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Human societies interact with their natural environment in numerous ways. They extract services and resources, shape the natural environment according to their needs and cause impacts by emissions, disturbance, or waste. This can cause severe environmental degradation, including climate change and biodiversity loss. Hence there is a strong need to analyze sustainable and unsustainable strategies for human societies to interact with their natural environment. This is further complicated by strong interactions and feedback among relevant processes and coupling across all scales (local, national, regional and global). 40</p><p>Integrated assessment models (IAMs) capture human-society interactions by describing them as coupled systems on the relevant geographical and intertemporal scales for policymaking. Often these systems involve the interactions between energy-land-economy and climate. For example, the assessment of strategies to limit global warming is conducted by IAMs with global coverage and a time horizon until the end of the 21st century. To understand future changes in the interaction between human society and the Earth system, and assess available management strategies, IAMs use scenario approaches that describe a range of outcomes under different courses of action and assumptions. Such scenarios are often based on narratives describing how society could develop, a set of trends in socio-economic drivers, policies, and technology developments, and in many cases societal goals to be achieved. IAMs translate such assumptions, trends and goals into quantitative projections. They typically include a detailed description of human activity (e.g. energy and land use), direct drivers of environmental change (e.g. emissions, land use and resource use), resulting impacts (e.g. climate change and consequences for crops) and response options. The output of IAMs is a detailed description of human-earth system coupling and development over the 21st century. 41</p><p>The most common use of IAMs is in the field of climate change. Here, the field has evolved from global aggregate models focused on cost-benefit analysis to detailed process models used to generate emissions scenarios and to coupled model frameworks for impact analyses. The objective of IAMs of climate change is to project alternative climate change futures with and without various types of climate change policies in place to provide policymakers at all levels of government and industry an idea of the stakes involved in deciding whether or not to implement various policies. 42</p><p>The literature on IAMs is vast and continues to grow rapidly. It is spread across many disciplines, with publications appearing in a wide range of journals, including those that focus on earth sciences, biological sciences, environmental engineering, ec
42onomics, sociology, technological change, and other related fields. In the literature, there is some confusion about what IAMs are and for which purpose they have been developed. To this end, it is important to distinguish between different characteristics of IAMs, including their topic, type of model, optimization versus simulation, and global versus national scope: 43</p> 44<ul><li><b>Topic</b><br />While by far most IAMs are used for climate change, similar models have also been developed for air pollution, water use and other topics.</li> 45<li><b>Type of model</b><br />There are two basic types: detailed process (DP) IAMs and benefitâcost (BC) IAMs. DP IAMs are more disaggregated and seek to provide projections of mitigation strategies in terms of consequences for energy and land use. They can often also provide projections of physical impacts such as reductions in crop growth, land inundated by sea level rise, and additional deaths from heat stress. They are typically used to provide emission scenarios for future climate change projections and to evaluate efficient mitigation strategies. In contrast, BC IAMs provide a more aggregated representation of climate change mitigation costs and aggregate impacts by sector and region into a single economic metric. They are typically used to assess the social costs of carbon.</li> 46<li><b>Optimization versus simulation</b><br />Many models optimize a welfare or cost measure to identify efficient courses of action to reach a long-term goal, and associated prices and system changes. A second category of simulation models uses pre-defined rules to describe the evolution of the human-earth system.</li> 47<li><b>Global vs national</b><br />Global IAMs are used to assess the collective climate change impact of human activity around the world. While they are becoming increasingly detailed in their description of regions, sectors and processes they are naturally limited in terms of detail due to their global nature. With the emergence of a hybrid international climate policy architecture combining global targets with nationally determined actions and commitments as laid out in the Paris Agreement, national IAMs are being developed to capture national transition pathways and associated policy strategies with the necessary level of detail.</li></ul> 48<!-- 49NewPP limit report 50Cached time: 20260923190020 51Cache expiry: 86400 52Reduced expiry: false 53Complications: [] 54[SMW] Inâtext annotation parser time: 0.001 seconds 55CPU time usage: 0.004 seconds 56Real time usage: 0.020 seconds 57Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 58Postâexpand include size: 0/2097152 bytes 59Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes 60Highest expansion depth: 1/100 61Expensive parser function count: 0/500 62Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 63Unstrip postâexpand size: 0/5000000 bytes 64--> 65<!-- 66Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 67100.00% 0.000 1 -total 68--> 69 70<!-- Saved in parser cache with key iamcdb:pcache:idhash:4976-0!canonical and timestamp 20260923190020 and revision id 15928. 71 --> 72</div> 73<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://www.iamcdocumentation.eu/index.php?title=Integrated_assessment_models&oldid=15928">https://www.iamcdocumentation.eu/index.php?title=Integrated_assessment_models&oldid=15928</a>"</div></div> 74 <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> 75 </div> 76</div> 77 78<div id="mw-navigation"> 79 <h2>Navigation menu</h2> 80 <div id="mw-head"> 81 82 83<nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > 84 <h3 85 id="p-personal-label" 86 87 class="vector-menu-heading " 88 > 89 <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span> 90 </h3> 91 <div class="vector-menu-content"> 92 93 <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Integrated+assessment+models" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span>Log in</span></a></li></ul> 94 95 </div> 96</nav> 97 98 <div id="left-navigation"> 99 100 101<nav id="p-namespaces" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-namespaces vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" role="navigation" > 102 <h3 103 id="p-namespaces-label" 104 105 class="vector-menu-heading " 106 > 107 <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Namespaces</span> 108 </h3> 109 <div class="vector-menu-content"> 110 111 <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/Integrated_assessment_models" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new mw-list-item"><a href="/edit/Talk:Integrated_assessment_models?redlink=1" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page (page does not exist) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li></ul> 112 113 </div> 114</nav> 115 116 117 118<nav id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" role="navigation" > 119 <input type="checkbox" 120 id="p-variants-checkbox" 121 role="button" 122 aria-haspopup="true" 123 data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants" 124 class="vector-menu-checkbox" 125 aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" 126 /> 127 <label 128 id="p-variants-label" 129 aria-label="Change language variant" 130 class="vector-menu-heading " 131 > 132 <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">English</span> 133 </label> 134 <div class="vector-menu-content"> 135 136 <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"></ul> 137 138 </div> 139</nav> 140 141 </div> 142 <div id="right-navigation"> 143 144 145<nav id="p-views" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-views vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" role="navigation" > 146 <h3 147 id="p-views-label" 148 149 class="vector-menu-heading " 150 > 151 <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Views</span> 152 </h3> 153 <div class="vector-menu-content"> 154 155 <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-view" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/Integrated_assessment_models"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/edit/Integrated_assessment_models" title="This page is protected. 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id="p-Model_documentation-label" 240 241 class="vector-menu-heading " 242 > 243 <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Model documentation</span> 244 </h3> 245 <div class="vector-menu-content"> 246 247 <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-AIM-Hub" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Model_Documentation_-_AIM-Hub"><span>AIM-Hub</span></a></li><li id="n-BLUES" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Model_Documentation_-_BLUES"><span>BLUES</span></a></li><li id="n-C3IAM" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Model_Documentation_-_C3IAM"><span>C3IAM</span></a></li><li id="n-COFFEE-TEA" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Model_Documentation_-_COFFEE-TEA"><span>COFFEE-TEA</span></a></li><li id="n-DNE21+" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Model_Documentation_-_DNE21%2B"><span>DNE21+</span></a></li><li id="n-GCAM" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Model_Documentation_-_GCAM"><span>GCAM</span></a></li><li id="n-GEM-E3" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Model_Documentation_-_GEM-E3"><span>GEM-E3</span></a></li><li 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India</span></a></li><li id="n-AIM-Enduse-Japan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_AIM-Enduse_Japan"><span>AIM-Enduse Japan</span></a></li><li id="n-AIM-Hub" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_AIM-Hub"><span>AIM-Hub</span></a></li><li id="n-AIM-Hub-Thailand" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_AIM-Hub_Thailand"><span>AIM-Hub Thailand</span></a></li><li id="n-AIM-Hub-Viet-Nam" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_AIM-Hub_Viet_Nam"><span>AIM-Hub Viet Nam</span></a></li><li id="n-BET" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_BET"><span>BET</span></a></li><li id="n-BLUES" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_BLUES"><span>BLUES</span></a></li><li id="n-China-TIMES" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_China_TIMES"><span>China TIMES</span></a></li><li id="n-C3IAM" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_C3IAM"><span>C3IAM</span></a></li><li id="n-CCEM" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_CCEM"><span>CCEM</span></a></li><li id="n-COFFEE-TEA" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_COFFEE-TEA"><span>COFFEE-TEA</span></a></li><li id="n-DART" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_DART"><span>DART</span></a></li><li id="n-DNE21+" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_DNE21%2B"><span>DNE21+</span></a></li><li id="n-d-PLACE" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_d-PLACE"><span>d-PLACE</span></a></li><li id="n-E3ME-FTT" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_E3ME-FTT"><span>E3ME-FTT</span></a></li><li id="n-ENV-Linkages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_ENV-Linkages"><span>ENV-Linkages</span></a></li><li id="n-EPPA" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_EPPA"><span>EPPA</span></a></li><li id="n-Euro-Calliope" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_Euro-Calliope"><span>Euro-Calliope</span></a></li><li id="n-FeliX" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_FeliX"><span>FeliX</span></a></li><li id="n-FRIDA" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_FRIDA"><span>FRIDA</span></a></li><li id="n-GCAM" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_GCAM"><span>GCAM</span></a></li><li id="n-GCAM-CEEW" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_GCAM-India"><span>GCAM-CEEW</span></a></li><li id="n-GCAM-KAIST" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_GCAM-KAIST"><span>GCAM-KAIST</span></a></li><li id="n-GCAM-KSA" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_GCAM-KSA"><span>GCAM-KSA</span></a></li><li id="n-GEM-E3" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_GEM-E3"><span>GEM-E3</span></a></li><li id="n-GENeSYS-MOD" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_GENeSYS-MOD"><span>GENeSYS-MOD</span></a></li><li id="n-GMM" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_GMM"><span>GMM</span></a></li><li id="n-GRACE" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_GRACE"><span>GRACE</span></a></li><li id="n-ICES" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_ICES"><span>ICES</span></a></li><li id="n-IFs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_IFs"><span>IFs</span></a></li><li id="n-IMACLIM" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_IMACLIM"><span>IMACLIM</span></a></li><li id="n-IMACLIM-NLU" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_IMACLIM-NLU"><span>IMACLIM-NLU</span></a></li><li id="n-IMACLIM-India" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_IMACLIM-India"><span>IMACLIM-India</span></a></li><li id="n-IMAGE" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_IMAGE"><span>IMAGE</span></a></li><li id="n-IPAC-AIM-technology" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_IPAC-AIM_technology"><span>IPAC-AIM technology</span></a></li><li id="n-IPAC-Global" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_IPAC-Global"><span>IPAC-Global</span></a></li><li id="n-IPETS" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_IPETS"><span>IPETS</span></a></li><li id="n-MARKAL-India" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_MARKAL-India"><span>MARKAL-India</span></a></li><li id="n-MERGE-ETL" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_MERGE-ETL"><span>MERGE-ETL</span></a></li><li id="n-MESSAGE-GLOBIOM" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_MESSAGE-GLOBIOM"><span>MESSAGE-GLOBIOM</span></a></li><li id="n-MESSAGE-Korea" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_MESSAGE_Korea"><span>MESSAGE Korea</sp
263an></a></li><li id="n-MIGRATION" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_MIGRATION"><span>MIGRATION</span></a></li><li id="n-MIMOSA" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_MIMOSA"><span>MIMOSA</span></a></li><li id="n-MUSE" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_MUSE"><span>MUSE</span></a></li><li id="n-NEMESIS-World" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_NEMESIS-World"><span>NEMESIS-World</span></a></li><li id="n-NICE" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_NICE"><span>NICE</span></a></li><li id="n-PRIMES" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_PRIMES"><span>PRIMES</span></a></li><li id="n-OPEN-PROM" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_OPEN-PROM"><span>OPEN-PROM</span></a></li><li id="n-PROMETHEUS" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_PROMETHEUS"><span>PROMETHEUS</span></a></li><li id="n-REMIND-MAgPIE" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_REMIND-MAgPIE"><span>REMIND-MAgPIE</span></a></li><li id="n-REMod" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_REMod"><span>REMod</span></a></li><li id="n-RICE50+" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_RICE50%2B"><span>RICE50+</span></a></li><li id="n-SNOW_GL-_HH" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_SNOW_GL_HH"><span>SNOW_GL _HH</span></a></li><li id="n-TIAM-ECN" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_TIAM-ECN"><span>TIAM-ECN</span></a></li><li id="n-TIAM-UCL" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_TIAM-UCL"><span>TIAM-UCL</span></a></li><li id="n-TIMES-France" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_TIMES-France"><span>TIMES-France</span></a></li><li id="n-UNICON" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_UNICON"><span>UNICON</span></a></li><li id="n-VESPA" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_VESPA"><span>VESPA</span></a></li><li id="n-WEGDYN" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_WEGDYN"><span>WEGDYN</span></a></li><li id="n-WITCH" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_WITCH"><span>WITCH</span></a></li><li id="n-WITNESS" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_-_WITNESS"><span>WITNESS</span></a></li></ul> 264 265 </div> 266</nav> 267 268 269<nav id="p-Protocols_Model-based_studies" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Protocols_Model-based_studies vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Protocols_Model-based_studies-label" role="navigation" > 270 <h3 271 id="p-Protocols_Model-based_studies-label" 272 273 class="vector-menu-heading " 274 > 275 <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Protocols Model-based studies</span> 276 </h3> 277 <div class="vector-menu-content"> 278 279 <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Protocols_Model-based_studies_-_Introduction"><span>Introduction</span></a></li><li id="n-ELEVATE" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Protocols_Model-based_studies_-_ELEVATE"><span>ELEVATE</span></a></li></ul> 280 281 </div> 282</nav> 283 284 285<nav id="p-Model_diagnostics" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Model_diagnostics vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Model_diagnostics-label" role="navigation" > 286 <h3 287 id="p-Model_diagnostics-label" 288 289 class="vector-menu-heading " 290 > 291 <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Model diagnostics</span> 292 </h3> 293 <div class="vector-menu-content"> 294 295 <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Model_diagnostics_-_Introduction"><span>Introduction</span></a></li><li id="n-IMAGE" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Model_diagnostics_-_IMAGE"><span>IMAGE</span></a></li></ul> 296 297 </div> 298</nav> 299 300 301<nav id="p-Overviews" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Overviews vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Overviews-label" role="navigation" > 302 <h3 303 id="p-Overviews-label" 304 305 class="vector-menu-heading " 306 > 307 <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Overviews</span> 308 </h3> 309 <div class="vector-menu-content"> 310 311 <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Reference-card-overviews" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Reference_card_overviews"><span>Reference card overviews</span></a></li><li id="n-Model-comparison" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Model_comparison"><span>Model comparison</span></a></li><li id="n-Model-comparison-based-on-scope-and-methods" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Model_comparison_based_on_scope_and_methods"><span>Model comparison based on scope and methods</span></a></li><li id="n-Export-reference-card-data-(matrix-format)" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Export_reference_card_data"><span>Export reference card data (matrix format)</span></a></li><li id="n-Export-reference-card-data-(database-format)" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:RunQuery/ExportReferenceCardToCSVForm"><span>Export reference card data (database format)</span></a></li></ul> 312 313 </div> 314</nav> 315 316 317<nav id="p-Model_inputs" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Model_inputs vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Model_inputs-label" role="navigation" > 318 <h3 319 id="p-Model_inputs-label" 320 321 class="vector-menu-heading " 322 > 323 <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Model inputs</span> 324 </h3> 325 <div class="vector-menu-content"> 326 327 <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-AIM-Hub" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Model_inputs_-_AIM-Hub"><span>AIM-Hub</span></a></li><li id="n-GCAM" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Model_inputs_-_GCAM"><span>GCAM</span></a></li><li id="n-IMAGE" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Model_inputs_-_IMAGE"><span>IMAGE</span></a></li><li id="n-MESSAGE-GLOBIOM" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Model_inputs_-_MESSAGE-GLOBIOM"><span>MESSAGE-GLOBIOM</span></a></li><li id="n-REMIND-MAgPIE" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Model_inputs_-_REMIND-MAgPIE"><span>REMIND-MAgPIE</span></a></li><li id="n-WITCH" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Model_inputs_-_WITCH"><span>WITCH</span></a></li></ul> 328 329 </div> 330</nav> 331 332 333<nav id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" role="navigation" > 334 <h3 335 id="p-tb-label" 336 337 class="vector-menu-heading " 338 > 339 <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Tools</span> 340 </h3> 341 <div class="vector-menu-content"> 342 343 <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:WhatLinksHere/Integrated_assessment_models" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Integrated_assessment_models" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list 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