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93<h1>Èâàí Àíòîíîâè÷ Åôðåìî⠗ ó÷åíûé, ôàíòàñò è ôèëîñîô</h1>
94
95<p>Âñåìèðíî èçâåñòíûé ñîâåòñêèé ïèñàòåëü-ôàíòàñò, àâòîð êíèã «Òóìàííîñòü Àíäðîìåäû», «Ëåçâèå áðèòâû», «×àñ áûêà» è «Òàèñ Àôèíñêàÿ», Èâàí Åôðåìîâ áûë îäíèì èç âåäóùèõ ïàëåîíòîëîãîâ Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà (çàâåäîâàë êàôåäðîé íèçøèõ ïîçâîíî÷íûõ â ìóçåå ïàëåîíòîëîãèè). Îí îñíîâàë òàôîíîìèþ — íàóêó î çàêîíîìåðíîñòè îáðàçîâàíèÿ ìåñòîíàõîæäåíèé èñêîïàåìûõ îñòàòêîâ. Åãî íàçûâàþò ïîñëåäíèì ó÷åíûì-ýíöèêëîïåäèñòîì XX âåêà. Øèðîòà åãî èíòåðåñîâ è îáúåì çíàíèé ïîðàæàþò. Îí ïðîøåë ñ ýêñïåäèöèÿìè îãðîìíûå ïðîñòîðû Åâðàçèè, âî âðåìÿ êîòîðûõ áûëè ñîáðàíû çàìå÷àòåëüíûå ïàëåîíòîëîãè÷åñêèå êîëëåêöèè. Îí âûñêàçàë èäåè î íàëè÷èè â Êîñìîñå (êðîìå Çåìëè) æèçíè, îáîñíîâàë àíòðîïîìîðôíóþ ãèïîòåçó, ñîãëàñíî êîòîðîé ýâîëþöèÿ âåäåò æèâóþ ìàòåðèþ ê ðàçóìíîé æèçíè â ÷åëîâåêîîáðàçíîé ôîðìå. Åôðåìîâ îáëàäàë âåëèêîëåïíîé íàó÷íîé èíòóèöèåé, â ñâîèõ íàó÷íî-ôàíòàñòè÷åñêèõ ðàññêàçàõ îí ïðåäñêàçàë îòêðûòèå â Ñèáèðè àëìàçíûõ êîïåé è ìåñòîðîæäåíèé ðòóòè, îí ïðåäâèäåë ïîÿâëåíèå èíòåðíåòà.  èñòîðè÷åñêèõ ðîìàíàõ «Òàèñ Àôèíñêàÿ» è «Íà êðàþ Îéêóìåíû» âûñòóïèë â ðîëè èñòîðèêà, ýòíîãðàôà è àíòðîïîëîãà.
96
97<h3>Ñóäüáà Èâàíà Åôðåìîâà</h3>
98
99<p>Ñûí áîãàòîãî ëåñîïðîìûøëåííèêà, îí ðàíî îñòàëñÿ áåç ðîäèòåëüñêîé îïåêè, ïîäðîñòêîì ïðîøåë ñ Êðàñíîé àðìèåé äî Ïåðåêîïà. Çàêîí÷èë ýêñòåðíîì øêîëó, â 19 ëåò ñîâåðøèë ïåðâîå îòêðûòèå, ýêñòåðíîì îêîí÷èë ãîðíûé èíñòèòóò â Ëåíèíãðàäå, â 33 ãîäà ñòàë äîêòîðîì áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê. Åãî èìåíåì íàçâàíû: äðåâíèé ÿùåð — èâàíòîäîíò, íîâûé ìèíåðàë — åôðåìîâèò, îäíà èç ìàëûõ ïëàíåò Ñîëíå÷íîé ñèñòåìû — Åôðåìèàíà.  åãî ðîäíîì ïîñåëêå Âûðèöà â åãî ÷åñòü íàçâàíà áèáëèîòåêà, â êîòîðîé óæå ìíîãî ëåò ïðîâîäÿë ëèòåðàòóðíûå Åôðåìîâñêèå ÷òåíèÿ. Óòâåðæäåíà ëèòåðàòóðíàÿ ïðåìèÿ ïî íàó÷íîé ôàíòàñòèêå, ñóùåñòâóþò êëóáû íàó÷íîé ôàíòàñòèêè åãî èìåíè. Î åãî íàó÷íîì è ëèòåðàòóðíîì òâîð÷åñòâå ñîçäàíû êèíîôèëüìû è íàïèñàíû äèññåðòàöèè. Åãî êíèãè îïðåäåëèëè æèçíåííûé ïóòü ñàìûõ ðàçíûõ ëþäåé — îò ó÷àñòíèêîâ êîììóíàðñêîãî äâèæåíèÿ è ïîäâèæíèêîâ àëüòåðíàòèâíîé ïåäàãîãèêè äî êîñìîíàâòîâ. Åãî ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ ïåðåâåäåíû íà ìíîãèå ÿçûêè, òîëüêî â áûâøåì ÑÑÑÐ è íûíåøíåé Ðîññèè èçäàâàëèñü áîëåå 400 ðàç òèðàæîì îêîëî 27 ìèëëèîíîâ ýêçåìïëÿðîâ, íå ñ÷èòàÿ äàëüíåãî è áëèæíåãî çàðóáåæüÿ. Åôðåìîâûì íàïèñàíî îêîëî 200 íàó÷íûõ ðàáîò: îò ñòàòåé è ðåöåíçèé äî ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûõ íàó÷íûõ ìîíîãðàôèé.
100
101<h3>×åëîâåê áóäóùåãî</h3>
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103<p>Åôðåìîâ áûë îðèãèíàëüíûì ñîöèàëüíûì ìûñëèòåëåì, ñóùåñòâåííî îáîãàòèâøèì ãóìàíèñòè÷åñêóþ ñîñòàâëÿþùóþ ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîãî ó÷åíèÿ. Íàó÷íî-ôàíòàñòè÷åñêîå òâîð÷åñòâî Åôðåìîâà îêàçàëî ðåâîëþöèîííîå âîçäåéñòâèå íà ðàñöâåò ñîâåòñêîé íàó÷íîé ôàíòàñòèêè â 1960-õ ãîäàõ, ðàñêðûâ ïåðåä íåé íåîáûêíîâåííûå ãîðèçîíòû. Ðîìàí-óòîïèÿ «Òóìàííîñòü Àíäðîìåäû», ïðèíåñøàÿ Åôðåìîâó èçâåñòíîñòü âî âñåì ìèðå, áûëà ñîçäàíà èì ïîä âëèÿíèåì ïèñàòåëüñêîãî êðåäî — «ëèáî áóäåò âñåïëàíåòíîå êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîå îáùåñòâî, ëèáî íå áóäåò íèêàêîãî, à áóäåò ïåñîê è ïûëü íà ìåðòâîé ïëàíåòå». Ïðè òîì, ÷òî ïèñàòåëü îïèñûâàë èäåàëüíîå êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîå îáùåñòâî, ñàì îí ÷ëåíîì ÊÏÑÑ íå áûë. Ïî ìíåíèþ àâòîðà ãëàâíûì äâèãàòåëåì ïðîãðåññà îêàçûâàåòñÿ íå ñîâåðøåíñòâî òåõíèêè, à ýâîëþöèÿ ÷åëîâåêà, èìåííî ÷åëîâåê îêàçûâàåòñÿ â áóäóùåì ìåðîé âñåõ âåùåé, à íàóêà è åå îòêðûòèÿ ïîä÷èíåíû íóæäàì åãî ðàçâèòèÿ. Åôðåìîâ â ñâîèõ êíèãàõ ñîçäàë îáðàç ÷åëîâåêà áóäóùåãî, æèâóùåãî ïî çàêîíàì íðàâñòâåíîñòè, êðàñîòû, ãàðìîíè÷íî ðàçâèòîãî, ñòðåìÿùåãîñÿ ê çíàíèÿì, ëèøåííîãî ìåëî÷íîé ïðèâÿçàííîñòè ê ìàòåðèàëüíûì áëàãàì, âûñøåé öåëüþ äëÿ êîòîðîãî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñ÷àñòüå è áëàãîïîëó÷èå âñåãî îáùåñòâà.
104<p>Èâàí Åôðåìîâ îñòàâèë ïîòîìêàì îãðîìíîå òâîð÷åñêîå íàñëåäèå. Ìû ïîñòàðàëèñü ìàêñèìàëüíî ñîáðàòü âñå, ÷òî èçâåñòíî î åãî íàó÷íûõ è ëèòåðàòóðíûõ òðóäàõ, åãî ìèðîâîççðåíèè, åãî äðóçüÿõ è áëèçêèõ, î åãî âèäåíèè ïðåêðàñíîãî áóäóùåãî ÷åëîâå÷åñòâà.  íàøå âðåìÿ íåëèøíèì áóäåò âñïîìíèòü îá èäåàëàõ, î êîòîðûõ ãîâîðèë âåëèêèé ãóìàíèñò Èâàí Åôðåìîâ.
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