PageSourceSearch

https://www.ippr.org/search

html ippr.org collected 2026-10-01 08:53:26 UTC 63,997 bytes, 364 lines download raw bytes

1
2
3
4                                                                                                                                                    
5
6
7
8
9  
10  
11<!DOCTYPE html><html class="" lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /><!-- ROBOTS --><meta name="robots" content="index, follow"><meta charset="utf-8"/><meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"><meta name="MobileOptimized" content="600"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><!--favicons--><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="manifest" href="/site.webmanifest" crossorigin="use-credentials"><link rel="mask-icon" href="/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#312d5a"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#312d5a"><meta name="theme-color" content="#312d5a"><!--meta tags--><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Stay up to date with IPPR" href="https://www.ippr.org/feed.rss"><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="IPPR" href="/osd.xml" data-tooltip-align="b,c" data-tooltip="IPPR" aria-label="IPPR" data-title="IPPR"><link href="https://www.ippr.org/" rel="home"><link type="text/plain" href="https://www.ippr.org/humans.txt" rel="author"><title>Search | IPPR </title><meta name="keywords" content="policy, research, public policy,"><meta name="description" content="
12The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) is an independent charity working towards a fairer, greener, and more prosperous society."><meta name="referrer" content="no-referrer-when-downgrade"><!--Open Graph / FB --><meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB"><meta property="og:site_name" content="IPPR"><meta property="og:type" content="website" ><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.ippr.org/search"><meta property="og:title" content="Search | IPPR"><meta property="og:description" content="
13The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) is an independent charity working towards a fairer, greener, and more prosperous society."><meta property="og:image" content="https://images.ippr.org/production/Placeholders/placeholder-1.png?w=1573&amp;h=982&amp;q=100&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;dm=1778241748&amp;s=e70c531f29c3a729e42c2f864556ad7b"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://images.ippr.org/production/Placeholders/placeholder-1.png?w=1573&amp;h=982&amp;q=100&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;dm=1778241748&amp;s=e70c531f29c3a729e42c2f864556ad7b"><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"><meta property="og:image:height" content="630"><!-- Twitter is also 1200 x 630 cover image --><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:site" content="@@ipp1"><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@@ipp1"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Search | IPPR"><meta name="twitter:description" content="
14The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) is an independent charity working towards a fairer, greener, and more prosperous society."><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://images.ippr.org/production/Placeholders/placeholder-1.png?w=1573&amp;h=982&amp;q=100&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;dm=1778241748&amp;s=e70c531f29c3a729e42c2f864556ad7b"><!-- Authentications --><!-- tag manager -->
14<script>
15// Check that service workers are registered
16if ('serviceWorker' in navigator) {
17  // Use the window load event to keep the page load performant
18  window.addEventListener('load', function() {
19    navigator.serviceWorker.register(' https://www.ippr.org/dist/sw.js');
20  });
21}
22</script>
22<style>:root{--content-space:1em;--form-space:2rem;--block-space:clamp(1.5rem,4.16667vw,3.75rem);--icon-button-size:3rem;--icon-button-text-size:1.1rem;--strong-font-weight:500;--primary-color:#44e5a8;--primary-color-text:#312d5a;--secondary-color:#312d5a;--secondary-color-text:#fff;--tertiary-color:var(--secondary-color);--tertiary-color-text:#fff;--canvas-color:#f6f6f4;--page-color:#fff;--text-color:#484848;--text-color-quiet:#666;--focus-color:#312d5a;--button-text-color:var(--primary-color-text);--button-bg-color:var(--primary-color);--button-border-color:var(--button-bg-color);--button-text-color-alt:var(--button-text-color);--button-bg-color-alt:var(--button-bg-color);--button-border-color-alt:var(--secondary-color);--button-text-color-disabled:#333535;--button-bg-color-disabled:#e5e5e1;--button-shadow-size:5px;--nav-list-align:start;--nav-list-direction:row;--nav-list-wrap:wrap}body,html{padding:0;margin:0;scroll-behavior:smooth}*,:after,:before{box-sizing:border-box}body{font-size:clamp(1rem,2.21354vw,1.125rem);line-height:1.5;font-weight:400}html{font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;color:inherit;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:scroll;min-height:100%;background-color:var(--canvas-color);color:var(--text-color)}@supports (font-variation-settings:normal){html{font-family:Inter,system-ui,sans-serif}}html :focus{outline:none}html.has-open-menu{overflow:hidden}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{margin-top:calc(var(--content-space) + .5em);margin-bottom:0}h1{font-size:clamp(2.0625rem,5.33854vw,3.5rem)}h1,h2{font-family:Loretta,serif;font-weight:600;color:var(--display-font-color,var(--secondary-color));line-height:1.3}h2{font-size:clamp(1.6875rem,4.29688vw,2.625rem)}h3{font-family:Loretta,serif;font-weight:600;color:var(--display-font-color,var(--secondary-color));font-size:clamp(1.375rem,3.38542vw,1.9375rem)}h3,h4{line-height:1.3}h4{font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;color:inherit;font-weight:500;font-size:clamp(1.1875rem,2.86458vw,1.375rem)}@supports (font-variation-settings:normal){h4{font-family:Inter,system-ui,sans-serif}}h5{font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;color:inherit;font-weight:500;font-size:clamp(1rem,2.21354vw,1.125rem);line-height:1.3}@supports (font-variation-settings:normal){h5{font-family:Inter,system-ui,sans-serif}}h6{font-family:system-ui,sans-serif;color:inherit;font-weight:500;font-size:clamp(.875rem,1.95312vw,1rem);line-height:1.3}@supports (font-variation-settings:normal){h6{font-family:Inter,system-ui,sans-serif}}a{text-decoration:var(--text-decoration,underline)}a,a:active{color:currentColor}@media (hover){a:hover{color:currentColor}}a:focus{outline:none}.c-staff-block a{text-decoration:none}.c-staff-block a.is-active,.c-staff-block a:active,.c-staff-block a:focus,.c-staff-block a:focus-within{text-decoration:underline}@media (hover){.c-staff-block a:hover{text-decoration:underline}}.icon{display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-top;height:1em;width:1em}.icon svg{display:block;width:100%;height:100%}.i-logo{width:1.25495em;height:1.5em}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.i-logo{width:1.38881em;height:1.66em}}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.i-logo{width:1.46411em;height:1.75em}}.i-logo--north,.i-logo--scotland{width:1.5em;height:1.5em}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.i-logo--north,.i-logo--scotland{width:1.66em;height:1.66em}}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.i-logo--north,.i-logo--scotland{width:1.75em;height:1.75em}}.c-feed,.o-grid{display:grid;grid-gap:var(--phone-row-gap,0) var(--phone-column-gap,1rem);grid-template-columns:[full-start] 0 [break-start] 0 repeat(12,[col] 1fr) [break-end] 0 [full-end] 0}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.c-feed,.o-grid{grid-gap:var(--tablet-row-gap,0) var(--tablet-column-gap,2rem)}}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.c-feed,.o-grid{grid-gap:var(--desktop-row-gap,0) var(--desktop-column-gap,3rem)}}@media (min-width:84.01rem){.c-feed,.o-grid{width:auto;grid-template-columns:[full-start] 1fr [break-start] minmax(0,3.25rem) repeat(12,[col] 3.25rem) [break-end] minmax(0,3.25rem) [full-end] 1fr}}.c-feed,.o-grid--contained{grid-template-columns:repeat(12,[col] 1fr)}.c-feed,.o-grid--block{--phone-row-gap:2rem;--tablet-row-gap:2rem;--desktop-row-gap:3rem}.o-grid--narrow{grid-template-columns:repeat(8,1fr)}.o-grid--list{--phone-row-gap:var(--content-space);--tablet-row-gap:var(--content-space);--desktop-row-gap:var(--content-space)}.o-grid--content-block,.o-grid--flush{--phone-row-gap:0;--tablet-row-gap:0;--desktop-row-gap:0}.c-feed:empty,.o-grid:empty{display:none}.c-feed .c-feed,.c-feed .o-grid,.o-grid .c-feed,.o-grid .o-grid{width:100%}.c-feed__item,.o-grid__item{grid-column-start:3;grid-column-end:15}.o-grid--narrow .c-feed__item,.o-grid--narrow .o-grid__item{grid-column-start:1;grid-column-end:9}.c-feed .c-feed__item,.c-feed .o-grid__item,.o-grid--contained .c-feed__item,.o-grid--contained .o-grid__item{grid-column-start:1;grid-column-end:13}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.o-sidebar-grid__content .c-feed__item:not(:where(.has-h-col,.o-grid__item--full)),.o-sidebar-grid__content .o-grid__item:not(:where(.has-h-col,.o-grid__item--full)){grid-column-end:11}}.o-grid__item--full{grid-column-start:1;grid-column-end:17}.o-grid__item--breakout{grid-column-start:2;grid-column-end:16}.o-image{display:block;position:relative;width:100%;max-width:var(--intrinsic-width,none);overflow:hidden}.o-image--cover{height:100%;max-width:none}.o-image--logo{max-width:calc(var(--intrinsic-width)/2)}.c-gallery--carousel .o-image{max-width:none}.o-image__img{width:100%;height:auto;margin:auto;transition:.3s;display:block}.o-image--cover .o-image__img{object-fit:cover;height:100%}.o-image--picture .o-image__img{position:static;object-fit:cover;height:100%}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.o-image--desktop-cover .o-image__img{object-fit:cover;height:100%}}.o-image--portrait .o-image__img{height:100%;width:auto}.o-image__icon{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;height:auto;margin:auto}.o-image-bg{position:relative;background-size:cover}.o-image-bg:before{display:block;content:"";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:0;transition:.3s;width:100%;height:100%;background-size:100% 100%}.o-image-bg.is-loaded:before{opacity:0}
22.o-nav--filter{background-color:#44e5a8;color:#fff}.o-nav__container{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:flex-start;position:relative}.o-nav__list{list-style:none;padding:var(--nav-list-padding,0);display:flex;gap:var(--content-space) 2rem;align-items:var(--nav-list-align);flex-direction:var(--nav-list-direction);flex-wrap:var(--nav-list-wrap);align-items:var(--nav-list-align,normal)}@media (max-width:38rem){.o-nav__list{--nav-list-direction:column;--nav-list-wrap:nowrap}}@media (hover:none){.o-nav--scroll .o-nav__list{flex-wrap:nowrap;overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:auto;padding-bottom:1rem}}@media (max-width:60rem){.o-nav--dropdown .o-nav__list{--decoration-color:currentColor;display:none;flex-flow:column;padding:2rem;position:absolute;top:100%;right:0;bottom:auto;left:0;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--primary-color);color:var(--primary-color-text)}#page-menu.is-active .o-nav__list{pointer-events:all;display:flex}}.o-nav__item{margin-bottom:0;display:flex;flex-shrink:0;font-weight:var(--nav-font-weight,500)}.h-flex-fix .o-nav__item:not(:last-child){margin-right:2rem}.o-nav__link{display:inline-flex;appearance:none;background-color:transparent;border:0;color:currentColor;white-space:nowrap;align-items:center;transition:.3s}.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline){text-decoration:none;background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),linear-gradient(var(--decoration-color,var(--primary-color)),var(--decoration-color,var(--primary-color)));background-position:0 100%,0 100%;background-repeat:no-repeat,no-repeat;background-size:100% 3px,0 3px;transition:background-size .3s}.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline).is-active,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):active,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus-within{background-size:100% 3px,100% 3px;background-position:0 -100%,0 100%}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active),screen and (-ms-high-contrast:none){.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline).is-active,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):active,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus,.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus-within{border-bottom:3px solid var(--decoration-color,var(--primary-color))}}@media (hover){.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):hover{background-size:100% 3px,100% 3px;background-position:0 -100%,0 100%}}@media screen and (hover) and (-ms-high-contrast:active),screen and (hover) and (-ms-high-contrast:none){.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):hover{border-bottom:3px solid var(--decoration-color,var(--primary-color))}}.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:none}.o-nav__link:not(.o-nav__link--unline):focus-visible{outline:solid Max(2px,.1em) var(--focus-color);outline-offset:.15em}.o-nav__link.is-active:after,.o-nav__link:active:after,.o-nav__link:focus-within:after,.o-nav__link:focus:after{width:100%}@media (hover){.o-nav__link:hover:after{width:100%}}.o-nav__icon{margin-left:1rem;color:currentColor}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.o-nav--dropdown .o-nav__action{display:none}}.o-skip-link{position:absolute;left:-100vw;opacity:0;transition:all .3s}.o-skip-link:active,.o-skip-link:focus{left:0;z-index:1001;opacity:1}.c-site-header{width:100%;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}.c-site-header__logo{grid-area:logo}.c-site-header__nav--primary{grid-area:nav--primary}.c-site-header__nav--secondary{grid-area:nav--secondary}.c-site-header__nav--tertiary{grid-area:nav--tertiary}.c-site-header__container{position:relative;display:grid;grid-area:1/3/1/15;grid-template-columns:min-content 1fr max-content;grid-template-areas:"logo nav--primary nav--secondary" ". nav--tertiary nav--tertiary"}.c-site-header__logo{font-size:clamp(2.0625rem,5.33854vw,3.5rem);color:#312d5a;background-color:#44e5a8;transform:translateY(clamp(1rem,2vw,1.5rem));transition:transform .3s;position:relative;z-index:4;margin:0 1em}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.c-site-header__logo{font-size:clamp(1.6875rem,4.29688vw,2.625rem)}}@media (min-width:72.01rem){.c-site-header__logo{margin-left:.5em;font-size:clamp(1.375rem,3.38542vw,1.9375rem)}}@media (min-width:82.01rem){.c-site-header__logo{font-size:clamp(1.687
225rem,4.29688vw,2.625rem)}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-header__logo{font-size:clamp(2.0625rem,5.33854vw,3.5rem)}}.c-site-header__logo:before{content:"";background-color:#44e5a8;position:absolute;top:-1em;right:-.4em;bottom:-.66em;left:-.6em;z-index:-1;transform:rotate(-10deg)}.c-site-header__logo:hover{transform:translateY(1rem);color:#312d5a}.c-site-header__logo:focus-visible:before{outline:solid 2px var(--primary-color-text);outline-offset:-.25em}.c-site-header__nav--primary{--nav-list-align:center;--nav-font-weight:800;align-self:center;justify-self:end}@media (min-width:82.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--primary{font-size:clamp(1.09375rem,2.53906vw,1.25rem)}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--primary{font-size:clamp(1.1875rem,2.86458vw,1.375rem)}}.c-site-header--error .c-site-header__nav--primary{display:none}.c-site-header__nav--secondary{font-size:clamp(1.1875rem,2.86458vw,1.375rem)}@media (min-width:82.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--secondary{font-size:clamp(1.25rem,3.125vw,1.625rem)}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--secondary{font-size:clamp(1.375rem,3.38542vw,1.9375rem);margin-right:-4rem}}.c-site-header__nav--tertiary{--nav-list-align:end;--nav-list-direction:column;--nav-list-wrap:nowrap;--nav-list-padding:1rem 1.5rem 0.25rem 0;--decoration-color:currentColor;background-color:var(--tertiary-color);color:var(--tertiary-color-text);justify-self:end;position:relative;z-index:1;padding:1.25rem 0}@media (min-width:72.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--tertiary{--nav-list-direction:row;--nav-list-padding:0;--nav-font-weight:800;margin-right:1rem}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-header__nav--tertiary{margin-right:-2rem}}.c-site-header__nav--tertiary:after,.c-site-header__nav--tertiary:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;width:100vw;z-index:-1;background-color:var(--tertiary-color)}.c-site-header__nav--tertiary:before{right:50%}.c-site-header__nav--tertiary:after{left:50%}.c-site-header__expand{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1rem;justify-items:end;align-items:center;column-gap:.5rem;cursor:pointer;font-weight:800}@media (min-width:72.01rem){.c-site-header__expand{display:none}}.c-site-header__expand-icon{transition:transform .25s}[open] .c-site-header__expand-icon{transform:rotateX(180deg)}.c-site-header__expand::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.c-site-header__nav--secondary .c-site-header__list{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;list-style:none;min-height:100%;padding:0 0 0 2rem}.c-site-header__nav--secondary .c-site-header__link{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:.75em;min-height:100%;background-color:var(--tertiary-color);color:var(--tertiary-color-text)}.c-site-header__nav--secondary .c-site-header__link:focus-visible{outline:solid 2px var(--tertiary-color-text);outline-offset:-.5em}.c-site-header__mini-nav{display:flex;flex-direction:row;padding:0;font-size:clamp(1.6875rem,4.29688vw,2.625rem)}.c-site-header__mini-nav-link{display:block;padding:.33em}.c-site-header__search,.c-site-header__trigger{display:block}.c-site-main{min-height:75vh}.c-site-main.is-active,.c-site-main:active,.c-site-main:focus,.c-site-main:focus-within{outline:none}@media (hover){.c-site-main:hover{outline:none}}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.c-site-main{padding-bottom:2rem}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-main{padding-bottom:4rem}}.c-site-main:before{content:"";background-color:var(--page-color);border-radius:clamp(1.25rem,5.20833vw,3.125rem);grid-row-start:1;grid-row-end:-1;grid-column-start:1;grid-column-end:-1;margin-bottom:-2rem}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.c-site-main:before{margin-bottom:-4rem}}@media (min-width:60.01rem){.c-site-main:before{grid-column-start:2;grid-column-end:-2}}@media (min-width:92.01rem){.c-site-main:before{margin-left:-2rem;margin-right:-2rem;margin-bottom:-6rem}}.c-site-menu{--site-menu-offset:calc(100% + 13px);--site-menu-bg:hsla(0,0%,100%,0);position:fixed;top:0;right:auto;bottom:auto;left:0;z-index:3;width:100%;overflow:hidden;display:flex;height:100vh;pointer-events:none;background-color:var(--site-menu-bg)}.h-accessibility{border:0;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}@media (max-width:38rem){.h-except-phone{display:none!important}}@media (min-width:38.01rem){.h-only-phone{display:none!important}}@media (max-width:72rem){.h-gt-laptop{display:none!important}}@media (min-width:72.01rem){.h-lt-laptop{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.ippr.org/dist/css/main-34a8a531f2.min.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.ippr.org/dist/css/main-34a8a531f2.min.css"></noscript></head><body class="" id="start"><!-- custom styles --><style type="text/css" id="page-theme"></style><style type="text/css" id="custom-css"></style><div id="app" class=""><a class="o-skip-link" href="#site-main"><span class="o-button o-button--regular">Skip to main content</span></a><div id="site-notifications"><v-notification v-cloak></v-notification></div><header id="site-header" class="c-site-header o-grid"><div class="c-site-header__container"><!-- SITE LOGO --><a href="/" class="c-site-header__logo" aria-label="IPPR"><span class="icon i-logo"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 169 202"><path d="M169 202v-17h-13.3l-13-24 3.4-2c3.7-2.5 6.8-6 9.2-10.5 2.4-4.6 3.6-9.7 3.6-15.3 0-9.9-3.4-17.7-10.2-23.5a43.6 43.6 0 0 0-29-8.7h-1.2V84h-13.1V64.2h9.7c7.3 0 13.3-.4 18.1-1.3 4.9-1 9.2-2.6 12.9-5 3.7-2.5 6.8-6 9.2-10.6 2.4-4.5 3.6-9.6 3.6-15.2 0-9.9-3.4-17.7-10.2-23.5a43.6 43.6 0 0 0-29-8.7H65.7v17h13v67h-13v18c-3.7-.6-7.6-1-12-1h-1.2V84h-13V17h13V0H0v17h13v67H0v34h13v67H0v17h52.6v-17h-13v-19.7h9.8c7.2 0 13.2-.4 18-1.3 4.2-.8 8-2.2 11.4-4.1v25h-13V202h52.6v-17h-13v-19.7h13.2l19.2 36.7H169ZM65 133.2c0 4.3-1.2 8-3.9 10.9-2.6 3-8.4 4.4-17.6 4.4h-4V118h5c5.4 0 9.3.3 11.6.9 2.4.6 4.4 2.2 6.2 4.8a16 16 0 0 1 2.8 9.4Zm40.4-85.7V17.2h9.8c2.9.1 5.1.4 6.7.8 2.3.6 4.4 2.2 6.2 4.8a16 16 0 0 1 2.8 9.4c0 4.3-1.4 8-4 10.9-2.6 3-8.5 4.4-17.6 4.4h-4Zm25.5 85.7c0 4.3-1.4 8-4 10.9-2.6 3-8.5 4.4-17.6 4.4h-4V118h5c5.4 0 9.3.3 11.6.9 2.3.6 4.4 2.2 6.2 4.8a16 16 0 0 1 2.8 9.4Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a><!-- PRIMARY NAVIGATION --><nav class="c-site-header__nav--primary o-nav o-nav--primary"><ul class="c-site-header__mini-nav h-lt-laptop"><!-- SEARCH --><li class="c-site-header__search"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/search" class="c-site-header__mini-nav-link
23            is-active" aria-label="Search"><span class="icon i-search"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M13.65 11.99a7.58 7.58 0 0 0-1.46-9.59 7.28 7.28 0 0 0-10.39.76 7.58 7.58 0 0 0 .74 10.56 7.28 7.28 0 0 0 9.64.01l5.92 5.39c.47.41 1.18.36 1.6-.12.4-.48.35-1.2-.12-1.62l-5.93-5.4Zm-2.93-7.85a5.26 5.26 0 0 1 .51 7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1-7.21.52 5.26 5.26 0 0 1-.51-7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1 7.2-.52Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li><!-- MENU TRIGGER --><li class="c-site-header__trigger"><a href="#site-menu" id="js-menu-open" class="c-site-header__mini-nav-link js-menu-toggle"><span class="icon i-menu"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30"><path d="M0 21.214a2.357 2.357 0 0 1 2.357-2.357h25.286a2.357 2.357 0 1 1 0 4.715H2.357A2.357 2.357 0 0 1 0 21.213ZM0 9.214a2.357 2.357 0 0 1 2.357-2.357h25.286a2.357 2.357 0 0 1 0 4.715H2.357A2.357 2.357 0 0 1 0 9.213Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li></ul><ul class="o-nav__list h-gt-laptop"><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/research-and-ideas" class="o-nav__link ">
24              Research and ideas
25            </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are" class="o-nav__link ">
26              Who we are
27            </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/events" class="o-nav__link ">
28              Events
29            </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/media-office" class="o-nav__link ">
30              Press
31            </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/get-involved" class="o-nav__link ">
32              Get involved
33            </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/search" class="o-nav__link o-inline-icon
34            is-active" aria-label="Search"><span class="icon i-search" aria-hidden="true"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M13.65 11.99a7.58 7.58 0 0 0-1.46-9.59 7.28 7.28 0 0 0-10.39.76 7.58 7.58 0 0 0 .74 10.56 7.28 7.28 0 0 0 9.64.01l5.92 5.39c.47.41 1.18.36 1.6-.12.4-.48.35-1.2-.12-1.62l-5.93-5.4Zm-2.93-7.85a5.26 5.26 0 0 1 .51 7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1-7.21.52 5.26 5.26 0 0 1-.51-7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1 7.2-.52Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li></ul></nav><!-- SECONDARY NAVIGATION --><nav class="c-site-header__nav--secondary o-nav h-gt-laptop"><ul class="c-site-header__list"><li class="c-site-header__item h-brand--north"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/north" class="c-site-header__link " aria-label="IPPR North"><span class="icon i-logo--north"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 56 56"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M44.9 50.86v4.64h-8.29l-5.09-10-.92.02H28v5.33h3.46v4.65H17.48v-4.65h3.46v-6.81c-.9.53-1.9.9-3.02 1.11-1.28.24-2.88.37-4.8.37h-2.6v5.33h3.45v4.65H0v-4.65h3.45v-18.2H0v-9.3h3.45V5.15H0V.5h13.97v4.65h-3.45v18.2h3.45V28h.33c1.16 0 2.21.1 3.18.29v-4.94h3.46V5.15h-3.46V.5h14.3c3.34 0 5.91.8 7.73 2.37 1.81 1.58 2.72 3.71 2.72 6.39a9 9 0 0 1-.96 4.16 7.41 7.41 0 0 1-2.45 2.87 9.14 9.14 0 0 1-3.41 1.36c-1.28.24-2.89.37-4.81.37H28v5.33h3.49V28h.3c3.33 0 5.9.8 7.72 2.37 1.81 1.58 2.72 3.71 2.72 6.39a9 9 0 0 1-.96 4.16 7.42 7.42 0 0 1-3.37 3.4l3.47 6.54h3.54ZM16.26 39.73c.7-.8 1.04-1.79 
341.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.98 2.98 0 0 0-1.66-1.3c-.63-.17-1.65-.25-3.06-.25h-1.33v8.28h1.05c2.42 0 3.98-.4 4.68-1.2ZM28 5.18v8.25h1.06c2.42 0 3.97-.4 4.67-1.2.7-.8 1.04-1.79 1.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.97 2.97 0 0 0-1.66-1.3 9.14 9.14 0 0 0-1.79-.23v.01H28Zm5.73 34.55c.7-.8 1.04-1.79 1.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.98 2.98 0 0 0-1.66-1.3c-.62-.17-1.64-.25-3.06-.25H28v8.28h1.06c2.42 0 3.97-.4 4.67-1.2Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M55.82 50.66v4.84h-1.84v-1.47h-7.22v1.47h-1.85v-4.63l6.82-4.08h-4.97v1.45h-1.85v-4.97h1.85v1.55h9.14v2.47l-8.1 4.76h6.18v-1.39h1.84Z" fill="currentColor"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M52.01 35.21c2.38 0 3.99 1.61 3.99 4.04 0 2.42-1.6 4.05-3.99 4.05-2.37 0-3.96-1.63-3.96-4.05 0-2.43 1.59-4.04 3.96-4.04Zm.04 5.57c1.3 0 2.07-.57 2.07-1.51 0-1-.77-1.54-2.15-1.54-1.29 0-2.06.57-2.06 1.54 0 .97.77 1.5 2.14 1.5Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M54.07 30.59v-1.53h1.75v5.4h-1.75v-1.41H50v1.33h-1.75V30.8h1.91a2.74 2.74 0 0 1-2.04-2.7v-.38h2.3v.25c0 1.12.32 1.8 1.06 2.21.46.26 1.07.4 1.67.4h.93ZM49.99 26.32v.98h-1.75v-.98h-1.2l-1.74-2.46h2.94v-1.41h1.75v1.41h3.28c.62 0 .75-.11.75-.65 0-.26-.03-.4-.14-.76h1.67c.26.62.39 1.27.39 1.85 0 .7-.25 1.34-.66 1.66-.34.3-.61.36-1.32.36h-3.97ZM55.82 17.1v4.8h-1.75v-1.18h-7.4v1.17H44.9v-3.7h3.94c-.64-.94-.8-1.4-.8-2.17 0-.96.43-1.75 1.15-2.09.52-.24.7-.27 1.64-.27h3.23v-1.13h1.75v3.58h-4.87c-.67 0-.93.22-.93.79 0 .4.11.73.48 1.3h3.57v-1.1h1.75Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li><li class="c-site-header__item h-brand--scotland"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/scotland" class="c-site-header__link " aria-label="IPPR Scotland"><span class="icon i-logo--scotland"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 56 56"><path d="M46 55.4v-4.63h-3.63l-3.55-6.52a7.46 7.46 0 0 0 3.46-3.4 8.8 8.8 0 0 0 .97-4.15c0-2.67-.93-4.8-2.79-6.38-1.85-1.58-4.49-2.37-7.9-2.37h-.3v-4.63h-3.58v-5.33h2.66c1.97 0 3.61-.13 4.93-.37a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 3.5-1.36 7.46 7.46 0 0 0 2.5-2.86 8.8 8.8 0 0 0 .98-4.16c0-2.67-.93-4.8-2.79-6.37C38.61 1.29 35.97.5 32.56.5H17.9v4.64h3.54v18.18H17.9v4.92c-1-.19-2.08-.29-3.26-.29h-.34v-4.63h-3.54V5.14h3.54V.5H0v4.64h3.54v18.18H0v9.27h3.54v18.18H0v4.64h14.31v-4.64h-3.54v-5.33h2.66c1.97 0 3.62-.12 4.93-.37a9.67 9.67 0 0 0 3.09-1.1v6.8H17.9v4.64h14.31v-4.64h-3.54v-5.33h2.66l.95-.01 5.2 9.98H46ZM17.7 36.7c0 1.18-.35 2.17-1.06 2.97-.71.8-2.3 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08v-8.28h1.36c1.45 0 2.5.08 3.14.25.64.16 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.5.7.74 1.56.74 2.56Zm10.98-23.3V5.18h2.66c.8.03 1.41.1 1.84.21.64.17 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.49.71.74 1.56.74 2.56 0 1.19-.36 2.18-1.07 2.97-.72.8-2.31 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08Zm6.94 23.3a4.3 4.3 0 0 1-1.07 2.97c-.72.8-2.31 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08v-8.28h1.36c1.45 0 2.5.08 3.14.25.64.16 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.49.7.74 1.56.74 2.56Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M55.84 55.41v-1.65h-.82c.63-.46.94-1.12.94-1.98 0-.55-.15-1.08-.4-1.55-.52-.87-1.31-1.28-2.5-1.28-.93 0-1.69.34-2.25.99-.4.49-.56.76-1.08 1.92-.56 1.25-.83 1.59-1.34 1.59-.44 0-.79-.42-.79-.97 0-.74.55-1.28 1.44-1.4v-1.64h-2.96v1.65h.8c-.6.42-.9 1.03-.9 1.8 0 1.5 1.12 2.61 2.66 2.61.75 0 1.4-.26 1.85-.75.36-.39.72-.95 1.1-1.74l.41-.83c.3-.63.75-.98 1.24-.98.59 0 1.05.48 1.05 1.07 0 .89-.66 1.45-1.77 1.5v1.64h3.32Zm-6.78-13.67v1.48h.54c-.46.7-.66 1.3-.66 2.06a3.35 3.35 0 0 0 3.5 3.44c2.15 0 3.56-1.54 3.56-3.88 0-1.57-.7-2.69-2.06-3.3l-.74 1.68c.67.4 1.09 1.04 1.09 1.73 0 .97-.7 1.54-1.88 1.54-1.07 0-1.74-.6-1.74-1.57 0-.73.38-1.29 1.13-1.63v-1.55h-2.74Zm6.94-3.9c0-2.14-1.44-3.56-3.57-3.56-2.12 0-3.55 1.42-3.55 3.56s1.43 3.58 3.55 3.58c2.13 0 3.57-1.44 3.57-3.58Zm-1.68.02c0 .83-.7 1.33-1.86 1.33-1.22 0-1.9-.47-1.9-1.33 0-.85.68-1.35 1.83-1.35 1.24 0 1.93.47 1.93 1.35Zm-3.7-3.7v-.86h3.55c.64 0 .88-.06 1.18-.32.38-.28.6-.84.6-1.46 0-.52-.12-1.1-.35-1.64h-1.5c.1.32.13.45.13.68 0 .47-.11.57-.67.57h-2.94v-1.25h-1.56v1.25h-2.64l1.56 2.17h1.08v.86h1.56Zm5.22-4.62v-4.21h-1.57v.94h-8.19v3.27h1.57V28.5h6.62v1.04h1.57Zm-1.57-12.02v1.11H51.8c-1.1 0-1.46.07-1.95.43-.66.48-.98 1.37-.98 2.73 0 1.71.5 2.75 1.62 3.3l.32-1.76a1.57 1.57 0 0 1-.55-1.24c0-.77.48-1.29 1.2-1.29h.4a3.8 3.8 0 0 0-.33 1.55c0 1.61.96 2.78 2.28 2.78 1.23 0 2.13-1.05 2.13-2.48 0-.67-.18-1.22-.63-1.85h.53v-3.28h-1.57Zm-.94 3.28h.56c.51.58.7.92.7 1.35 0 .5-.39.88-.9.88-.5 0-.85-.4-.85-.98 0-.34.1-.59.41-1.13l.08-.12Zm-2.7-3.56v-1.05h3.64v1.05h1.57v-4.26h-1.57v1.04h-3.06c-.29-.4-.44-.83-.44-1.2 0-.51.24-.68.96-.68h4.11V8.96h-1.57v1.02h-2.7c-.8 0-1.26.09-1.68.3-.59.32-.95.98-.95 1.74 0 .7.22 1.28.73 2h-.61v3.22h1.56ZM54.26.79v1.07h-8.19v3.26h1.57V4.06h2.14c-.58.5-.9 1.2-.9 1.96 0 1.66 1.53 2.94 3.52 2.94 2 0 3.53-1.26 3.53-2.93 0-.73-.26-1.3-.9-1.97h.8V.8h-1.57Zm-1.85 3.26c1.14 0 1.81.49 1.81 1.35 0 .82-.7 1.33-1.81 1.33-1.12 0-1.8-.5-1.8-1.33 0-.85.68-1.35 1.8-1.35Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li></ul></nav></div></header><nav class="c-site-menu h-lt-laptop" id="site-menu" hidden><h3 class="h-accessibility">Site Menu.</h3><div class="c-site-menu__inner"><!-- tertiary nav --><nav class="c-site-menu__nav--tertiary"><button id="js-menu-close" class="c-site-menu__trigger js-menu-close" aria-label="Close"><span class="icon i-close"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 31 31"><path d="M5.627 2.21a2.417 2.417 0 1 0-3.418 3.418l9.873 9.873-9.873 9.873a2.417 2.417 0 0 0 3.418 3.418L15.5 18.92l9.873 9.873a2.417 2.417 0 0 0 3.418-3.418l-9.873-9.873 9.873-9.873a2.417 2.417 0 1 0-3.418-3.418L15.5 12.083 5.627 2.21Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></button><a href="https://www.ippr.org/search" class="c-site-menu__search
35        is-active" aria-label="Search"><span class="icon i-search"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M13.65 11.99a7.58 7.58 0 0 0-1.46-9.59 7.28 7.28 0 0 0-10.39.76 7.58 7.58 0 0 0 .74 10.56 7.28 7.28 0 0 0 9.64.01l5.92 5.39c.47.41 1.18.36 1.6-.12.4-.48.35-1.2-.12-1.62l-5.93-5.4Zm-2.93-7.85a5.26 5.26 0 0 1 .51 7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1-7.21.52 5.26 5.26 0 0 1-.51-7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1 7.2-.52Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></nav><!-- primary nav --><nav class="c-site-menu__nav--primary"><h4 class="h-accessibility">Main Site Sections.</h4><ul class="c-site-menu__nav-list"><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/research-and-ideas" class="c-site-menu__nav-link ">
36							Research and ideas
37						</a></li><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are" class="c-site-menu__nav-link ">
38							Who we are
39						</a></li><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/events" class="c-site-menu__nav-link ">
40							Events
41						</a></li><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/media-office" class="c-site-menu__nav-link ">
42							Press
43						</a></li><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/get-involved" class="c-site-menu__nav-link ">
44							Get involved
45						</a></li></ul></nav><!-- secondary nav --><nav class="c-site-menu__nav--secondary"><ul class="c-site-menu__nav-list"><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item h-brand--north"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/north" class="c-site-menu__nav-link " aria-label="IPPR North"><span class="icon i-logo--north"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 56 56"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M44.9 50.86v4.64h-8.29l-5.09-10-.92.02H28v5.33h3.46v4.65H17.48v-4.65h3.46v-6.81c-.9.53-1.9.9-3.02 1.11-1.28.24-2.88.37-4.8.37h-2.6v5.33h3.45v4.65H0v-4.65h3.45v-18.2H0v-9.3h3.45V5.15H0V.5h13.97v4.65h-3.45v18.2h3.45V28h.33c1.16 0 2.21.1 3.18.29v-4.94h3.46V5.15h-3.46V.5h14.3c3.34 0 5.91.8 7.73 2.37 1.81 1.58 2.72 3.71 2.72 6.39a9 9 0 0 1-.96 4.16 7.41 7.41 0 0 1-2.45 2.87 9.14 9.14 0 0 1-3.41 1.36c-1.28.24-2.89.37-4.81.37H28v5.33h3.49V28h.3c3.33 0 5.9.8 7.72 2.37 1.81 1.58 2.72 3.71 2.72 6.39a9 9 0 0 1-.96 4.16 7.42 7.42 0 0 1-3.37 3.4l3.47 6.54h3.54ZM16.26 39.73c.7-.8 1.04-1.79 
451.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.98 2.98 0 0 0-1.66-1.3c-.63-.17-1.65-.25-3.06-.25h-1.33v8.28h1.05c2.42 0 3.98-.4 4.68-1.2ZM28 5.18v8.25h1.06c2.42 0 3.97-.4 4.67-1.2.7-.8 1.04-1.79 1.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.97 2.97 0 0 0-1.66-1.3 9.14 9.14 0 0 0-1.79-.23v.01H28Zm5.73 34.55c.7-.8 1.04-1.79 1.04-2.97 0-1-.24-1.86-.72-2.56a2.98 2.98 0 0 0-1.66-1.3c-.62-.17-1.64-.25-3.06-.25H28v8.28h1.06c2.42 0 3.97-.4 4.67-1.2Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M55.82 50.66v4.84h-1.84v-1.47h-7.22v1.47h-1.85v-4.63l6.82-4.08h-4.97v1.45h-1.85v-4.97h1.85v1.55h9.14v2.47l-8.1 4.76h6.18v-1.39h1.84Z" fill="currentColor"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M52.01 35.21c2.38 0 3.99 1.61 3.99 4.04 0 2.42-1.6 4.05-3.99 4.05-2.37 0-3.96-1.63-3.96-4.05 0-2.43 1.59-4.04 3.96-4.04Zm.04 5.57c1.3 0 2.07-.57 2.07-1.51 0-1-.77-1.54-2.15-1.54-1.29 0-2.06.57-2.06 1.54 0 .97.77 1.5 2.14 1.5Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M54.07 30.59v-1.53h1.75v5.4h-1.75v-1.41H50v1.33h-1.75V30.8h1.91a2.74 2.74 0 0 1-2.04-2.7v-.38h2.3v.25c0 1.12.32 1.8 1.06 2.21.46.26 1.07.4 1.67.4h.93ZM49.99 26.32v.98h-1.75v-.98h-1.2l-1.74-2.46h2.94v-1.41h1.75v1.41h3.28c.62 0 .75-.11.75-.65 0-.26-.03-.4-.14-.76h1.67c.26.62.39 1.27.39 1.85 0 .7-.25 1.34-.66 1.66-.34.3-.61.36-1.32.36h-3.97ZM55.82 17.1v4.8h-1.75v-1.18h-7.4v1.17H44.9v-3.7h3.94c-.64-.94-.8-1.4-.8-2.17 0-.96.43-1.75 1.15-2.09.52-.24.7-.27 1.64-.27h3.23v-1.13h1.75v3.58h-4.87c-.67 0-.93.22-.93.79 0 .4.11.73.48 1.3h3.57v-1.1h1.75Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li><li class="c-site-menu__nav-item h-brand--scotland"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/scotland" class="c-site-menu__nav-link " aria-label="IPPR Scotland"><span class="icon i-logo--scotland"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 56 56"><path d="M46 55.4v-4.63h-3.63l-3.55-6.52a7.46 7.46 0 0 0 3.46-3.4 8.8 8.8 0 0 0 .97-4.15c0-2.67-.93-4.8-2.79-6.38-1.85-1.58-4.49-2.37-7.9-2.37h-.3v-4.63h-3.58v-5.33h2.66c1.97 0 3.61-.13 4.93-.37a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 3.5-1.36 7.46 7.46 0 0 0 2.5-2.86 8.8 8.8 0 0 0 .98-4.16c0-2.67-.93-4.8-2.79-6.37C38.61 1.29 35.97.5 32.56.5H17.9v4.64h3.54v18.18H17.9v4.92c-1-.19-2.08-.29-3.26-.29h-.34v-4.63h-3.54V5.14h3.54V.5H0v4.64h3.54v18.18H0v9.27h3.54v18.18H0v4.64h14.31v-4.64h-3.54v-5.33h2.66c1.97 0 3.62-.12 4.93-.37a9.67 9.67 0 0 0 3.09-1.1v6.8H17.9v4.64h14.31v-4.64h-3.54v-5.33h2.66l.95-.01 5.2 9.98H46ZM17.7 36.7c0 1.18-.35 2.17-1.06 2.97-.71.8-2.3 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08v-8.28h1.36c1.45 0 2.5.08 3.14.25.64.16 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.5.7.74 1.56.74 2.56Zm10.98-23.3V5.18h2.66c.8.03 1.41.1 1.84.21.64.17 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.49.71.74 1.56.74 2.56 0 1.19-.36 2.18-1.07 2.97-.72.8-2.31 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08Zm6.94 23.3a4.3 4.3 0 0 1-1.07 2.97c-.72.8-2.31 1.2-4.79 1.2h-1.08v-8.28h1.36c1.45 0 2.5.08 3.14.25.64.16 1.2.6 1.7 1.3.49.7.74 1.56.74 2.56Z" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M55.84 55.41v-1.65h-.82c.63-.46.94-1.12.94-1.98 0-.55-.15-1.08-.4-1.55-.52-.87-1.31-1.28-2.5-1.28-.93 0-1.69.34-2.25.99-.4.49-.56.76-1.08 1.92-.56 1.25-.83 1.59-1.34 1.59-.44 0-.79-.42-.79-.97 0-.74.55-1.28 1.44-1.4v-1.64h-2.96v1.65h.8c-.6.42-.9 1.03-.9 1.8 0 1.5 1.12 2.61 2.66 2.61.75 0 1.4-.26 1.85-.75.36-.39.72-.95 1.1-1.74l.41-.83c.3-.63.75-.98 1.24-.98.59 0 1.05.48 1.05 1.07 0 .89-.66 1.45-1.77 1.5v1.64h3.32Zm-6.78-13.67v1.48h.54c-.46.7-.66 1.3-.66 2.06a3.35 3.35 0 0 0 3.5 3.44c2.15 0 3.56-1.54 3.56-3.88 0-1.57-.7-2.69-2.06-3.3l-.74 1.68c.67.4 1.09 1.04 1.09 1.73 0 .97-.7 1.54-1.88 1.54-1.07 0-1.74-.6-1.74-1.57 0-.73.38-1.29 1.13-1.63v-1.55h-2.74Zm6.94-3.9c0-2.14-1.44-3.56-3.57-3.56-2.12 0-3.55 1.42-3.55 3.56s1.43 3.58 3.55 3.58c2.13 0 3.57-1.44 3.57-3.58Zm-1.68.02c0 .83-.7 1.33-1.86 1.33-1.22 0-1.9-.47-1.9-1.33 0-.85.68-1.35 1.83-1.35 1.24 0 1.93.47 1.93 1.35Zm-3.7-3.7v-.86h3.55c.64 0 .88-.06 1.18-.32.38-.28.6-.84.6-1.46 0-.52-.12-1.1-.35-1.64h-1.5c.1.32.13.45.13.68 0 .47-.11.57-.67.57h-2.94v-1.25h-1.56v1.25h-2.64l1.56 2.17h1.08v.86h1.56Zm5.22-4.62v-4.21h-1.57v.94h-8.19v3.27h1.57V28.5h6.62v1.04h1.57Zm-1.57-12.02v1.11H51.8c-1.1 0-1.46.07-1.95.43-.66.48-.98 1.37-.98 2.73 0 1.71.5 2.75 1.62 3.3l.32-1.76a1.57 1.57 0 0 1-.55-1.24c0-.77.48-1.29 1.2-1.29h.4a3.8 3.8 0 0 0-.33 1.55c0 1.61.96 2.78 2.28 2.78 1.23 0 2.13-1.05 2.13-2.48 0-.67-.18-1.22-.63-1.85h.53v-3.28h-1.57Zm-.94 3.28h.56c.51.58.7.92.7 1.35 0 .5-.39.88-.9.88-.5 0-.85-.4-.85-.98 0-.34.1-.59.41-1.13l.08-.12Zm-2.7-3.56v-1.05h3.64v1.05h1.57v-4.26h-1.57v1.04h-3.06c-.29-.4-.44-.83-.44-1.2 0-.51.24-.68.96-.68h4.11V8.96h-1.57v1.02h-2.7c-.8 0-1.26.09-1.68.3-.59.32-.95.98-.95 1.74 0 .7.22 1.28.73 2h-.61v3.22h1.56ZM54.26.79v1.07h-8.19v3.26h1.57V4.06h2.14c-.58.5-.9 1.2-.9 1.96 0 1.66 1.53 2.94 3.52 2.94 2 0 3.53-1.26 3.53-2.93 0-.73-.26-1.3-.9-1.97h.8V.8h-1.57Zm-1.85 3.26c1.14 0 1.81.49 1.81 1.35 0 .82-.7 1.33-1.81 1.33-1.12 0-1.8-.5-1.8-1.33 0-.85.68-1.35 1.8-1.35Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></a></li></ul></nav><a href="#site-main" class="h-accessibility c-site-menu__return js-menu-close">Return to main</a></div></nav><main class="c-site-main o-page-grid  o-grid" role="main" id="site-main" tabindex="0"><div class="o-page-grid__header" id="page-header"><header  class="c-page-header o-grid"><div class="c-page-header__container"><h1 class="c-page-header__title ">
46        Search
47      </h1></div></header></div><div class="o-page-grid__menu" id="page-menu"></div><aside class="o-page-grid__sidebar "></aside><div class="o-page-grid__content" id="page-content"><!-- SEARCH INDEX --><site-search
48    app-id="M5Z57DJ7T4"
49    api-key="448f2e84814705bdd3e27e6fce9f2b88" inline-template><ais-instant-search :search-client="searchClient" :routing="routing" index-name="main" class="c-site-search o-grid ais-index"><ais-configure :filters="customFilters"></ais-configure><ais-search-box class="o-block o-grid__item h-colstart--1 h-colend--6 h-phone-colstart--1 h-phone-colend--13"><template v-slot="{ currentRefinement, isSearchStalled, refine }"><div class="c-form-field--site-search"><label class="h-accessibility">
50              Search
51            </label><div class="c-form-field__inputset"><div class="c-form-field__input"><custom-ais-input></custom-ais-input><span class="c-form-field__append icon" aria-hidden="true"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M13.65 11.99a7.58 7.58 0 0 0-1.46-9.59 7.28 7.28 0 0 0-10.39.76 7.58 7.58 0 0 0 .74 10.56 7.28 7.28 0 0 0 9.64.01l5.92 5.39c.47.41 1.18.36 1.6-.12.4-.48.35-1.2-.12-1.62l-5.93-5.4Zm-2.93-7.85a5.26 5.26 0 0 1 .51 7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1-7.21.52 5.26 5.26 0 0 1-.51-7.33 5.05 5.05 0 0 1 7.2-.52Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></span></div></div></div></template></ais-search-box><ais-state-results class="c-site-search__results o-grid__item h-colstart--1 h-colend--9 h-tablet-colstart--1 h-tablet-colend--13"><template v-slot="{ results: { hits, query } }"><ais-hits v-if="hits.length > 0 && query.length > 0" :class-names="{
52            'ais-Hits-list': 'o-list',
53            'ais-Hits-item': 'o-block',
54          }"><template v-slot:item="{ item }"><a :href="item.uri" class="c-media c-media--search"><h3 class="c-media__title "><%item.title%></h3><p class="c-media__summary"><%item.summary%></p><span class="c-media__meta"><%item.typeDisplay%></span><span v-if="item.dateString" class="c-media__datetime" v-html="item.dateString"></span><span v-else-if="item.post_date_formatted" v-html="item.post_date_formatted"></span></a></template></ais-hits><div v-else-if="query.length > 0" class="o-block">
55            No results have been found for <% query %>.
56          </div><div class="o-grid__item o-block" v-if="hits.length > 0 && query.length > 0"><nav class="c-pagination" aria-label="Pagination"><ais-pagination v-on:page-change="window.scrollTo(0,0)" :padding="3"><template
57                  v-slot="{
58                    currentRefinement,
59                    nbPages,
60                    pages,
61                    isFirstPage,
62                    isLastPage,
63                    refine,
64                    createURL
65                  }"
66                ><ul class="c-pagination__list"><li
67                      v-if="isFirstPage"
68                      role="none"
69                      class="c-pagination__item is-first"
70                    ><span class="c-pagination__link"> First </span></li><li v-else class="c-pagination__item is-first"><a
71                        class="c-pagination__link"
72                        :href="createURL(0)"
73                        @click.prevent="refine(0)"
74                      >
75                        First
76                      </a></li><li
77                      v-if="isFirstPage"
78                      role="none"
79                      class="c-pagination__item is-previous"
80                    ><span class="c-pagination__link"><span class="icon i-chevron i-chevron--right"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="63" viewBox="0 0 40 63"><path fill="currentColor" d="M39.4127756,8.20012202 L14.9852538,31.5 L39.4127756,54.799878 C40.1703036,55.5224363 40.1986532,56.7222846 39.4760964,57.4798141 C39.455491,57.5014168 39.4343782,57.5225297 39.4127756,57.5431351 L34.2410715,62.4760986 C33.5087293,63.1746338 32.3568037,63.1746338 31.6244615,62.4760986 L0.587224424,32.8716285 C-0.170303563,32.1490702 -0.198653247,30.9492219 0.523903633,30.1916924 C0.544508978,30.1700897 0.565621799,30.1489769 0.587224424,30.1283715 L31.6244615,0.523901379 C32.3568037,-0.174633793 33.5087293,-0.174633793 34.2410715,0.523901379 L39.4127756,5.45686495 C40.1703036,6.17942329 40.1986532,7.37927158 39.4760964,8.1368011 C39.455491,8.15840377 39.4343782,8.17951663 39.4127756,8.20012202 Z"/></svg></span></span></li><li v-else class="c-pagination__item is-previous"><a
81                        class="c-pagination__link"
82                        :href="createURL(currentRefinement - 1)"
83                        @click.prevent="refine(currentRefinement - 1)"
84                      ><span class="h-accessibility">Previous</span><span class="icon i-chevron i-chevron--right"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="63" viewBox="0 0 40 63">
84<path fill="currentColor" d="M39.4127756,8.20012202 L14.9852538,31.5 L39.4127756,54.799878 C40.1703036,55.5224363 40.1986532,56.7222846 39.4760964,57.4798141 C39.455491,57.5014168 39.4343782,57.5225297 39.4127756,57.5431351 L34.2410715,62.4760986 C33.5087293,63.1746338 32.3568037,63.1746338 31.6244615,62.4760986 L0.587224424,32.8716285 C-0.170303563,32.1490702 -0.198653247,30.9492219 0.523903633,30.1916924 C0.544508978,30.1700897 0.565621799,30.1489769 0.587224424,30.1283715 L31.6244615,0.523901379 C32.3568037,-0.174633793 33.5087293,-0.174633793 34.2410715,0.523901379 L39.4127756,5.45686495 C40.1703036,6.17942329 40.1986532,7.37927158 39.4760964,8.1368011 C39.455491,8.15840377 39.4343782,8.17951663 39.4127756,8.20012202 Z"/></svg></span></a></li><li
85                      class="c-pagination__item"
86                      v-for="page in pages"
87                      :key="page"
88                      :class="{ 'is-active': page === currentRefinement }"
89                    ><a
90                        class="c-pagination__link"
91                        :href="createURL(page)"
92                        @click.prevent="refine(page)"
93                        rel="prefetch"
94                        :aria-current="page"
95                        v-if="page === currentRefinement"
96                      ><span class="c-pagination__current" v-html="page + 1"></span></a><a
97                        class="c-pagination__link"
98                        :href="createURL(page)"
99                        @click.prevent="refine(page)"
100                        rel="prefetch"
101                        v-else
102                        v-html="page + 1"
103                        ></a
104                      ></li><li
105                      v-if="isLastPage"
106                      role="none"
107                      class="c-pagination__item is-previous"
108                    ><span class="c-pagination__link"><span class="icon i-chevron i-chevron--right"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="63" viewBox="0 0 40 63"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0.587224424,8.20012202 C0.565621799,8.17951663 0.544508978,8.15840377 0.523903633,8.1368011 C-0.198653247,7.37927158 -0.170303563,6.17942329 0.587224424,5.45686495 L5.75892855,0.523901379 C6.49127071,-0.174633793 7.64319631,-0.174633793 8.37553847,0.523901379 L39.4127756,30.1283715 C39.4343782,30.1489769 39.455491,30.1700897 39.4760964,30.1916924 C40.1986532,30.9492219 40.1703036,32.1490702 39.4127756,32.8716285 L8.37553847,62.4760986 C7.64319631,63.1746338 6.49127071,63.1746338 5.75892855,62.4760986 L0.587224424,57.5431351 C0.565621799,57.5225297 0.544508978,57.5014168 0.523903633,57.4798141 C-0.198653247,56.7222846 -0.170303563,55.5224363 0.587224424,54.799878 L25.0147462,31.5 L0.587224424,8.20012202 Z"/></svg></span></span></li><li v-else class="c-pagination__item is-previous"><a
109                        class="c-pagination__link"
110                        :href="createURL(currentRefinement + 1)"
111                        @click.prevent="refine(currentRefinement + 1)"
112                      ><span class="h-accessibility">Next</span><span class="icon i-chevron i-chevron--right"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="63" viewBox="0 0 40 63"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0.587224424,8.20012202 C0.565621799,8.17951663 0.544508978,8.15840377 0.523903633,8.1368011 C-0.198653247,7.37927158 -0.170303563,6.17942329 0.587224424,5.45686495 L5.75892855,0.523901379 C6.49127071,-0.174633793 7.64319631,-0.174633793 8.37553847,0.523901379 L39.4127756,30.1283715 C39.4343782,30.1489769 39.455491,30.1700897 39.4760964,30.1916924 C40.1986532,30.9492219 40.1703036,32.1490702 39.4127756,32.8716285 L8.37553847,62.4760986 C7.64319631,63.1746338 6.49127071,63.1746338 5.75892855,62.4760986 L0.587224424,57.5431351 C0.565621799,57.5225297 0.544508978,57.5014168 0.523903633,57.4798141 C-0.198653247,56.7222846 -0.170303563,55.5224363 0.587224424,54.799878 L25.0147462,31.5 L0.587224424,8.20012202 Z"/></svg></span></a></li><li
113                      v-if="isLastPage"
114                      role="none"
115                      class="c-pagination__item is-last"
116                    ><span class="c-pagination__link"> Last </span></li><li v-else class="c-pagination__item is-last"><a
117                        class="c-pagination__link"
118                        :href="createURL(nbPages)"
119                        @click.prevent="refine(nbPages)"
120                      >
121                        Last
122                      </a></li></ul></template></ais-pagination></nav></div></template></ais-state-results><div class="c-site-search__algolia-logo o-grid__item o-block h-colstart--1 h-colend--9 h-tablet-colstart--1 h-tablet-colend--13"><ais-powered-by></ais-powered-by></div></ais-instant-search></site-search></div><aside class="o-page-grid__sidebar " id="page-sidebar"></aside><div class="o-page-grid__footer" id="page-footer"></div></main><footer class="c-site-footer o-grid">
122<div class="c-site-footer__contact"><h4 class="h-accessibility">Contact Details</h4></div><div class="c-site-footer__social"><nav class="c-site-social " aria-label="Social Media Links."><ul class="c-site-social__list"><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/IPPR" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="70" height="70" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M38.044 32.55 49.957 19h-2.823L36.79 30.765 28.53 19H19l12.493 17.79L19 51h2.823l10.923-12.424L41.471 51H51L38.044 32.55Zm-3.866 4.398-1.266-1.772L22.84 21.08h4.336l8.128 11.377 1.266 1.771 10.566 14.788h-4.337l-8.621-12.067Z"/></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path d="M0 0h70v70H0z"/></clipPath></defs></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">Twitter</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/82853" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M25.1 19c0 1.2-.3 2.1-1 3-.7.7-1.7 1.1-3 1.1a3.9 3.9 0 0 1-4-4c-.1-1 .3-2 1-2.8.7-.9 1.7-1.3 3-1.3 1.2 0 2.2.4 2.9 1.2.7.8 1 1.8 1.1 2.9ZM17 51V24.9h8.1V51H17Zm11.9-16.9a139.9 139.9 0 0 0-.2-7.7h7.2l.4 3.4h.1a11 11 0 0 1 2.7-2.6c1.2-1 3-1.4 5-1.4 1.3 0 2.4.2 3.5.6 1.1.5 2 1.1 2.9 2 .7.8 1.4 2 1.8 3.3.5 1.3.7 2.8.7 4.6V51h-8V37.5c0-1.6-.4-2.9-1-4-.6-1-1.6-1.5-3-1.5-1.1 0-2 .3-2.5 1-.6.7-1 1.3-1.3 2l-.2 1v15h-8.1V34.1Z"/></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">LinkedIn</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/ippr_uk/" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M35 15c-5.43 0-6.11.02-8.25.12-2.12.1-3.58.44-4.85.93a9.8 9.8 0 0 0-3.54 2.3 9.8 9.8 0 0 0-2.31 3.55c-.5 1.27-.83 2.73-.93 4.85-.1 2.14-.12 2.82-.12 8.25s.02 6.11.12 8.25c.1 2.12.44 3.58.93 4.85a9.8 9.8 0 0 0 2.3 3.54 9.8 9.8 0 0 0 3.55 2.31c1.27.5 2.73.83 4.85.93 2.14.1 2.82.12 8.25.12s6.11-.02 8.25-.12c2.12-.1 3.58-.44 4.85-.93a9.8 9.8 0 0 0 3.54-2.3 9.8 9.8 0 0 0 2.31-3.55c.5-1.27.83-2.73.93-4.85.1-2.14.12-2.82.12-8.25s-.02-6.11-.12-8.25c-.1-2.12-.44-3.58-.93-4.85a9.8 9.8 0 0 0-2.3-3.54 9.8 9.8 0 0 0-3.55-2.31c-1.27-.5-2.73-.83-4.85-.93-2.14-.1-2.82-.12-8.25-.12Zm0 3.6c5.34 0 5.97.02 8.08.12 1.95.09 3.01.42 3.72.69.93.36 1.6.8 2.3 1.5a6.2 6.2 0 0 1 1.5 2.3c.27.7.6 1.76.68 3.7.1 2.12.12 2.75.12 8.09s-.02 5.97-.12 8.08c-.09 1.95-.41 3.01-.69 3.72a6.2 6.2 0 0 1-1.5 2.3 6.2 6.2 0 0 1-2.3 1.5c-.7.27-1.76.6-3.7.68-2.12.1-2.75.12-8.09.12s-5.97-.02-8.08-.12c-1.95-.09-3.01-.41-3.72-.69a6.2 6.2 0 0 1-2.3-1.5 6.2 6.2 0 0 1-1.5-2.3c-.26-.7-.6-1.76-.68-3.7-.1-2.12-.12-2.75-.12-8.09s.02-5.97.12-8.08c.09-1.95.42-3.01.69-3.72.36-.93.8-1.6 1.5-2.3a6.2 6.2 0 0 1 2.3-1.5c.7-.26 1.76-.6 3.7-.68 2.12-.1 2.75-.12 8.09-.12Zm0 23.08a6.69 6.69 0 1 1 0-13.38 6.69 6.69 0 0 1 0 13.38ZM24.7 35a10.3 10.3 0 1 0 20.61 0 10.3 10.3 0 0 0-20.61 0Zm20.92-8.18a2.42 2.42 0 1 0 0-4.85 2.42 2.42 0 0 0 0 4.85Z"/></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">Instagram</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ippr_uk" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><path fill="currentColor" d="M48.995 32.351c-.267.026-.535.04-.804.041a8.676 8.676 0 0 1-4.154-1.059 8.763 8.763 0 0 1-3.155-2.924v13.565c0 1.983-.583 3.921-1.675 5.57a9.96 9.96 0 0 1-4.462 3.693 9.862 9.862 0 0 1-5.743.57 9.915 9.915 0 0 1-5.09-2.744 10.053 10.053 0 0 1-2.721-5.133 10.106 10.106 0 0 1 .566-5.793 10.008 10.008 0 0 1 3.661-4.5 9.881 9.881 0 0 1 5.523-1.69c.208 0 .41.02.614.033v4.94c-.203-.024-.404-.062-.614-.062-1.345 0-2.636.54-3.587 1.499a5.139 5.139 0 0 0-1.487 3.618c0 1.357.535 2.659 1.486 3.618a5.052 5.052 0 0 0 3.588 1.5c2.803 0 5.278-2.228 5.278-5.054L36.268 19h4.687a8.834 8.834 0 0 0 2.608 5.403A8.696 8.696 0 0 0 49 26.86v5.491"/></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">TikTok</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK8bnqASv4NQTSjGJh6awZw" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 70 70">
122<path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M35 19c-5.4 0-9.6.2-12.6.5-3 .4-5.1 1.1-6.5 2.3a7.2 7.2 0 0 0-2.5 5 78 78 0 0 0 0 17.5c.2 2.1 1 3.8 2.5 5 1.4 1.1 3.6 1.9 6.5 2.2 3 .3 7.2.5 12.6.5 5.4 0 9.6-.2 12.6-.5s5.1-1 6.5-2.2a7.3 7.3 0 0 0 2.5-5 78 78 0 0 0 0-17.6c-.2-2.1-1-3.8-2.5-5a12.7 12.7 0 0 0-6.5-2.2c-3-.3-7.2-.5-12.6-.5Zm5.4 16.6-9 4.3h-1c-.3-.2-.4-.5-.4-1V31c0-.4.1-.7.4-.9h1l9 4.2c.4.2.6.4.6.7 0 .2-.2.5-.6.6Z"/></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">YouTube</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ipprUK" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M45 22.6V16h-5.7c-2.3 0-4.3 1-5.9 2.8a10.2 10.2 0 0 0-2.3 6.7v3.7H25v6.2h6.1V54H38V35.4h6l1.1-6.2h-7.1v-4.4c0-.6.1-1.1.4-1.5.3-.5.7-.7 1-.7H45Z"/></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">Facebook</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://www.threads.net/@ippr_uk" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="70" height="70" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 70 70"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M43.566 33.758c-.145-.07-.293-.137-.442-.202-.26-4.836-2.88-7.604-7.278-7.632h-.06c-2.63 0-4.819 1.132-6.166 3.193l2.42 1.674c1.006-1.54 2.584-1.868 3.747-1.868h.04c1.449.01 2.542.435 3.249 1.263.515.603.859 1.436 1.03 2.488-1.285-.22-2.673-.288-4.158-.202-4.182.243-6.87 2.703-6.69 6.121.092 1.734.948 3.226 2.412 4.2 1.237.824 2.83 1.227 4.487 1.136 2.187-.12 3.903-.963 5.1-2.502.909-1.168 1.483-2.683 1.737-4.591 1.043.634 1.815 1.47 2.242 2.473.725 1.706.768 4.51-1.5 6.796-1.988 2.002-4.377 2.868-7.986 2.895-4.005-.03-7.033-1.325-9.002-3.85-1.844-2.364-2.797-5.78-2.833-10.15.036-4.37.989-7.786 2.833-10.15 1.969-2.525 4.997-3.82 9.001-3.85 4.034.03 7.115 1.332 9.16 3.869 1.002 1.244 1.758 2.808 2.256 4.633L50 28.739c-.604-2.246-1.554-4.18-2.847-5.785-2.621-3.253-6.455-4.92-11.394-4.954h-.02c-4.928.034-8.719 1.707-11.265 4.972C22.208 25.878 21.04 29.92 21 34.988v.024c.04 5.068 1.208 9.11 3.474 12.016C27.02 50.293 30.811 51.966 35.74 52h.02c4.382-.03 7.47-1.188 10.015-3.752 3.33-3.355 3.229-7.56 2.132-10.142-.788-1.851-2.288-3.355-4.34-4.348ZM36 40.933c-1.833.105-3.737-.725-3.83-2.502-.07-1.318.929-2.789 3.943-2.964.345-.02.683-.03 1.016-.03 1.095 0 2.119.107 3.05.313-.348 4.374-2.384 5.084-4.179 5.184Z"/></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path d="M0 0h70v70H0z"/></clipPath></defs></svg></span><span class="h-accessibility">Threads</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/ippr.org" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"></span><span class="h-accessibility">Bluesky</span></a></li><li class="c-site-social__item"><a href="https://instituteforpublicpolicyresearch.substack.com/" rel="noreferrer" class="c-site-social__link"><span class="c-site-social__icon icon i-social"></span><span class="h-accessibility">Substack</span></a></li></ul></nav></div><nav class="c-site-footer__nav--primary o-nav o-nav--primary"><h4 class="h-accessibility">More Site Pages</h4><ul class="o-nav__list"><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/jobs" class="o-nav__link ">
123              Jobs
124            </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are/contact-us" class="o-nav__link ">
125              Contact us
126            </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/media-office" class="o-nav__link ">
127              Press
128            </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/get-involved/mailing-list" class="o-nav__link ">
129              Mailing list
130            </a></li></ul></nav><nav class="c-site-footer__nav--secondary o-nav o-nav--tertiary"><h4 class="h-accessibility">Legal Pages</h4><ul class="o-nav__list"><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are/terms-and-conditions" class="o-nav__link ">
131              Terms and conditions
132            </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are/accessibility" class="o-nav__link ">
133              Accessibility
134            </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are/privacy-policy" class="o-nav__link ">
135              Privacy policy
136            </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/cookie-policy" class="o-nav__link ">
137              Cookie policy
138            </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/who-we-are/safeguarding" class="o-nav__link ">
139              Safeguarding
140            </a></li><li class="o-nav__item"><a href="https://www.ippr.org/site-map" class="o-nav__link ">
141              Site map
142            </a></li></ul></nav><div class="c-site-footer__meta"><h4 class="h-accessibility">Small Print</h4><p>Charity registration number: England and Wales 800065, Scotland SC046557 - Company number: England and Wales 2292601.</p></div><div class="c-site-footer__credit"><p>Website by <a href="https://supercooldesign.co.uk" class="o-nav__link" style="display:inline" rel="nofollow">Supercool</a>.</p></div></footer><div id="site-modal"><v-modal></v-modal></div></div><!-- Civic UK Cookie Include -->
142<script src="//cc.cdn.civiccomputing.com/9/cookieControl-9.x.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
142<script>
143  window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
144  function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); }
145
146  gtag('consent', 'default', {
147    'ad_storage': 'denied',
148    'ad_user_data': 'denied',
149    'ad_personalization': 'denied',
150    'analytics_storage': 'denied'
151  });
152</script>
152<script>
153  var config = {
154    "apiKey": "a88f7e6bf38bdc4266b54030ebeddac0c73ad3a0",
155    "product": "CUSTOM",
156    "optionalCookies": [
157      {
158        "name": "analytics",
159        "label": "Analytical Cookies",
160        "description": "Analytical cookies help us to fulfil our charitable objectives, apply for funding to keep IPPR doing the things it does best and improve our website by collecting and reporting information on its usage.",
161        "cookies": [
162          '_ga',
163          '_ga*',
164          '_gid',
165          '_gat',
166          '__utma',
167          '__utmt',
168          '__utmb',
169          '__utmc',
170          '__utmz',
171          '__utmv'
172        ],
173        "onAccept": function () {
174          gtag('consent', 'update', { 'analytics_storage': 'granted' });
175
176          CookieControlTriggerUpdateEvent();
177
178          document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('cookie-consent-updated'));
179        },
180        "onRevoke": function () {
181          gtag('consent', 'update', { 'analytics_storage': 'denied' });
182
183          CookieControlTriggerUpdateEvent();
184        }
185      }, {
186        "name": "marketing",
187        "label": "Marketing Cookies",
188        "description": "We use marketing cookies to help us improve the relevancy of advertising campaigns you receive.",
189        "cookies": [
190          'fr',
191          'tr',
192          '_fbc',
193          '_fbp',
194        ],
195        "onAccept": function () {
196          gtag('consent', 'update', {
197            'ad_user_data': 'granted',
198            'ad_personalization': 'granted',
199            'ad_storage': 'granted'
200          });
201
202          CookieControlTriggerUpdateEvent();
203
204          document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('cookie-consent-updated'));
205        },
206        "onRevoke": function () {
207          gtag('consent', 'update', {
208            'ad_user_data': 'denied',
209            'ad_personalization': 'denied',
210            'ad_storage': 'denied'
211          });
212
213          CookieControlTriggerUpdateEvent();
214        }
215      }, {
216        "name": "security",
217        "label": "Security",
218        "description": "We use security cookies to help protect the site from malicious access.",
219        "cookies": [],
220        "onAccept": "function () {}",
221        "onRevoke": "function () {}"
222      }],
223    "mode": "gdpr",
224    "initialState": "box",
225    "rejectButton": true,
226    "subDomains": true,
227    "excludedCountries": "open",
228    "position": "left",
229    "layout": "popup",
230    "acceptBehaviour": "all",
231    "closeStyle": "icon",
232    "branding": {
233      "fontColor": "",
234      "backgroundColor": "#000",
235      "removeAbout": true,
236      "removeIcon": true,
237    },
238    statement: {
239      description: 'For more detailed information, please check our',
240      name: 'Cookie and Privacy Statement',
241      updated: '01/01/2023',
242      url: '//www.ippr.org/cookie-policy',
243    },
244    text: {
245      notifyTitle: 'This website uses cookies',
246      title: 'Your cookie settings',
247    }
248  };
249
250  CookieControl.load(config);
251
252  var cookieControlUpdateTimer;
253
254  function CookieControlTriggerUpdateEvent() {
255    clearTimeout(cookieControlUpdateTimer);
256
257    cookieControlUpdateTimer = setTimeout(function() {
258      dataLayer.push({ 'event': 'cookie_consent_updated' });
259    });
260  }
261</script>
261<!-- End Civic UK Cookie Include -->
261<script src="https://www.ippr.org/dist/js/app-5d50883c68.js"></script>
261<!--Page Schema-->
261<script type="application/ld+json">
262{
263    "@context": "http://schema.org",
264    "@type": "WebPage",
265    "author": {
266        "@id": "https://www.ippr.org/"
267    },
268     "copyrightHolder": {
269            "@id": "Institute for Public Policy Research"
270        },
271    "copyrightYear": "2026",
272    "creator": {
273        "@id": "https://www.supercooldesign.co.uk"
274     },
275    "dateModified": "2026-10-01T09:36:51+01:00",
276    "description": "The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) is an independent charity working towards a fairer, greener, and more prosperous society.",
277    "headline": "Search",
278    "image": {
279        "@type": "ImageObject",
280        "url": "/placeholder-large.png"
281    },
282    "inLanguage": "en-gb",
283    "name": "IPPR",
284    "potentialAction": {
285        "@type": "SearchAction",
286        "target": "search?q={search_term_string}"
287    },
288    "publisher": {
289        "@id": "Institute for Public Policy Research"
290    },
291    "url": "https://www.ippr.org/"
292}
293</script>
293<script type="application/ld+json">
294{
295  "@context": "http://schema.org",
296  "@type": "Organization",
297  "logo": "https://images.ippr.org/production/IPPR-logos/IPPR-2017-Logo_Standard_darkteal.png?w=722&amp;h=873&amp;q=100&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;dm=1778241704&amp;s=51fea8f2388a89214f3d1ca2ba37fde6",
298  "url": "https://www.ippr.org/",
299  "sameAs" : ["https://twitter.com/IPPR","https://www.linkedin.com/company/82853","https://www.instagram.com/ippr_uk/","https://www.tiktok.com/@ippr_uk","https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK8bnqASv4NQTSjGJh6awZw","https://www.facebook.com/ipprUK","https://www.threads.net/@ippr_uk","https://bsky.app/profile/ippr.org","https://instituteforpublicpolicyresearch.substack.com/"],
300  
301
302
303    "address": {
304        "@type": "PostalAddress","streetAddress": "8 Storey&#039;s Gate","addressLocality": "London","addressCountry": "UK","postalCode": "SW1P 3AY"}
305,
306  "email": "",
307  "name": "IPPR",
308  
309"contactPoint" : [
310    { "@type" : "ContactPoint",
311      "telephone" : "+442074706100",
312      "contactType" : "Reception",
313      "areaServed" : "GB",
314      "availableLanguage": "English"
315    }
316] 
317
318}
319</script>
319<script type="application/ld+json">
320{
321  "@context": "https://schema.org",
322  "@type": "LocalBusiness",
323  "@id": "https://www.ippr.org/",
324  "name": "IPPR",
325  "email": "",
326  "logo": "https://images.ippr.org/production/IPPR-logos/IPPR-2017-Logo_Standard_darkteal.png?w=722&amp;h=873&amp;q=100&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;dm=1778241704&amp;s=51fea8f2388a89214f3d1ca2ba37fde6",
327  "telephone": "+442074706100",
328  "priceRange": "$$",
329  "url": "https://www.ippr.org/",
330  "sameAs" : ["https://twitter.com/IPPR",
331  "https://www.linkedin.com/company/82853",
332  "https://www.instagram.com/ippr_uk/",
333  "https://www.tiktok.com/@ippr_uk",
334  "https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK8bnqASv4NQTSjGJh6awZw",
335  "https://www.facebook.com/ipprUK",
336  "https://www.threads.net/@ippr_uk",
337  "https://bsky.app/profile/ippr.org",
338  "https://instituteforpublicpolicyresearch.substack.com/"
339   ],
340  
341
342
343
344  "image": [  ]
345
346,
347  
348
349
350    "address": {
351        "@type": "PostalAddress","streetAddress": "8 Storey&#039;s Gate","addressLocality": "London","addressCountry": "UK","postalCode": "SW1P 3AY"}
352,
353  
354"contactPoint" : [
355    { "@type" : "ContactPoint",
356      "telephone" : "+442074706100",
357      "contactType" : "Reception",
358      "areaServed" : "GB",
359      "availableLanguage": "English"
360    }
361] 
362
363  }
364  </script>
364<!-- dev only edit buttons --></body></html>

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.