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172        		Phases
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198<a href="#0" data-date="01/01/1000" style="font-size:0.8rem; !important" class="selected">
199						5000–3900<br>(VIII)
200					</a></li>
201					<li><a href="#0" data-date="15/01/1015" style="font-size:0.8rem; !important">
202						3900–3400<br>(VII)
203					</a></li>
204					<li><a href="#0" data-date="15/01/1030" style="font-size:0.8rem; !important">
205						3400–3200<br>(VI A)
206					</a></li>
207					<li><a href="#0" data-date="15/01/1045" style="font-size:0.8rem; !important">
208						3200–3100<br>(VI B1)
209					</a></li>
210					<li><a href="#0" data-date="15/01/1060" style="font-size:0.8rem; !important">
211						3100–2750<br>(VI B2)
212					</a></li>
213					<li><a href="#0" data-date="15/01/1075" style="font-size:0.8rem; !important">
214						2750–2500<br>(VI C)
215					</a></li>
216					<li><a href="#0" data-date="15/01/1090" style="font-size:0.8rem; !important">
217						2500–2000<br>(VI D)
218					</a></li>
219					<li><a href="#0" data-date="15/01/1105" style="font-size:0.8rem; !important">
220						2000–1750<br>(V A)
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222					<li><a href="#0" data-date="15/01/1120" style="font-size:0.8rem; !important">
223						1700–1400<br>(V B)
224					</a></li>
225					<li><a href="#0" data-date="15/01/1135" style="font-size:0.8rem; !important">
226						1400–1200<br>(IV)
227					</a></li>
228					<li><a href="#0" data-date="15/01/1150" style="font-size:0.8rem; !important">
229						1200–850<br>(III)
230					</a></li>
231					<li><a href="#0" data-date="15/01/1165" style="font-size:0.8rem; !important">
232						850-712<br>(II)
233					</a></li>
234					<li><a href="#0" data-date="15/01/1170" style="font-size:0.8rem; !important">
235						650 a.C.-1100 d.C.<br>(I)
236					</a></li>
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249	<div class="events-content">
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251			<li class="selected" data-date="01/01/1000">
252				<h2>
253					First occupation of the site
254				</h2>
255				<em>5000 – 3900 (VIII)</em>
256				<section class="gallery5 mbr-gallery my-0 cid-syHFIrgycZ" id="gallery5-12">
257					<div class="container-fluid">
258						<div class="row justify-content-center">
259							<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
260								<div class="container-fluid">
261									<div class="row mt-4 justify-content-center">
262										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/1/1_VIII_fase2.jpg" data-fancybox="images" data-caption="Fig. 1. Plan of domestic area with central courtyard, kitchen and other house rooms" alt="planimetria">
263											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/1/1_VIII_fase2.jpg"  class="p-0" style="!important;border:1px solid #a1151b" />
264										</a>
265										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/1/ARS_2376.jpg" data-fancybox="images" data-caption="Fig. 2. Bone seal and its impression on plasteline" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="planimetria">
266											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/1/ARS_2376.jpg" class="miniatura" />
267										</a>
268										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/1/ARS_2603.jpg" data-fancybox="images" data-caption="Fig. 3. General view of the burnt kitchen" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="planimetria">
269											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/1/ARS_2603.jpg" class="miniatura" />
270										</a>
271										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/1/ARS_2604.jpg" data-fancybox="images" data-caption="Fig. 4. Close up view of the kitchen, with the oven to the right and the two hearths against" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="planimetria">
272											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/1/ARS_2604.jpg" class="miniatura" />
273										</a>
274										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/1/ARS_2667.jpg" data-fancybox="images" data-caption="Fig. 5. Bone seal" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="planimetria">
275											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/1/ARS_2667.jpg" class="miniatura" />
276										</a>
277										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/1/ARS_3211.jpg" data-fancybox="images" data-caption="Fig. 6. Pottery of period VIII" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="planimetria">
278											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/1/ARS_3211.jpg" class="miniatura" />
279										</a>
280									</div>
281								</div>
282							</div>
283							<div class="col-12 col-lg py-4">
284								<div class="text-wrapper">
285									<p>
286										
287										The oldest levels currently reached by the archaeological excavation are related to the Late Chalcolithic 2 period, dated to the end of the fifth millennium BCE. <br><br>
288										These levels are characterized by different levels of anthropic frequentation, of an essentially domestic nature. The dwellings are characterized by the presence of courtyards around which grow several rooms, and among which a kitchen is always present. This is clearly identified by the constant presence of a dome-shaped oven, sometimes accompanied by hearths, and slab-stones and pestles for processing cereals.<br><br>
289										Traces of painted plaster were found on the mudbrick walls. Renovations are continuous, as evidenced by additions and modifications to the walls.<br><br>
290										The pottery of these levels shows clear parallels with the contemporary developments of the southwestern regions (Gaziantep and Amuq).<br>
291										Characteristic is a black or purple kitchen-pottery, with an entirely scratched outer surface.
292										
293									</p>
294								</div>
295							</div>
296						</div>
297					</div>
298				</section>
299			</li>
300
301			<li data-date="15/01/1015">
302				<h2>
303					The background to centralisation: the emergence of the élites and the ideological-religious component
304				</h2>
305				<em>3900 – 3400 (VII)</em>
306				<section class="gallery5 mbr-gallery my-0 cid-syHFIrgycZ" id="gallery6-12">
307					<div class="container-fluid">
308						<div class="row justify-content-center">
309							<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
310								<div class="container-fluid">
311									<div class="row mt-4 justify-content-center">
312										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/2/2_VII.jpg" data-fancybox="images1" data-caption="Fig. 1. Plan of the elite residential quarter" alt="planimetria">
313											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/2/2_VII.jpg"  class="p-0" style="border:1px solid #a1151b" />
314										</a>
315										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/2/ARS_1261.jpg" data-fancybox="images1" data-caption="Fig. 2. Mass produced bowl
315s of period VII" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="planimetria">
316											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/2/ARS_1261.jpg" class="miniatura" />
317										</a>
318										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/2/ARS_1332.jpg" data-fancybox="images1" data-caption="Fig. 3. Red slipped beakers and bowls" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="planimetria">
319											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/2/ARS_1332.jpg" class="miniatura" />
320										</a>
321										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/2/ARS_4453.jpg" data-fancybox="images1" data-caption="Fig. 4. Red slipped chaff tempered ware of period VII" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="planimetria">
322											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/2/ARS_4453.jpg" class="miniatura" />
323										</a>
324										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/2/ARS_5754.jpg" data-fancybox="images1" data-caption="Fig. 5. Mass produced bowls" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="planimetria">
325											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/2/ARS_5754.jpg" class="miniatura" />
326										</a>
327										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/2/ARS_5912.jpg" data-fancybox="images1" data-caption="Fig. 6. Potter’s mark on a mass produced bowl testifying for the presence of specialized ceramic workshops" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="planimetria">
328											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/2/ARS_5912.jpg" class="miniatura" />
329										</a>
330										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/2/ARS180349.jpg" data-fancybox="images1" data-caption="Fig. 7. Hypothetical reconstruction of the façade of Temple C" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="planimetria">
331											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/2/ARS180349.jpg" class="miniatura" />
332										</a>
333										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/2/ARS180424.jpg" data-fancybox="images1" data-caption="Fig. 8. Reconstruction of the interior of Temple C" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="planimetria">
334											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/2/ARS180424.jpg" class="miniatura" />
335										</a>
336										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/2/BOB_4215.jpg" data-fancybox="images1" data-caption="Fig. 3. Mass produced bowls" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="planimetria">
337											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/2/BOB_4215.jpg" class="miniatura" />
338										</a>
339										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/2/FigI25.jpg" data-fancybox="images1" data-caption="Fig. 10. Interior of central hall of Temple D" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="planimetria">
340											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/2/FigI25.jpg" class="miniatura" />
341										</a>
342										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/2/OB_6769.jpg" data-fancybox="images1" data-caption="Fig. 11. Pedestal bowls of period VII" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="planimetria">
343											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/2/OB_6769.jpg" class="miniatura" />
344										</a>
345										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/2/tempio_c.jpg" data-fancybox="images1" data-caption="Fig. 12. Interior of central hall of Temple C" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="planimetria">
346											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/2/tempio_c.jpg" class="miniatura" />
347										</a>
348									</div>
349								</div>
350							</div>
351							<div class="col-12 col-lg py-4">
352								<div class="text-wrapper">
353									<p>
354										
355										The first occupation of Arslantepe dates back at least to the sixth millennium BCE but the oldest levels of the settlement reached over large extensions refer to the Late Chalcolithic, Periods VIII (4200-3900 BCE) and VII (3800-3400 BCE) of the sequence of the site. Period VII comprises 7 levels of settlement, with archaeological evidence testifying to the central role of the site in the Malatya region and its direct participation in the formation of the proto-state societies of the Near East.<br>
356										In the north-eastern area of the hill there are mudbrick dwellings of one or two rooms, in some cases decorated with geometric paintings in red, black and white, craft areas with ovens, and burials under the floors of the houses.<br><br>
357										Higher up, on the top of the tell were placed the monumental buildings with 1-1.20 m thick mudbrick walls, articulated in functionally diversified complexes. In the northernmost area there were craft and storage areas, and private buildings, including a large building with traces of geometric paintings in red and black and plastered mudbrick columns along the walls. On the floor of the building symbolic or prestigious objects such as a limestone mace head and a ceramic object similar to the “idols eyes” of Tepe Gawra and Tell Brak were found.<br><br>
358										South of this structure but dated to a later phase was a large building with a tripartite plan, probably a temple, measuring 22 x 20 m and was elevated on a platform of large stone slabs and mud; the plan is typically Mesopotamian whilst the foundations and platform are as of today unique. The materials found inside are local: hundreds of bowls found in this temple and in the buildings connected to it, which, unlike the Mesopotamian one
358s, are made on the slow-speed pottery’s wheel. Along with the bowls numerous cretulae with seal impressions were also found, a sign that in the building food redistribution activities were carried out in a ceremonial context, possible as compensation for work practiced.<br>
359										Specialized craft activities, such as metallurgy and mass-produced pottery, suggest complex forms of work organization, though not yet under central control, as the numerous recognized pottery workshops would suggest.<br><br>
360										The Late Chalcolithic culture of Arslantepe has strong similarities with that of other sites in northwestern Syria and the Amuq plain. There are many elements of connection with the contemporary cultures of Upper Mesopotamia, but the extensive relations with the southern areas that had characterized the previous period of Ubaid are absent.
361										
362									</p>
363								</div>
364							</div>
365						</div>
366						
367					</div>
368				</section>
369			</li>
370
371			<li data-date="15/01/1030">
372				<h2>
373					The emergence of the Palace at the end of the IV millennium BCE.
374				</h2>
375				<em>3400 – 3100 (VI A)</em>
376				<section class="gallery5 mbr-gallery my-0 cid-syHFIrgycZ" id="gallery5-12">
377					<div class="container-fluid">
378						<div class="row justify-content-center">
379							<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
380								<div class="container-fluid">
381									<div class="row mt-4 justify-content-center">
382										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/3/Arsl 2015_Period VIA colour.jpg" data-fancybox="images2" data-caption="Caption n1" alt="planimetria">
383											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/3/Arsl 2015_Period VIA colour.jpg" class="p-0" style="border:1px solid #a1151b" />
384										</a>
385										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_0332.jpg" data-fancybox="images2" data-caption="Caption n2" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
386											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_0332.jpg" class="miniatura" />
387										</a>
388										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_0471.jpg" data-fancybox="images2" data-caption="Caption n2" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
389											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_0471.jpg" class="miniatura" />
390										</a>
391										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_0522.jpg" data-fancybox="images2" data-caption="Caption n3" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
392											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_0522.jpg" class="miniatura" />
393										</a>
394										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_0801.jpg" data-fancybox="images2" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
395											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_0801.jpg" class="miniatura" />
396										</a>
397										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_1239.jpg" data-fancybox="images2" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
398											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_1239.jpg" class="miniatura" />
399										</a>
400										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_1259.jpg" data-fancybox="images2" data-caption="Caption n6" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
401											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_1259.jpg" class="miniatura" />
402										</a>
403										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_1276.jpg" data-fancybox="images2" data-caption="Caption n7" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
404											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_1276.jpg" class="miniatura" />
405										</a>
406										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_1278.jpg" data-fancybox="images2" data-caption="Caption n8" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
407											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_1278.jpg" class="miniatura" />
408										</a>
409										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_1292.jpg" data-fancybox="images2" data-caption="Caption n9" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
410											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/3/ARS_1292.jpg" class="miniatura" />
411										</a>
412									</div>
413								</div>
414							</div>
415							<div class="col-12 col-lg py-4">
416								<div class="text-wrapper">
417									<p>
418										
419										In the last centuries of the IV millennium at Arslantepe a grand development of that system of centralization and redistribution of goods already recognizable around the middle of the fourth millennium BCE in the great Chalcolithic temple (period VII) is attested, becoming also a system of strengthening central political power and the elites who represented it.<br><br>
420										To this period, corresponding to the Late Uruk phase in Mesopotamia, refers the construction of a large monumental public architectural complex, which, because of its articulation into functionally and architecturally differentiated sectors (temples, storerooms, areas for unloading administrative material, courtyard, corri
420dors) can be considered the first known example of a “palace” in the entire Near East with planned areas for the exercise of the main public, religious, and secular functions.<br><br>
421										The whole area was dominated by a large monumental ceremonial building, probably used for receptions, at the highest part of the ancient hillside, and at the highest part of the palace, at the end of a long corridor leading to it, directly from the entrance. Two temples were also located on the highest parts of the ancient hillside, but it was probably reserved for the elites, while access to the main building must have been granted to all. The plan and dimensions of the two temples at Arslantepe are almost identical and show features of originality that make these structures, while generically falling within a tradition shared by all regions of so-called “Greater Mesopotamia,” obey needs and customs of local origin.<br><br>
422										The palace was entered through a monumental chambered door and a sharply rising corridor under the floor of which runs a covered channel for water drainage. Evident everywhere are traces of a fire with collapses that have preserved all the materials in place.
423										
424										<br><br>
425										
426										Pictorial representations in red and black on the white plaster background decorated the palace’s walls with complex scenes and motifs that included human and animal figures arranged near the entrances and along the walls of the large entrance corridor.<br><br>
427The second half of the IV millennium also witnessed a significant development of metallurgy, evidenced by the discovery of a wide range of objects made of copper, copper-arsenic alloys, and silver, among which a group of 22 weapons, swords, spears, and a quadruple-spiral plaque stand out, documenting, among other things, for the first time the use of the sword in the world. Although the recipients of the products of this craftsmanship must essentially have been local elites, the intensified production was linked to the ability of the Arslantepe center to actively enter the circuit of circulation of raw materials throughout Eastern Anatolia and Transcaucasia and to broker trade with Mesopotamian centers at a time when their demand for metal must have been increasing.<br><br>
428Thousands of cretulae document the extraordinary complexity of administrative organization in the palace of Arslantepe with seal impressions found in various places in the palatial complex, where they attest to different phases of activities. Some were in situ in one of the palace storerooms, and others piled up in dump sites. In a small room carved out inside the large wall of the corridor in front of the storerooms, an exceptional deposit of about two thousand cretulae was discovered, which had been neatly dumped after being collected by homogeneous groups bearing the same seal and the impressions of the same containers. These cretulae constituted a discarded archive and offered an extraordinary amount of information about the administrative system in use and the art of seal engraving at the end of the IV millennium.<br><br>
429The storage sector uncovered so far has yielded two warehouses, showing the two main phases of the collection and redistribution of goods: one room was used for storage and contained almost exclusively food vessels, large containers, and bottles; another, smaller room, probably intended for redistribution, alongside some large vessels, has yielded hundreds of mass-produced cretulae and bowls. In this room, collection operations with opening and closing containers by sealing and distributing foodstuffs, using the bowls as containers of defined size, must have frequently taken place under the control of officials.<br><br>
430Food collection and redistribution activities must also have taken place in the two palace temples, as suggested by the numerous vessels found in situ in the side rooms (Temple A) and the main hall (Temple B), as well as some cretulae. The interior architectural elements of these buildings (altars, basins, podiums) and the presence near the altars of cups on pierced feet (the so-called “fruit-bearers”
430), together with the dislocation of the vessels and the small number of cretulae, indicate that here such activities must have been clothed in a ceremonial character.
431										
432									</p>
433								</div>
434							</div>
435						</div>
436						<div class="row justify-content-center">
437							<div class="col-12 col-lg-12">
438								<div class="text-wrapper pt-5">
439									<p>
440										
441									</p>
442								</div>
443
444
445							</div>
446						</div>
447					</div>
448				</section>
449			</li>
450
451			<li data-date="15/01/1045">
452				<h2>
453					Crises and instability at the beginning of the third millennium
454				</h2>
455				<em>3100 – 3000 (VI B1)</em>
456				<section class="gallery5 mbr-gallery my-0 cid-syHFIrgycZ" id="gallery5-12">
457					<div class="container-fluid">
458						<div class="row justify-content-center">
459							<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
460								<div class="container-fluid">
461									<div class="row mt-4 justify-content-center">
462										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/4/4-VIB1_fase6.jpg" data-fancybox="images3" data-caption="Caption n1" alt="planimetria">
463											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/4/4-VIB1_fase6.jpg" class="p-0" style="border:1px solid #a1151b" />
464										</a>
465										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/4/ARS_1362.jpg" data-fancybox="images3" data-caption="Caption n2" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
466											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/4/ARS_1362.jpg" class="miniatura" />
467										</a>
468										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/4/BOB_4101.JPG" data-fancybox="images3" data-caption="Caption n3" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
469											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/4/BOB_4101.JPG" class="miniatura" />
470										</a>
471										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/4/BOB_4395.JPG" data-fancybox="images3" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
472											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/4/BOB_4395.JPG" class="miniatura" />
473										</a>
474										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/4/DSC01218.JPG" data-fancybox="images3" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
475											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/4/DSC01218.JPG" class="miniatura" />
476										</a>
477										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/4/edificio_collettivo.jpg" data-fancybox="images3" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
478											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/4/edificio_collettivo.jpg" class="miniatura" />
479										</a>
480										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/4/IMG_4747.JPG" data-fancybox="images3" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
481											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/4/IMG_4747.JPG" class="miniatura" />
482										</a>
483										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/4/_MG_8756.jpg" data-fancybox="images3" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
484											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/4/_MG_8756.jpg" class="miniatura" />
485										</a>
486										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/4/tomba reale/armi_tomba.jpg" data-fancybox="images3" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
487											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/4/tomba reale/armi_tomba.jpg" class="miniatura" />
488										</a>
489										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/4/tomba reale/ARS_1367.jpg" data-fancybox="images3" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
490											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/4/tomba reale/ARS_1367.jpg" class="miniatura" />
491										</a>
492										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/4/tomba reale/Image2.jpg" data-fancybox="images3" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
493											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/4/tomba reale/Image2.jpg" class="miniatura" />
494										</a>
495										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/4/tomba reale/tomba_reale.jpg" data-fancybox="images3" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
496											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/4/tomba reale/tomba_reale.jpg" class="miniatura" />
497										</a>
498									</div>
499								</div>
500							</div>
501							<div class="col-12 col-lg py-4">
502								<div class="text-wrapper">
503									<p>
504										
505										In Arslantepe the proto-urban experience came to an end around 3200 B.C.E.; the ruins of the collapsed public buildings were covered with layers of clean mud. On these, quadrangular huts with rounded corners were raised, consisting of a single room; the mud-plastered floors were usually at a slightly lower level than the external ground. The walls were made of wooden posts and reeds covered with clay to form the typical wattle-and-daub structure.<br><br>
506										In the highest part of the tell, however, there was a hut, much larger than others, internally divi
506ded into three rooms and isolated from the rest of the site by a long and thick wattle-and-daub dividing wall. Large quantities of bones have been found in the space outside the hut, suggesting this was a place where food remains were thrown. We suspect this might have been a chief’s hut.<br><br>
507										Another special structure is on the other side of the long dividing wall. Different from the rest of the buildings in this phase, this structure is in mudbricks. The building has a central room with a large hearth. A second room was filled with more than 40 storage jars. This building was probably a meeting place, with a community storage facility.<br><br>
508										During this period, the site witnessed a radical change in material culture, with pottery that emphasizes the strong contacts that the community had with the Southern Caucasus, more than with Mesopotamia.
509										
510									</p>
511								</div>
512							</div>
513						</div>
514						
515					</div>
516				</section>
517			</li>
518
519			<li data-date="15/01/1060">
520				<h2>
521					From shepherd village to a new urban experience
522				</h2>
523				<em>3000 – 2750 (VI B2)</em>
524				<section class="gallery5 mbr-gallery my-0 cid-syHFIrgycZ" id="gallery5-12">
525					<div class="container-fluid">
526						<div class="row justify-content-center">
527							<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
528								<div class="container-fluid">
529									<div class="row mt-4 justify-content-center">
530										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/5/VIB2_tutto.jpg" data-fancybox="images4" data-caption="Caption n1" alt="planimetria">
531											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/5/VIB2_tutto.jpg" class="p-0" style="border:1px solid #a1151b" />
532										</a>
533										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/5/ARS_1371.jpg" data-fancybox="images4" data-caption="Caption n2" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
534											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/5/ARS_1371.jpg" class="miniatura" />
535										</a>
536										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/5/ARS_0585.jpg" data-fancybox="images4" data-caption="Caption n2" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
537											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/5/ARS_0585.jpg" class="miniatura" />
538										</a>
539										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/5/ARS_0670.jpg" data-fancybox="images4" data-caption="Caption n3" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
540											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/5/ARS_0670.jpg" class="miniatura" />
541										</a>
542										</a>
543										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/5/ARS_1377.jpg" data-fancybox="images4" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
544											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/5/ARS_1377.jpg" class="miniatura" />
545										</a>
546										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/5/MG_8002.jpg" data-fancybox="images4" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
547											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/5/MG_8002.jpg" class="miniatura" />
548										</a>
549										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/5/MG_8030.jpg" data-fancybox="images4" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
550											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/5/MG_8030.jpg" class="miniatura" />
551										</a>
552										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/5/MG_8344.JPG" data-fancybox="images4" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
553											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/5/MG_8344.JPG" class="miniatura" />
554										</a>
555										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/5/MG_8359.JPG" data-fancybox="images4" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
556											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/5/MG_8359.JPG" class="miniatura" />
557										</a>
558										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/5/MG_8594.jpg" data-fancybox="images4" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
559											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/5/MG_8594.jpg" class="miniatura" />
560										</a>
561										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/5/MG_8649.jpg" data-fancybox="images4" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
562											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/5/MG_8649.jpg" class="miniatura" />
563										</a>
564										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/5/mura fortificazione.jpg" data-fancybox="images4" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
565											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/5/mura fortificazione.jpg" class="miniatura" />
566										</a>
567									</div>
568								</div>
569							</div>
570							<div class="col-12 col-lg py-4">
571								<div class="text-wrapper">
572									<p>
573										
574										In the last phase of the Early Bronze I (period VI B2), following the final abandonment of the village by the shepherds with strong contact with the southern caucasian world (VI B1 period), a town with mudbrick houses was built at the site. Houses were small and separated by roads and courtyards for various activities (slaughtering of animals, copper metallurgical activities). The domestic structures consisted of two or three rooms and were all very similar to each other; the rooms were equipped with different installations such as benches, running against the walls, plastered platforms, basins, or small pits containing grinding stones for cereal processing. In the center of the rooms was a typical circular hearth with a small central cavity, specially created to contain the embers.<br><br>
575										The settlement was destroyed by a violent fire and the floors of the houses and the outer spaces were almost entirely covered by charred grains, perhaps the remains of an entire harvest that was originally placed on the roofs and floors. In addition to wheat and barley, domestic vine remains, a 
575wide variety of legumes, and other plants were found. 
576The village stood on the slope of the ancient hill at the foot of a sort of citadel or acropolis, composed by a large 5m thick fortification wall. The layout of the village of the VI B2 reveals that the political organization of the town was completely different from that of the previous palatine system, where elites controlled the community economy, whilst here it is mostly military power to be exercised by chiefs. The importance of “military” power is testified also by an extraordinary burial at the edge of the settlement, in which a warrior chieftain was buried with great ceremony. The tomb was in stone slabs, as more common in the caucasian world and it contained numerous rich metal objects. Four youths had been sacrificed on the stone covering the tomb. All these elements and the number of metal weapons testify to the change in nature of power, now strongly linked to warfare. 
577
578Despite the intermediate stage (VIB1) characterized by the arrival on the mound of pastoral groups of trans-Caucasian origin, VIB2 shows a strong continuity in the ceramic tradition with that of the earlier Late Chalcolithic period. In this period, the presence of the red-black pottery decreased and next to it is the local wheel-made, light-colored ceramic of Mesopotamian inspiration. This repertoire is in fact characteristic of the Early Bronze I cultures throughout the Upper Euphrates valley. The VI B2 period in Arslantepe represents the last phase of relevant relations between the Malatya region and the Syro-Mesopotamian environment. The cultural relations between the regions to the north and south of the Taurus weakened considerably after the end of this period and the mountain range became not only a geographical but also a political and cultural barrier.
579										
580									</p>
581								</div>
582							</div>
583						</div>
584						
585					</div>
586				</section>
587			</li>
588
589			<li data-date="15/01/1075">
590				<h2>
591					Eastern influences
592				</h2>
593				<em>2750 – 2500 (VI C)</em>
594				<section class="gallery5 mbr-gallery my-0 cid-syHFIrgycZ" id="gallery5-12">
595					<div class="container-fluid">
596						<div class="row justify-content-center">
597							<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
598								<div class="container-fluid">
599									<div class="row mt-4 justify-content-center">
600										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/6/6 _VIC.JPG" data-fancybox="images5" data-caption="Caption n1" alt="planimetria">
601											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/6/6 _VIC.JPG"  class="p-0" style="border:1px solid #a1151b" />
602										</a>
603										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/6/ARS_0871.jpg" data-fancybox="images5" data-caption="Caption n2" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
604											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/6/ARS_0871.jpg" class="miniatura" />
605										</a>
606										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/6/ARS_1099.JPG" data-fancybox="images5" data-caption="Caption n3" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
607											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/6/ARS_1099.JPG" class="miniatura" />
608										</a>
609										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/6/ARS_1102.JPG" data-fancybox="images5" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
610											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/6/ARS_1102.JPG" class="miniatura" />
611										</a>
612									</div>
613								</div>
614							</div>
615							<div class="col-12 col-lg py-4">
616								<div class="text-wrapper">
617									<p>
618										
619										The influence of the Southern Caucasus contributed to a profound change in the organizational structure and culture of the Upper Euphrates communities in the later developments of the Early Bronze Age. Wide regional networks broke up, into smaller and more separated communities with a less structured political and economic organization. The VI C period (2750-2500 BCE) at Arslantepe represents the beginning of a new cultural phase. The settlement narrows considerably, and the southwestern area of the mound becomes peripheral to the town proper; it is characterized by the presence of numerous wells and circular pits covered with mud. These are probably used by semi-mobile groups for food storage as well as for waste disposal. In rare cases, graves under the floors of houses have been found. <br><br>
620										The upper part of the tell is occupied by a complex of dwellings consisting of quadrangular and single-roomed structures, with stone foundations. The division of the interior space
620s and the domestic equipment changes considerably compared to the previous period: a new type of vaulted oven and horseshoe-shaped hearths. As far as material culture is concerned, we note the disappearance of the light-colored and wheel-made pottery of the previous phase. A new type of painted pottery, common also in the nearby Elazıg region, appears instead. Red-black pottery is still present but appears to be a local evolution of Transcaucasian production. That the groups occupying the Malatya plain at this time had some degree of mobility, is indicated also by the discovery of a small seasonal site on the rocky hills of Gelinciktepe in front of Arslantepe.
621										
622									</p>
623								</div>
624							</div>
625						</div>
626						
627					</div>
628				</section>
629			</li>
630
631			<li data-date="15/01/1090">
632				<h2>
633					Toward a new walled city
634				</h2>
635				<em>2500 – 2000 (VI D)</em>
636				<section class="gallery5 mbr-gallery my-0 cid-syHFIrgycZ" id="gallery5-12">
637					<div class="container-fluid">
638						<div class="row justify-content-center">
639							<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
640								<div class="container-fluid">
641									<div class="row mt-4 justify-content-center">
642										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/7/7_VID.jpg" data-fancybox="images6" data-caption="Caption n1" alt="planimetria">
643											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/7/7_VID.jpg"  class="p-0" style="border:1px solid #a1151b" />
644										</a>
645										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/7/ARS_0883.jpg" data-fancybox="images6" data-caption="Caption n2" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
646											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/7/ARS_0883.jpg" class="miniatura" />
647										</a>
648										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/7/ARS_1136.jpg" data-fancybox="images6" data-caption="Caption n3" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
649											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/7/ARS_1136.jpg" class="miniatura" />
650										</a>
651										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/7/ARS_1137.jpg" data-fancybox="images6" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
652											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/7/ARS_1137.jpg" class="miniatura" />
653										</a>
654										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/7/ARS_1413.jpg" data-fancybox="images6" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
655											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/7/ARS_1413.jpg" class="miniatura" />
656										</a>
657										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/7/ARS_1480.jpg" data-fancybox="images6" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
658											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/7/ARS_1480.jpg" class="miniatura" />
659										</a>
660										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/7/ARS_2422.jpg" data-fancybox="images6" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
661											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/7/ARS_2422.jpg" class="miniatura" />
662										</a>
663										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/7/VID0001.jpg" data-fancybox="images6" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
664											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/7/VID0001.jpg" class="miniatura" />
665										</a>
666									</div>
667								</div>
668							</div>
669							<div class="col-12 col-lg py-4">
670								<div class="text-wrapper">
671									<p>
672										
673										From the middle of the third millennium BCE, the slope of the mound is gradually reoccupied. The new settlement, which shows a specific urban planning, is set on terraces and is characterized by large quadrangular structures separated by streets, squares and drainage systems. The shape of the houses, installations and construction techniques are comparable to those of other sites in northeastern Anatolia and will remain unchanged until the end of the millennium. In addition to these there are also several oval buildings, partially buried, the use of which is difficult to decode due to the absence of the most common furniture and installations (hearths, food processing utensils). The excavations have brought to light, at the edge of the town, an imposing mudbrick and stone wall with a semicircular bastion that certifies for the first time the construction of a real urban fortification, present at many other sites of this period throughout the region.<br><br>
674										The presence of the city walls indicates an increase in conflict, perhaps linked to competition between autonomous settlements. Although Arslantepe during the Early Bronze III was still the largest center of the Malatya region and probably its economic and political center, the internal 
674characteristics of the town (lacking in real prominent public places) and the organization of craft production, stress that it was based on a relatively simple socio-economic system.<br><br>
675										The hand-made pottery shows a strong continuity with the previous period: both the red-black and the painted pottery continue to be produced. Compared to the Early Bronze II period however (VI C), the models become more standardized and the production more cared of. In particular, the painted pottery is of sophisticated workmanship and has complex and codified motifs that were surely executed by specialists, with a wide circulation of products within the Malatya and Elazig regions. The only indication of wider-range contacts are rare examples of grey wheel-made pottery of Syrian origin and the presence of equally rare examples of painted Arslantepe-type pottery in Central Anatolia. Metallurgy is still used, as indicated by the discovery of a foundry atelier with various crucibles and molds, but even in this case, the circulation of minerals seems more limited than in the past.
676										
677									</p>
678								</div>
679							</div>
680						</div>
681						
682					</div>
683				</section>
684			</li>
685
686			<li data-date="15/01/1105">
687				<h2>
688					The Middle Bronze Age at Arslantepe
689				</h2>
690				<em>2000 – 1750 (V A)</em>
691				<section class="gallery5 mbr-gallery my-0 cid-syHFIrgycZ" id="gallery5-12">
692					<div class="container-fluid">
693						<div class="row justify-content-center">
694							<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
695								<div class="container-fluid">
696									<div class="row mt-4 justify-content-center">
697										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/8/Ars_Origini_VII.jpg" data-fancybox="images7" data-caption="Caption n1" alt="planimetria">
698											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/8/Ars_Origini_VII.jpg" class="p-0" style="border:1px solid #a1151b" />
699										</a>
700										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/8/Ars_Festschrift.jpg" data-fancybox="images7" data-caption="Caption n2" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
701											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/8/Ars_Festschrift.jpg" class="miniatura" />
702										</a>
703										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/8/Ars_Focolare_cavallo.jpg" data-fancybox="images7" data-caption="Caption n3" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
704											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/8/Ars_Focolare_cavallo.jpg" class="miniatura" />
705										</a>
706										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/8/Ars_Focolare_scheletro.jpg" data-fancybox="images7" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
707											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/8/Ars_Focolare_scheletro.jpg" class="miniatura" />
708										</a>
709									</div>
710								</div>
711							</div>
712							<div class="col-12 col-lg py-4">
713								<div class="text-wrapper">
714									<p>
715										
716										Most of the evidence relating to this period has been brought to light in the southwestern area of the hill. The architectural structures found up to now are in fragmentary conditions and it is not possible for the moment to clearly define the shape and extent of the town, also because the complex stratigraphy of this phase has been strongly disturbed by dozens of pits. In the V A period there are two phases, V A1 and V A2, corresponding to the Middle Bronze I and II. In the most ancient phase various paved open areas have been recognized, cut by pits filled with clean clay that might have been used for some specific craftworks. To the more recent phase belongs instead a large domestic structure with a quadrangular plan at the center of which a monumental double horseshoe-shaped hearth had been built. In the house there were numerous large vessels for food and liquids and numerous loom weights. During the Middle Bronze Age the settlement of Arslantepe was defended by a system of double walls, well known in Central Anatolia. This fortification system consisted of a series of small chambers within a double row of stones.<br><br>
717										During the Middle Bronze Age new political entities appear in the Near East, such as the ancient Assyrian kingdom, which based part of their economic power on the control of the exchange routes and on the foundation of the first commercial outposts in the heart of Anatolia, of which the site of Kültepe-Kanesh is the best known example. It is probable that the regions of Malatya and Elaziğ, thanks to the proximity with the mineral deposits of the Ergani Maden, were also directly involved in this same commercial network, even though as of today we have no direct indications of this at the site of Arslantepe.
718										
719									</p>
720								</div>
721							</div>
722						</div>
723						
724					</div>
725				</section>
726			</li>
727
728			<li data-date="15/01/1120">
729				<h2>
730					Arslantepe at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age
731				</h2>
732				<em>1700–1400 (V B)</em>
733				<section class="gallery5 mbr-gallery my-0 cid-syHFIrgycZ" id="gallery5-12">
734					<div class="container-fluid">
735						<div class="row justify-content-center">
736							<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
737								<div class="container-fluid">
738									<div class="row mt-4 justify-content-center">
739										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/9/0_gate.jpg" data-fancybox="images8" data-caption="Caption n1" alt="planimetria">
740											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/9/0_gate.jpg"  class="p-0" style="border:1px solid #a1151b" />
741										</a>
742										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/9/NORD_PORTA_URBICA_VB.jpg" data-fancybox="images8" data-caption="Caption n2" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
743											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/9/NORD_PORTA_URBICA_VB.jpg" class="miniatura" />
744										</a>
745										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/9/NORD_TERRAPIENO_VB.jpg" data-fancybox="images8" data-caption="Caption n2" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
746											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/9/NORD_TERRAPIENO_VB.jpg" class="miniatura" />
747										</a>
748										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/9/SUD_A140-A143_VB.jpg" data-fancybox="images8" data-caption="Caption n3" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
749											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/9/SUD_A140-A143_VB.jpg" class="miniatura" />
750										</a>
751										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/9/SUD_1200_VB_materiali.JPG" data-fancybox="images8" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
752											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/9/SUD_1200_VB_materiali.JPG" class="miniatura" />
753										</a>
754										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/9/SUD_A257_VB.jpg" data-fancybox="images8" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
755											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/9/SUD_A257_VB.jpg" class="miniatura" />
756										</a>
757										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/9/SUD_A257_VB1.jpg" data-fancybox="images8" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
758											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/9/SUD_A257_VB1.jpg" class="miniatura" />
759										</a>
760										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/9/SUD_A1200_VB_1.JPG" data-fancybox="images8" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
761											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/9/SUD_A1200_VB_1.JPG" class="miniatura" />
762										</a>
763										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/9/SUD_A1200_VB_materiali.jpg" data-fancybox="images8" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
764											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/9/SUD_A1200_VB_materiali.jpg" class="miniatura" />
765										</a>
766										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/9/SUD_A1200_VB.JPG" data-fancybox="images8" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
767											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/9/SUD_A1200_VB.JPG" class="miniatura" />
768										</a>
769									</div>
770								</div>
771							</div>
772							<div class="col-12 col-lg py-4">
773								<div class="text-wrapper">
774									<p>
775										
776										Period VB marks the intensification of relations with central Anatolia as a result of both the stretening of the ties Arslantepe had begun to establish during the Middle Bronze Age and the military campaigns undertaken by the Hittite rulers.<br><br>
777										During this period the entire hill was enclosed by an imposing fortification system made of pressed earth and which has been brought to light in several places along the slopes of the tell. The rampart, which was likely to improve the defensibility of the settlement and was therefore provided on its top with a real brick wall, was associated with a city gate that has been entirely excavated in the northern portion of the site. The defensive system consisted of a wide entrance framed by two bipartite towers with a longitudinal layout that shows interesting comparisons with the defensive architecture of the Hittite capital dated to the 16th century BCE.<br><br>
778										A series of dwellings, on the other hand, have been unearthed along the southern slopes of the settlement, which are also enclosed within the walls. These are rather small and elongated spaces used mainly for the storage of household goods and equipped with single or double horseshoe-shaped hearths, which highlight the continuation of a long tradition attested at the site since the third millennium BCE.<br><br>
779										This close combination of external elements, mainly related to the cultural heritage of Central Anatolia, and local traditions evident in the architecture is also detected in the material culture of this period. The pottery is in fact characterized on the one hand by the introduction, already quite significant, of forms typical of the Hittite world and on the other hand by the survival of local elements visible especially in the conspicuous number of painted ceramic classes that are in perfect continuity with those typical of the Middle Bronze Age.
780										
781									</p>
782								</div>
783							</div>
784						</div>
785						
786					</div>
787				</section>
788			</li>
789
790			<li data-date="15/01/1135">
791				<h2>
792					On the fringe of the Hittite empire
793				</h2>
794				<em>1400–1200 (IV)</em>
795				<section class="gallery5 mbr-gallery my-0 cid-syHFIrgycZ" id="gallery5-12">
796					<div class="container-fluid">
797						<div class="row justify-content-center">
798							<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
799								<div class="container-fluid">
800									<div class="row mt-4 justify-content-center">
801										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/10/16.jpg" data-fancybox="images9" data-caption="Caption n1" alt="planimetria">
802											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/10/16.jpg" class="p-0" style="border:1px solid #a1151b" />
803										</a>
804										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/10/MG_8257.JPG" data-fancybox="images9" data-caption="Caption n2" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
805											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/10/MG_8257.JPG" class="miniatura" />
806										</a>
807										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/10/pottery1.jpg" data-fancybox="images9" data-caption="Caption n2" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
808											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/10/pottery1.jpg" class="miniatura" />
809										</a>
810									</div>
811								</div>
812							</div>
813							<div class="col-12 col-lg py-4">
814								<div class="text-wrapper">
815									<p>
816										
817										Arslantepe Period IV corresponds to the Late Bronze Age II (1400-1200 BC). Also during this phase the entrance to the hill was located along the northern slope, although a new city gate was built further west than the previous one (Period VB).<br><br>
818										Such rearrangements of the defensive system indicate that the reorganization took place under strong Hittite influence; in fact, this phase corresponds to the period of maximum expansion of the empire along the Euphrates, a time when the site was known by the Hittite toponym Malitya.<br><br>
819										The size of the portion of the tell enclosed by the fortification also tended to be modified by shrinking from the earlier period and marking the emergence of a fortified citadel. The monumental gateway, known as the “imperial gate,” is a typical pincer entrance found in a great many Central Anatolian sites and is connected to a defensive system that is no longer an earthwork, as in the earlier period, but was instead rebuilt in mudbrick bedded on stone foundations.
819<br><br>
820										A “false vault” tunnel, only partially excavated, built with the help of polygonal stones and slabs and most likely more than 4 meters deep, was also unearthed in this area. This is reminiscent of the so-called postierla of Hittite centers (an underground tunnel that passed under the fortifications), although in the present case it does not appear that the tunnel passed under the city wall. Indeed, it is more likely that this had another function, and it has been suggested that it was a tunnel dug to reach the water table.<br><br>
821										The pottery of Period IV is characterized by significant changes from earlier phases, showing strong similarities to the productions of the major sites of central Anatolia and further highlighting the fact that Arslantepe at this time must have gravitated into the orbit of the Hittite empire.<br>
822										The Late Bronze Age settlement was eventually destroyed by a violent and widespread fire.
823										
824									</p>
825								</div>
826							</div>
827						</div>
828						
829					</div>
830				</section>
831			</li>
832
833			<li data-date="15/01/1150">
834				<h2>
835					The age of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms
836				</h2>
837				<em>1200 – 850 (III)</em>
838				<section class="gallery5 mbr-gallery my-0 cid-syHFIrgycZ" id="gallery5-12">
839					<div class="container-fluid">
840						<div class="row justify-content-center">
841							<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
842								<div class="container-fluid">
843									<div class="row mt-4 justify-content-center">
844										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/11/0_pianta.jpg" data-fancybox="images10" data-caption="Caption n1" alt="planimetria">
845											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/11/0_pianta.jpg" class="p-0" style="border:1px solid #a1151b" />
846										</a>
847										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/11/ASLANTEPE_HOYUGU2.jpg" data-fancybox="images10" data-caption="Caption n2" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
848											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/11/ASLANTEPE_HOYUGU2.jpg" class="miniatura" />
849										</a>
850										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/11/ASLANTEPE_HOYUGU1.jpg" data-fancybox="images10" data-caption="Caption n2" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
851											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/11/ASLANTEPE_HOYUGU1.jpg" class="miniatura" />
852										</a>
853										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/11/BOB_0503.jpg" data-fancybox="images10" data-caption="Caption n3" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
854											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/11/BOB_0503.jpg" class="miniatura" />
855										</a>
856										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/11/BOB_0600 corr.jpg" data-fancybox="images10" data-caption="Caption n3" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
857											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/11/BOB_0600 corr.jpg" class="miniatura" />
858										</a>
859										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/11/BOB_9917.jpg" data-fancybox="images10" data-caption="Caption n3" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
860											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/11/BOB_9917.jpg" class="miniatura" />
861										</a>
862										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/11/BOB_3838.jpg" data-fancybox="images10" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
863											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/11/BOB_3838.jpg" class="miniatura" />
864										</a>
865										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/11/BOB_4797.JPG" data-fancybox="images10" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
866											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/11/BOB_4797.JPG" class="miniatura" />
867										</a>
868										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/11/BOB_7927.jpg" data-fancybox="images10" data-caption="Caption n5" class="p-1 item gallery-image"alt="">
869											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/11/BOB_7927.jpg"  class="miniatura" />
870										</a>
871										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/11/DSCF6175.JPG" data-fancybox="images10" data-caption="Caption n6" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
872											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/11/DSCF6175.JPG"  class="miniatura" />
873										</a>
874										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/11/DSCF6384.JPG" data-fancybox="images10" data-caption="Caption n7" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
875											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/11/DSCF6384.JPG" class="miniatura" />
876										</a>
877										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/11/BOB_4503.JPG" data-fancybox="images10" data-caption="Caption n8" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
878											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/11/BOB_4503.JPG" class="miniatura" />
879										</a>
880									</div>
881								</div>
882							</div>
883							<div class="col-12 col-lg py-4">
884								<div class="text-wrapper">
885									<p>
886										
887										Following the collapse of the Hittite empire, a series of small, autonomous political entities known as “neo-Hittite kingdoms” emerged in the southeastern Anatolia region. Arslantepe became the capital of one of these kingdoms, named in local sources with the toponym Malizi.<br><br>
888										Italian excavations, conducted both in the past (1960s) and in more recent years at various points in the northeastern area of the hill, have revealed a wide range of monumental structures. These include a large building with a rectangular shape built on a mighty platform consisting of large rough-hewn stone blocks. The building dates to the 10th century B.C., and comparisons show interesting similarities with some Levantine Iron Age temple structures.<br><br>
889								 		The levels below, dated between the 12th and 11th centuries BCE, were characterized by the presence of an imposing fortification wall probably connected to an access system to the citadel evidenced by the finding of two carved reliefs similar but stylistically different to those found in the past in the area of the Lion Gate by Delaporte.<br><br>
890								 		Ceramic production, and material culture in general, continue only partly akin to those of the Late Bronze Age. A new repertoire of forms reflects interesting connections with the Levantine world, marking the interruption of contacts with Central Anatolia.
891								 		
892									</p>
893								</div>
894							</div>
895						</div>
896						
897					</div>
898				</section>
899			</li>
900
901			<li data-date="15/01/1165">
902				<h2>
903					The Neo-Hittite kingdom of Malizi/Meliddu in the age of empires
904				</h2>
905				<em> 850 - 712 (II)</em>
906				<section class="gallery5 mbr-gallery my-0 cid-syHFIrgycZ" id="gallery5-12">
907					<div class="container-fluid">
908						<div class="row justify-content-center">
909							<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
910								<div class="container-fluid">
911									<div class="row mt-4 justify-content-center">
912										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/12/0_pianta.jpg" data-fancybox="images12" data-caption="Caption n1" alt="planimetria">
913											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/12/0_pianta.jpg"  class="p-0" style="border:1px solid #a1151b" />
914										</a>
915										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/12/ARS08_0001_DSCF3069.JPG" data-fancybox="images12" data-caption="Caption n2" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
916											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/12/ARS08_0001_DSCF3069.JPG" class="miniatura" />
917										</a>
918										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/12/BOB_7395.jpg" data-fancybox="images12" data-caption="Caption n2" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
919											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/12/BOB_7395.jpg" class="miniatura" />
920										</a>
921										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/12/IMM_7.jpg" data-fancybox="images12" data-caption="Caption n3" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
922											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/12/IMM_7.jpg" class="miniatura" />
923										</a>
924										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/12/DSCF4507.JPG" data-fancybox="images12" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
925											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/12/DSCF4507.JPG" class="miniatura" />
926										</a>
927										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/12/Fig25.jpg" data-fancybox="images12" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
928											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/12/Fig25.jpg" class="miniatura" />
929										</a>
930										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/12/Fig24.jpg" data-fancybox="images12" data-caption="Caption n4" class="p-1 item gallery-image" alt="">
931											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/12/Fig24.jpg" class="miniatura" />
932										</a>
933									</div>
934								</div>
935							</div>
936							<div class="col-12 col-lg py-4">
937								<div class="text-wrapper">
938									<p>
939										
940										The later Iron Age levels are mainly characterized by the remains of the famous Lion Gate discovered by Louis Delaporte in the 1930s. This structure, which is flanked by two slabs carved in high relief in the shape of a lion with a head in the round, led into a paved courtyard decorated with a set of bas-reliefs depicting scenes of ritual hunting and libation.<br><br>
941										The Lion Gate and the entire set of bas-reliefs can now be visited together with the large statue of a king found in the gate itself at the Museum of Anatolian Civilization in Ankara.<br><br>
942										The recent resumption of excavations has also uncovered a large columned building, dated to the 8th century BCE, which, in its final phase, must have been structurally and functionally connected with the Lion Gate. A significant feature of the colonnaded building is the presence of a series of floors made by the alternation of pebbles and large slabs of squared stone.<br><br>
943										The material from the different phases of the life of the colonnaded building is characterized by the presence of exotic ceramic classes that allow us to connect the site within a network of relationships that ranged from the Phrygian world in central Anatolia, to the Urartian world in eastern Anatolia, to the sphere of influence of Aegean and Cypriot cultures.<br><br>
944										The conclusion of the Neo-Hittite period coincided with the end of Arslantepe’s power and prosperity. Indeed, the city was conquered and then destroyed by the Assyrian king Sargon II in 712 BCE and later permanently abandoned.
945										
946									</p>
947								</div>
948							</div>
949						</div>
950						
951					</div>
952				</section>
953			</li>
954
955			<li data-date="15/01/1170">
956				<h2>
957					Toward the demise of the site
958				</h2>
959				<em> 650 a.C. - 1100 d.C. (I)</em>
960				<section class="gallery5 mbr-gallery my-0 cid-syHFIrgycZ" id="gallery5-12">
961					<div class="container-fluid">
962						<div class="row justify-content-center">
963							<div class="col-12 col-lg-6">
964								<div class="container-fluid">
965									<div class="row mt-4 justify-content-center">
966										<a href="static/assets/images/timeA/13/TabPeutiger.jpg" data-fancybox="images12" data-caption="Caption n1" alt="planimetria">
967											<img src="static/assets/images/timeA/13/TabPeutiger.png"  class="p-0" style="border:1px solid #a1151b" />
968										</a>
969									</div>
970								</div>
971							</div>
972							<div class="col-12 col-lg py-4">
973								<div class="text-wrapper">
974									<p>
975										
976										After the conquest of the Kingdom of Malatya by Sargon II, Arslantepe suffered a progressive decadence and the site was finally abandoned after the Cimmerian invasion. With the arrival of the Romans, a legion was set up in the region. The Malatya plain was in fact the border region of the Roman Empire and hosted the XII military legion from the age of Titus until the 6th  century A.D. The Roman castrum was built near a crossing point of the Euphrates, in this way placed under the direct control of the army. Aroun
976d the castrum later formed the town of Melitene (from the earlier name Melid) which is transformed into an important regional center and received from the emperor Trajan the status of municipium. At Melitene, as evidenced by the discovery of a Diocletian milestone, converged the military roads that ran along the eastern frontier in the direction of the Euphrates. The city of Melitene further developed in the Byzantine period. Its military importance is also evidenced by the fact that the city became the metropolis of Armenia Secunda.<br><br>
977										Near Melitene, halfway between this and the modern city of Malatya, Arslantepe is, in these Roman-Byzantine phases, a small rural village probably no different from many Anatolian villages of the same period. The Italian excavations have brought to light the remains of a small settlement of Roman age in the north-eastern part of the tell and a road that crossed it, while more recently it is a necropolis that occupies the southern half of the hill. Based on the materials found (coins and pottery), the Roman settlement can be dated between the fourth and sixth centuries A.D.. In Byzantine times the site became a Christian necropolis. Finally, in the north of the tell there are remains of a possible Ottoman palace. With the exception of this last building, in the Ottoman age the site was essentially abandoned in favor of Eski Malatya (Melitene), closer to the banks of the Euphrates.
978										
979									</p>
980								</div>
981							</div>
982						</div>
983						
984					</div>
985				</section>
986			</li>
987		</ol>
988	</div> <!-- .events-content -->
989</section>
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997<section class="form5 cid-syH8hNmDkc" id="form5-11">
998  <div class="mbr-overlay"></div>
999  <div class="container">
1000    <div class="mbr-section-head">
1001      <h3 class="mbr-section-title mbr-fonts-style align-center mb-0 display-2">
1002        <strong>
1003          Contacts
1004        </strong>
1005      </h3>
1006    </div>
1007
1008    <div class="row justify-content-center mt-4">
1009      <div class="col-lg-8 mx-auto mbr-form">
1010        
1011        <form action="/send_mail" method="POST" class="mbr-form form-with-styler" data-form-title="Arslantepe Form">
1012          <div hidden="hidden" data-form-alert="" class="alert alert-success col-12">
1013            Thanks for filling out the form!
1014          </div>
1015          <div hidden="hidden" data-form-alert-danger="" class="alert alert-danger col-12"></div>
1016          <div class="dragArea row">
1017            <div class="col-md col-sm-12 form-group" data-for="name">
1018                <input type="text" name="name" placeholder="Name" data-form-field="name" class="form-control" value="" required id="name-form5-11">
1019            </div>
1020            <div class="col-md col-sm-12 form-group" data-for="email">
1021                <input type="email" name="email" placeholder="E-mail" data-form-field="email" class="form-control" value="" required id="email-form5-11">
1022            </div>
1023            <div class="col-12 form-group" data-for="message">
1024                <textarea name="message" placeholder="Message" data-form-field="message" class="form-control" required id="message-form5-11"></textarea>
1025            </div>
1026            <div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 align-center mbr-section-btn">
1027              <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary display-4">
1028                Send message
1029              </button>
1030            </div>
1031          </div>
1032          <span class="gdpr-block">
1033            <label>
1034              <span class="textGDPR display-7" style="color: #444444">
1035                <input type="checkbox" name="gdpr" id="gdpr-form5-11" required="">
1036                  Send message
1037                  <a style="color: #a2151b; text-decoration: underline;" href="/policy">
1038                  Terms of Service
1039                  </a>
1040                  and
1041                  <a style="color: #a2151b; text-decoration: underline;" href="/policy">
1042                  Privacy Policy
1043                  </a>.
1044              </span>
1045            </label>
1046          </span>
1047        </form>
1048      </div>
1049    </div>
1050
1051  </div>
1052</section>
1053
1054<section class="footer1 cid-sddWaHMno8" once="footers" id="footer1-4">
1055  <div class="container">
1056    <div class="row mbr-white">
1057      <div class="col-12 col-md-6 col-lg-3">
1058        <h5 class="mbr-section-subtitle mbr-fonts-style mb-2 display-7">
1059          <strong>
1060            Tour
1061          </strong>
1062        </h5>
1063        <ul class="list mbr-fonts-style display-4">
1064          <li class="mbr-text item-wrap text-white">
1065            <a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=17/38.382163/38.361211" target="_blank" class="text-white">
1066              Where it is located
1067            </a>
1068          </li>
1069        </ul>
1070        <hr>
1071        <h5 class="mbr-section-subtitle mbr-fonts-style mb-2 display-7">
1072          <strong>
1073            Links
1074          </strong>
1075        </h5>
1076        <ul class="list mbr-fonts-style display-4">
1077          <li class="mbr-text item-wrap text-white">
1078            <a href="https://goturkey.goturkiye.com/arslantepe:-the-unesco-site-where-state-society-was-born" target="_blank" class="text-white">
1079              https://goturkiye.com/
1080            </a>
1081          </li>
1082          <li class="mbr-text item-wrap text-white">
1083            <a href="https://turkishmuseums.com/museum/detail/2142-malatya-arslantepe-archaeological-site-and-open-air-museum/2142/4" target="_blank" class="text-white">
1084              Turkish Museums
1085            </a>
1086          </li>
1087          <li class="mbr-text item-wrap text-white">
1088            <a href="https://sanalmuze.gov.tr/muzeler/MALATYA-ARSLANTEPE-ORENYERI/" target="_blank" class="text-white">
1089              MüzeKart
1090            </a>
1091          </li>
1092        </ul>
1093      </div>
1094      <div class="col-12 col-md-6 col-lg-3">
1095        <h5 class="mbr-section-subtitle mbr-fonts-style mb-2 display-7">
1096          <strong>
1097            Opening hours
1098          </strong>
1099        </h5>
1100        <ul class="list mbr-fonts-style display-4">
1101          <li class="mbr-text item-wrap">
1102            Summer: 8:00 - 19:45
1103          </li>
1104          <li class="mbr-text item-wrap">
1105            Winter: 8:00 - 16:45
1106          </li>
1107          <li class="mbr-text item-wrap">
1108            Closed on Mondays
1109          </li>
1110          <!--li class="mbr-text item-wrap">Sab - dom</li-->
1111        </ul>
1112      </div>
1113      <div class="col-12 col-md-6 col-lg-3">
1114        <h5 class="mbr-section-subtitle mbr-fonts-style mb-2 display-7">
1115          <strong>
1116            Museum
1117          </strong>
1118        </h5>
1119        <ul class="list mbr-fonts-style display-4">
1120          <li class="mbr-text item-wrap text-white">
1121            <a href="https://goo.gl/maps/P8S7QbtXM4Ho2G8L8" target="_blank" class="text-white">
1122              Where it is located
1123            </a>
1124          </li>
1125          <li class="mbr-text item-wrap">
1126            <a href="mailto:[email protected]" target="_blank" class="text-white">
1127              Museum Contacts
1128            </a>
1129          </li>
1130          <!--li class="mbr-text item-wrap">Opuscolo</li-->
1131          <li class="mbr-text item-wrap">
1132            <a href="https://kvmgm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-44120/malatya-muze-mudurlugu.html" target="_blank" class="text-white">
1133              Website
1134            </a>
1135          </li>
1136          <li class="mbr-text item-wrap">
1137            <a href="https://malatya.ktb.gov.tr/TR-407804/arslantepe-tanitim-ve-karsilama-merkezi-ziyaretcilerini-.html" target="_blank" class="text-white">
1138                Visitor Center
1139            </a>
1140          </li>
1141        </ul>
1142      </div>
1143      <div class="col-12 col-md-6 col-lg-3">
1144        <h5 class="mbr-section-subtitle mbr-fonts-style mb-2 display-7">
1145            <strong>About</strong>
1146        </h5>
1147        <p class="mbr-text mbr-fonts-style mb-4 display-4">
1148          Gli studi&nbsp;<br> Le persone<br>La storia<br> I Reperti</p>
1149        <h5 class="mbr-section-subtitle mbr-fonts-style mb-3 display-7">
1150          <strong>Social</strong>
1151        </h5>
1152        <div class="social-row display-7">
1153          <div class="soc-item">
1154            <span class="mbr-iconfont socicon-facebook socicon"></span>
1155          </div>
1156          <div class="soc-item">
1157            <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFYkrvu3-JOvHWfGkmU2dqA" target="_blank">
1158              <span class="mbr-iconfont socicon-youtube socicon"></span>
1159            </a>
1160          </div>
1161          <div class="soc-item">
1162            <a href="https://www.instagram.com/arslantepe_project/" target="_blank">
1163              <span class="mbr-iconfont socicon-instagram socicon"></span>
1164            </a>
1165          </div>
1166        </div>
1167      </div>
1168    </div>
1169  </div>
1170</section>
1171
1172<section style="background-color: #fff; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', 'Roboto', 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif; color:#aaa; font-size:12px; padding: 0; align-items: center; display: flex;">
1173  <a href="https://mobirise.site/q" style="flex: 1 1; height: 0rem; padding-left: 1rem;"></a>
1174  <p style="flex: 0 0 auto; margin:0; padding-right:1rem;">
1175    <a href="https://mobirise.site/e" style="color:#aaa;"></a>
1176  </p>
1177</section>
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183<script src="static/assets/web/assets/jquery/jquery.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1183
1183
1184<script src="static/assets/popper/popper.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1184
1184
1185<script src="static/assets/tether/tether.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1185
1185
1186<script src="static/assets/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1186
1186
1187<script src="static/assets/web/assets/cookies-alert-plugin/cookies-alert-core.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1187
1187
1188<script src="static/assets/web/assets/cookies-alert-plugin/cookies-alert-script.js"></script>
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1188
1189<script src="static/assets/smoothscroll/smooth-scroll.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1189
1189
1190<script src="static/assets/viewportchecker/jquery.viewportchecker.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1190
1190
1191<script src="static/assets/dropdown/js/nav-dropdown.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1191
1191
1192<script src="static/assets/dropdown/js/navbar-dropdown.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1192
1192
1193<script src="static/assets/touchswipe/jquery.touch-swipe.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1193
1193
1194<script src="static/assets/formstyler/jquery.formstyler.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1194
1194
1195<script src="static/assets/formstyler/jquery.formstyler.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1195
1195
1196<script src="static/assets/datepicker/jquery.datetimepicker.full.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1196
1196
1197<script src="static/assets/theme/js/script.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1197
1197
1198<script src="static/assets/formoid/formoid.min.js"></script>
1198
1199
1200<script src="static/assets/masonry/masonry.pkgd.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1200
1200
1201<script src="static/assets/imagesloaded/imagesloaded.pkgd.min.js"></script>
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1201
1202<script src="static/assets/bootstrapcarouselswipe/bootstrap-carousel-swipe.js"></script>
1202
1203
1204<script src="static/assets/slidervideo/script.js"></script>
1204
1205
1206<script type="text/javascript" src="/static/data/__images.json"></script>
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211<script>
1212jQuery(document).ready(function($){
1213
1214  $("#fasi").addClass("active");
1215
1216
1217  const data = findings["records"]
1218  let context = "";
1219  // console.log('en')
1220  for (i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
1221
1222    // console.log(data[i].descrizione)
1223    let label = ""
1224    
1225      let regex = /(\[Insta\/EN: )(.*)?(\]$)/;
1226    
1227    let xMatch = data[i].descrizione.match(regex);
1228    if (xMatch) { label = xMatch[2] }
1229
1230    context +=  '<div class="item features-image сol-12 col-md-4 col-lg-4 filter ' +
1231                data[i].tipo_foto + ' ' + data[i].fase + ' ">' +
1232                  '<div class="item-wrapper">' +
1233                    '<div class="item-img">' +
1234                      '<a href="' + data[i].link + '" data-fancybox="images" data-caption="' + label + '" alt="' +
1235                      data[i].tipo_foto + '">' +
1236                        '<img src="' + data[i].link + '" class="p-0" />' +
1237                      '</a>' +
1238                    '</div>' +
1239                  '</div>' +
1240                '</div>'
1241
1242  }
1243  $("#findings").html(context);
1244
1245  $(".filter-button").click(function(){
1246      var value = $(this).attr('data-filter');
1247      // console.log(value)
1248
1249      if(value == "all")
1250      {
1251          //$('.filter').removeClass('hidden');
1252          $('.filter').show('1000');
1253      }
1254      else
1255      {
1256//            $('.filter[filter-item="'+value+'"]').removeClass('hidden');
1257//            $(".filter").not('.filter[filter-item="'+value+'"]').addClass('hidden');
1258          $(".filter").not('.'+value).hide('3000');
1259          $('.filter').filter('.'+value).show('3000');
1260
1261      }
1262  });
1263
1264
1265  $('.langselection').click(function() {
1266    // 
1267    $('#lang-selector').html( $(this).text() )
1268
1269    $.post( "/lang", { lang: $(this).text().toLowerCase() }, function( data ) {
1270      // reload page with new session lang
1271      location.reload();
1272    });
1273
1274  });
1275
1276
1277	var timelines = $('.cd-horizontal-timeline'),
1278		eventsMinDistance = 60;
1279
1280	(timelines.length > 0) && initTimeline(timelines);
1281
1282	function initTimeline(timelines) {
1283		timelines.each(function(){
1284			var timeline = $(this),
1285				timelineComponents = {};
1286			//cache timeline components
1287			timelineComponents['timelineWrapper'] = timeline.find('.events-wrapper');
1288			timelineComponents['eventsWrapper'] = timelineComponents['timelineWrapper'].children('.events');
1289			timelineComponents['fillingLine'] = timelineComponents['eventsWrapper'].children('.filling-line');
1290			timelineComponents['timelineEvents'] = timelineComponents['eventsWrapper'].find('a');
1291			timelineComponents['timelineDates'] = parseDate(timelineComponents['timelineEvents']);
1292			timelineComponents['eventsMinLapse'] = minLapse(timelineComponents['timelineDates']);
1293			timelineComponents['timelineNavigation'] = timeline.find('.cd-timeline-navigation');
1294			timelineComponents['eventsContent'] = timeline.children('.events-content');
1295
1296			//assign a left postion to the single events along the timeline
1297			setDatePosition(timelineComponents, eventsMinDistance);
1298			//assign a width to the timeline
1299			var timelineTotWidth = setTimelineWidth(timelineComponents, eventsMinDistance);
1300			//the timeline has been initialize - show it
1301			timeline.addClass('loaded');
1302
1303			//detect click on the next arrow
1304			timelineComponents['timelineNavigation'].on('click', '.next', function(event){
1305				event.preventDefault();
1306				updateSlide(timelineComponents, timelineTotWidth, 'next');
1307			});
1308			//detect click on the prev arrow
1309			timelineComponents['timelineNavigation'].on('click', '.prev', function(event){
1310				event.preventDefault();
1311				updateSlide(timelineComponents, timelineTotWidth, 'prev');
1312			});
1313			//detect click on the a single event - show new event content
1314			timelineComponents['eventsWrapper'].on('click', 'a', function(event){
1315				event.preventDefault();
1316				timelineComponents['timelineEvents'].removeClass('selected');
1317				$(this).addClass('selected');
1318				updateOlderEvents($(this));
1319				updateFilling($(this), timelineComponents['fillingLine'], timelineTotWidth);
1320				updateVisibleContent($(this), timelineComponents['eventsContent']);
1321			});
1322
1323			//on swipe, show next/prev event content
1324			timelineComponents['eventsContent'].on('swipeleft', function(){
1325				var mq = checkMQ();
1326				( mq == 'mobile' ) && showNewContent(timelineComponents, timelineTotWidth, 'next');
1327			});
1328			timelineComponents['eventsContent'].on('swiperight', function(){
1329				var mq = checkMQ();
1330				( mq == 'mobile' ) && showNewContent(timelineComponents, timelineTotWidth, 'prev');
1331			});
1332
1333			//keyboard navigation
1334			$(document).keyup(function(event){
1335				if(event.which=='37' && elementInViewport(timeline.get(0)) ) {
1336					showNewContent(timelineComponents, timelineTotWidth, 'prev');
1337				} else if( event.which=='39' && elementInViewport(timeline.get(0))) {
1338					showNewContent(timelineComponents, timelineTotWidth, 'next');
1339				}
1340			});
1341		});
1342	}
1343
1344	function updateSlide(timelineComponents, timelineTotWidth, string) {
1345		//retrieve translateX value of timelineComponents['eventsWrapper']
1346		var translateValue = getTranslateValue(timelineComponents['eventsWrapper']),
1347			wrapperWidth = Number(timelineComponents['timelineWrapper'].css('width').replace('px', ''));
1348		//translate the timeline to the left('next')/right('prev')
1349		(string == 'next')
1350			? translateTimeline(timelineComponents, translateValue - wrapperWidth + eventsMinDistance, wrapperWidth - timelineTotWidth)
1351			: translateTimeline(timelineComponents, translateValue + wrapperWidth - eventsMinDistance);
1352	}
1353
1354	function showNewContent(timelineComponents, timelineTotWidth, string) {
1355		//go from one event to the next/previous one
1356		var visibleContent =  timelineComponents['eventsContent'].find('.selected'),
1357			newContent = ( string == 'next' ) ? visibleContent.next() : visibleContent.prev();
1358
1359		if ( newContent.length > 0 ) { //if there's a next/prev event - show it
1360			var selectedDate = timelineComponents['eventsWrapper'].find('.selected'),
1361				newEvent = ( string == 'next' ) ? selectedDate.parent('li').next('li').children('a') : selectedDate.parent('li').prev('li').children('a');
1362
1363			updateFilling(newEvent, timelineComponents['fillingLine'], timelineTotWidth);
1364			updateVisibleContent(newEvent, timelineComponents['eventsContent']);
1365			newEvent.addClass('selected');
1366			selectedDate.removeClass('selected');
1367			updateOlderEvents(newEvent);
1368			updateTimelinePosition(string, newEvent, timelineComponents, timelineTotWidth);
1369		}
1370	}
1371
1372	function updateTimelinePosition(string, event, timelineComponents, timelineTotWidth) {
1373		//translate timeline to the left/right according to the position of the selected event
1374		var eventStyle = window.getComputedStyle(event.get(0), null),
1375			eventLeft = Number(eventStyle.getPropertyValue("left").replace('px', '')),
1376			timelineWidth = Number(timelineComponents['timelineWrapper'].css('width').replace('px', '')),
1377			timelineTotWidth = Number(timelineComponents['eventsWrapper'].css('width').replace('px', ''));
1378		var timelineTranslate = getTranslateValue(timelineComponents['eventsWrapper']);
1379
1380        if( (string == 'next' && eventLeft > timelineWidth - timelineTranslate) || (string == 'prev' && eventLeft < - timelineTranslate) ) {
1381        	translateTimeline(timelineComponents, - eventLeft + timelineWidth/2, timelineWidth - timelineTotWidth);
1382        }
1383	}
1384
1385	function translateTimeline(timelineComponents, value, totWidth) {
1386		var eventsWrapper = timelineComponents['eventsWrapper'].get(0);
1387		value = (value > 0) ? 0 : value; //only negative translate value
1388		value = ( !(typeof totWidth === 'undefined') &&  value < totWidth ) ? totWidth : value; //do not translate more than timeline width
1389		setTransformValue(eventsWrapper, 'translateX', value+'px');
1390		//update navigation arrows visibility
1391		(value == 0 ) ? timelineComponents['timelineNavigation'].find('.prev').addClass('inactive') : timelineComponents['timelineNavigation'].find('.prev').removeClass('inactive');
1392		(value == totWidth ) ? timelineComponents['timelineNavigation'].find('.next').addClass('inactive') : timelineComponents['timelineNavigation'].find('.next').removeClass('inactive');
1393	}
1394
1395	function updateFilling(selectedEvent, filling, totWidth) {
1396		//change .filling-line length according to the selected event
1397		var eventStyle = window.getComputedStyle(selectedEvent.get(0), null),
1398			eventLeft = eventStyle.getPropertyValue("left"),
1399			eventWidth = eventStyle.getPropertyValue("width");
1400		eventLeft = Number(eventLeft.replace('px', '')) + Number(eventWidth.replace('px', ''))/2;
1401		var scaleValue = eventLeft/totWidth;
1402		setTransformValue(filling.get(0), 'scaleX', scaleValue);
1403	}
1404
1405	function setDatePosition(timelineComponents, min) {
1406		for (i = 0; i < timelineComponents['timelineDates'].length; i++) {
1407		    var distance = daydiff(timelineComponents['timelineDates'][0], timelineComponents['timelineDates'][i]),
1408		    	distanceNorm = Math.round(distance/timelineComponents['eventsMinLapse']) + 2;
1409		    timelineComponents['timelineEvents'].eq(i).css('left', distanceNorm*min+'px');
1410		}
1411	}
1412
1413	function setTimelineWidth(timelineComponents, width) {
1414		var timeSpan = daydiff(timelineComponents['timelineDates'][0], timelineComponents['timelineDates'][timelineComponents['timelineDates'].length-1]),
1415			timeSpanNorm = timeSpan/timelineComponents['eventsMinLapse'],
1416			timeSpanNorm = Math.round(timeSpanNorm) + 4,
1417			totalWidth = timeSpanNorm*width;
1418		timelineComponents['eventsWrapper'].css('width', totalWidth+'px');
1419		updateFilling(timelineComponents['timelineEvents'].eq(0), timelineComponents['fillingLine'], totalWidth);
1420
1421		return totalWidth;
1422	}
1423
1424	function updateVisibleContent(event, eventsContent) {
1425		var eventDate = event.data('date'),
1426			visibleContent = eventsContent.find('.selected'),
1427			selectedContent = eventsContent.find('[data-date="'+ eventDate +'"]'),
1428			selectedContentHeight = selectedContent.height();
1429
1430		if (selectedContent.index() > visibleContent.index()) {
1431			var classEnetering = 'selected enter-right',
1432				classLeaving = 'leave-left';
1433		} else {
1434			var classEnetering = 'selected enter-left',
1435				classLeaving = 'leave-right';
1436		}
1437
1438		selectedContent.attr('class', classEnetering);
1439		visibleContent.attr('class', classLeaving).one('webkitAnimationEnd oanimationend msAnimationEnd animationend', function(){
1440			visibleContent.removeClass('leave-right leave-left');
1441			selectedContent.removeClass('enter-left enter-right');
1442		});
1443		eventsContent.css('height', selectedContentHeight+'px');
1444	}
1445
1446	function updateOlderEvents(event) {
1447		event.parent('li').prevAll('li').children('a').addClass('older-event').end().end().nextAll('li').children('a').removeClass('older-event');
1448	}
1449
1450	function getTranslateValue(timeline) {
1451		var timelineStyle = window.getComputedStyle(timeline.get(0), null),
1452			timelineTranslate = timelineStyle.getPropertyValue("-webkit-transform") ||
1453         		timelineStyle.getPropertyValue("-moz-transform") ||
1454         		timelineStyle.getPropertyValue("-ms-transform") ||
1455         		timelineStyle.getPropertyValue("-o-transform") ||
1456         		timelineStyle.getPropertyValue("transform");
1457
1458        if( timelineTranslate.indexOf('(') >=0 ) {
1459        	var timelineTranslate = timelineTranslate.split('(')[1];
1460    		timelineTranslate = timelineTranslate.split(')')[0];
1461    		timelineTranslate = timelineTranslate.split(',');
1462    		var translateValue = timelineTranslate[4];
1463        } else {
1464        	var translateValue = 0;
1465        }
1466
1467        return Number(translateValue);
1468	}
1469
1470	function setTransformValue(element, property, value) {
1471		element.style["-webkit-transform"] = property+"("+value+")";
1472		element.style["-moz-transform"] = property+"("+value+")";
1473		element.style["-ms-transform"] = property+"("+value+")";
1474		element.style["-o-transform"] = property+"("+value+")";
1475		element.style["transform"] = property+"("+value+")";
1476	}
1477
1478	//based on http://stackoverflow.com/questions/542938/how-do-i-get-the-number-of-days-between-two-dates-in-javascript
1479	function parseDate(events) {
1480		var dateArrays = [];
1481		events.each(function(){
1482			var dateComp = $(this).data('date').split('/'),
1483				newDate = new Date(dateComp[2], dateComp[1]-1, dateComp[0]);
1484			dateArrays.push(newDate);
1485		});
1486	    return dateArrays;
1487	}
1488
1489	function parseDate2(events) {
1490		var dateArrays = [];
1491		events.each(function(){
1492			var singleDate = $(this),
1493				dateComp = singleDate.data('date').split('T');
1494			if( dateComp.length > 1 ) { //both DD/MM/YEAR and time are provided
1495				var dayComp = dateComp[0].split('/'),
1496					timeComp = dateComp[1].split(':');
1497			} else if( dateComp[0].indexOf(':') >=0 ) { //only time is provide
1498				var dayComp = ["2000", "0", "0"],
1499					timeComp = dateComp[0].split(':');
1500			} else { //only DD/MM/YEAR
1501				var dayComp = dateComp[0].split('/'),
1502					timeComp = ["0", "0"];
1503			}
1504			var	newDate = new Date(dayComp[2], dayComp[1]-1, dayComp[0], timeComp[0], timeComp[1]);
1505			dateArrays.push(newDate);
1506		});
1507	    return dateArrays;
1508	}
1509
1510	function daydiff(first, second) {
1511	    return Math.round((second-first));
1512	}
1513
1514	function minLapse(dates) {
1515		//determine the minimum distance among events
1516		var dateDistances = [];
1517		for (i = 1; i < dates.length; i++) {
1518		    var distance = daydiff(dates[i-1], dates[i]);
1519		    dateDistances.push(distance);
1520		}
1521		return Math.min.apply(null, dateDistances);
1522	}
1523
1524	/*
1525		How to tell if a DOM element is visible in the current viewport?
1526		http://stackoverflow.com/questions/123999/how-to-tell-if-a-dom-element-is-visible-in-the-current-viewport
1527	*/
1528	function elementInViewport(el) {
1529		var top = el.offsetTop;
1530		var left = el.offsetLeft;
1531		var width = el.offsetWidth;
1532		var height = el.offsetHeight;
1533
1534		while(el.offsetParent) {
1535		    el = el.offsetParent;
1536		    top += el.offsetTop;
1537		    left += el.offsetLeft;
1538		}
1539
1540		return (
1541		    top < (window.pageYOffset + window.innerHeight) &&
1542		    left < (window.pageXOffset + window.innerWidth) &&
1543		    (top + height) > window.pageYOffset &&
1544		    (left + width) > window.pageXOffset
1545		);
1546	}
1547
1548	function checkMQ() {
1549		//check if mobile or desktop device
1550		return window.getComputedStyle(document.querySelector('.cd-horizontal-timeline'), '::before').getPropertyValue('content').replace(/'/g, "").replace(/"/g, "");
1551	}
1552});
1553</script>
1553
1554
1555<!-- Matomo -->
1556<script type='text/javascript'>
1557  var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
1558  /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
1559  _paq.push(['trackPageView']);
1560  _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
1561  (function() {
1562    var u="//metrics.cedrc.cnr.it/";
1563    _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']);
1564    _paq.push(['setSiteId', '50']);
1565    var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
1566    g.async=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);
1567  })();
1568</script>
1568
1569<!-- End Matomo Code -->
1570
1571 <!--script>
1572jQuery(function($) {
1573    $('.dropdown > a').click(function(){
1574        location.href = this.href;
1575    });
1576});
1577</script-->
1578<div id="cookie-dialog" style="display: none;"><div id="cookiesdirective"><div style="position: fixed; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); opacity: 0.77; z-index: 9999;"></div><div style="position: fixed; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; display: flex; align-items: center; z-index: 10000"><div class="cookie-wrapper" style="position: relative; width: 100%; max-width: 500px; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 1rem; text-align: center; border-radius: .3rem; box-shadow: 0 10px 40px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2); color:#424a4d; background:rgba(234, 239, 241, 0.43);"><div class="mbr-text"><p class="display-7">We use cookies to give you the best experience. Read our <a style='color: #424a4d; text-decoration: underline;' href='policy.html'>cookie policy</a>.</p></div><div class="mbr-section-btn"><a style="margin:0;;" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary display-7" id="impliedsubmit">Agree</a></div></div></div></div></div>
1579  <input name="cookieData" type="hidden" data-cookie-customDialogSelector='#cookie-dialog' data-cookie-colorText='#424a4d' data-cookie-colorBg='rgba(234, 239, 241, 0.43)' data-cookie-textButton='Agree' data-cookie-colorButton='' data-cookie-colorLink='#424a4d' data-cookie-underlineLink='true' data-cookie-text="We use cookies to give you the best experience. Read our <a href='policy.html'>cookie policy</a>.">
1580   <div id="scrollToTop" class="scrollToTop mbr-arrow-up"><a style="text-align: center;"><i class="mbr-arrow-up-icon mbr-arrow-up-icon-cm cm-icon cm-icon-smallarrow-up"></i></a></div>
1581    <input name="animation" type="hidden">
1582  </body>
1583</html>

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