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455 456<div class='body-fauxcolumns'> 457<div class='fauxcolumn-outer body-fauxcolumn-outer'> 458<div class='cap-top'> 459<div class='cap-left'></div> 460<div class='cap-right'></div> 461</div> 462<div class='fauxborder-left'> 463<div class='fauxborder-right'></div> 464<div class='fauxcolumn-inner'> 465</div> 466</div> 467<div class='cap-bottom'> 468<div class='cap-left'></div> 469<div class='cap-right'></div> 470</div> 471</div> 472</div> 473<div class='content'> 474<div class='content-fauxcolumns'> 475<div class='fauxcolumn-outer content-fauxcolumn-outer'> 476<div class='cap-top'> 477<div class='cap-left'></div> 478<div class='cap-right'></div> 479</div> 480<div class='fauxborder-left'> 481<div class='fauxborder-right'></div> 482<div class='fauxcolumn-inner'> 483</div> 484</div> 485<div class='cap-bottom'> 486<div class='cap-left'></div> 487<div class='cap-right'></div> 488</div> 489</div> 490</div> 491<div class='content-outer'> 492<div class='content-cap-top cap-top'> 493<div 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background-repeat: no-repeat; '> 510<div class='titlewrapper' style='background: transparent'> 511<h1 class='title' style='background: transparent; border-width: 0px'> 512Cancer Clinical Trials 513</h1> 514</div> 515<div class='descriptionwrapper'> 516<p class='description'><span>The knowledge to decide if cancer clinical trials and experimental treatments are right for you</span></p> 517</div> 518</div> 519</div></div> 520</div> 521</div> 522<div class='header-cap-bottom cap-bottom'> 523<div class='cap-left'></div> 524<div class='cap-right'></div> 525</div> 526</div> 527</header> 528<div class='tabs-outer'> 529<div class='tabs-cap-top cap-top'> 530<div class='cap-left'></div> 531<div class='cap-right'></div> 532</div> 533<div class='fauxborder-left tabs-fauxborder-left'> 534<div class='fauxborder-right tabs-fauxborder-right'></div> 535<div class='region-inner tabs-inner'> 536<div class='tabs section' id='crosscol'><div class='widget PageList' data-version='1' id='PageList1'> 537<h2>Pages</h2> 538<div class='widget-content'> 539<ul> 540<li class='selected'> 541<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/'>Home</a> 542</li> 543<li> 544<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/p/book-excerpt.html'>Book Excerpt</a> 545</li> 546<li> 547<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/p/resources.html'>Resources</a> 548</li> 549<li> 550<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/p/clinical-trials-in-cartoons.html'>Clinical Trials in Cartoons</a> 551</li> 552<li> 553<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/p/audio.html'>Audio</a> 554</li> 555<li> 556<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/p/video.html'>Video</a> 557</li> 558<li> 559<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/p/glossary.html'>Glossary</a> 560</li> 561<li> 562<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/p/about-us.html'>About Us</a> 563</li> 564<li> 565<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/p/contact-us.html'>Contact Us</a> 566</li> 567</ul> 568<div 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603<div class='fauxcolumn-outer fauxcolumn-left-outer'> 604<div class='cap-top'> 605<div class='cap-left'></div> 606<div class='cap-right'></div> 607</div> 608<div class='fauxborder-left'> 609<div class='fauxborder-right'></div> 610<div class='fauxcolumn-inner'> 611</div> 612</div> 613<div class='cap-bottom'> 614<div class='cap-left'></div> 615<div class='cap-right'></div> 616</div> 617</div> 618<div class='fauxcolumn-outer fauxcolumn-right-outer'> 619<div class='cap-top'> 620<div class='cap-left'></div> 621<div class='cap-right'></div> 622</div> 623<div class='fauxborder-left'> 624<div class='fauxborder-right'></div> 625<div class='fauxcolumn-inner'> 626</div> 627</div> 628<div class='cap-bottom'> 629<div class='cap-left'></div> 630<div class='cap-right'></div> 631</div> 632</div> 633<!-- corrects IE6 width calculation --> 634<div class='columns-inner'> 635<div class='column-center-outer'> 636<div class='column-center-inner'> 637<div class='main section' id='main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> 638<div class='blog-posts hfeed'> 639 640 <div class="date-outer"> 641 642<h2 class='date-header'><span>Oct 2, 2016</span></h2> 643 644 <div class="date-posts"> 645 646<div class='post-outer'> 647<div class='post hentry'> 648<a name='8868445900535834509'></a> 649<h3 class='post-title entry-title'> 650<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/10/is-reporting-of-cancer-research-usually.html'>Is the Reporting of Cancer Research Usually (or even mostly) Accurate?</a> 651</h3> 652<div class='post-header'> 653<div class='post-header-line-1'></div> 654</div> 655<div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-8868445900535834509'> 656<br /> 657<span style="font-family: "arial";">The cancer information site, <i>Cancer.Net</i> has published information to help us everyday health care consumers to judge the sometimes spectacular sounding medical news. </span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="background-color: white; color: #414141; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "nimbus sans l" , sans-serif; font-size: 16.002px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Medical news changes <span style="font-family: "arial";">day by day and week by week. If you see terms like "breakthrough" or "life changing drug is discovered,"--be skeptical. The article and claims may be questioned or discredited a week or two from now.</span> <span style="font-family: "arial";">I</span>t is difficult to know what to believe and <span style="font-family: "arial";">whether or not you should do something to take advantage of the "new" information.</span></span></span><br /> 658<br /> 659<span style="font-family: "arial";"><a href="http://www.cancer.net/research-and-advocacy/introduction-cancer-research/medical-news-how-know-if-its-accurate" target="_blank">How can you tell if medical news is accurate</a>? That is the question. There are hundreds of news sources--newspapers, magazines, blogs, podcasts, and on and on. They very often provide spectacular, miraculous, and conflicting "facts and figures." Many of us are eager to believe that a "miracle" can happen. But before you fly off to a foreign country for treatment or spend thousands of dollars out of your own pocket, ask some questions and do your homework. </span><br /> 660<span style="font-family: "arial";"><br /></span> 661<span style="font-family: "arial";">Here are a few things you can ask or consider or do...</span><br /> 662<br /> 663<span style="font-family: "arial";">1 First of all, check with your doctor and medical team.</span><br /> 664<span style="font-family: "arial";">2 Find a link to the actual research study site (if there is one).</span><br /> 665<span style="font-family: "arial";">3 Was the research conducted on animals, humans, or by computer simulation? </span><br /> 666<span style="font-family: "arial";">4 Was the research reported by the New England Journal of Medicine or Journal of the American Medical Association or the National Cancer Institute? If so, it is more likely to be accurate.</span><br /> 667<span style="font-family: "arial";">5 Were the results based on extensive human Clinical Trials?</span><br /> 668<span style="font-family: "arial";">6 Have you considered participating in clinical trials to help get the best research results?</span><br /> 669<span style="font-family: "arial";">7 Check for FDA approval or the status of the approval process.</span><br /> 670<span style="font-family: "arial";">8 Does the article report information about risk? There is always risk.</span><br /> 671<span style="font-family: "arial";">9 Is there concrete evidence of an improved survival benefit?</span><br /> 672<span style="font-family: "arial";">10 Who stands to get rich if the treatment becomes widely available?</span><br /> 673<span style="font-family: "arial";">11 Does the research and reporting promise a "cure?" </span><br /> 674<span style="font-family: "arial";">12 Does the reporting claim the treatment will help everybody with cancer? One size fits all is a highly unlikely outcome. </span><br /> 675<span style="font-family: "arial";">13
675 What specific cancer conditions reportedly will be affected by the treatment?</span><br /> 676<span style="font-family: "arial";">14 Is the reporting based mostly on somebody's "Expert Opinion?" Beware. </span><br /> 677<span style="font-family: "arial";">15 Even compelling research evidence can take years before treatments become available to patients.</span><br /> 678<span style="font-family: "arial";"><br /></span> 679<span style="font-family: "arial";">Be skeptical, do your homework, and look into available clinical trials in your areas of need and interest. Every FDA approved treatment started as a clinical trial. And many clinical trials that seemed promising never proved effective enough to get FDA approval. </span><br /> 680<br /> 681<br /> 682<br /> 683<br /> 684<span style="font-family: "arial";">Post Text Here 685 686 687</span><br /> 688<span style="font-family: "arial";">To put a smile on your face see <a href="http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/p/clinical-trials-in-cartoons.html">Larry's latest cartoon.</a></span><br /> 689<span style="font-family: "arial";">To learn more about clinical trials, take a look at <a href="http://tinyurl.com/cancer-clinical-trials-book">our book.</a></span><br /> 690<span style="font-family: "arial";"> 691 692<img height="75" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAWYLVuUlu5Hq_Elg9pokI-Be5GFY8oe53iScn-8JSTfiAIDtmH6i7dl2al8n7es8vR4Jrb8RyXqdlAqt7geKEY8xbO2ZNy40uOc2nmpEwmUZCXPS2FRWvU4tlD8aTLWiV4kD8dX6S0Kg/s1600/WRITERS.jpg" width="100" /><br /> 693</span> 694(c) 2012 Tom Beer and Larry Axmaker 695<div style='clear: both;'></div> 696</div> 697<div class='post-footer'> 698<div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'><span class='post-author vcard'> 699Posted by 700<span class='fn'> 701<a href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/03644176927295665033' rel='author' title='author profile'> 702Larry Axmaker 703</a> 704</span> 705</span> 706<span class='post-timestamp'> 707</span> 708<span class='post-comment-link'> 709<a class='comment-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/10/is-reporting-of-cancer-research-usually.html#comment-form' onclick=''>0 710comments</a> 711</span> 712<span class='post-icons'> 713<span class='item-action'> 714<a href='https://www.blogger.com/email-post/1328313136038901535/8868445900535834509' title='Email Post'> 715<img alt='' class='icon-action' height='13' src='http://img1.blogblog.com/img/icon18_email.gif' width='18'/> 716</a> 717</span> 718<span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1334630749'> 719<a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1328313136038901535&postID=8868445900535834509&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> 720<img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> 721</a> 722</span> 723</span> 724<div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> 725<a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/8868445900535834509?https=false&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/8868445900535834509?https=false&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/8868445900535834509?https=false&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/8868445900535834509?https=false&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/8868445900535834509?https=false&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to P
725interest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> 726</div> 727</div> 728<div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'><span class='post-labels'> 729Labels: 730<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/clinical%20trial' rel='tag'>clinical trial</a>, 731<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/FDA%20approval.' rel='tag'>FDA approval.</a>, 732<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/magic%20bullet' rel='tag'>magic bullet</a>, 733<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/too%20good%20to%20be%20true' rel='tag'>too good to be true</a>, 734<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/trial%20stages' rel='tag'>trial stages</a> 735</span> 736</div> 737<div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'><span class='post-location'> 738</span> 739</div> 740</div> 741</div> 742</div> 743 744 </div></div> 745 746 747 <div class="date-outer"> 748 749<h2 class='date-header'><span>Aug 17, 2016</span></h2> 750 751 <div class="date-posts"> 752 753<div class='post-outer'> 754<div class='post hentry'> 755<a name='4995851963358797367'></a> 756<h3 class='post-title entry-title'> 757<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/08/are-cancer-clinical-trials-becoming.html'>Are Cancer Clinical Trials becoming more successful?</a> 758</h3> 759<div class='post-header'> 760<div class='post-header-line-1'></div> 761</div> 762<div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-4995851963358797367'> 763<br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> 764 <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> 765 <o:AllowPNG/> 766 </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> 767</xml><![endif]--> 768<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> 769 <w:WordDocument> 770 <w:View>Normal</w:View> 771 <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> 772 <w:TrackMoves/> 773 <w:TrackFormatting/> 774 <w:PunctuationKerning/> 775 <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> 776 <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> 777 <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> 778 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This is from Phase 1 (or 1092pre-phase 1) to eventual FDA approval. This is not so good except that without 1093even that modest success rate many of us Cancer Survivors would not be surviving.</div> 1094<div class="MsoNormal"> 1095<br /></div> 1096<div class="MsoNormal"> 1097Success is often defined in terms of producing an actual 1098positive impact in treating and managing cancer and increasing cancer survival. 1099<a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/what-are-trials">Check 1100out the National Cancer Institute site</a> for more details. </div> 1101<div class="MsoNormal"> 1102<br /></div> 1103<div class="MsoNormal"> 1104<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">So are Cancer Clinical 1105Trials Getting More SUCCESSFUL? YES or NO? </b></div> 1106<div class="MsoNormal"> 1107<br /></div> 1108<div class="MsoNormal"> 1109<u>If SUCCESS means</u> more experimental results leading to 1110new and effective drugs—<u>Then NO</u>. (Success rates have not improved in 1111recent years­­­­­­—they have actually decreased)</div> 1112<div class="MsoNormal"> 1113<br /></div> 1114<div class="MsoNormal"> 1115<u>If SUCCESS means</u> more people are volunteering to 1116participate in trials—<u>Also NO</u>. (Some potentially successful trials never 1117even get started due to lack of participants)</div> 1118<div class="MsoNormal"> 1119<br /></div> 1120<div class="MsoNormal"> 1121<u>If SUCCESS means</u> the trial stages and FDA approval 1122procedures are progressing more quickly—<u>Definitely NO</u>. (Final FDA 1123approval can take many years)</div> 1124<div class="MsoNormal"> 1125<br /></div> 1126<div class="MsoNormal"> 1127<u>If SUCCESS means</u> ‘affordable’ prescriptions for 1128cancer patients—<u>Still NO</u>, you’ve got to be kidding (Some well-insured patients 1129are not even able to afford the co-pays)</div> 1130<div class="MsoNormal"> 1131<br /></div> 1132<div class="MsoNormal"> 1133<u>If SUCCESS means</u> weeding out the least promising 1134drugs in the early stages—<u>Mostly YES</u>. (Ineffective or dangerous drugs
1135can be replaced with new, more promising experimental drugs)</div> 1136<div class="MsoNormal"> 1137<br /></div> 1138<div class="MsoNormal"> 1139<u>If SUCCESS means</u> there will be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">some</i> effective new drugs approved for patients—<u>YES, but</u> at a 1140rather slow pace.</div> 1141<div class="MsoNormal"> 1142<br /></div> 1143<div class="MsoNormal"> 1144Over the years we have encouraged our readers to volunteer 1145for clinical trials when given the opportunity. Your participation could help 1146you, others, and add to the cancer information base. Many different types of 1147information can prove to be useful in the study of cancer.</div> 1148<div class="MsoNormal"> 1149<br /></div> 1150<div class="MsoNormal"> 1151For example, this author, now with Metastatic-late stage 1152prostate cancer and in a Chemotherapy regimen, is still participating in 1153several clinical trials including a study of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the effect of pain in cancer patients, how cancer 1154affects quality of life, relationships, etc.</div> 1155<div class="MsoNormal"> 1156<br /></div> 1157<div class="MsoNormal"> 1158Cancer Clinical Trials information and data can be useful 1159even when a particular trial is not successful in curing, treating, or managing 1160cancer. For example, side-effects you experience may provide information to 1161help others avoid or manage the same side-effects, allowing a promising trial 1162to continue. </div> 1163<div class="MsoNormal"> 1164<br /></div> 1165<div class="MsoNormal"> 1166Progress in the whole Cancer Clinical Trials world depends 1167on multiple factors. You have the chance to influence some of these factors by 1168participating in trials and surveys, sharing medical records, sharing your 1169cancer experiences, and encouraging and supporting others. Keep on keeping on 1170and never lose your sense of humor.</div> 1171<div class="MsoNormal"> 1172<br /></div> 1173<br /> 1174<br /> 1175<br /> 1176<span style="font-family: arial;">Post Text Here 1177 1178 1179</span><br /> 1180<span style="font-family: arial;">To put a smile on your face see <a href="http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/p/clinical-trials-in-cartoons.html">Larry's latest cartoon.</a></span><br /> 1181<span style="font-family: arial;">To learn more about clinical trials, take a look at <a href="http://tinyurl.com/cancer-clinical-trials-book">our book.</a></span><br /> 1182<span style="font-family: arial;"> 1183 1184<img height="75" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAWYLVuUlu5Hq_Elg9pokI-Be5GFY8oe53iScn-8JSTfiAIDtmH6i7dl2al8n7es8vR4Jrb8RyXqdlAqt7geKEY8xbO2ZNy40uOc2nmpEwmUZCXPS2FRWvU4tlD8aTLWiV4kD8dX6S0Kg/s1600/WRITERS.jpg" width="100" /><br /> 1185</span> 1186(c) 2012 Tom Beer and Larry Axmaker 1187<div style='clear: both;'></div> 1188</div> 1189<div class='post-footer'> 1190<div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'><span class='post-author vcard'> 1191Posted by 1192<span class='fn'> 1193<a href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/03644176927295665033' rel='author' title='author profile'> 1194Larry Axmaker 1195</a> 1196</span> 1197</span> 1198<span class='post-timestamp'> 1199</span> 1200<span class='post-comment-link'> 1201<a class='comment-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/08/are-cancer-clinical-trials-becoming.html#comment-form' onclick=''>0 1202comments</a> 1203</span> 1204<span class='post-icons'> 1205<span class='item-action'> 1206<a href='https://www.blogger.com/email-post/1328313136038901535/4995851963358797367' title='Email Post'> 1207<img alt='' class='icon-action' height='13' src='http://img1.blogblog.com/img/icon18_email.gif' width='18'/> 1208</a> 1209</span> 1210<span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1334630749'> 1211<a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1328313136038901535&postID=4995851963358797367&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> 1212<img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> 1213</a> 1214</span> 1215</span> 1216<div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> 1217<a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/4995851963358797367?https=false&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/4995851963358797367?https=false&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/4995851963358797367?https=false&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/4995851963358797367?https=false&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/4995851963358797367?https=false&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to P
1217interest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> 1218</div> 1219</div> 1220<div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'><span class='post-labels'> 1221Labels: 1222<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/cancer' rel='tag'>cancer</a>, 1223<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/cancer%20stages' rel='tag'>cancer stages</a>, 1224<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/clinical%20trials' rel='tag'>clinical trials</a>, 1225<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/FDA%20approval' rel='tag'>FDA approval</a>, 1226<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/trial%20stages' rel='tag'>trial stages</a> 1227</span> 1228</div> 1229<div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'><span class='post-location'> 1230</span> 1231</div> 1232</div> 1233</div> 1234</div> 1235 1236 </div></div> 1237 1238 1239 <div class="date-outer"> 1240 1241<h2 class='date-header'><span>Jul 20, 2016</span></h2> 1242 1243 <div class="date-posts"> 1244 1245<div class='post-outer'> 1246<div class='post hentry'> 1247<a name='3997019126266969204'></a> 1248<h3 class='post-title entry-title'> 1249<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/07/advanced-prostate-cancer-trials-dont.html'>Advanced Prostate Cancer--Trials Don't Live Up to Expectations</a> 1250</h3> 1251<div class='post-header'> 1252<div class='post-header-line-1'></div> 1253</div> 1254<div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-3997019126266969204'> 1255<span style="font-family: "arial";"> Dr. Tom Beer and Dr. Joshi Alumkal, of Oregon Health and Science University, published an editorial in the July 12, 2016 issue of <a href="http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/early/2016/07/07/JCO.2016.68.0439.full" target="_blank">the Journal of Clinical Oncology</a> questioning the value and accuracy of recent Clinical Trials using Docetaxel (a chemotherapy drug) to control symptoms and prolong life in <i>metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer</i> (mCRPC) patients. Here are some of the topics they covered.</span><br /> 1256<br /> 1257<span style="font-family: "arial";">Since 2004 numerous Phase III clinical trials have used Docetaxel as one part of clinical trials looking for survival advantage in men with advanced prostate cancer. More than half of the trials failed to produce positive results and others produced very weak results. The authors explore how and why this has happened.</span><br /> 1258<span style="font-family: "arial";"><br /></span> 1259<span style="font-family: "arial";">Some trials produce 'statistical' success (e.g. significance) but not much 'clinical' benefit (e.g. a survival benefit of only a month or two). With such a high rate of Phase III failures, it makes sense to change the design of these clinical trials. The authors suggest:</span><br /> 1260<br /> 1261<span style="font-family: "arial";">1 Include the patient in the planning process. What do these men want and expect? What would be a positive outcome for them? What would make them want to volunteer for a clinical trial?</span><br /> 1262<br /> 1263<span style="font-family: "arial";">2 Identify and focus on patients most likely to benefit from a particular drug or treatment. Then design small studies including only those patients.</span><br /> 1264<br /> 1265<span style="font-family: "arial";">3 Determine what success is--improvement in survival, better quality of life, lower risk of toxicity, etc.</span><br /> 1266<br /> 1267<span style="font-family: "arial";">There have been too many failures in mCRPC phase III clinical trials to justify continuing the same procedures again and again. Trials are costly, patients are exposed to potentially toxic agents with little benefit, and marginally effective drugs may be moved toward approval. Studies should focus on providing the greatest likelihood of significantly improving the lives of patients.</span><br /> 1268<span style="font-family: "arial";"><br /></span> 1269<br /> 1270<br /> 1271<span style="font-family: "arial";">Post Text Here 1272 1273 1274</span><br /> 1275<span style="font-family: "arial";">To put a smile on your face see <a href="http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/p/clinical-trials-in-cartoons.html">Larry's latest cartoon.</a></span><br /> 1276<span style="font-family: "arial";">To learn more about clinical trials, take a look at <a href="http://tinyurl.com/cancer-clinical-trials-book">our book.</a></span><br /> 1277<span style="font-family: "arial";"> 1278 1279<img height="75" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAWYLVuUlu5Hq_Elg9pokI-Be5GFY8oe53iScn-8JSTfiAIDtmH6i7dl2al8n7es8vR4Jrb8RyXqdlAqt7geKEY8xbO2ZNy40uOc2nmpEwmUZCXPS2FRWvU4tlD8aTLWiV4kD8dX6S0Kg/s1600/WRITERS.jpg" width="100" /><br /> 1280</span> 1281(c) 2012 Tom Beer and Larry Axmaker 1282<div style='clear: both;'></div> 1283</div> 1284<div class='post-footer'> 1285<div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'><span class='post-author vcard'> 1286Posted by 1287<span class='fn'> 1288<a href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/03644176927295665033' rel='author' title='author profile'> 1289Larry Axmaker 1290</a> 1291</span> 1292</span> 1293<span class='post-timestamp'> 1294</span> 1295<span class='post-comment-link'> 1296<a class='comment-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/07/advanced-prostate-cancer-trials-dont.html#comment-form' onclick=''>0 1297comments</a> 1298</span> 1299<span class='post-icons'> 1300<span class='item-action'> 1301<a href='https://www.blogger.com/email-post/1328313136038901535/3997019126266969204' title='Email Post'> 1302<img alt='' class='icon-action' height='13' src='http://img1.blogblog.com/img/icon18_email.gif' width='18'/> 1303</a> 1304</span> 1305<span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1334630749'> 1306<a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1328313136038901535&postID=3997019126266969204&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> 1307<img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> 1308</a> 1309</span> 1310</span> 1311<div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> 1312<a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/3997019126266969204?https=false&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/3997019126266969204?https=false&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/3997019126266969204?https=false&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/3997019126266969204?https=false&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/3997019126266969204?https=false&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to P
1312interest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> 1313</div> 1314</div> 1315<div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'><span class='post-labels'> 1316Labels: 1317<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/advanced%20prostate%20cancer' rel='tag'>advanced prostate cancer</a>, 1318<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/castration-resistant' rel='tag'>castration-resistant</a>, 1319<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/clinical%20trials' rel='tag'>clinical trials</a>, 1320<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/metastatic' rel='tag'>metastatic</a>, 1321<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/Phase%20III' rel='tag'>Phase III</a>, 1322<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/prostate%20cancer' rel='tag'>prostate cancer</a> 1323</span> 1324</div> 1325<div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'><span class='post-location'> 1326</span> 1327</div> 1328</div> 1329</div> 1330</div> 1331 1332 </div></div> 1333 1334 1335 <div class="date-outer"> 1336 1337<h2 class='date-header'><span>Jun 18, 2016</span></h2> 1338 1339 <div class="date-posts"> 1340 1341<div class='post-outer'> 1342<div class='post hentry'> 1343<a name='397437637857839763'></a> 1344<h3 class='post-title entry-title'> 1345<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/06/dr-beer-leads-discussion-about-advanced.html'>Dr. Beer leads discussion about Advanced Prostate Cancer--Whats New in 2016 (video)?</a> 1346</h3> 1347<div class='post-header'> 1348<div class='post-header-line-1'></div> 1349</div> 1350<div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-397437637857839763'> 1351<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "lato" , "trebuchet ms" , "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "liberation sans" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial";"><b>What can prostate cancer patients expect from the latest research into advanced prostate cancer treatment? </b></span><br /> 1352<br /> 1353<br /> 1354<br /> 1355<br /> 1356<br /> 1357<br /> 1358<br /> 1359<br /> 1360<br /> 1361<a class="aQy aZR e aZr" data-tooltip="Advanced Prostate Cancer Roundtable Discussion" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip-class="a1V" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h98SG2_pfPE&authuser=0" id=":1jg" role="link" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" tabindex="0" target="_blank"><img class="aQG aYB" id=":1jh" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/h98SG2_pfPE/mqdefault.jpg" style="bottom: -10%; left: -10%; margin: auto; max-width: 120%; min-width: 100%; position: absolute; right: -10%; top: -10%;" /></a><br /> 1362<br /> 1363<br /> 1364<br /> 1365<br /> 1366<br /> 1367ASCO 2016: Advanced Prostate Cancer Roundtable Discussion | Prostate Cancer | Patient Power<br /> 1368<br /> 1369https://youtu.be/h98SG2<br /> 1370<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?">https://www.youtube.com/watch?</a><wbr></wbr><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h98SG2_pfPE" target="_blank">Round Table Discussion at ASCO with Dr. Beer</a><br /> 1371<br /> 1372<br /> 1373<span class="aZo"><a class="aQy aZR e aZr" data-tooltip="Advanced Prostate Cancer Roundtable Discussion" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip-class="a1V" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h98SG2_pfPE&authuser=0" id=":1jg" role="link" tabindex="0" target="_blank"><span class="a3I" id=":1iq"> </span></a></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"> </span><br /> 1374<br /> 1375<br /> 1376<br /> 1377<br /> 1378<br /> 1379<br /> 1380<br /> 1381<br /> 1382<br /> 1383<br /> 1384<br /> 1385<br /> 1386<br /> 1387<span style="font-family: "arial";">An 1388 expert panel, led by Dr. Tom (Tomasz Beer M.D.), discusses current 1389research at the 2016 American Society of Clinical Oncology meeting in 1390Chicago. </span><br /> 1391<br /> 1392<span style="font-family: "arial";"><b><u>The video will open in a separate window.</u></b> </span><br /> 1393<br /> 1394<br /> 1395<span style="font-family: "arial";">Post Text Here 1396 1397 1398</span><br /> 1399<span style="font-family: "arial";">To put a smile on your face see <a href="http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/p/clinical-trials-in-cartoons.html">Larry's latest cartoon.</a></span><br /> 1400<span style="font-family: "arial";">To learn more about clinical trials, take a look at <a href="http://tinyurl.com/cancer-clinical-trials-book">our book.</a></span><br /> 1401<span style="font-family: "arial";"> 1402 1403<img height="75" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAWYLVuUlu5Hq_Elg9pokI-Be5GFY8oe53iScn-8JSTfiAIDtmH6i7dl2al8n7es8vR4Jrb8RyXqdlAqt7geKEY8xbO2ZNy40uOc2nmpEwmUZCXPS2FRWvU4tlD8aTLWiV4kD8dX6S0Kg/s1600/WRITERS.jpg" width="100" /><br /> 1404</span> 1405(c) 2012 Tom Beer and Larry Axmaker 1406<div style='clear: both;'></div> 1407</div> 1408<div class='post-footer'> 1409<div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'><span class='post-author vcard'> 1410Posted by 1411<span class='fn'> 1412<a href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/03644176927295665033' rel='author' title='author profile'> 1413Larry Axmaker 1414</a> 1415</span> 1416</span> 1417<span class='post-timestamp'> 1418</span> 1419<span class='post-comment-link'> 1420<a class='comment-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/06/dr-beer-leads-discussion-about-advanced.html#comment-form' onclick=''>0 1421comments</a> 1422</span> 1423<span class='post-icons'> 1424<span class='item-action'> 1425<a href='https://www.blogger.com/email-post/1328313136038901535/397437637857839763' title='Email Post'> 1426<img alt='' class='icon-action' height='13' src='http://img1.blogblog.com/img/icon18_email.gif' width='18'/> 1427</a> 1428</span> 1429<span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1334630749'> 1430<a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1328313136038901535&postID=397437637857839763&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> 1431<img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> 1432</a> 1433</span> 1434</span> 1435<div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> 1436<a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/397437637857839763?https=false&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/397437637857839763?https=false&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/397437637857839763?https=false&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/397437637857839763?https=false&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post/1328313136038901535/397437637857839763?https=false&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to P
1436interest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> 1437</div> 1438</div> 1439<div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'><span class='post-labels'> 1440</span> 1441</div> 1442<div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'><span class='post-location'> 1443</span> 1444</div> 1445</div> 1446</div> 1447</div> 1448 1449 </div></div> 1450 1451 1452 <div class="date-outer"> 1453 1454<h2 class='date-header'><span>Jun 11, 2016</span></h2> 1455 1456 <div class="date-posts"> 1457 1458<div class='post-outer'> 1459<div class='post hentry'> 1460<a name='911016758805750078'></a> 1461<h3 class='post-title entry-title'> 1462<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/06/you-may-think-progress-in-treating.html'>You may think progress in treating cancer is slow, but....</a> 1463</h3> 1464<div class='post-header'> 1465<div class='post-header-line-1'></div> 1466</div> 1467<div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-911016758805750078'> 1468<span style="font-family: arial;"> As someone with stage 4 prostate cancer who is currently undergoing chemotherapy, this author is about as impatient for an effective cancer treatment or even a cure as you can get. But when I look at the history of cancer treatment (or the history of cancer treatment according to the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/research/progress/250-years-milestones" target="_blank">National Cancer Institute </a>) I can see the incredible advances made--but I'm still impatient.</span><br /> 1469<h3 id="ui-id-2" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #606060; direction: ltr; font-family: Montserrat, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1470A few Selected Milestones in Cancer Research and Discovery from the NCI</h3> 1471<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.25em; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1472During the past 250 years, we have witnessed many landmark discoveries in the effort to make progress against cancer, an affliction known to humanity for thousands of years. This timeline shows a few key milestones in the history of cancer research.</div> 1473<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1474<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1775: Chimney Soot & Squamous Cell Carcinoma</strong></div> 1475<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1476Percivall Pott identifies a relationship between exposure to chimney soot and the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the scrotum among chimney sweeps. His report is the first to clearly link an environmental exposure to the development of cancer. </div> 1477<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1478(You may wonder why Dr. Pott was examining the scrotums of chimney sweeps....)</div> 1479<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1480<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1863: Inflammation & Cancer</strong></div> 1481<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1482Rudolph Virchow identifies white blood cells (leukocytes) in cancerous tissue, making the first connection between inflammation and cancer. Virchow also coins the term "leukemia" and is the first person to describe the excess number of white blood cells in the blood of patients with this disease.</div> 1483<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1484<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1882: The First Radical Mastectomy to Treat Breast Cancer</strong></div> 1485<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1486William Halsted performs the first radical mastectomy to treat breast cancer. This surgical procedure remains the standard operation for breast cancer until the latter half of the 20th century.</div> 1487<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1488<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1886: Inheritance of Cancer Risk</strong></div> 1489<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1490Brazilian ophthalmologist Hilário de Gouvêa provides the first documented evidence that a susceptibility to cancer
1490can be inherited from a parent to a child. He reports that two of seven children born to a father who was successfully treated for childhood retinoblastoma, a malignant tumor of the eye, also developed the disease.</div> 1491<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1492<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1895: The First X-Ray</strong></div> 1493<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1494Wilhelm Roentgen discovers X-rays. The first X-ray picture is an image of one of his wife's hands.</div> 1495<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1496<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1898: Radium & Polonium</strong></div> 1497<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1498Marie and Pierre Curie discover the radioactive elements radium and polonium. Within a few years, the use of radium in cancer treatment begins.</div> 1499<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1500<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1902: Cancer Tumors & Single Cells with Chromosome Damage</strong></div> 1501<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1502Theodor Boveri proposes that cancerous tumors arise from single cells that have experienced chromosome damage and suggests that chromosome alterations cause the cells to divide uncontrollably.</div> 1503<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1504<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1903: The First Use of Radiation Therapy to Cure Cancer</strong></div> 1505<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1506S.W. Goldberg and Efim London describe the use of radium to treat two patients with basal cell carcinoma of the skin. The disease was eradicated in both patients.</div> 1507<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1508<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1909: Immune Surveillance</strong></div> 1509<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1510"Paul Ehrlich proposes that the immune system usually suppresses tumor formation, a concept that becomes known as the ""immune surveillance"" hypothesis. This proposal prompts research, which continues today, to harness the power of the immune system to fight cancer.</div> 1511<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1512<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1911: Cancer in Chickens</strong></div> 1513<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1514Peyton Rous discovers a virus that causes cancer in chickens (Rous sarcoma virus), establishing that some cancers are caused by infectious agents.</div> 1515<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1516<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1915: Cancer in Rabbits</strong></div> 1517<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1518Katsusaburo Yamagiwa and Koichi Ichakawa induce cancer in rabbits by applying coal tar to their skin, providing experimental proof that chemicals can cause cancer.</div> 1519<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1520<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1928: The Pap Smear</strong></div> 1521<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1522George Papanicolaou discovers that cervical cancer can be detected by examining cells from the vagina under a microscope. This breakthrough leads to the development of the Pap test, which allows abnormal cervical cells to be detected and removed before they become cancerous.</
1522div> 1523<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1524<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1932: The Modified Radical Mastectomy for Breast Cancer</strong></div> 1525<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1526David H. Patey develops the modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer. This surgical procedure is less disfiguring than the radical mastectomy and eventually replaces it as the standard surgical treatment for breast cancer.</div> 1527<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1528<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1937: The National Cancer Institute (NCI)</strong></div> 1529<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1530<u>Legislation signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt establishes the National Cancer Institute (NCI).</u></div> 1531<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1532<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1937: Breast-Sparing Surgery Followed by Radiation</strong></div> 1533<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1534Sir Geoffrey Keynes describes the treatment of breast cancer with breast-sparing surgery followed by radiation therapy. After surgery to remove the tumor, long needles containing radium are inserted throughout the affected breast and near the adjacent axillary lymph nodes.</div> 1535<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1536<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1941: Hormonal Therapy</strong></div> 1537<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1538Charles Huggins discovers that removing the testicles to lower testosterone production or administering estrogens causes prostate tumors to regress. Such hormonal manipulation—more commonly known as hormonal therapy—continues to be a mainstay of prostate cancer treatment.</div> 1539<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1540<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1947: Antimetabolites</strong></div> 1541<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1542Sidney Farber shows that treatment with the antimetabolite drug aminopterin, a derivative of folic acid, induces temporary remissions in children with acute leukemia. Antimetabolite drugs are structurally similar to chemicals needed for important cellular processes, such as DNA synthesis, and cause cell death by blocking those processes.</div> 1543<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1544<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1949: Nitrogen Mustard</strong></div> 1545<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1546The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves nitrogen mustard (mechlorethamine) for the treatment of cancer. Nitrogen mustard belongs to a class of drugs called alkylating agents, which kill cells by chemically modifying their DNA.</div> 1547<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1548<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1950: Cigarette Smoking & Lung Cancer</strong></div> 1549<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1550Ernst Wynder, Evarts Graham, and Richard Doll identify cigarette smoking as an important factor in the development of lung cancer.</div> 1551<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1552<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1953: The First Complete Cure of a Human Solid Tumor</strong></div> 1553<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1554Roy Hertz and Min Chiu Li achieve the first complete cure of a human solid tumor by chemotherapy when they use the drug methotrexate to treat a patient with choriocarcinoma, a rare cancer of the reproductive tissue that mainly affects women.</div> 1555<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1556<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
15561958: Combination Chemotherapy</strong></div> 1557<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1558NCI researchers Emil Frei, Emil Freireich, and James Holland and their colleagues demonstrate that combination chemotherapy with the drugs 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate can induce partial and complete remissions and prolong survival in children and adults with acute leukemia.</div> 1559<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1560<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1960: The Philadelphia Chromosome</strong></div> 1561<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1562Peter Nowell and David Hungerford describe an unusually small chromosome in the cancer cells of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). This chromosome, which becomes known as the Philadelphia chromosome, is found in the leukemia cells of 95% of patients with CML.</div> 1563<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1564<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1964: A Focus on Cigarette Smoking</strong></div> 1565<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1566The U.S. Surgeon General issues a report stating that cigarette smoking is an important health hazard in the United States and that action is required to reduce its harmful effects.</div> 1567<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1568<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1964: The Epstein-Barr virus</strong></div> 1569<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1570For the first time, a virus—the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)—is linked to a human cancer (Burkitt lymphoma). EBV is later shown to cause several other cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and some gastric (stomach) cancers.</div> 1571<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1572<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1971: The National Cancer Act</strong></div> 1573<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1574On December 23, President Richard M. Nixon signs the National Cancer Act, which authorizes the NCI Director to coordinate all activities of the National Cancer Program, establish national cancer research centers, and establish national cancer control programs.</
1574div> 1575<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1576<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1976: The DNA of Normal Chicken Cells</strong></div> 1577<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1578Dominique Stehelin, Harold Varmus, J. Michael Bishop, and Peter Vogt discover that the DNA of normal chicken cells contains a gene related to the oncogene (cancer-causing gene) of avian sarcoma virus, which causes cancer in chickens. This finding eventually leads to the discovery of human oncogenes.</div> 1579<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1580<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1978: Tamoxifen</strong></div> 1581<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1582The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves tamoxifen, an antiestrogen drug originally developed as a birth control treatment, for the treatment of breast cancer. Tamoxifen represents the first of a class of drugs known as selective estrogen receptor modulators, or SERMs, to be approved for cancer therapy.</div> 1583<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1584<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1979: The TP53 Gene</strong></div> 1585<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1586The TP53 gene (also called p53), the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer, is discovered. It is a tumor suppressor gene, meaning its protein product (p53 protein) helps control cell proliferation and suppress tumor growth.</div> 1587<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1588<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1984: HER2 Oncogene Identified</strong></div> 1589<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1590Researchers discover a new oncogene in rat cells that they call “neu.” The human version of this gene, called HER2 (and ErbB2), is overexpressed in about 20% to 25% of breast cancers (known as HER2-positive breast cancers) and is associated with more aggressive disease and a poor prognosis.</div> 1591<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1592<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1984: HPV 16 & 18</strong></div> 1593<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1594DNA from human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 is identified in a large percentage of cervical cancers, establishing a link between infection with these HPV types and cervical carcinogenesis.</div> 1595<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1596<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1985: Breast-Conserving Surgery</strong></div> 1597<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1598Results from an NCI-supported clinical trial show that women with early-stage breast cancer who were treated with breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy) followed by whole-breast radiation therapy had similar rates of overall survival and disease-free survival as women who were treated with mastectomy alone.</div> 1599<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1600<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1986: HER2 Oncogene Cloning</strong></div> 1601<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1602The human oncogene HER2 (also called neu and erbB2) is cloned. Overexpression of the protein product of this gene, which occurs in about 20% to 25% of breast cancers (known as HER2-positive breast cancers), is associated with more aggressive disease and a poor prognosis.</div> 1603<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1604<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1993: Guaiac Fecal Occult Blood Testing (FOBT)</strong></div> 1605<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1606Results from an NCI-supported clinical trial show that annual screening with guaiac fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) can reduce colorectal cancer mortality by about 33%.</div> 1607<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1608<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1994: BRCA1 Tumor Suppressor Gene Cloning</strong></div> 1609<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1610The tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 is cloned. Specific inherited mutations in this gene greatly increase the risks of breast and ovarian cancer in women and the risks of several other cancers in both men and women.</div> 1611<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1612<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1995: BRCA2 Tumor Suppressor Gene Cloning</strong></div> 1613<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal;
1613font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1614The tumor suppressor gene BRCA2 is cloned. Similar to BRCA1, inheriting specific BRCA2 gene mutations greatly increases the risks of breast and ovarian cancer in women and the risks of several other cancers in both men and women.</div> 1615<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1616<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1996: Anastrozole</strong></div> 1617<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1618The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves anastrozole for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Anastrozole is the first aromatase inhibitor (a drug that blocks the production of estrogen in the body) to be approved for cancer therapy.</div> 1619<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1620<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1997: Rituximab</strong></div> 1621<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1622The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, for use in patients with treatment-resistant, low-grade or follicular B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Rituximab is later approved as an initial treatment for these types of NHL, for another type of NHL called diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and for chronic lymphocytic leukemia.</div> 1623<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1624<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1998: NCI-Sponsored Breast Cancer Prevention Trial</strong></div> 1625<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1626Results of the NCI-sponsored Breast Cancer Prevention Trial show that the antiestrogen drug tamoxifen can reduce the incidence of breast cancer among women who are at increased risk of the disease by about 50%. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves tamoxifen to reduce the incidence of breast cancer in women at increased risk.</div> 1627<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1628<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1998: Trastuzumab</strong></div> 1629<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1630The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody that targets cancer
1630cells that overproduce the protein HER2, for the treatment of women with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Trastuzumab is later approved for the adjuvant (post-operative) treatment of women with HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer.</div> 1631<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1632<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2001: Imatinib Mesylate</strong></div> 1633<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1634Results of a clinical trial show that the drug imatinib mesylate, which targets a unique protein produced by the Philadelphia chromosome, is effective against chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Later, it is also shown to be effective in the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST).</div> 1635<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1636 (Does the name Dr. Brian Druker sound familiar?)</div> 1637<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1638<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2003: NCI-Sponsored Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT)</strong></div> 1639<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1640Results of the NCI-sponsored Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) show that the drug finasteride, which reduces the production of male hormones in the body, lowers a man's risk of prostate cancer by about 25%.</div> 1641<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1642<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2006: NCI's Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR)</strong></div> 1643<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1644Results of NCI's Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) show that postmenopausal women at increased risk of breast cancer can reduce their risk of developing the disease if they take the antiestrogen drug raloxifene. The risk of serious side effects is lower with raloxifene than with tamoxifen.</div> 1645<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1646<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2006: Gardasil</strong></div> 1647<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1648The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine Gardasil, which protects against infection by the two types of HPV that cause approximately 70% of all cases of cervical cancer. NCI scientists developed the underlying technology used to make Gardasil.</div> 1649<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1650<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2009: Cervarix</strong></div> 1651<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1652The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves Cervarix, a second vaccine that protects against infection by the two types of the human papilloma virus (HPV) that cause approximately 70% of all cases of cervical cancer worldwide. NCI scientists developed the underlying technology used to make Cervarix.</div> 1653<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1654<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2010: The First Human Cancer Treatment Vaccine</strong></div> 1655<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1656The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves sipuleucel-T, a cancer treatment vaccine that is made using a patient's own immune system cells (dendritic cells), for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer that no longer responds to hormonal therapy. It is the first (and so far only) human cancer treatment vaccine to be approved.</div> 1657<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1658<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2010: NCI-Sponsored Lung Cancer Screening Tiral (NLST)</strong></div> 1659<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1660Initial results of the NCI-sponsored Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST) show that screening with low-dose helical computerized tomography (CT) reduced lung cancer deaths by about 20% in a large group of current and former heavy smokers.</div> 1661<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1662<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2011: Ipilimumab</strong></div> 1663<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1664The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the use of ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of inoperable or metastatic melanoma. Ipilimumab stimulates the immune system to attack cancer
1664cells by removing a "brake" that normally controls the intensity of immune responses.</div> 1665<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1666<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2012: NCI-Sponsored PLCO Cancer Screening Trial</strong></div> 1667<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1668Results of the NCI-sponsored PLCO Cancer Screening Trial confirm that screening people 55 years of age and older for colorectal cancer using flexible sigmoidoscopy reduces colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. In the PLCO, screened individuals had a 21% lower risk of developing colorectal cancer and a 26% lower risk of dying from the disease than the control subjects.</div> 1669<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1670<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2013: Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine (T-DM1)</strong></div> 1671<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1672The FDA approves ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer who were previously treated with trastuzumab and/or a taxane drug. T-DM1 is an immunotoxin (an antibody-drug conjugate) that is made by chemically linking the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab to the cytotoxic agent mertansine, which inhibits cell proliferation by blocking the formation of microtubules.</div> 1673<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1674<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2014: Analyzing DNA in Cancer</strong></div> 1675<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1676Researchers from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project, a joint effort by NCI and the National Human Genome Research Institute to analyze the DNA and other molecular changes in more than 30 types of human cancer, find that gastric (stomach) cancer is actually four different diseases, not just one, based on differing tumor characteristics. This finding from TCGA and other related projects may potentially lead to a new classification system for cancer, in which cancers are classified by their molecular abnormalities as well as their organ or tissue site of origin.</div> 1677<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1678<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2014: Pembrolizumab</strong></div> 1679<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #fffffb; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; direction: ltr; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.25em 0px; orphans: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;"> 1680The FDA approves pembrolizumab for the treatment of advanced melanoma. This monoclonal antibody blocks the activity of a protein called PD1 on immune cells, which increases the strength of immune responses against cancer.</div> 1681<br /> 1682<span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span> 1683<br /> 1684<br /> 1685<span style="font-family: arial;">Post Text Here 1686 1687 1688</span><br /> 1689<span style="font-family: arial;">To put a smile on your face see <a href="http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/p/clinical-trials-in-cartoons.html">Larry's latest cartoon.</a></span><br /> 1690<span style="font-family: arial;">To learn more about clinical trials, take a look at <a href="http://tinyurl.com/cancer-clinical-trials-book">our book.</a></span><br /> 1691<span style="font-family: arial;"> 1692 1693<img height="75" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAWYLVuUlu5Hq_Elg9pokI-Be5GFY8oe53iScn-8JSTfiAIDtmH6i7dl2al8n7es8vR4Jrb8RyXqdlAqt7geKEY8xbO2ZNy40uOc2nmpEwmUZCXPS2FRWvU4tlD8aTLWiV4kD8dX6S0Kg/s1600/WRITERS.jpg" width="100" /><br /> 1694</span> 1695(c) 2012 Tom Beer and Larry Axmaker 1696<div style='clear: both;'></div> 1697</div> 1698<div class='post-footer'> 1699<div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'><span class='post-author vcard'> 1700Posted by 1701<span class='fn'> 1702<a href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/03644176927295665033' rel='author' title='author profile'> 1703Larry Axmaker 1704</a> 1705</span> 1706</span> 1707<span class='post-timestamp'> 1708</span> 1709<span class='post-comment-link'> 1710<a class='comment-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/06/you
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1810 1811<!-- AddThis Button END --> 1812</div> 1813<div class='clear'></div> 1814</div><div class='widget PopularPosts' data-version='1' id='PopularPosts1'> 1815<h2>Popular Posts</h2> 1816<div class='widget-content popular-posts'> 1817<ul> 1818<li> 1819<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2013/03/gold-nanoparticle-therapy-to-be-used-in.html'>Gold Nanoparticle Therapy to be used in first clinical trial</a> 1820</li> 1821<li> 1822<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2012/08/video-abiraterone-and-enzalutamide-for.html'>Video: abiraterone and enzalutamide for advanced prostate cancer: results from ASCO 2012 discussed</a> 1823</li> 1824<li> 1825<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2012/07/podcast-drs-armstrong-and-beer-discuss.html'>Podcast: Drs. Armstrong and Beer discuss new prostate cancer treatments</a> 1826</li> 1827<li> 1828<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/06/dr-beer-leads-discussion-about-advanced.html'>Dr. Beer leads discussion about Advanced Prostate Cancer--Whats New in 2016 (video)?</a> 1829</li> 1830<li> 1831<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2012/04/more-cancer-vaccines-on-horizon.html'>More Cancer Vaccines on the Horizon</a> 1832</li> 1833<li> 1834<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2012/04/dr-beer-speaks-about-experimental-drugs.html'>Dr. Beer speaks about experimental drugs for prostate cancer</a> 1835</li> 1836<li> 1837<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2012/02/guest-post-clinical-trials-are.html'>Guest Post: Clinical Trials Are a Perplexing Issue for Many Patients</a> 1838</li> 1839<li> 1840<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2012/06/asco-2012-update-on-advanced-prostate.html'>ASCO 2012 Update on advanced prostate cancer treatment</a> 1841</li> 1842<li> 1843<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2012/01/do-placebos-really-work.html'>Do Placebos Really Work?</a> 1844</li> 1845<li> 1846<a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2015/09/asco-2015-prostate-cancer-updates-from.html'>ASCO 2015 Prostate Cancer Updates from a Roundtable of Experts</a> 1847</li> 1848</ul> 1849<div class='clear'></div> 1850</div> 1851</div><div class='widget HTML' data-version='1' id='HTML4'> 1852<div class='widget-content'> 1853<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" 1854 "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> 1855 1856 1857 <a href="http://www.canceropinions.com/" target="_blank"> <img src="https://dl.dropbox.com/u/25991205/Cancer%20Opinions.jpg" alt="clinicalTrials" width="120" height="200" /> </a> 1858 1859</!doctype> 1860</div> 1861<div class='clear'></div> 1862</div><div class='widget BlogList' data-version='1' id='BlogList1'> 1863<h2 class='title'>Blogs we like</h2> 1864<div class='widget-content'> 1865<div class='blog-list-container' id='BlogList1_container'> 1866<ul id='BlogList1_blogs'> 1867<li style='display: block;'> 1868<div class='blog-icon'> 1869<img data-lateloadsrc='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_thKE30Y11_IfsxDaabUHaOngP-sNPrNe4WAWK-9rQ5saiQ4EXbQWeQwEBNYDFppnJQFZBa5zpbngSQREN2VIuXQPPhI-xAZaQfL7_UW8M=s16-w16-h16' height='16' width='16'/> 1870</div> 1871<div class='blog-content'> 1872<div class='blog-title'> 1873<a href='http://womenofteal.blogspot.com/' target='_blank'> 1874Women of Teal</a> 1875</div> 1876<div class='item-content'> 1877</div> 1878</div> 1879<div style='clear: both;'></div> 1880</li> 1881<li style='display: block;'> 1882<div class='blog-icon'> 1883<img data-lateloadsrc='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vRCY3zpGU_c5aJrVn1wYOqaIb7EmZHtn9aGkPb41hrFqEhYdqtJbI9Iwd_RToZTvmWKOOn2jeaxuh42ThIXu3_P30K4q0I1J-8=s16-w16-h16' height='16' width='16'/> 1884</div> 1885<div class='blog-content'> 1886<div class='blog-title'> 1887<a href='https://mynewyorkminute.org/' target='_blank'> 1888My New York Minute</a> 1889</div> 1890<div class='item-content'> 1891</div> 1892</div> 1893<div style='clear: both;'></div> 1894</li> 1895<li style='display: block;'> 1896<div class='blog-icon'> 1897<img data-lateloadsrc='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tsNmFnUrYUjkatGdq8ZPQWhBu1ZayiaGBOZEEGqprIJKJNtL5IHDOUBPCoad4JZxa8ybCsvF8HjDuYHqOkrh8h_A_KPSVxtysfmFvyPmk=s16-w16-h16' height='16' width='16'/> 1898</div> 1899<div class='blog-content'> 1900<div class='blog-title'> 1901<a href='http://axman-axman.blogspot.com/' target='_blank'> 1902axman and prostate cancer</a> 1903</div> 1904<div class='item-content'> 1905</div> 1906</div> 1907<div style='clear: both;'></div> 1908</li> 1909</ul> 1910<div class='clear'></div> 1911</div> 1912</div> 1913</div><div class='widget LinkList' data-version='1' id='LinkList1'> 1914<h2>Search for a Cancer Clinical Trial</h2> 1915<div class='widget-content'> 1916<ul> 1917<li><a href='http://cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/search' target='_blank'>NCI Trials Search</a></li> 1918</ul> 1919<div class='clear'></div> 1920</div> 1921</div><div class='widget BlogArchive' data-version='1' id='BlogArchive1'> 1922<h2>Blog Archive</h2> 1923<div class='widget-content'> 1924<div id='ArchiveList'> 1925<div id='BlogArchive1_ArchiveList'> 1926<ul class='hierarchy'> 1927<li class='archivedate expanded'> 1928<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 1929<span class='zippy toggle-open'> 1930 1931 ▼  1932 1933</span> 1934</a> 1935<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/'> 19362016 1937</a> 1938<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> 1939<ul class='hierarchy'> 1940<li class='archivedate expanded'> 1941<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 1942<span class='zippy toggle-open'> 1943 1944 ▼  1945 1946</span> 1947</a> 1948<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/10/'> 1949October 1950</a> 1951<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 1952<ul class='posts'> 1953<li><a href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/10/is-reporting-of-cancer-research-usually.html'>Is the Reporting of Cancer Research Usually (or ev...</a></li> 1954</ul> 1955</li> 1956</ul> 1957<ul class='hierarchy'> 1958<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 1959<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 1960<span class='zippy'> 1961 1962 ►  1963 1964</span> 1965</a> 1966<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/08/'> 1967August 1968</a> 1969<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 1970</li> 1971</ul> 1972<ul class='hierarchy'> 1973<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 1974<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 1975<span class='zippy'> 1976 1977 ►  1978 1979</span> 1980</a> 1981<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/07/'> 1982July 1983</a> 1984<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 1985</li> 1986</ul> 1987<ul class='hierarchy'> 1988<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 1989<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 1990<span class='zippy'> 1991 1992 ►  1993 1994</span> 1995</a> 1996<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/06/'> 1997June 1998</a> 1999<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> 2000</li> 2001</ul> 2002<ul class='hierarchy'> 2003<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2004<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2005<span class='zippy'> 2006 2007 ►  2008 2009</span> 2010</a> 2011<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2016/01/'> 2012January 2013</a> 2014<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 2015</li> 2016</ul> 2017</li> 2018</ul> 2019<ul class='hierarchy'> 2020<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2021<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2022<span class='zippy'> 2023 2024 ►  2025 2026</span> 2027</a> 2028<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2015/'> 20292015 2030</a> 2031<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(18)</span> 2032<ul class='hierarchy'> 2033<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2034<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2035<span class='zippy'> 2036 2037 ►  2038 2039</span> 2040</a> 2041<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2015/12/'> 2042December 2043</a> 2044<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 2045</li> 2046</ul> 2047<ul class='hierarchy'> 2048<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2049<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2050<span class='zippy'> 2051 2052 ►  2053 2054</span> 2055</a> 2056<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2015/11/'> 2057November 2058</a> 2059<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 2060</li> 2061</ul> 2062<ul class='hierarchy'> 2063<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2064<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2065<span class='zippy'> 2066 2067 ►  2068 2069</span> 2070</a> 2071<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2015/10/'> 2072October 2073</a> 2074<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 2075</li> 2076</ul> 2077<ul class='hierarchy'> 2078<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2079<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2080<span class='zippy'> 2081 2082 ►  2083 2084</span> 2085</a> 2086<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2015/09/'> 2087September 2088</a> 2089<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> 2090</li> 2091</ul> 2092<ul class='hierarchy'> 2093<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2094<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2095<span class='zippy'> 2096 2097 ►  2098 2099</span> 2100</a> 2101<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2015/08/'> 2102August 2103</a> 2104<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> 2105</li> 2106</ul> 2107<ul class='hierarchy'> 2108<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2109<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2110<span class='zippy'> 2111 2112 ►  2113 2114</span> 2115</a> 2116<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2015/07/'> 2117July 2118</a> 2119<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 2120</li> 2121</ul> 2122<ul class='hierarchy'> 2123<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2124<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2125<span class='zippy'> 2126 2127 ►  2128 2129</span> 2130</a> 2131<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2015/06/'> 2132June 2133</a> 2134<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> 2135</li> 2136</ul> 2137<ul class='hierarchy'> 2138<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2139<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2140<span class='zippy'> 2141 2142 ►  2143 2144</span> 2145</a> 2146<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2015/05/'> 2147May 2148</a> 2149<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 2150</li> 2151</ul> 2152<ul class='hierarchy'> 2153<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2154<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2155<span class='zippy'> 2156 2157 ►  2158 2159</span> 2160</a> 2161<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2015/04/'> 2162April 2163</a> 2164<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 2165</li> 2166</ul> 2167<ul class='hierarchy'> 2168<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2169<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2170<span class='zippy'> 2171 2172 ►  2173 2174</span> 2175</a> 2176<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2015/03/'> 2177March 2178</a> 2179<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> 2180</li> 2181</ul> 2182<ul class='hierarchy'> 2183<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2184<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2185<span class='zippy'> 2186 2187 ►  2188 2189</span> 2190</a> 2191<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2015/02/'> 2192February 2193</a> 2194<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 2195</li> 2196</ul> 2197<ul class='hierarchy'> 2198<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2199<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2200<span class='zippy'> 2201 2202 ►  2203 2204</span> 2205</a> 2206<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2015/01/'> 2207January 2208</a> 2209<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> 2210</li> 2211</ul> 2212</li> 2213</ul> 2214<ul class='hierarchy'> 2215<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2216<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2217<span class='zippy'> 2218 2219 ►  2220 2221</span> 2222</a> 2223<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2014/'> 22242014
2225</a> 2226<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> 2227<ul class='hierarchy'> 2228<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2229<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2230<span class='zippy'> 2231 2232 ►  2233 2234</span> 2235</a> 2236<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2014/12/'> 2237December 2238</a> 2239<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> 2240</li> 2241</ul> 2242<ul class='hierarchy'> 2243<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2244<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2245<span class='zippy'> 2246 2247 ►  2248 2249</span> 2250</a> 2251<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2014/09/'> 2252September 2253</a> 2254<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 2255</li> 2256</ul> 2257<ul class='hierarchy'> 2258<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2259<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2260<span class='zippy'> 2261 2262 ►  2263 2264</span> 2265</a> 2266<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2014/08/'> 2267August 2268</a> 2269<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> 2270</li> 2271</ul> 2272<ul class='hierarchy'> 2273<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2274<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2275<span class='zippy'> 2276 2277 ►  2278 2279</span> 2280</a> 2281<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2014/07/'> 2282July 2283</a> 2284<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 2285</li> 2286</ul> 2287<ul class='hierarchy'> 2288<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2289<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2290<span class='zippy'> 2291 2292 ►  2293 2294</span> 2295</a> 2296<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2014/02/'> 2297February 2298</a> 2299<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 2300</li> 2301</ul> 2302<ul class='hierarchy'> 2303<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2304<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2305<span class='zippy'> 2306 2307 ►  2308 2309</span> 2310</a> 2311<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2014/01/'> 2312January 2313</a> 2314<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 2315</li> 2316</ul> 2317</li> 2318</ul> 2319<ul class='hierarchy'> 2320<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2321<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2322<span class='zippy'> 2323 2324 ►  2325 2326</span> 2327</a> 2328<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2013/'> 23292013 2330</a> 2331<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(15)</span> 2332<ul class='hierarchy'> 2333<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2334<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2335<span class='zippy'> 2336 2337 ►  2338 2339</span> 2340</a> 2341<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2013/08/'> 2342August 2343</a> 2344<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 2345</li> 2346</ul> 2347<ul class='hierarchy'> 2348<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2349<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2350<span class='zippy'> 2351 2352 ►  2353 2354</span> 2355</a> 2356<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2013/06/'> 2357June 2358</a> 2359<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 2360</li> 2361</ul> 2362<ul class='hierarchy'> 2363<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2364<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2365<span class='zippy'> 2366 2367 ►  2368 2369</span> 2370</a> 2371<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2013/05/'> 2372May 2373</a> 2374<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> 2375</li> 2376</ul> 2377<ul class='hierarchy'> 2378<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2379<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2380<span class='zippy'> 2381 2382 ►  2383 2384</span> 2385</a> 2386<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2013/04/'> 2387April 2388</a> 2389<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> 2390</li> 2391</ul> 2392<ul class='hierarchy'> 2393<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2394<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2395<span class='zippy'> 2396 2397 ►  2398 2399</span> 2400</a> 2401<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2013/03/'> 2402March 2403</a> 2404<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> 2405</li> 2406</ul> 2407<ul class='hierarchy'> 2408<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2409<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2410<span class='zippy'> 2411 2412 ►  2413 2414</span> 2415</a> 2416<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2013/02/'> 2417February 2418</a> 2419<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> 2420</li> 2421</ul> 2422<ul class='hierarchy'> 2423<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2424<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2425<span class='zippy'> 2426 2427 ►  2428 2429</span> 2430</a> 2431<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2013/01/'> 2432January 2433</a> 2434<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> 2435</li> 2436</ul> 2437</li> 2438</ul> 2439<ul class='hierarchy'> 2440<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2441<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2442<span class='zippy'> 2443 2444 ►  2445 2446</span> 2447</a> 2448<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2012/'> 24492012 2450</a> 2451<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(67)</span> 2452<ul class='hierarchy'> 2453<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2454<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2455<span class='zippy'> 2456 2457 ►  2458 2459</span> 2460</a> 2461<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2012/12/'> 2462December 2463</a> 2464<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> 2465</li> 2466</ul> 2467<ul class='hierarchy'> 2468<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2469<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2470<span class='zippy'> 2471 2472 ►  2473 2474</span> 2475</a> 2476<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2012/11/'> 2477November 2478</a> 2479<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> 2480</li> 2481</ul> 2482<ul class='hierarchy'> 2483<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2484<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2485<span class='zippy'> 2486 2487 ►  2488 2489</span> 2490</a> 2491<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2012/10/'> 2492October 2493</a> 2494<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> 2495</li> 2496</ul> 2497<ul class='hierarchy'> 2498<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2499<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2500<span class='zippy'> 2501 2502 ►  2503 2504</span> 2505</a> 2506<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2012/09/'> 2507September 2508</a> 2509<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> 2510</li> 2511</ul> 2512<ul class='hierarchy'> 2513<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2514<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2515<span class='zippy'> 2516 2517 ►  2518 2519</span> 2520</a> 2521<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2012/08/'> 2522August 2523</a> 2524<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> 2525</li> 2526</ul> 2527<ul class='hierarchy'> 2528<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2529<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2530<span class='zippy'> 2531 2532 ►  2533 2534</span> 2535</a> 2536<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2012/07/'> 2537July 2538</a> 2539<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> 2540</li> 2541</ul> 2542<ul class='hierarchy'> 2543<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2544<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> 2545<span class='zippy'> 2546 2547 ►  2548 2549</span> 2550</a> 2551<a class='post-count-link' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/2012/06/'> 2552June 2553</a> 2554<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> 2555</li> 2556</ul> 2557<ul class='hierarchy'> 2558<li class='archivedate collapsed'> 2559<a 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href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/health%20insurance'>health insurance</a> 2919</span> 2920<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 2921<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/HER2'>HER2</a> 2922</span> 2923<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 2924<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/high%20costs'>high costs</a> 2925</span> 2926<span class='label-size label-size-2'> 2927<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/hormonal%20therapy'>hormonal therapy</a> 2928</span> 2929<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 2930<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/HR%2B'>HR+</a> 2931</span> 2932<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 2933<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/humor'>humor</a> 2934</span> 2935<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 2936<a dir='ltr' 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2948idualized%20therapy'>individualized therapy</a> 2949</span> 2950<span class='label-size label-size-2'> 2951<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/individualized%20treatment'>individualized treatment</a> 2952</span> 2953<span class='label-size label-size-2'> 2954<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/insurance'>insurance</a> 2955</span> 2956<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 2957<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/intermittent%20therapy'>intermittent therapy</a> 2958</span> 2959<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 2960<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/introduction'>introduction</a> 2961</span> 2962<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 2963<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/killer%20T%20cells'>killer T cells</a> 2964</span> 2965<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 2966<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/kindle'>kindle</a> 2967</span> 2968<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 2969<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/leukemia'>leukemia</a> 2970</span> 2971<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 2972<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/low%20income'>low income</a> 2973</span> 2974<span class='label-size label-size-2'> 2975<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/lung%20cancer'>lung cancer</a> 2976</span> 2977<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 2978<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/lymphoma'>lymphoma</a> 2979</span> 2980<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 2981<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/magic%20bullet'>magic bullet</a> 2982</span> 2983<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 2984<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/MDM2'>MDM2</a> 2985</span> 2986<span class='label-size label-size-3'> 2987<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/mdv-3100'>mdv-3100</a> 2988</span> 2989<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 2990<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/melanoma'>melanoma</a> 2991</span> 2992<span class='label-size label-size-2'> 2993<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/metastatic'>metastatic</a> 2994</span> 2995<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 2996<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/morbidity'>morbidity</a> 2997</span> 2998<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 2999<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/mutation'>mutation</a> 3000</span> 3001<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3002<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/myths'>myths</a> 3003</span> 3004<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3005<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/nanoparticle%20therapy'>nanoparticle therapy</a> 3006</span> 3007<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3008<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/nanoparticles'>nanoparticles</a> 3009</span> 3010<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3011<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/NUC-1031'>NUC-1031</a> 3012</span> 3013<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3014<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/OGX-011'>OGX-011</a> 3015</span> 3016<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3017<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/OHSU'>OHSU</a> 3018</span> 3019<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3020<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/out%20of%20pocket%20costs'>out of pocket costs</a> 3021</span> 3022<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3023<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/ovarian%20cancer'>ovarian cancer</a> 3024</span> 3025<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3026<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/p53'>p53</a> 3027</span> 3028<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3029<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/patient%20benefit'>patient benefit</a> 3030</span> 3031<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3032<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/Pediatr
3032ic%20cancer'>Pediatric cancer</a> 3033</span> 3034<span class='label-size label-size-2'> 3035<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/personalized'>personalized</a> 3036</span> 3037<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3038<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/personalized%20therapy'>personalized therapy</a> 3039</span> 3040<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3041<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/pharmacogenomics'>pharmacogenomics</a> 3042</span> 3043<span class='label-size label-size-2'> 3044<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/phase%20I'>phase I</a> 3045</span> 3046<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3047<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/Phase%20I%20study'>Phase I study</a> 3048</span> 3049<span class='label-size label-size-2'> 3050<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/Phase%20II'>Phase II</a> 3051</span> 3052<span class='label-size label-size-3'> 3053<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/Phase%20III'>Phase III</a> 3054</span> 3055<span class='label-size label-size-2'> 3056<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/Phase%20IV'>Phase IV</a> 3057</span> 3058<span class='label-size label-size-3'> 3059<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/placebo'>placebo</a> 3060</span> 3061<span class='label-size label-size-2'> 3062<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/placebo%20effect'>placebo effect</a> 3063</span> 3064<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3065<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/podcast'>podcast</a> 3066</span> 3067<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3068<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/positive%20attitude'>positive attitude</a> 3069</span> 3070<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3071<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/postmenopausal'>postmenopausal</a> 3072</span> 3073<span class='label-size label-size-4'> 3074<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/prostate%20cancer'>prostate cancer</a> 3075</span> 3076<span class='label-size label-size-2'> 3077<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/Provenge'>Provenge</a> 3078</span> 3079<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3080<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/PSA'>PSA</a> 3081</span> 3082<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3083<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/quitting%20a%20trial'>quitting a trial</a> 3084</span> 3085<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3086<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/radiation'>radiation</a> 3087</span> 3088<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3089<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/radio'>radio</a> 3090</span> 3091<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3092<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/randomized'>randomized</a> 3093</span> 3094<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3095<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/reading'>reading</a> 3096</span> 3097<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3098<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/repurposed%20drugs'>repurposed drugs</a> 3099</span> 3100<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3101<a dir='ltr' href='http://www.cancer-clinical-trials.com/search/label/resistance%20pathways'>resistance pathways</a> 3102</span> 3103<span class='label-size label-size-1'> 3104<a dir='ltr' 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Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.