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14
15<h1>
16Readings in Jacksonian America</h1>
17
18<ul>This work is an incomplete online book of readings on Jacksonian America,
19which aims to, in time, provide samplings of every aspect of the era, as
20well as an encyclopedic bibliography. I.e., it should provide a starting
21point for the study of any topic in Jacksonian America, <b><u>and</u></b>
22a way of exploring the possibilities, so that one can <b><u>discover</u></b>
23new interests.
24<p>Presently, it is very much a work in progress, and makes no claim to
25balance or completeness (<font size=-1>except that you can safely expect
26a lack of same</font>). Religion is the most thoroughly treated general
27heading, because I started with it, and also because it very important
28to understanding Jacksonian America, and has been emphasized in <i><a href="../jmisc/index.html">Jacksonian
29Miscellanies</a></i>, the source of most of the online readings.</ul>
30
31<h2>
32Topics</h2>
33
34<ul><a href="#Religion">Religion</a>
35<ul>
36<li>
37<a href="#Calvinism and Puritanism">Calvinism and Puritanism</a></li>
38
39<li>
40<a href="#After the Revolution: The Church on the Rebound">After the Revolution:
41The Church on the Rebound</a></li>
42
43<li>
44<a href="#Other Causes of Erosion of the Main Calvinist Churches">Other
45Causes of Erosion of the Main Calvinist Churches</a></li>
46
47<li>
48<a href="#Unitarianism: The Reasonbleness of Christianity,">Unitarianism:
49"The Reasonableness of Christianity", and its Argument With Calvinism</a></li>
50
51<li>
52<a href="#The Methodist Church">The Methodist Church</a></li>
53
54<li>
55<a href="#A List of Online Readings on Religion in the E.A.R.">A List of
56Online Readings on Religion in the Early American Republic</a></li>
57
58<li>
59<a href="#The Episcopalian Church">The Episcopalian Church</a></li>
60
61<li>
62<a href="#The Controversy over Revivalism">The Controversy over Revivalism</a></li>
63
64<li>
65<a href="#Other Subheadings of Religion:">Other Subheadings of Religion
66(to be developed later)</a></li>
67</ul>
68Other Sub-headings (besides Religion)
69<ul>
70<li>
71<a href="#The Transportation Revolution">The Transportation Revolution</a></li>
72
73<li>
74<a href="#The Communications Revolution">The Communications Revolution</a></li>
75
76<li>
77<a href="#Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li>
78
79<li>
80<a href="#Money and the Marketplace">Money and the Marketplace</a></li>
81
82<li>
83<a href="#Changes in the Nature of Work (decline in">Changes in the Nature
84of Work (decline in apprenticeships and artisanship)</a>.</li>
85
86<li>
87<a href="#Politics and Party Systems">Politics and Party Systems</a></li>
88
89<li>
90<a href="#The Capitol (City of Magnificent Distances)">The Capitol (City
91of Magnificent Distances)</a></li>
92
93<li>
94<a href="#Congress">Congress</a></li>
95
96<li>
97<a href="#Administration">Administration</a></li>
98
99<li>
100<a href="#Supreme Court - Dartmouth Coll. Case,">Supreme Court</a></li>
101
102<li>
103<a href="#Europeans Look at America">Europeans Look at America</a></li>
104
105<li>
106<a href="#Americans Abroad">Americans Abroad</a></li>
107
108<li>
109<a href="#Slavery">Slavery</a></li>
110
111<li>
112<a href="#Anti-slavery">Anti-slavery</a></li>
113
114<li>
115<a href="#Free African-Americans">Free African-Americans</a></li>
116
117<li>
118<a href="#Learning">Learning</a></li>
119
120<ul>
121<li>
122<a href="#Colleges">Colleges</a></li>
123
124<li>
125<a href="#Upbringing of Children and Early Education">Upbringing of Children
126and Early Education</a></li>
127
128<li>
129<a href="#The Lyceum - Josiah Holbrook, Emerson, Lincoln and">The Lyceum</a></li>
130
131<li>
132<a href="#Science and Technology">Science and Technology</a></li>
133
134<li>
135<a href="#Medicine">Medicine</a></li>
136
137<li>
138<a href="#Law In a Litigious Society">Law In a Litigious Society</a></li>
139</ul>
140
141<li>
142<a href="#Manners and Refinement">Manners and "Refinement"</a></li>
143
144<li>
145<a href="#The Theater">The Theater</a></li>
146
147<li>
148<a href="#Literature">Literature</a></li>
149
150<li>
151<a href="#The Fine Arts">The "Fine Arts"</a></li>
152
153<li>
154<a href="#Folk Arts">Folk Arts</a></li>
155
156<li>
157<a href="#Folk Arts">Changing Role of Women</a></li>
158
159<li>
160<a href="#Native Americans">Native Americans</a></li>
161
162<li>
163<a href="#Amusements and Festivities">Amusements and Festivities</a></li>
164
165<li>
166<a href="#Violence">Violence</a></li>
167
168<ul>
169<li>
170<a href="#Dueling">Dueling</a></li>
171
172<li>
173<a href="#Riots">Riots</a></li>
174
175<li>
176<a href="#Crime (highway robbery..)">Crime (highway robbery..)</a></li>
177</ul>
178
179<li>
180<a href="#Crash and Burn: Suicide, Madness, and Drinking">Crash and Burn:
181Suicide, Madness, and Drinking oneself to death</a></li>
182
183<li>
184<a href="#Texture of Everyday Life">Texture of Everyday Life</a></li>
185
186<li>
187<a href="#Cities">Cities</a></li>
188
189<li>
190<a href="#Burghs">Burghs</a></li>
191
192<li>
193<a href="#Towns (no villages in America)">Towns ("no villages" in America)</a></li>
194
195<li>
196<a href="#Country">Country</a></li>
197
198<li>
199<a href="#Back-Country">Back Country</a></li>
200
201<li>
202<a href="#The Mississippi and Ohio Valleys">The Mississippi and Ohio Valleys</a></li>
203
204<li>
205<a href="#Wilderness (Trapper and Indian country)">Wilderness (Trapper
206and Indian country)</a></li>
207
208<li>
209<a href="#West Coast (John Marsh; 2 Years Before the Mast)">West Coast
210(John Marsh; 2 Years Before the Mast)</a></li>
211</ul>
212<a href="#Historiography">Historiography</a></ul>
213
214<h2>
215<a NAME="Religion"></a>Religion</h2>
216
217<ul>Religion was an enormous force and preoccupation in peoples' lives
218in this era. Religious books were among the few that most people owned,
219and perhaps as many as a third of all newspapers had some religious orientation
220(<font size=-1>For support of this tentative claim, see Michael S. Foley,
221"A Mission Unfulfilled: The Post Office and the Distribution of Information
222in Rural New England, 1821-1835, in <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i>,
22317 - Winter 1997, p611ff; especially the table on p635</font>).
224<p>Nearly all colleges - especially in the northeast, had a religious basis,
225and most college presidents -- perhaps most college teachers, were trained
226for the ministry.
227<p>Religion was "on the march". The "camp meeting" in the woods, and the
228"extended meeting" in the meeting house were used to nurture revivals.
229(<font size=-1>c.f.</font> <font size=-1><i><a href="../bb/bc.htm#Conkin, Paul Keith, Cane Ridge">Cane
230Ridge</a></i>; <i><a href="../bb/bj.htm#Johnson, Paul E., A Shopkeeper's Millennium">Shopkeeper's
231Millennium</a></i>; <i><a href="../bb/bc.htm#Cartwright, Peter, Autobiography of Peter">Autobiography
232of Peter Cartwright</a></i> ... C.G. Finney</font>). These were likely
233to go on for days.
234<p>America was overwhelmingly Protestant (with widespread anti-Catholic
235bigotry). But it was a very fragmented Protestantism, mostly as a heritage
236of England's breakdown of religious orthodoxy, which climaxed in the Cromwell
237years.
238<h3>
239<a NAME="Calvinism and Puritanism"></a>Calvinism and Puritanism</h3>
240Given the origins of the Anglican church, in reasons of state, and its
241clinging to the liturgical style of Catholic worship, it did little to
242satisfy those who were captivated by the idea, sweeping Europe, of stripping
243Christianity down to its essential truths; "purifying" it of pagan seeming
244rituals, graven images, and doctrines that could not be found in the bible.
245Such people found a strong, coherent doctrine in the Calvinist movement
246that first took root in Switzerland and Holland.
247<p>Calvinists believed strongly in searching the Bible for truth, and the
248tradition included an emphasis on learning -- learning the original languages
249of the Bible, and developing analytical minds for interpreting it. For
250this reason, the Calvinists of America built important educational institutions
251like <a href="../schools.htm#Harvard University">Harvard</a>, <a href="../schools.htm#Yale University">Yale</a>,
252and <a href="../schools.htm#Princeton University">Princeton</a>. They also
253developed, in New England, the strongest network of primary schools anywhere
254in the world at that time, and helped encourage a thriving printing industry.
255<p>The doctrines used by the Calvinist churches of America are widely available
256on the Web. Two very good places are: <a href="http://www.reformed.org/books/institutes/index.html">John
257Calvin, <i>Institutes of the Christian Religion, </i>A New Translation,
258by Henry Beveridge, Esq.</a>; and <a href="http://www.math.princeton.edu/~sanders/ref/gbkp.html">Great
259Books of Protestantism</a>. You can also find the <u>Westminster Confession
260of Faith complete with line by line links to the Biblical "proofs" of each
261doctrine (<font size=+1>NOTE: Locate it</font>)</u>.
262<p>
262Two major strains of Calvinism: Presbyterianism, with its roots in Scotland,
263and "puritanism", which became New England Congregationalism, were well
264represented. At the very beginning of the 19th century, there was an attempt,
265for a while, to unite these two forms of Calvinism. Both valued scholarship,
266and the tradition of the clergyman being the most learned man in the community,
267and were losing ground to Methodism and other highly emotional sects.
268<h3>
269<a NAME="After the Revolution: The Church on the Rebound"></a>After the
270Revolution: The Church on the Rebound</h3>
271In the early years of the American republic, Protestantism was on something
272of a counter-offensive.
273<p>There was a strong tendency, particularly in the educated northeast,
274towards the secular ideas of the enlightenment, such as deism, summed up
275in the popular phrase "nature and nature's God" (<a href="http://altavista.digital.com/cgi-bin/query?pg=q&kl=XX&q=%22nature+and+nature%27s+god%22">Click
276here to see how many "hits" the Internet search engine Altavista gets on
277the phrase</a>. It gave me 470). As the massive physical reality of the
278earth was growing more comprehensible, and as knowledge of it began to
279give mankind unprecedented new powers, it was natural for some to look
280<i><b>there,
281in the "book of nature"</b>,</i> for knowledge of the universe, and of
282whatever <b>Being</b> created it and made it work, rather than to a book
283whose origins are known at fifth hand. (<font size=-1>Similar concerns
284about the Bible, and the traditions through which we know it, may also
285have helped convince Quakers to listen for direct experience of being "moved
286by the spirit".</font>) But the <b>basic intellectuality</b> of the Calvinist
287tradition made a movement towards <b>liberal Christian, deistic, or even
288<i>secular</i> intellectualism</b> more likely than one toward any form
289of mysticism.
290<p>Finally, in men like <a href="../BIOG-P.htm#Paine, Thomas 1737 - 1809:">Thomas
291Paine</a> and <a href="../BIOG-J.htm#Jefferson, Thomas 1743 - 1826">Thomas
292Jefferson</a>, we had real American heroes (though Paine was on the outs),
293and brilliant writers lending weight to a skeptical approach to religion.
294Thus we have <a href="../BIOG-D.htm#Dwight, Timothy (1752 - 1817):">Timothy
295Dwight</a>, at <a href="../schools.htm#Yale University">Yale</a>, and <a href="../BIOG-B.htm#Beecher, Lyman">Lyman
296Beecher</a> in Long Island, at the beginning of the century, fighting to
297turn back the secular tide.
298<h3>
299<a NAME="Other Causes of Erosion of the Main Calvinist Churches"></a>Other
300(Specifically American) Causes of Erosion of the Main Calvinist Churches</h3>
301Meanwhile, on the frontiers, people has simply outrun much of the institutional
302structure of society, including churches. This is what inspired the Presbyterians
303and Congregationalists to try to pull together, for Methodist circuit riders
304and the promoters of "camp meetings" were filling the vacuum with new denominations,
305particularly Methodists and Baptists.
306<p>Memoirs of frontier Baptist and Methodist preachers in <i>Jacksonian
307Miscellanies:</i>
308<br><a href="../jm970311.htm">Issue #9: March 11, 1997</a> (Calvinism in
309Frontier Tennessee and Kentucky),
310<br><a href="../jm970318.htm">Issue #10: March 18, 1997 </a>(Baptist Preachers
311on the Early Frontier),
312<br><a href="../jm970429.htm">Issue #16: April 29, 1997</a> (The Arminianization
313of Granville Moody).
314<h3>
315<a NAME="Unitarianism: The Reasonbleness of Christianity,"></a>Unitarianism:
316"The Reasonableness of Christianity", and its Argument With Calvinism</h3>
317Another development of the early 19th century, in the opposite direction
318from the emotional fervor of Methodists and Baptists, was that of Unitarianism.
319A major peculiarity of Congregationalism was its anti-hierarchical nature.
320Many Congregational churches in eastern Massachusetts, particularly around
321Boston, simply drifted in doctrine with the climate of thought of the times.
322<p>In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, in a different climate of
323thought, and <b>during a period of lax church discipline</b>, a similar
324"drift" had led some English congregations towards Puritanism. When the
325church hierarchy moved to <b>squelch</b> the trend, many congregations
326sought a <b>permanently</b> abolition of hierarchical discipline. Ironically,
327this in turn facilitated the emergence of a <b>liberal</b> church.
328<p>It took a couple of decades for Unitarianism to attain anything like
329the coherence of a denomination, but <a href="../schools.htm#Harvard University">Harvard</a>
330became an enclave of the new doctrines about 1805, and by the mid 1820s,
331"Unitarian Christianity" had a clear identity.
332<p>Unitarians were strongly influenced by Enlightenment thought, particularly
333by <a href="../BIOG-L.htm#Locke, John 1632 - 1704:">John Locke</a>, and
334rejected any such mysterious concept as the Trinity, an entity that was
335somehow three "persons" and one at the same time. Their basic attitude
336might be summed up in the title of one of Locke's works: <b><i>The Reasonableness
337of Christianity </i></b>(for an excerpt, and related discussions,
338<a href="http://www.baylor.edu/~Scott_Moore/essays/reasonableness.html">click
339here</a>). They also firmly rejected the Calvinist doctrines of man as
340"innately depraved" and of an inscrutable God, repulsed by his creation,
341who has decided in advance who will be saved, and damned the rest of mankind
342to eternal torment.
343<p><i><a href="../jm970112.htm">Jacksonian Miscellanies #1</a></i> presented
344a hymn, "Lord I am Vile", an adaptation of Psalm 59, by Isaac Watts, illustrating
345the doctrine of human depravity, and the attitude of fear and cringing
346in God's presence. This is contrasted with hymn or poem by <a href="../BIOG-F.htm#Frisbie, Levi 1784 - July 9, 1822">Levi
347Frisbie</a> (1784-1822), Professor of Moral Philosophy at Harvard, portraying
348God as a warm and kind being, whom man can approach without shame or fear.
349<p><a href="../jm971111.htm">Issue #37: November 11, 1997</a> (<i>Henry
350Ware's Letters to Trinitarians and Calvinists</i>) is the work of the man
351whose elevation to <a href="../schools.htm#Harvard University">Harvard</a>
352Professor of Divinity shocked the orthodox in 1805.
353<p>A quick summary, well known at the time, of the Calvinist doctrine,
354was the "Five Points of Calvinism" (1. Total depravity (Original Sin) 2.Unconditional
355election (God's Election) 3.Limited atonement (Particular Redemption) 4.Irresistible
356grace (Effectual Calling) 5.Perseverance of the Saints -- note the 1st
357letters spell "TULIP"). Two sites for the "Five Points" of Calvinism: click
358<br><b><font size=+2><a href="http://www.gty.org/~phil/dabney/5points.htm">here
359or</a> <a href="http://www.dabney.com/charles/Calvinism.html">here</a></font></b>.
360<p><a href="../jm970311.htm">In Jacksonian Miscellanies #9</a> are backwoods
361<a href="../jm970311.htm#Lewis Moore: God's Election Cheats No One">"plain
362talk" defenses of the doctrine of election and other Calvinist doctrines</a>,
363as well as a plain statement of the doctrine of <a href="../jm970311.htm#Elder Brooks: 'Adam Drawn Out at Length'">Original
364Sin, and similarly plain rejection of it</a>.
365<h3>
366<a NAME="The Methodist Church"></a>The Methodist Church</h3>
367Among the distinguishing characteristics of the Methodist Church, begun
368by John Wesley (who spent several years in the American colonies in the
369early 18th century), were:
370<ul>
371<li>
372a lack of interest in hair-splitting doctrine (and belief in human perfectibility
373incompatible with "Total Depravity" or "Limited Atonement"). <a href="../BIOG-C.htm#Cartwright, Peter">Peter
374Cartwright</a>, famous early 19th century Methodist preacher, asked why
375there were so few Doctors of Divinity in his sect, is supposed to have
376said <b><i>"Our divinity ain't sick and it don't need doctoring"</i></b>.</li>
377
378<li>
379Organizationally, the Methodist Church was one solid structure, focused
380on bringing everyone into the fold. Regular meetings were held at different
381geographical levels to compare counts of converts and attendees, and determine
382whether this district or that region needed a particularly strong preacher,
383(See <i><a href="../bb/bc.htm#Cartwright, Peter, Autobiography of Peter">Autobiography
384of Peter Cartwright</a></i>).</li>
385</ul>
386<i><a href="../jm970429.htm">
386Jacksonian Miscellanies #16</a></i> describes
387how Granville Moody, raised in a Calvinist faith, was converted to Methodism
388when he transplanted himself West.
389<h3>
390<a NAME="A List of Online Readings on Religion in the E.A.R."></a>A List
391of Online Readings on Religion in the Early American Republic:</h3>
392Some other <b><i>Jacksonian Miscellanies</i></b> issues having to do with
393religion in the early republic are:
394<ul>
395<li>
396<a href="../jm970318.htm">Issue #10: March 18, 1997 </a>(Baptist Preachers
397on the Early Frontier)</li>
398
399<li>
400<a href="../jm970520.htm">Issue #19: May 20, 1997</a></li>
401
402<br>(Building Revivals and Steam Engines at Bowdoin)
403<li>
404<a href="../jm970617.htm">Issue #21: June 17, 1997</a> (Home Economics
405and the Millennium)</li>
406
407<li>
408<a href="../jm971111.htm">Issue #37: November 11, 1997</a></li>
409
410<br>(Henry Ware's Letters to Trinitarians and Calvinists)
411<li>
412<a href="../jm971202.htm">Issue #40: December 2, 1997</a></li>
413
414<br>(A Log Church and a Preacher's Son on the Erie Frontier)
415<li>
416<a href="../jm971209.htm">Issue #41: December 9, 1997</a></li>
417
418<br>(S.J.M. Eaton, 2: A Frontier Preacher &amp; the Early Education of
419his Son)
420<li>
421<a href="../jm971216.htm">Issue #42: December 16, 1997</a></li>
422
423<br>(S.J.M. Eaton, 3: A Future Minister Prepares for College on the Erie
424Frontier)
425<li>
426<a href="../jm980217.htm">Issue #49: February 17, 1998</a></li>
427
428<br>(Chase and Otey: Episcopalian Backwoodsmen)
429<li>
430<a href="../jm980421.htm">Issue #58: April 21, 1998</a></li>
431
432<br>(The Owen&shy;Campbell Debate: Is there a God?)
433<li>
434<a href="../jm980818.htm">Issue #67: August 18, 1998</a></li>
435
436<br>(The Man Who Lived on Water for 53 Days)
437<li>
438<a href="../jm980922.htm">Issue #70: September 22, 1998</a> (Revival (In
439the Old Sense) at Amherst)</li>
440</ul>
441
442<h3>
443<a NAME="The Episcopalian Church"></a>The Episcopalian Church</h3>
444The Anglican Church in America could not continue its allegiance to England,
445and so formed a new organization, the Episcopalian church. It had the same
446hierarchical organization as the Methodist Church (a spin-off of the Anglicans,
447which retained this feature), but was not so aggressive (but see <i><a href="../jm980217.htm">J.M.</a></i><a href="../jm980217.htm">
448#49: February 17, 1998</a> (Chase and Otey: Episcopalian Backwoodsmen)
449for contrary indications).
450<p>The Chesapeake Bay colonies, and those further south, were not typically
451settled by religious dissenters, so the Episcopalian church was strong
452there. It was also fairly strong in the upper middle colonies, especially
453New York. The Episcopalian church retained a toned down version of the
454grandeur
455and ceremony of the Catholic church. It appealed to upwardly mobile, polite
456society, tended to be anti-evangelical (<font size=-1><a href="../bb/bp.htm#Pintard, John, Letters from John Pintard to his Daughter">see
457Pintard, John, <i>Letters from John Pintard to his daughter..., 1816-1833</i></a>
458for complaints of anti-evangelicalism in New York</font>), and usually
459built the tallest, most graceful churches. See (<a href="../bb/bb.htm#Bushman, Richard L. Title: The refinement of America">Richard
460Bushman, <i>The Refinement of America</i></a> for the contrast in style
461between the Episcopal and other churches, and how the difference shrank
462in the early 19th Century.
463<p>The Episcopal church was, at first, almost nonexistent in New England,
464but due to upward mobility and sometimes just rebelliousness, it began
465to grow there in the period. See <a href="../bb/bs.htm#Shepard, Odell, Pedlar's Progress, the life of">Odell
466Shepard, Pedlar's Progress, the Life of Bronson Alcott</a> for one example.
467<h3>
468<a NAME="The Controversy over Revivalism"></a>The Controversy over Revivalism</h3>
469To an older generation, a "revival" was a kind of spiritual visitation
470upon a community. An example of this view of revival is described by <a href="../BIOG-A.htm#Abbot, Jacob 1803-1879:">Jacob
471Abbott</a> in his book, <i><a href="../bb/ba.htm#Abbott, Jacob, The Cornerstone">The
472Cornerstone</a></i>. See <i><a href="../jm980922.htm">J.M.</a></i><a href="../jm980922.htm">
473#70: September 22, 1998</a> (Revival (In the Old Sense) at Amherst). Cyrus
474Hamlin vividly implies the same thing in describing a <a href="../jm970520.htm#Revival at Bowdoin (Cyrus Hamlin)">revival
475at Bowdoin College</a>. He said it "came as silently as the dew", and its
476coming was first signaled when the "colored sister of the church", asked
477why she was kneeling in prayer on the church doorstone, said <a href="../jm970520.htm#I know the Lord is coming; I feel it in my bones">"I
478know the Lord is coming; I feel it in my bones."</a>. Generally, Unitarians
479shared the old style Congregationalist's disdain for revivals.
480<p>
481<hr WIDTH="100%">
482<h2>
483<a NAME="Other Subheadings of Religion:"></a><font size=+1>Other Subheadings
484of Religion:<br>
485<i><u>
485Mostly a sketchy outline, to be filled in, from here on:</u></i></font></h2>
486
487<h4>
488<a NAME="Black Episcopalians"></a>Black Episcopalians</h4>
489
490<ul>In Philadelphia: <a href="../bb/bn.htm#Nash, Gary B., Forging freedom : the formation of">Nash,
491<i>Forging
492Freedom</i></a></ul>
493
494<h3>
495<a NAME="The Black Methodist Church (AME, AME Zion,"></a>The Black Methodist
496Church (AME, AME Zion, &amp; other)</h3>
497
498<h3>
499<a NAME="The Baptist Church"></a>The Baptist Church</h3>
500
501<h3>
502<a NAME="The Quakers, or Society of Friends"></a>The Quakers, or Society
503of Friends</h3>
504
505<h3>
506<a NAME="The Shakers"></a>The Shakers</h3>
507
508<ul><a href="../bb/bf.htm#Fowler, John, Journal of a Tour Through the State of New York">John
509Fowler <i>Tour... New York, 1830</i></a>.</ul>
510
511<h3>
512<a NAME="Founding of the Mormon Church"></a>Founding of the Mormon Church</h3>
513
514<h3>
515<a NAME="Small and Strange Sects"></a>Small and Strange Sects</h3>
516
517<ul>
518<li>
519<a href="../bb/bj.htm#Johnson and Wilentz, The Kingdom of Matthias">Johnson
520and Willentz, <i>Kingdom of Matthias</i></a>.</li>
521
522<li>
523<a href="../bb/bc.htm#Cross, Whitney R. The Burned-Over">Cross, <i>Burned
524Over District</i></a><i>.</i></li>
525
526<li>
527Noyes and Oneida -- spiritual wifery...</li>
528</ul>
529
530<h3>
531<a NAME="Universalism"></a>Universalism</h3>
532
533<h3>
534<a NAME="The Transcendentalists"></a>The Transcendentalists</h3>
535
536<ul>
537<li>
538<a href="../bb/bh.htm#Hutchison, William R., The Transcendentalist Ministers">Hutchison,
539William R. <i>The Transcendentalist Ministers</i></a></li>
540</ul>
541
542<h3>
543<a NAME="The Sisterhood of Reforms"></a>The "Sisterhood of Reforms"</h3>
544
545<ul>Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical ...</ul>
546
547<h3>
548<a NAME="Anti-Religious Religious Movements"></a>Anti-Religious Religious
549Movements</h3>
550
551<ul>(Owen: father and son; Francis Wright; Thomas Paine, Paineites, and
552Workies [Some material in <i>Shopkeeper's Millennium</i> and <i>Chants
553Democratic</i>]).</ul>
554
555<h3>
556<a NAME="Anti-Sabbatarianism and Anti-Blue-skinism"></a>Anti-Sabbatarianism
557and "Anti-Blue-skinism"</h3>
558
559<ul>
560<li>
561<a href="../BIOG-R.htm#Royall, Anne Newport 1769 - 1854:">Anne Royall</a></li>
562
563<li>
564<a href="../BIOG-J.htm#Johnson, Richard Mentor 1780 - 1850">Richard M.
565Johnson</a></li>
566</ul>
567</ul>
568
569<h2>
570<a NAME="Other Sub-headings (besides Religion)"></a><i>Other Sub-headings
571(besides Religion)</i></h2>
572
573<ul>
574<ul>
575<li>
576<a NAME="The Transportation Revolution"></a>The Transportation Revolution</li>
577
578<ul>
579<li>
580<a href="../bb/bt.htm#Taylor, George Rogers, The Transportation Revolution">Taylor,
581George Rogers, <i>The Transportation Revolution</i></a></li>
582
583<li>
584Moving People</li>
585
586<ul>
587<li>
588<a href="../jm970415.htm">Issue #14: April 15, 1997</a> (Trains, Stages,
589Canal and Steam Boats)</li>
590
591<li>
592The National Road, and other Roads</li>
593
594<li>
595Steamboat Travel</li>
596
597<ul>
598<li>
599<a href="http://www.hhpl.on.ca/GreatLakes">In Maritime History of the Great
600Lakes:</a> <a href="http://www.hhpl.on.ca/GreatLakes/scripts/Bib.asp?PubID=3">Stanton,
601Samuel Ward, <i>American Steam Vessels</i>, (NY: Smith &amp; Stanton, 1895)</a></li>
602
603<br>Online and searchable -- contains many representations of specific
604vessels, etc.
605<li>
606<a href="../jm970415.htm#Steamboat Travel - Fannie Kemble (1832)">Description
607by Fannie Kemble of a Steamer (off the NJ coast?) in 1832</a>.</li>
608</ul>
609
610<li>
611<a href="../jm970415.htm#F. Kemble on Canal Boat Travel">F. Kemble on Canal
612Boat Travel</a></li>
613
614<li>
615Evolution of the Railroad</li>
616
617<ul>
618<li>
619<a href="../jm970415.htm#F. Kemble on a Horse-drawn Railway Car">F. Kemble
620on a Horse drawn Railway Car</a></li>
621
622<li>
623<a href="../jm970415.htm#THE FIRST AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVE">THE FIRST AMERICAN
624LOCOMOTIVE</a></li>
625</ul>
626</ul>
627
628<li>
629Moving Goods</li>
630
631<ul>
632<li>
633Older Ways</li>
634
635<ul>
636<li>
637The Yankee Pedlar (<font size=-1>or Peddler, but the former was more common
638in early America</font>)</li>
639
640<ul>
641<li>
642"Education of James Guild" from <a href="../bb/bs.htm">Sanford,
643<i>Quest
644for America, 1810-1824</i></a>., p47-76. Diary entries of one who felt
645he had sunk to the lowest depths when he put a pedlar's trunk on his back;
646crying bitter tears and fearing most of all to be seen by any childhood
647companion.</li>
648
649<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Later, he toughens up, and later still , becomes
650a miniature portrait artist, and eventually a successful portrait painter.
651<li>
652<a href="../bb/bd.htm#Dolan, J. R., The Yankee Peddlers of Early America">Dolan,
653<i>Yankee
654Peddlers</i></a> - A very thorough account of the Yankee Peddler and his
655world, including the roads he traveled on, the factories that made the
656goods, ... Profusely illustrated, mostly with prints from the peri
656od. Probably
657more on the popular than scholarly side.</li>
658
659<li>
660<a href="../bb/bs.htm#Shepard, Odell, Pedlar's Progress, the life of">Odell
661Shepard, Pedlar's Progress, the Life of Bronson Alcott</a>. Esp. p38ff,
662which describes the few years Alcott lived the peddler's life.</li>
663
664<li>
665Description of peddlers purchasing assorted goods to take on the road from
666New York stores, in <a href="../bb/bc.htm#Cleland, Robert Glass, A History of Phelps Dodge,">Cleland,
667<i>A
668History of Phelps Dodge</i></a><i>,</i> p19. <a href="../bb/bd.htm#Dwight, Timothy, Travels in New England and New">Dwight's
669<i>Travels</i></a>,
670I, p223; II, p33-34.</li>
671</ul>
672
673<li>
674Keelboats and "One-Way" boats</li>
675</ul>
676
677<li>
678Revolutionary Ways</li>
679
680<ul>
681<li>
682Building the Canals</li>
683
684<ul>
685<li>
686<i><a href="../bb/bj.htm#Jervis, John B, The Reminiscences of John B. Jervis">Reminiscences
687of John B. Jervis</a></i> gives first-hand account of recruitment of farm
688boys as laborers, and the occasional self-made engineer who came from that
689background.</li>
690</ul>
691
692<li>
693Shipping by Canal</li>
694
695<li>
696Early Specialized Railroads</li>
697
698<br>The first railroads in America were strictly for moving heavy materials
699like coal and building stone. The locomotive was secondary to use of smooth
700hard wheels on smooth hard tracks to minimize friction. This was sometimes
701true, in the first years, even for passenger trains (<a href="../jm970415.htm#F. Kemble on a Horse-drawn Railway Car">F.
702Kemble on a Horse-drawn Railway Car</a>).
703<li>
704"The" Railroad.</li>
705</ul>
706</ul>
707</ul>
708
709<li>
710<a NAME="The Communications Revolution"></a>The Communications Revolution</li>
711
712<ul>
713<li>
714The Postal System - <a href="../bb/bj.htm">Richard John, <i>Spreading the
715News</i></a>.</li>
716
717<li>
718Newspapers</li>
719
720<ul>
721<li>
722<a href="../jm970513.htm">Issue #18: May 13, 1997</a> ("The News" in the
723Wake of the Hayne-Webster Debate)</li>
724
725<li>
726<a href="../jm970603.htm">Issue #20: June 3, 1997</a></li>
727
728<br>(Parton on Horace Greeley's Apprenticeship)</ul>
729</ul>
730
731<li>
732<a NAME="Manufacturing"></a>Manufacturing</li>
733
734<ul>
735<li>
736Rockdale</li>
737
738<li>
739Lowell</li>
740
741<li>
742Fall River Outrage</li>
743</ul>
744
745<li>
746<a NAME="Money and the Marketplace"></a>Money and the Marketplace</li>
747
748<li>
749<a NAME="Changes in the Nature of Work (decline in"></a>Changes in the
750Nature of Work (decline in apprenticeships and artisanship).</li>
751
752<li>
753<a NAME="Politics and Party Systems"></a>Politics and Party Systems</li>
754
755<ul>
756<li>
757"Era of Good Feelings" and Cracks in the Wall</li>
758
759<li>
760Jacksonian Democrats</li>
761
762<li>
763The New Politics</li>
764
765<ul>
766<li>
767<a href="../bb/bc.htm#Cole, Donald B., Jacksonian Democracy in New Hampshire">Cole,
768Donald, <i>Jacksonian Democracy in New Hampshire</i></a></li>
769</ul>
770
771<li>
772The Anti-Masonic Movement - <a href="../bb/bs.htm">Schlessinger, Hist of
773Polit Parties</a></li>
774
775<li>
776<a href="../Whigs.htm">Whig Party</a></li>
777</ul>
778
779<li>
780<a NAME="The Capitol (City of Magnificent Distances)"></a>The Capitol (City
781of Magnificent Distances)</li>
782
783<ul>
784<li>
785Boardinghouses and Messes.</li>
786
787<li>
788High Society (Diplomats, etc.)</li>
789
790<li>
791A "Crush".</li>
792</ul>
793
794<li>
795<a NAME="Congress"></a>Congress</li>
796
797<ul>
798<li>
799Legislation as a Spectator Sport</li>
800
801<ul>
802<li>
803(quotes by Basil Hall; another that Richard John mentioned)</li>
804
805<li>
806<a href="../jm970211.htm">Issue #5: February 11, 1997</a> (A Southern Tariff
807Nullifier Appeals to Western "Brothers in Affliction")</li>
808
809<li>
810<a href="../jm970513.htm">Issue #18: May 13, 1997</a> ("The News" in the
811Wake of the Hayne-Webster Debate)</li>
812
813<li>
814The <a href="../hwdebate.htm">Hayne-Webster Debate Online</a></li>
815
816<li>
817<a href="../jm980707.htm">Issue #64: July 7, 1998</a> (Clay on Expunging
818Resolution &amp; Seminole War ))</li>
819</ul>
820</ul>
821
822<li>
823<a NAME="Administration"></a>Administration</li>
824
825<ul>
826<li>
827<a href="../bb/bj.htm">Richard John, <i>Spreading the News</i></a></li>
828
829<li>
830Robert V. Remini (various titles)</li>
831
832<li>
833<a href="../bb/bv.htm#Van Buren, Martin,The autobiography of Martin Van Buren">Martin
834Van Buren, <i>Autobiography of...</i></a></li>
835
836<li>
837<a href="../bb/bc.htm#Cole, Donald B., The Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Cole,
838Donald, <i>Presidency of Andrew Jackson</i></a>.</li>
839</ul>
840
841<li>
842<a NAME="Supreme Court - Dartmouth Coll. Case,"></a>Supreme Court - Dartmouth
843Coll. Case, {Charlestown? Bridge} case</li>
844
845<li>
846<a NAME="Europeans Look at America"></a>Europeans Look at America (&amp;
847Americans Look Back In Anger)</li>
848
849<ul>
850<li>
851Francis Wright (1st visit and book), Basil Hall, Francis Trollope, Harriet
852Martineau, Edward Abdy, Frederick(?) Marryatt, Thomas Hamilton, <b><i>Notions
853of the Americans</i></b> (parody?)</li>
854</ul>
855
856<li>
857<a NAME="Americans Abroad"></a>Americans Abroad</li>
858
859<ul>
860<li>
861Emerson, Irving, Cooper, Powell and other sculptors and painters, Gallatin,
862John Randolph in Russia, Peggy and John in Spain</li>
863</ul>
864
865<li>
866<a NAME="Slavery"></a>Slavery</li>
867
868<ul>
869<li>
870(Online) <a href="http://bentley.uh.edu/mintz/newslbib.htm">Bibliography
871of Slavery and Anti-Slavery</a> by Stephen Mintz</li>
872
873<li>
874Changes in Slavery in the early 19c</li>
875
876<li>
877Conditions of Slavery</li>
878
879<li>
880<a href="../jm980721.htm">Issue #65: July 21, 1998</a></li>
881
882<br>(William and Ellen Croft's Escape from Slavery)</ul>
883
884<li>
885<a NAME="Anti-slavery"></a>Anti-slavery</li>
886
887<ul>
888<li>
889<a href="../jm980609.htm">Issue #60: June 9, 1998</a></li>
890
891<br>(Founding the New England Anti-Slavery Society)
892<li>
893<a href="../jm980630.htm">Issue #63: June 30, 1998</a> (Abdy: 'A More thorough
894Humbug Never Existed' (African Colonization and other Observations))</li>
895</ul>
896
897<li>
898<a NAME="Free African-Americans"></a>Free African-Americans</li>
899
900<ul>
901<li>
902Africans into Negroes (H&amp;H: <b><i>In Search of Liberty</i></b>)</li>
903
904<li>
905Institutions (Nash, <i>Forging Freedom</i>; also H&amp;H...)</li>
906
907<li>
908David Walker</li>
909</ul>
910
911<li>
912<a NAME="Learning"></a>Learning</li>
913
914<ul>
915<li>
916<a NAME="Colleges"></a>Colleges [<a href="../schools.htm">schools.htm</a>;
917Founding of American Colleges] - Harvard (Samuel Elliot Morison), Yale,
918Princeton, Bowdoin, Amherst, Andover, Oberlin (history)</li>
919
920<br><a href="../jm970204.htm">Issue #4: February 4, 1997</a> (School Days)
921<ul>
922<li>
923<a href="../jm970520.htm">Issue #19: May 20, 1997</a></li>
924
925<br>(Building Revivals and Steam Engines at Bowdoin)</ul>
926
927<li>
928Manual Labor Colleges</li>
929
930<li>
931<a NAME="Upbringing of Children and Early Education"></a>Upbringing of
932Children and Early Education</li>
933
934<ul>
935<li>
936<a href="../jm970218.htm">Issue #6: February 18, 1997</a> (Mississippi
937River Traffic, and "Boom and Bust" in 1836-7)</li>
938
939<li>
940<a href="../jm970422.htm">Issue #15: April 22, 1997</a> (<i>First Book
941of History for Children and Youth</i>, by 'Peter Parley')</li>
942</ul>
943
944<li>
945<a NAME="The Lyceum - Josiah Holbrook, Emerson, Lincoln and"></a>The Lyceum
946- Josiah Holbrook, Emerson, Lincoln and Herndon touched by it in Springfield.</li>
947
948<ul>
949<li>
950<a href="../jm970520.htm#Cyrus Hamlin becomes Lyceum speaker with his model steam engine">Cyrus
951Hamlin becomes a Lyceum lecturer with his model steam engine</a>.</li>
952</ul>
953
954<li>
955<a NAME="Science and Technology"></a>Science and Technology</li>
956
957<ul>
958<li>
959<a href="../jm970520.htm#Student Hamlin Builds a Steam Engine">College
960student Cyrus Hamlin builds a model steam engine.</a></li>
961</ul>
962
963<li>
964<a NAME="Medicine"></a>Medicine</li>
965
966<ul>
967<li>
968<a href="../jm980203.htm">Issue #47: February 3, 1998</a> (Pages from a
969Doctor's Manual)</li>
970
971<li>
972<a href="../jm980324.htm">Issue #54: March 24, 1998</a> (1833 Cholera Broadside)</li>
973
974<li>
975<a href="../jm971007.htm">Issue #32: October 7, 1997</a> (State of the
976Art Midwifery, 1849)</li>
977
978<li>
979<a href="../jm970715.htm#Catharine Beecher on scientific approach to healthy dressing">Catharine
980Beecher on Scientific approach to Healthy Clothing.</a></li>
981
982<li>
983<a href="../jm970715.htm#Catharine Beecher on Cleanliness and Health">Catharine
984Beecher on Cleanliness and Health</a></li>
985</ul>
986
987<li>
988<a NAME="Law In a Litigious Society"></a>Law In a Litigious Society</li>
989
990<ul>
991<li>
992Legal Training (Tapping Reeve [See Calhoun biog; L. Beecher Autobiog];
993Development of Harvard Law School -- Different levels of training: Sumner;
994Douglas; Lincoln)</li>
995
996<li>
997<a href="http://www.neopolitique.org/articles/jan98-wilson.html">James
998Wilson, William Blackstone, and the Common Law by Susan Richmond, Managing
999Editor, <i>Neopolitique</i> (online magazine?)</a></li>
1000</ul>
1001</ul>
1002
1003<li>
1004<a NAME="Manners and Refinement"></a>Manners and "Refinement"</li>
1005
1006<ul>
1007<li>
1008General: <a href="../bb/bb.htm#Bushman, Richard L. Title: The refinement of America">Richard
1009Bushman, <i>The Refinement of America</i></a></li>
1010
1011<li>
1012Trends in housing</li>
1013
1014<ul>
1015<li>
1016<a href="../bb/bb.htm#Bushman, Richard L. Title: The refinement of America">Richard
1017Bushman, <i>The Refinement of America</i></a></li>
1018
1019<li>
1020<a href="../jm970715.htm#Catharine Beecher Sensible, Healthy, and Convenient">Catharine
1021Beecher on Sensible, Healthy, and Convenient Housing (and indoor plumbing)</a></li>
1022</ul>
1023
1024<li>
1025Silhouettes and Miniatures - Journal of James Guild.</li>
1026
1027<li>
1028<a href="../bb/bs.htm#Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Learning how to behave,">Schlessinger,
1029<i>Learning
1030How to Behave</i></a> a 96 page history of manners books.</li>
1031</ul>
1032
1033<li>
1034<a NAME="The Theater"></a>The Theater</li>
1035
1036<ul>
1037<li>
1038Junius Brutus Booth; Wallack;</li>
1039
1040<li>
1041Playwrights - Mrs. Inchbald, Byrd, Mordicai Noah,</li>
1042</ul>
1043
1044<li>
1045<a NAME="Literature"></a>Literature</li>
1046
1047<ul>
1048<li>
1049"Best Sellers" (Frank Luther Mott: <i>Golden Multitudes</i>)</li>
1050
1051<ul>
1052<li>
1053<a href="../jm980804.htm">Issue #66: August 4, 1998</a> (A Boy's Sea Adventure
1054Novel (by Capt. Marryat))</li>
1055
1056<li>
1057Ik Marvel (Donald Mitchell)</li>
1058
1059<li>
1060<a href="../jm971014.htm">Issue #33: October 14, 1997</a> (Charles Brockden
1061Brown: Carwin the Biloquist, Part 1)</li>
1062
1063<li>
1064<a href="../jm970930.htm">Issue #31: September 30, 1997</a> (Joseph Rodman
1065Drake, Early American Poet)</li>
1066</ul>
1067
1068<li>
1069<a NAME="For the Ages"></a>For the Ages</li>
1070
1071<ul>
1072<li>
1073Hawthorne, Melville, Emerson, Thoreau.</li>
1074</ul>
1075
1076<li>
1077Not Sure</li>
1078
1079<ul>
1080<li>
1081Poetry: <a href="../bb/bk.htm#Kettell, Samuel, Specimens of American Poetry">Kettell's
1082<i>Specimens</i></a>.</li>
1083
1084<li>
1085Cooper, Irving</li>
1086</ul>
1087</ul>
1088
1089<li>
1090<a NAME="The Fine Arts"></a>The "Fine Arts"</li>
1091
1092<ul>
1093<li>
1094Hiram Powers - as known by Francis Trollope, and in description of "The
1095Greek Slave".</li>
1096</ul>
1097
1098<li>
1099<a NAME="Folk Arts"></a>Folk Arts</li>
1100
1101<li>
1102<a NAME="Changing Role of Women"></a>Changing Role of Women</li>
1103
1104<ul>
1105<li>
1106Grimke sisters; Abby Kelley; Lucretia Mott; Eliz. Cady Stanton;</li>
1107
1108<li>
1109<a href="../jm970325.htm">Issue #11: March 25, 1997</a> (Frances Wright
1110and Nashoba)</li>
1111
1112<li>
1113The Crusades of Catharine Beecher (<a href="../bb/bs.htm#Sklar, Kathryn Kish, Catharine Beecher">Sklar
1114book</a>)</li>
1115
1116<ul>
1117<li>
1118<a href="../jm970617.htm">Issue #21: June 17, 1997</a> (Home Economics
1119and the Millennium)</li>
1120
1121<li>
1122<a href="../jm970715.htm">Issue #23: July 15, 1997</a> (More Domestic Economy
1123(Catharine Beecher))</li>
1124
1125<ul>
1126<li>
1127<a href="../jm970715.htm#Catharine Beecher on scientific approach to healthy dressing">Catharine
1128Beecher on Scientific approach to Healthy Clothing.</a></li>
1129
1130<li>
1131<a href="../jm970715.htm#ON WHITENING, CLEANSING, AND DYEING.">Catharine
1132Beecher ON WHITENING, CLEANSING, AND DYEING.</a></li>
1133</ul>
1134</ul>
1135</ul>
1136
1137<li>
1138<a NAME="Native Americans"></a>Native Americans</li>
1139
1140<li>
1141<a NAME="Amusements and Festivities"></a>Amusements and Festivities</li>
1142
1143<li>
1144<a NAME="Violence"></a>Violence</li>
1145
1146<ul>
1147<li>
1148<a NAME="Dueling"></a>Dueling</li>
1149
1150<ul>
1151<li>
1152<a href="../jm971118.htm">Issue #38: November 18, 1997</a> (Topic: A Kentucky
1153Duel, 1819)</li>
1154
1155<li>
1156W-B's Southern Honor; Greenburg's Honor and Slavery</li>
1157</ul>
1158
1159<li>
1160<a NAME="Riots"></a>Riots</li>
1161
1162<ul>
1163<li>
1164Gilje</li>
1165</ul>
1166
1167<li>
1168<a NAME="Crime (highway robbery..)"></a>Crime (highway robbery..)</li>
1169
1170<ul>
1171<li>
1172<a href="../jm971125.htm">Issue #39: November 25, 1997</a> (Murder, Banking,
1173and Kentucky Politics, 1824)</li>
1174</ul>
1175</ul>
1176
1177<li>
1178<a NAME="Crash and Burn: Suicide, Madness, and Drinking"></a>Crash and
1179Burn: Suicide, Madness, and Drinking oneself to death</li>
1180
1181<ul>
1182<li>
1183Son of Gov. Desha (1824, "pro relief") of KY, apparently committed highway
1184robbery &amp; murder, though son of Gov. and married to a "fine young woman":
1185<a href="../jm971125.htm">Issue #39: November 25, 1997</a> (Murder, Banking,
1186and Kentucky Politics, 1824)</li>
1187
1188<li>
1189G.W. Adams, John Adams Jr.; "mad" son of Henry Clay; A. Jackson's failure
1190bringing up 2 adopted sons; madness among the Emerson brothers; the mad
1191"Gentry boy" described in poem by Lincoln.</li>
1192</ul>
1193
1194<li>
1195<a NAME="Texture of Everyday Life"></a>Texture of Everyday Life</li>
1196
1197<ul>
1198<li>
1199Eating and Drinking</li>
1200
1201<ul>
1202<li>
1203(1823) <a href="../octo/octo-07.htm#Tomatoes (love apples) not poison.">Tomatoes
1204were about this time first essayed as edibles</a></li>
1205</ul>
1206
1207<li>
1208Clothes</li>
1209
1210<ul>
1211<li>
1212<a href="../jm970715.htm#Catharine Beecher on unhealthy fashions">Catharine
1213Beecher on Unhealthy Fashions</a></li>
1214</ul>
1215
1216<li>
1217Carriages; the Experience of Travel</li>
1218
1219<ul>
1220<li>
1221<a href="../jm970415.htm#Kemble on American Stagecoaches">Kemble on American
1222Stagecoaches</a></li>
1223</ul>
1224</ul>
1225
1226<li>
1227<a NAME="Cities"></a>Cities</li>
1228
1229<ul>
1230<li>
1231New York</li>
1232
1233<ul>
1234<li>
1235<a href="../jm980602.htm">Issue #59: June 2, 1998</a> (New York Reminiscences,
1236Ch 1 (c1816))</li>
1237
1238<li>
1239<b><a href="../jm980616.htm"><i>JM</i> </a></b><a href="../jm980616.htm">#61:
1240June 16, 1998</a> (From Reminiscences of New York, ch 3 (c1816))</li>
1241</ul>
1242
1243<li>
1244Boston</li>
1245
1246<ul>
1247<li>
1248<a href="../bb/bw.htm#Whitehill, Boston, A Topographical History">Whitehill,
1249<i>Boston,
1250A Topographical History</i></a>.</li>
1251</ul>
1252
1253<li>
1254Philadelphia</li>
1255
1256<li>
1257Baltimore</li>
1258
1259<li>
1260Washington (treated elsewhere)</li>
1261
1262<li>
1263Charleston, SC</li>
1264
1265<li>
1266Pittsburgh</li>
1267
1268<li>
1269Cincinnati</li>
1270
1271<li>
1272Buffalo</li>
1273
1274<li>
1275Rochester</li>
1276
1277<li>
1278Albany</li>
1279
1280<li>
1281St. Louis</li>
1282
1283<li>
1284New Orleans</li>
1285</ul>
1286
1287<li>
1288<a NAME="Burghs"></a>Burghs</li>
1289
1290<ul>
1291<li>
1292Rockdale, MD</li>
1293
1294<li>
1295Vandalia, IL</li>
1296
1297<li>
1298Springfield, IL</li>
1299
1300<li>
1301Jacksonville, IL</li>
1302
1303<li>
1304Nachez, MI</li>
1305
1306<li>
1307Memphis, TN</li>
1308
1309<li>
1310Nashville, TN</li>
1311
1312<li>
1313Lexington, KY</li>
1314</ul>
1315
1316<li>
1317<a NAME="Towns (no villages in America)"></a>Towns ("no villages" in America)</li>
1318
1319<li>
1320<a NAME="Country"></a>Country</li>
1321
1322<li>
1323<a NAME="Back-Country"></a>Back Country</li>
1324
1325<li>
1326<a NAME="The Mississippi and Ohio Valleys"></a>The Mississippi and Ohio
1327Valleys</li>
1328
1329<ul>
1330<li>
1331<a href="../jm970218.htm">Issue #6: February 18, 1997</a> (Mississippi
1332River Traffic, and "Boom and Bust" in 1836-7)</li>
1333</ul>
1334
1335<li>
1336<a NAME="Wilderness (Trapper and Indian country)"></a>Wilderness (Trapper
1337and Indian country)</li>
1338
1339<li>
1340<a NAME="West Coast (John Marsh; 2 Years Before the Mast)"></a>West Coast
1341(John Marsh; 2 Years Before the Mast)</li>
1342
1343<li>
1344<a NAME="Historiography"></a>Historiography</li>
1345
1346<ul>
1347<li>
1348R.J.'s Gov as Change Agent</li>
1349</ul>
1350</ul>
1351</ul>
1352
1353</body>
1354</html>

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