1<!DOCTYPE html><html class="h-full antialiased" lang="en"><head><meta charSet="utf-8" data-next-head=""/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" data-next-head=""/><link rel="preload" as="image" imageSrcSet="/_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=16&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 16w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=32&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 32w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=48&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 48w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=64&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 64w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=96&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 96w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=128&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 128w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=256&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 256w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=384&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 384w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=640&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 640w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=750&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 750w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=828&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 828w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=1080&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 1080w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=1200&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 1200w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=1920&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 1920w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=2048&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 2048w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=3840&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 3840w" imageSizes="2.25rem" fetchpriority="high" data-next-head=""/><title data-next-head="">Scoping Review on Brain-Computer Interface-Controlled Electrical Stimulation Interventions for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Adults: A Look at Participants, Interventions, and Technology</title><meta name="description" data-next-head=""/>
1<script> 2 let darkModeMediaQuery = window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)') 3 4 updateMode() 5 darkModeMediaQuery.addEventListener('change', updateModeWithoutTransitions) 6 window.addEventListener('storage', updateModeWithoutTransitions) 7 8 function updateMode() { 9 let isSystemDarkMode = darkModeMediaQuery.matches 10 let isDarkMode = window.localStorage.isDarkMode === 'true' || (!('isDarkMode' in window.localStorage) && isSystemDarkMode) 11 12 if (isDarkMode) { 13 document.documentElement.classList.add('dark') 14 } else { 15 document.documentElement.classList.remove('dark') 16 } 17 18 if (isDarkMode === isSystemDarkMode) { 19 delete window.localStorage.isDarkMode 20 } 21 } 22 23 function disableTransitionsTemporarily() { 24 document.documentElement.classList.add('[&_*]:!transition-none') 25 window.setTimeout(() => { 26 document.documentElement.classList.remove('[&_*]:!transition-none') 27 }, 0) 28 } 29 30 function updateModeWithoutTransitions() { 31 disableTransitionsTemporarily() 32 updateMode() 33 } 34</script>
34<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="undefined/rss/feed.xml"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/feed+json" href="undefined/rss/feed.json"/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/6087ef764708cb11.css?dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/6087ef764708cb11.css?dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL" data-n-g=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript>
34<script defer="" nomodule="" src="/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-42372ed130431b0a.js?dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL"></script>
34<script src="/_next/static/chunks/webpack-6224d37324e372cb.js?dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL" defer=""></script>
34<script src="/_next/static/chunks/framework-a6b3d2fb26bce5d1.js?dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL" defer=""></script>
34<script src="/_next/static/chunks/main-829ccaac381bc278.js?dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL" defer=""></script>
34<script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-8d9022f95f8ce747.js?dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL" defer=""></script>
34<script src="/_next/static/chunks/275-39735c9793784693.js?dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL" defer=""></script>
34<script src="/_next/static/chunks/965-0dfdfd24493c5465.js?dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL" defer=""></script>
34<script src="/_next/static/chunks/304-64dc3bc35b47404b.js?dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL" defer=""></script>
34<script src="/_next/static/chunks/175-563f974ff7455c67.js?dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL" defer=""></script>
34<script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/publications/scoping-review-on-brain-computer-interface-8e992457e40cc5ea.js?dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL" defer=""></script>
34<script src="/_next/static/_KVebB6MnB0Ne1zIGfDeL/_buildManifest.js?dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL" defer=""></script>
34<script src="/_next/static/_KVebB6MnB0Ne1zIGfDeL/_ssgManifest.js?dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL" defer=""></script>
34</head><body class="flex h-full flex-col bg-zinc-50 dark:bg-black"><div id="__next"><main><div class="fixed inset-0 flex justify-center sm:px-8"><div class="flex w-full max-w-7xl lg:px-8"><div class="w-full bg-white ring-1 ring-zinc-100 dark:bg-zinc-900 dark:ring-zinc-300/20"></div></div></div><div class="relative"><header class="pointer-events-none relative z-50 flex flex-col" style="height:var(--header-height);margin-bottom:var(--header-mb)"><div class="top-0 z-10 h-16 pt-6" style="position:var(--header-position)"><div class="sm:px-8 top-[var(--header-top,theme(spacing.6))] w-full" style="position:var(--header-inner-position)"><div class="mx-auto max-w-7xl lg:px-8"><div class="relative px-4 sm:px-8 lg:px-12"><div class="mx-auto max-w-2xl lg:max-w-5xl"><div class="relative flex gap-4"><div class="flex flex-1"><div class="h-10 w-10 rounded-full bg-white/90 p-0.5 shadow-lg shadow-zinc-800/5 ring-1 ring-zinc-900/5 backdrop-blur dark:bg-zinc-800/90 dark:ring-white/10"><a aria-label="Home" class="pointer-events-auto" href="/"><img alt="Avatar - Profile picture" fetchpriority="high" width="1024" height="1024" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="rounded-full bg-zinc-100 object-cover dark:bg-zinc-800 h-9 w-9" style="color:transparent" sizes="2.25rem" srcSet="/_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=16&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 16w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=32&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 32w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=48&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 48w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=64&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 64w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=96&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 96w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=128&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 128w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=256&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 256w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=384&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 384w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=640&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 640w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=750&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 750w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=828&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 828w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=1080&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 1080w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=1200&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 1200w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=1920&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 1920w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=2048&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 2048w, /_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=3840&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL 3840w" src="/_next/image?url=%2F_next%2Fstatic%2Fmedia%2Favatar.2f5976bd.png&w=3840&q=75&dpl=dpl_Cr4m6H1pCrymxyKgFWDu8f4xVphL"/></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-1 justify-end md:justify-center"><div class="pointer-events-auto md:hidden" data-headlessui-state=""><button class="group flex items-center rounded-full bg-white/90 px-4 py-2 text-sm font-medium text-zinc-800 shadow-lg shadow-zinc-800/5 ring-1 ring-zinc-900/5 backdrop-blur dark:bg-zinc-800/90 dark:text-zinc-200 dark:ring-white/10 dark:hover:ring-white/20" type="button" aria-expanded="false" data-headlessui-state="">Menu<svg viewBox="0 0 8 6" aria-hidden="true" class="ml-3 h-auto w-2 stroke-zinc-500 group-hover:stroke-zinc-700 dark:group-hover:stroke-zinc-400"><path d="M1.75 1.75 4 4.25l2.25-2.5" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg></button></div><div hidden="" style="position:fixed;top:1px;left:1px;width:1px;height:0;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;border-width:0;display:none"></div><nav class="pointer-events-auto hidden md:block"><ul class="flex rounded-full bg-white/90 px-3 text-sm font-medium text-zinc-800 shadow-lg shadow-zinc-800/5 ring-1 ring-zinc-900/5 backdrop-blur dark:bg-zinc-800/90 dark:text-zinc-200 dark:ring-white/10"><li><a class="relative block px-3 py-2 transition hover:text-braun-accent-orange dark:hover:text-braun-accent-orange" href="/publications">Publications</a></li><li><a class="relative block px-3 py-2 transition hover:text-braun-accent-orange dark:hover:text-braun-accent-orange" href="/presentations">Presentations</a></li><li><a class="relative block px-3 py-2 transition hover:text-braun-accent-orange dark:hover:text-braun-accent-orange" href="/tools">Tools</a></li></ul></nav></div><div class="flex justify-end md:flex-1"><div class="pointer-events-auto"><button type="button" aria-label="Toggle dark mode" class="group rounded-full bg-white/90 px-3 py-2 shadow-lg shadow-zinc-800/5 ring-1 ring-zinc-900/5 backdrop-blur transition dark:bg-zinc-800/90 dark:ring-white/10 dark:hover:ring-white/20"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" aria-hidden="true" class="h-6 w-6 fill-zinc-100 stroke-zinc-500 transition group-hover:fill-zinc-200 group-hover:stroke-zinc-700 dark:hidden [@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark)]:fill-blue-50 [@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark)]:stroke-[#ff7e0a] [@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark)]:group-hover:fill-blue-50 [@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark)]:group-hover:stroke-[#E85C00]"><path d="M8 12.25A4.25 4.25 0 0 1 12.25 8v0a4.25 4.25 0 0 1 4.25 4.25v0a4.25 4.25 0 0 1-4.25 4.25v0A4.25 4.25 0 0 1 8 12.25v0Z"></path><path d="M12.25 3v1.5M21.5 12.25H20M18.791 18.791l-1.06-1.06M18.791 5.709l-1.06 1.06M12.25 20v1.5M4.5 12.25H3M6.77 6.77 5.709 5.709M6.77 17.73l-1.061 1.061" fill="none"></path></svg>
34<svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class="hidden h-6 w-6 fill-zinc-700 stroke-zinc-500 transition dark:block [@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark)]:group-hover:stroke-[#6d4e6c] [@media_not_(prefers-color-scheme:dark)]:fill-[#6d4e6c] [@media_not_(prefers-color-scheme:dark)]:stroke-blue-500"><path d="M17.25 16.22a6.937 6.937 0 0 1-9.47-9.47 7.451 7.451 0 1 0 9.47 9.47ZM12.75 7C17 7 17 2.75 17 2.75S17 7 21.25 7C17 7 17 11.25 17 11.25S17 7 12.75 7Z" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></header><main><div class="sm:px-8 mt-16 lg:mt-32"><div class="mx-auto max-w-7xl lg:px-8"><div class="relative px-4 sm:px-8 lg:px-12"><div class="mx-auto max-w-2xl lg:max-w-5xl"><div class="xl:relative"><div class="mx-auto max-w-2xl"><article><header class="flex flex-col"><h1 class="mt-6 text-4xl font-bold text-zinc-800 dark:text-zinc-100">Scoping Review on Brain-Computer Interface-Controlled Electrical Stimulation Interventions for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Adults: A Look at Participants, Interventions, and Technology</h1><time dateTime="2022-04-30" class="order-first flex items-center text-base text-zinc-400 dark:text-zinc-500"><span class="h-4 w-0.5 rounded-full bg-zinc-200 dark:bg-zinc-500"></span><span class="ml-3">April 30, 2022</span></time></header><div class="mt-8 prose dark:prose-invert"><h1><strong>Purpose:</strong></h1> 35<p>While current rehabilitation practice for improving arm and hand function relies on physical/occupational therapy, a growing body of research evaluates the effects of technology-enhanced rehabilitation. We review interventions that combine a brain-computer interface (BCI) with electrical stimulation (ES) for upper limb movement rehabilitation to summarize the evidence on (1) populations of study participants, (2) BCI-ES interventions, and (3) the BCI-ES systems.</p> 36<h1><strong>Method:</strong></h1> 37<p>After searching seven databases, two reviewers identified 23 eligible studies. We consolidated information on the study participants, interventions, and approaches used to develop integrated BCI-ES systems. The included studies investigated the use of BCI-ES interventions with stroke and spinal cord injury (SCI) populations. All studies used electroencephalography to collect brain signals for the BCI, and functional electrical stimulation was the most common type of ES. The BCI-ES interventions were typically conducted without a therapist, with sessions varying in both frequency and duration.</p> 38<h1><strong>Results:</strong></h1> 39<p>Of the 23 eligible studies, only 3 studies involved the SCI population, compared to 20 involving individuals with stroke.</p> 40<h1><strong>Conclusions:</strong></h1> 41<p>Future BCI-ES interventional studies could address this gap. Additionally, standardization of device and rehabilitation modalities, and study-appropriate involvement with therapists, can be considered to advance this intervention towards clinical implementation.</p></div><a href="https://doi.org/10.3138/ptc-2021-0074" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="font-semibold text-blue-500 underline decoration-blue-500/20 hover:text-blue-600 hover:decoration-blue-500 dark:text-blue-400 dark:decoration-blue-400/30 dark:hover:decoration-blue-400">Read the full article.</span></a></article></div></div></div></div></div></div></main><footer class="mt-32"><div class="sm:px-8"><div class="mx-auto max-w-7xl lg:px-8"><div class="border-t border-zinc-100 pt-10 pb-16 dark:border-zinc-700/40"><div class="relative px-4 sm:px-8 lg:px-12"><div class="mx-auto max-w-2xl lg:max-w-5xl"><div class="flex flex-col items-center justify-between gap-6 sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-6 text-sm font-medium text-zinc-800 dark:text-zinc-200"><a class="transition hover:text-blue-500 dark:hover:text-blue-400" href="/publications">Publications</a><a class="transition hover:text-blue-500 dark:hover:text-blue-400" href="/presentations">Presentations</a><a class="transition hover:text-blue-500 dark:hover:text-blue-400" href="/tools">Tools</a></div><p class="text-sm text-zinc-400 dark:text-zinc-500">© <!-- -->2026<!-- --> Lazar Jovanovic. All rights reserved.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></footer></div></main></div>
41<script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{}},"page":"/publications/scoping-review-on-brain-computer-interface","query":{},"buildId":"_KVebB6MnB0Ne1zIGfDeL","nextExport":true,"autoExport":true,"isFallback":false,"scriptLoader":[]}</script>
41</body></html>
Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.