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102		<li><a href="/computers/" title="Personal Computers">Computers</a></li>
103		<li><a href="/storage_medias/" title="Computer storage medias">Storages</a></li>
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120			<h1>Personal computer removible storage medias</h1>
121		</header>
122
123		<p>Throughout the history of computing we see an evolution of removable storage systems, which allowed to transport data and distribute programs, until the advent of cloud storage, when Internet connection speeds allowed it.<br />
124		These removable media were adopted from third party companies, so they could be used by several computer manufacturers.<br />
125		But proprietary cartridges were also frequently used by manufacturers, in models such as the Commodore VIC-20 and Commodore 64, the standard MSX, the Atari 8-bit (400/800/XL/XE), the Texas Instruments TI-99/4A, and the IBM PCjr.</br >
126		These cartridges contained memory chips that had a fast access speed, but a low capacity, due to their high cost.</p>
127
128	</article>
129
130	<div class="cards_container">
131<div class="card" id="punched_card">			<a href="/storage_medias/punched_card.html">
132			<img src="/thumbnails/tarjeta_perforada.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
133			</a>
134			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/punched_card.html" rel="tag" title="Punched card">Punched card</a></span>			<br />
135			<div style="padding: 8px;">
136			Developed by: 			 (Herman Hollerith)			<br />
137			Launched: 1905<br />
138			Capacity: <br />
139							
140
141			<p>
142			It is a cardboard card that contains information in the form of perforations according to a binary code.			</p>
143
144			<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="punched_card.html" class="more">More ↓</a></p>			<!--a href="/removable/punched_card.html">More ↓</a-->
145			</div>
146			</div>
147<div class="card" id="punched_tape">			<a href="/storage_medias/punched_tape.html">
148			<img src="/thumbnails/cinta_troquelada.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
149			</a>
150			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/punched_tape.html" rel="tag" title="Punched tape">Punched tape</a></span>			<br />
151			<div style="padding: 8px;">
152			Developed by: 						<br />
153			Launched: 1939<br />
154			Capacity: Depending on the length of the tape.<br />
155						Bit rate: 2500 ASCII characters per second (5000 on optical readers)<br />
156							
157
158			<p>
159			Punched tape is a data storage method, consisting of a long strip of paper in which holes are made to store data.			</p>
160
161			<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="punched_tape.html" class="more">More ↓</a></p>			<!--a href="/removable/punched_tape.html">More ↓</a-->
162			</div>
163			</div>
164<div class="card" id="magnetic_tape_reel">			<a href="/storage_medias/magnetic_tape_reel.html">
165			<img src="/thumbnails/magnetic_tape_reel.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
166			</a>
167			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/magnetic_tape_reel.html" rel="tag" title="Magnetic tape reel">Magnetic tape reel</a></span>			<br />
168			<div style="padding: 8px;">
169			Developed by: UNIVAC, IBM, Digitral...						<br />
170			Launched: 1950<br />
171			Capacity: <br />
172							
173
174			<p>
175			Large computers of the late 1980s used magnetic tapes wound onto large (10.5-inch) reels for storage.			</p>
176
177			<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="magnetic_tape_reel.html" class="more">More ↓</a></p>			<!--a href="/removable/magnetic_tape_reel.html">More ↓</a-->
178			</div>
179			</div>
180<div class="card" id="cassette">			<a href="/storage_medias/cassette.html">
181			<img src="/thumbnails/cassettes.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
182			</a>
183			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/cassette.html" rel="tag" title="Cassette">Cassette</a></span>			<br />
184			<div style="padding: 8px;">
185			Developed by: Philips			 (Lou Ottens)			<br />
186			Launched: 1964<br />
187			Capacity: Depending on the length of the tape (double-sided)<br />
188							
189
190			<p>
191			The cassette was developed by the Philips Netherlands team led by Lou Ottens as a medium for recording and reproducing voice. It quickly became widely used as a medium for distributing music.<br />
192The format's widespread popularity and its low production cost led to its adoption for data recording on 8-bit personal computers in the 1980s.			</p>
193
194						<!--a href="/removable/cassette.html">More ↓</a-->
195			</div>
196			</div>
197<div class="card" id="diskette_8">			<a href="/storage_medias/diskette_8.html">
198			<img src="/thumbnails/disquete-8.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
199			</a>
200			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/diskette_8.html" rel="tag" title="Diskette 8"">Diskette 8"</a></span>			<br />
201			<div style="padding: 8px;">
202			Developed by: IBM			 (Alan Shugart)			<br />
203			Launched: 1971<br />
204			Capacity: 80 KiB<br />
205							
206
207			<p>
208			In 1971, Alan Shugart developed a flexible disk coated with iron oxide at IBM to facilitate the constant updates of its computers, thus creating the concept of the "floppy disk."			</p>
209
210			<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="diskette_8.html" class="more">More ↓</a></p>			<!--a href="/removable/diskette_8.html">More ↓</a-->
211			</div>
212			</div>
213<div class="card" id="diskette_5_25">			<a href="/storage_medias/diskette_5_25.html">
214			<img src="/thumbnails/disquete-5_25_110k.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
215			</a>
216			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/diskette_5_25.html" rel="tag" title="Diskette 5¼"">Diskette 5¼"</a></span>			<br />
217			<div style="padding: 8px;">
218			Developed by: Shugart Associates			 (Alan Shugart)			<br />
219			Launched: 1976<br />
220			Capacity: 110 KiB<br />
221							
222
223			<p>
224			Alan Shugart developed this diskette to reduce the size of the large 8" floppy disks.<br />
225They proved to be cheaper and were quickly incorporated into computers with CP/M.<br />
226This first version had 35 tracks.			</p>
227
228						<!--a href="/removable/diskette_5_25.html">More ↓</a-->
229			</div>
230			</div>
231<div class="card" id="diskette_5_25_dd">			<a href="/storage_medias/diskette_5_25_dd.html">
232			<img src="/thumbnails/disquete-5_25.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
233			</a>
234			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/diskette_5_25_dd.html" rel="tag" title="Diskette 5¼" DD">Diskette 5¼" DD</a></span>			<br />
235			<div style="padding: 8px;">
236			Developed by: Tandon						<br />
237			Launched: 1978<br />
238			Capacity: 360 KiB<br />
239							
240
241			<p>
242			This development led to an increase in capacity and commercial standardization.			</p>
243
244						<!--a href="/removable/diskette_5_25_dd.html">More ↓</a-->
245			</div>
246			</div>
247<div class="card" id="diskette_3_5">			<a href="/storage_medias/diskette_3_5.html">
248			<img src="/thumbnails/disquete-3_5_first.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
249			</a>
250			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/diskette_3_5.html" rel="tag" title="Diskette 3½"">Diskette 3½"</a></span>			<br />
251			<div style="padding: 8px;">
252			Developed by: Sony						<br />
253			Launched: 1981<br />
254			Capacity: 360 KiB<br />
255							
256
257			<p>
258			This smaller and more robust floppy disk than the 5¼" one would end up becoming more portable from 1982 onwards, when it was incorporated into the Sony SMC 70 computer, and a year later, the HP-150 and Sony's MSX computers.			</p>
259
260						<!--a href="/removable/diskette_3_5.html">More ↓</a-->
261			</div>
262			</div>
263<div class="card" id="diskette_3">			<a href="/storage_medias/diskette_3.html">
264			<img src="/thumbnails/disquete-3_pulgadas.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
265			</a>
266			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/diskette_3.html" rel="tag" title="Diskette 3"">Diskette 3"</a></span>			<br />
267			<div style="padding: 8px;">
268			Developed by: Hitachi						<br />
269			Launched: 1982<br />
270			Capacity: 360 KiB (doble side)<br />
271							
272
273			<p>
274			This format was one of many that appeared in the 1980s from different manufacturers and never caught on.<br />
275However, Amstrad adopted it for its personal computers, rumored to be able to get its readers at a bargain price.			</p>
276
277			<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="diskette_3.html" class="more">More ↓</a></p>			<!--a href="/removable/diskette_3.html">More ↓</a-->
278			</div>
279			</div>
280<div class="card" id="cartridge_dragon">			<a href="/storage_medias/cartridge_dragon.html">
281			<img src="/thumbnails/cartucho_dragon.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
282			</a>
283			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/cartridge_dragon.html" rel="tag" title="Dragon cartridge">Dragon cartridge</a></span>			<br />
284			<div style="padding: 8px;">
285			Developed by: 						<br />
286			Launched: 1982<br />
287			Capacity: <br />
288							
289
290			<p>
291			Dragon computers had a proprietary cartridge system, on which games were distributed for their 32 and 64 models.			</p>
292
293						<!--a href="/removable/cartridge_dragon.html">More ↓</a-->
294			</div>
295			</div>
296<div class="card" id="zx_microdrive">			<a href="/storage_medias/zx_microdrive.html">
297			<img src="/thumbnails/zx_microdrive.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
298			</a>
299			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/zx_microdrive.html" rel="tag" title="ZX Microdrive">ZX Microdrive</a></span>			<br />
300			<div style="padding: 8px;">
301			Developed by: Sinclair						<br />
302			Launched: 1983<br />
303			Capacity: 85 KiB<br />
304						Bit rate: 15 KiB/s<br />
305							
306
307			<p>
308			The ZX Microdrive is a tape cartridge reader/writer intended to provide low-cost mass storage for Sinclair machines.<br />
309However, it proved unreliable, as the constant friction of the tape against the drive head caused it to wear out and eventually break.			</p>
310
311			<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="zx_microdrive.html" class="more">More ↓</a></p>			<!--a href="/removable/zx_microdrive.html">More ↓</a-->
312			</div>
313			</div>
314<div class="card" id="cartridge_msx">			<a href="/storage_medias/cartridge_msx.html">
315			<img src="/thumbnails/cartucho_msx.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
316			</a>
317			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/cartridge_msx.html" rel="tag" title="MSX cartridge">MSX cartridge</a></span>			<br />
318			<div style="padding: 8px;">
319			Developed by: 						<br />
320			Launched: 1983<br />
321			Capacity: <br />
322							
323
324			<p>
325			The MSX standard cartridges were a more expensive system than the cassette tapes used by the 8-bit computers of the time, but they were more reliable and faster.			</p>
326
327			<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="cartridge_msx.html" class="more">More ↓</a></p>			<!--a href="/removable/cartridge_msx.html">More ↓</a-->
328			</div>
329			</div>
330<div class="card" id="softcard">			<a href="/storage_medias/softcard.html">
331			<img src="/thumbnails/softcard.png" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
332			</a>
333			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/softcard.html" rel="tag" title="SoftCard">SoftCard</a></span>			<br />
334			<div style="padding: 8px;">
335			Developed by: 						<br />
336			Launched: 1984<br />
337			Capacity: <br />
338							
339
340			<p>
341			It's a credit card-like device that incorporates a ROM chip. Serma, a company that began producing programs on this device, released titles such as 1X2, QH, Le Mans 2, and so on.<br />
342<br />
343To connect it to a computer, an adapter was required, which was inserted into the computer's cartridge slot.			</p>
344
345			<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="softcard.html" class="more">More ↓</a></p>			<!--a href="/removable/softcard.html">More ↓</a-->
346			</div>
347			</div>
348<div class="card" id="diskette_5_25_2hd">			<a href="/storage_medias/diskette_5_25_2hd.html">
349			<img src="/thumbnails/disquete-5_25_HD.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
350			</a>
351			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/diskette_5_25_2hd.html" rel="tag" title="Diskette 5¼" 2HD">Diskette 5¼" 2HD</a></span>			<br />
352			<div style="padding: 8px;">
353			Developed by: 						<br />
354			Launched: 1984<br />
355			Capacity: 1200 KiB<br />
356							
357
358			<p>
359			In 1984, IBM introduced the High Density 5.5" floppy disk format in its IBM AT, tripling its original capacity of 360 KB.<br />
360This was the last version of the 5.5" floppy disk, which would be surpassed in 1988 by 3.5-inch floppy disks.			</p>
361
362						<!--a href="/removable/diskette_5_25_2hd.html">More ↓</a-->
363			</div>
364			</div>
365<div class="card" id="diskette_3_5_dd">			<a href="/storage_medias/diskette_3_5_dd.html">
366			<img src="/thumbnails/disquete-3_dd.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
367			</a>
368			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/diskette_3_5_dd.html" rel="tag" title="Diskette 3½" DD 	">Diskette 3½" DD 	</a></span>			<br />
369			<div style="padding: 8px;">
370			Developed by: Sony						<br />
371			Launched: 1984<br />
372			Capacity: 720 KiB <br />
373							
374
375			<p>
376			In 1984, Apple incorporated this format for its new Macintosh computers.<br />
377In 1985, Atari adopted it for its new ST line, and Commodore for its new Amiga.			</p>
378
379						<!--a href="/removable/diskette_3_5_dd.html">More ↓</a-->
380			</div>
381			</div>
382<div class="card" id="cd">			<a href="/storage_medias/cd.html">
383			<img src="/thumbnails/cd.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
384			</a>
385			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/cd.html" rel="tag" title="CD">CD</a></span>			<br />
386			<div style="padding: 8px;">
387			Developed by: Sony & Philips						<br />
388			Launched: 1985<br />
389			Capacity: 870 MiB<br />
390						Bit rate: 150 KiB/s<br />
391							
392
393			<p>
394			The CD as a music format was launched in 1982 in Japan and worldwide in 1984.<br />
395The CD-ROM data format was established in 1985 by Sony and Philips and first introduced to the public at COMDEX that same year.<br />
396From the mid-1990s until its displacer by DVD-ROM, CD-ROM was widely used for software distribution for computers and video game consoles.			</p>
397
398						<!--a href="/removable/cd.html">More ↓</a-->
399			</div>
400			</div>
401<div class="card" id="bee_card">			<a href="/storage_medias/bee_card.html">
402			<img src="/thumbnails/bee_card.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
403			</a>
404			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/bee_card.html" rel="tag" title="Bee Card">Bee Card</a></span>			<br />
405			<div style="padding: 8px;">
406			Developed by: Hudson Soft						<br />
407			Launched: 1985<br />
408			Capacity: <br />
409							
410
411			<p>
412			A memory card the size of a credit card, although slightly thicker, created by the Japanese developer and distributor Hudson Soft for the distribution of software for MSX computers.<br />
413<br />
414To connect the card to the computer, an adapter was required, which was inserted into the cartridge slot.			</p>
415
416			<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="bee_card.html" class="more">More ↓</a></p>			<!--a href="/removable/bee_card.html">More ↓</a-->
417			</div>
418			</div>
419<div class="card" id="diskette_quick_disk-datadisk">			<a href="/storage_medias/diskette_quick_disk-datadisk.html">
420			<img src="/thumbnails/diskette-quick-disk-datadisk.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
421			</a>
422			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/diskette_quick_disk-datadisk.html" rel="tag" title="Mitsumi Quick Disk">Mitsumi Quick Disk</a></span>			<br />
423			<div style="padding: 8px;">
424			Developed by: Mitsumi						<br />
425			Launched: 1985<br />
426			Capacity: 100 Kib ~ 256 Kib<br />
427							
428
429			<p>
430			The Quick Disk (QD) was a 3-inch floppy disk design released by Mitsumi around 1985 (although a prototype was shown in 1984).<br />
431<br />
432It was encased in plastic, but had a much simpler design than other floppy disks of the time, as it lacked a shutter mechanism to protect the disk surface from dust and used removable tabs (rather than a sliding tab) for write protection on each side.<br />
433<br />
434Furthermore, instead of offering random access, data was recorded in a continuous spiral on the disk (like vinyl) that took about 8 seconds to read (on the 100 KB Triton QD drive), making it very slow (this sequential access made it similar to a ta
434pe and prevented the fast access benefits of a floppy disk).<br />
435<br />
436The drives were single-sided, and the disks had to be manually removed and rotated to use the other side.			</p>
437
438			<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="diskette_quick_disk-datadisk.html" class="more">More ↓</a></p>			<!--a href="/removable/diskette_quick_disk-datadisk.html">More ↓</a-->
439			</div>
440			</div>
441<div class="card" id="diskette_3_5_hd">			<a href="/storage_medias/diskette_3_5_hd.html">
442			<img src="/thumbnails/disquetes-3_5.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
443			</a>
444			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/diskette_3_5_hd.html" rel="tag" title="Diskette 3½" HD">Diskette 3½" HD</a></span>			<br />
445			<div style="padding: 8px;">
446			Developed by: Sony						<br />
447			Launched: 1987<br />
448			Capacity: 1.44 MiB<br />
449							
450
451			<p>
452			They were introduced in IBM PS/2 computers in 1987, and a year later, Apple introduced them in its Macintosh IIx computers.<br />
453The High Density format is recognized by a square hole in one of its corners.			</p>
454
455			<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="diskette_3_5_hd.html" class="more">More ↓</a></p>			<!--a href="/removable/diskette_3_5_hd.html">More ↓</a-->
456			</div>
457			</div>
458<div class="card" id="atari_portfolio_memory_card">			<a href="/storage_medias/atari_portfolio_memory_card.html">
459			<img src="/thumbnails/atari_portfolio_memory_card.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
460			</a>
461			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/atari_portfolio_memory_card.html" rel="tag" title="Atari Portfolio Memory Card">Atari Portfolio Memory Card</a></span>			<br />
462			<div style="padding: 8px;">
463			Developed by: Atari						<br />
464			Launched: 1989<br />
465			Capacity: 32, 64 & 128 KiB<br />
466							
467
468			<p>
469			Atari's proprietary memory card sold in capacities of 32 KB, 64 KB, and 128 KB ($199.95). Other manufacturers also produced cards with capacities up to 4 KB.<br />
470<br />
471It uses a CR2016 button cell to store data.			</p>
472
473						<!--a href="/removable/atari_portfolio_memory_card.html">More ↓</a-->
474			</div>
475			</div>
476<div class="card" id="zip">			<a href="/storage_medias/zip.html">
477			<img src="/thumbnails/iomega_zip.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
478			</a>
479			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/zip.html" rel="tag" title="Zip">Zip</a></span>			<br />
480			<div style="padding: 8px;">
481			Developed by: Iomega						<br />
482			Launched: 1994<br />
483			Capacity: 100, 250 & 750 MiB<br />
484							
485
486			<p>
487			Iomeza Zip drives were the storage drives that were contenders to replace 3.5-inch floppy disks due to their higher capacity, and were eventually integrated as standard in several Apple Macintosh laptop and computer configurations.<br />
488The first version had a capacity of 100 MB, and later versions expanded this to 250 MB, and in its final phase, reached 750 MB.<br />
489The falling prices of higher-capacity CD burners and CD-R and CD-RW consumables eventually forced them out of the market.			</p>
490
491						<!--a href="/removable/zip.html">More ↓</a-->
492			</div>
493			</div>
494<div class="card" id="dvd">			<a href="/storage_medias/dvd.html">
495			<img src="/thumbnails/dvd.jpg" alt="" class="card_image" width="384" height="216" />
496			</a>
497			<span class="card_title"><a href="/storage_medias/dvd.html" rel="tag" title="DVD">DVD</a></span>			<br />
498			<div style="padding: 8px;">
499			Developed by: Philips, Pioneer, Sony, Hitachi, Matsushita, Mitsubishi, Time Warner, Toshiba, Victorpool y Thomson						<br />
500			Launched: 1995<br />
501			Capacity: 4 GiB<br />
502							
503
504			<p>
505			The DVD-ROM was the natural substitute for CD-ROM, significantly increasing its capacity on a disc with the same physical characteristics.			</p>
506
507						<!--a href="/removable/dvd.html">More ↓</a-->
508			</div>
509			</div>
510</div>
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