust" in 1836-7)</li> 938 939<li> 940<a href="../jm970422.htm">Issue #15: April 22, 1997</a> (<i>First Book 941of History for Children and Youth</i>, by 'Peter Parley')</li> 942</ul> 943 944<li> 945<a NAME="The Lyceum - Josiah Holbrook, Emerson, Lincoln and"></a>The Lyceum 946- Josiah Holbrook, Emerson, Lincoln and Herndon touched by it in Springfield.</li> 947 948<ul> 949<li> 950<a href="../jm970520.htm#Cyrus Hamlin becomes Lyceum speaker with his model steam engine">Cyrus 951Hamlin becomes a Lyceum lecturer with his model steam engine</a>.</li> 952</ul> 953 954<li> 955<a NAME="Science and Technology"></a>Science and Technology</li> 956 957<ul> 958<li> 959<a href="../jm970520.htm#Student Hamlin Builds a Steam Engine">College 960student Cyrus Hamlin builds a model steam engine.</a></li> 961</ul> 962 963<li> 964<a NAME="Medicine"></a>Medicine</li> 965 966<ul> 967<li> 968<a href="../jm980203.htm">Issue #47: February 3, 1998</a> (Pages from a 969Doctor's Manual)</li> 970 971<li> 972<a href="../jm980324.htm">Issue #54: March 24, 1998</a> (1833 Cholera Broadside)</li> 973 974<li> 975<a href="../jm971007.htm">Issue #32: October 7, 1997</a> (State of the 976Art Midwifery, 1849)</li> 977 978<li> 979<a href="../jm970715.htm#Catharine Beecher on scientific approach to healthy dressing">Catharine 980Beecher on Scientific approach to Healthy Clothing.</a></li> 981 982<li> 983<a href="../jm970715.htm#Catharine Beecher on Cleanliness and Health">Catharine 984Beecher on Cleanliness and Health</a></li> 985</ul> 986 987<li> 988<a NAME="Law In a Litigious Society"></a>Law In a Litigious Society</li> 989 990<ul> 991<li> 992Legal Training (Tapping Reeve [See Calhoun biog; L. Beecher Autobiog]; 993Development of Harvard Law School -- Different levels of training: Sumner; 994Douglas; Lincoln)</li> 995 996<li> 997<a href="http://www.neopolitique.org/articles/jan98-wilson.html">James 998Wilson, William Blackstone, and the Common Law by Susan Richmond, Managing 999Editor, <i>Neopolitique</i> (online magazine?)</a></li> 1000</ul> 1001</ul> 1002 1003<li> 1004<a NAME="Manners and Refinement"></a>Manners and "Refinement"</li> 1005 1006<ul> 1007<li> 1008General: <a href="../bb/bb.htm#Bushman, Richard L. Title: The refinement of America">Richard 1009Bushman, <i>The Refinement of America</i></a></li> 1010 1011<li> 1012Trends in housing</li> 1013 1014<ul> 1015<li> 1016<a href="../bb/bb.htm#Bushman, Richard L. Title: The refinement of America">Richard 1017Bushman, <i>The Refinement of America</i></a></li> 1018 1019<li> 1020<a href="../jm970715.htm#Catharine Beecher Sensible, Healthy, and Convenient">Catharine 1021Beecher on Sensible, Healthy, and Convenient Housing (and indoor plumbing)</a></li> 1022</ul> 1023 1024<li> 1025Silhouettes and Miniatures - Journal of James Guild.</li> 1026 1027<li> 1028<a href="../bb/bs.htm#Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Learning how to behave,">Schlessinger, 1029<i>Learning 1030How to Behave</i></a> a 96 page history of manners books.</li> 1031</ul> 1032 1033<li> 1034<a NAME="The Theater"></a>The Theater</li> 1035 1036<ul> 1037<li> 1038Junius Brutus Booth; Wallack;</li> 1039 1040<li> 1041Playwrights - Mrs. Inchbald, Byrd, Mordicai Noah,</li> 1042</ul> 1043 1044<li> 1045<a NAME="Literature"></a>Literature</li> 1046 1047<ul> 1048<li> 1049"Best Sellers" (Frank Luther Mott: <i>Golden Multitudes</i>)</li> 1050 1051<ul> 1052<li> 1053<a href="../jm980804.htm">Issue #66: August 4, 1998</a> (A Boy's Sea Adventure 1054Novel (by Capt. Marryat))</li> 1055 1056<li> 1057Ik Marvel (Donald Mitchell)</li> 1058 1059<li> 1060<a href="../jm971014.htm">Issue #33: October 14, 1997</a> (Charles Brockden 1061Brown: Carwin the Biloquist, Part 1)</li> 1062 1063<li> 1064<a href="../jm970930.htm">Issue #31: September 30, 1997</a> (Joseph Rodman 1065Drake, Early American Poet)</li> 1066</ul> 1067 1068<li> 1069<a NAME="For the Ages"></a>For the Ages</li> 1070 1071<ul> 1072<li> 1073Hawthorne, Melville, Emerson, Thoreau.</li> 1074</ul> 1075 1076<li> 1077Not Sure</li> 1078 1079<ul> 1080<li> 1081Poetry: <a href="../bb/bk.htm#Kettell, Samuel, Specimens of American Poetry">Kettell's 1082<i>Specimens</i></a>.</li> 1083 1084<li> 1085Cooper, Irving</li> 1086</ul> 1087</ul> 1088 1089<li> 1090<a NAME="The Fine Arts"></a>The "Fine Arts"</li> 1091 1092<ul> 1093<li> 1094Hiram Powers - as known by Francis Trollope, and in description of "The 1095Greek Slave".</li> 1096</ul> 1097 1098<li> 1099<a NAME="Folk Arts"></a>Folk Arts</li> 1100 1101<li> 1102<a NAME="Changing Role of Women"></a>Changing Role of Women</li> 1103 1104<ul> 1105<li> 1106Grimke sisters; Abby Kelley; Lucretia Mott; Eliz. Cady Stanton;</li> 1107 1108<li> 1109<a href="../jm970325.htm">Issue #11: March 25, 1997</a> (Frances Wright 1110and Nashoba)</li> 1111 1112<li> 1113The Crusades of Catharine Beecher (<a href="../bb/bs.htm#Sklar, Kathryn Kish, Catharine Beecher">Sklar 1114book</a>)</li> 1115 1116<ul> 1117<li> 1118<a href="../jm970617.htm">Issue #21: June 17, 1997</a> (Home Economics 1119and the Millennium)</li> 1120 1121<li> 1122<a href="../jm970715.htm">Issue #23: July 15, 1997</a> (More Domestic Economy 1123(Catharine Beecher))</li> 1124 1125<ul> 1126<li>
1127<a href="../jm970715.htm#Catharine Beecher on scientific approach to healthy dressing">Catharine 1128Beecher on Scientific approach to Healthy Clothing.</a></li> 1129 1130<li> 1131<a href="../jm970715.htm#ON WHITENING, CLEANSING, AND DYEING.">Catharine 1132Beecher ON WHITENING, CLEANSING, AND DYEING.</a></li> 1133</ul> 1134</ul> 1135</ul> 1136 1137<li> 1138<a NAME="Native Americans"></a>Native Americans</li> 1139 1140<li> 1141<a NAME="Amusements and Festivities"></a>Amusements and Festivities</li> 1142 1143<li> 1144<a NAME="Violence"></a>Violence</li> 1145 1146<ul> 1147<li> 1148<a NAME="Dueling"></a>Dueling</li> 1149 1150<ul> 1151<li> 1152<a href="../jm971118.htm">Issue #38: November 18, 1997</a> (Topic: A Kentucky 1153Duel, 1819)</li> 1154 1155<li> 1156W-B's Southern Honor; Greenburg's Honor and Slavery</li> 1157</ul> 1158 1159<li> 1160<a NAME="Riots"></a>Riots</li> 1161 1162<ul> 1163<li> 1164Gilje</li> 1165</ul> 1166 1167<li> 1168<a NAME="Crime (highway robbery..)"></a>Crime (highway robbery..)</li> 1169 1170<ul> 1171<li> 1172<a href="../jm971125.htm">Issue #39: November 25, 1997</a> (Murder, Banking, 1173and Kentucky Politics, 1824)</li> 1174</ul> 1175</ul> 1176 1177<li> 1178<a NAME="Crash and Burn: Suicide, Madness, and Drinking"></a>Crash and 1179Burn: Suicide, Madness, and Drinking oneself to death</li> 1180 1181<ul> 1182<li> 1183Son of Gov. Desha (1824, "pro relief") of KY, apparently committed highway 1184robbery & murder, though son of Gov. and married to a "fine young woman": 1185<a href="../jm971125.htm">Issue #39: November 25, 1997</a> (Murder, Banking, 1186and Kentucky Politics, 1824)</li> 1187 1188<li> 1189G.W. Adams, John Adams Jr.; "mad" son of Henry Clay; A. Jackson's failure 1190bringing up 2 adopted sons; madness among the Emerson brothers; the mad 1191"Gentry boy" described in poem by Lincoln.</li> 1192</ul> 1193 1194<li> 1195<a NAME="Texture of Everyday Life"></a>Texture of Everyday Life</li> 1196 1197<ul> 1198<li> 1199Eating and Drinking</li> 1200 1201<ul> 1202<li> 1203(1823) <a href="../octo/octo-07.htm#Tomatoes (love apples) not poison.">Tomatoes 1204were about this time first essayed as edibles</a></li> 1205</ul> 1206 1207<li> 1208Clothes</li> 1209 1210<ul> 1211<li> 1212<a href="../jm970715.htm#Catharine Beecher on unhealthy fashions">Catharine 1213Beecher on Unhealthy Fashions</a></li> 1214</ul> 1215 1216<li> 1217Carriages; the Experience of Travel</li> 1218 1219<ul> 1220<li> 1221<a href="../jm970415.htm#Kemble on American Stagecoaches">Kemble on American 1222Stagecoaches</a></li> 1223</ul> 1224</ul> 1225 1226<li> 1227<a NAME="Cities"></a>Cities</li> 1228 1229<ul> 1230<li> 1231New York</li> 1232 1233<ul> 1234<li> 1235<a href="../jm980602.htm">Issue #59: June 2, 1998</a> (New York Reminiscences, 1236Ch 1 (c1816))</li> 1237 1238<li> 1239<b><a href="../jm980616.htm"><i>JM</i> </a></b><a href="../jm980616.htm">#61: 1240June 16, 1998</a> (From Reminiscences of New York, ch 3 (c1816))</li> 1241</ul> 1242 1243<li> 1244Boston</li> 1245 1246<ul> 1247<li> 1248<a href="../bb/bw.htm#Whitehill, Boston, A Topographical History">Whitehill, 1249<i>Boston, 1250A Topographical History</i></a>.</li> 1251</ul> 1252 1253<li> 1254Philadelphia</li> 1255 1256<li> 1257Baltimore</li> 1258 1259<li> 1260Washington (treated elsewhere)</li> 1261 1262<li> 1263Charleston, SC</li> 1264 1265<li> 1266Pittsburgh</li> 1267 1268<li> 1269Cincinnati</li> 1270 1271<li> 1272Buffalo</li> 1273 1274<li> 1275Rochester</li> 1276 1277<li> 1278Albany</li> 1279 1280<li> 1281St. Louis</li> 1282 1283<li> 1284New Orleans</li> 1285</ul> 1286 1287<li> 1288<a NAME="Burghs"></a>Burghs</li> 1289 1290<ul> 1291<li> 1292Rockdale, MD</li> 1293 1294<li> 1295Vandalia, IL</li> 1296 1297<li> 1298Springfield, IL</li> 1299 1300<li> 1301Jacksonville, IL</li> 1302 1303<li> 1304Nachez, MI</li> 1305 1306<li> 1307Memphis, TN</li> 1308 1309<li> 1310Nashville, TN</li> 1311 1312<li> 1313Lexington, KY</li> 1314</ul> 1315 1316<li> 1317<a NAME="Towns (no villages in America)"></a>Towns ("no villages" in America)</li> 1318 1319<li> 1320<a NAME="Country"></a>Country</li> 1321 1322<li> 1323<a NAME="Back-Country"></a>Back Country</li> 1324 1325<li> 1326<a NAME="The Mississippi and Ohio Valleys"></a>The Mississippi and Ohio 1327Valleys</li> 1328 1329<ul> 1330<li> 1331<a href="../jm970218.htm">Issue #6: February 18, 1997</a> (Mississippi 1332River Traffic, and "Boom and Bust" in 1836-7)</li> 1333</ul> 1334 1335<li> 1336<a NAME="Wilderness (Trapper and Indian country)"></a>Wilderness (Trapper 1337and Indian country)</li> 1338 1339<li> 1340<a NAME="West Coast (John Marsh; 2 Years Before the Mast)"></a>West Coast 1341(John Marsh; 2 Years Before the Mast)</li> 1342 1343<li> 1344<a NAME="Historiography"></a>Historiography</li> 1345 1346<ul> 1347<li> 1348R.J.'s Gov as Change Agent</li> 1349</ul> 1350</ul> 1351</ul> 1352 1353</body> 1354</html>
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