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1import{s as U,c as te,u as ne,g as ae,a as oe,o as se,n as W}from"../chunks/scheduler.CEKUN5dj.js";import{S as Z,i as ee,e as g,t as B,s as y,b as k,f as E,g as D,d as m,c as b,o as L,w as J,j as u,k as A,x as ie,l as K,q as S,r as F,m as P,h as le,n as q,p as I,u as T,v as _}from"../chunks/index.-CSZMLZO.js";/* empty css                                                    */import{T as z,a as O,b as N}from"../chunks/TalkingPointName.CQRanuvi.js";function re(p){let e,r,t,n=p[1]?"+":"−",o,l,s,$,i,c,w,h;const a=p[3].default,d=te(a,p,p[2],null);return{c(){e=g("div"),r=g("div"),t=g("div"),o=B(n),l=y(),s=B(p[0]),$=y(),i=g("div"),d&&d.c(),this.h()},l(v){e=k(v,"DIV",{class:!0});var C=E(e);r=k(C,"DIV",{class:!0});var f=E(r);t=k(f,"DIV",{class:!0});var x=E(t);o=D(x,n),x.forEach(m),l=b(f),s=D(f,p[0]),f.forEach(m),$=b(C),i=k(C,"DIV",{class:!0,style:!0});var M=E(i);d&&d.l(M),M.forEach(m),C.forEach(m),this.h()},h(){L(t,"class","symbol svelte-594eih"),L(r,"class","title svelte-594eih"),L(i,"class","faqPoint svelte-594eih"),J(i,"display",p[1]?"none":"block"),L(e,"class","collapsedFAQ svelte-594eih")},m(v,C){u(v,e,C),A(e,r),A(r,t),A(t,o),A(r,l),A(r,s),A(e,$),A(e,i),d&&d.m(i,null),c=!0,w||(h=ie(r,"click",p[4]),w=!0)},p(v,[C]){(!c||C&2)&&n!==(n=v[1]?"+":"−")&&K(o,n),(!c||C&1)&&K(s,v[0]),d&&d.p&&(!c||C&4)&&ne(d,a,v,v[2],c?oe(a,v[2],C,null):ae(v[2]),null),(!c||C&2)&&J(i,"display",v[1]?"none":"block")},i(v){c||(S(d,v),c=!0)},o(v){F(d,v),c=!1},d(v){v&&m(e),d&&d.d(v),w=!1,h()}}}function ce(p,e,r){let{$$slots:t={},$$scope:n}=e,{title:o}=e,l=!1;se(async()=>{r(1,l=!0)});const s=()=>{r(1,l=!l)};return p.$$set=$=>{"title"in $&&r(0,o=$.title),"$$scope"in $&&r(2,n=$.$$scope)},[o,l,n,t,s]}class j extends Z{constructor(e){super(),ee(this,e,ce,re,U,{title:0})}}function me(p){let e,r=`All FemtoStar services are delivered on a best-effort basis, at the
2          highest speed technically feasible with the user's hardware and with
3          network traffic at that time. We do not impose artificial restrictions
4          on bandwidth. The flipside of this is that, while we do not limit you
5          to a maximum speed, we cannot guarantee you will always get one
6          particular speed either - getting the maximum possible at all times
7          means that, unlike a service where you are constantly limited to a
8          certain bandwidth even when more is possible, FemtoStar performance
9          will vary. Performance at some times being lower than at some others
10          should be expected.`,t,n,o=`FemtoStar service is paid for in terms of the amount of beam time a
11          session consumes - that is, how long the satellite needs to spend
12          using one of its beams to transmit data for that session. This is not
13          the same as the amount of time a user stays connected to the network -
14          because the beam must also serve other users and any particular user's
15          terminal is unlikely to be consuming the full throughput of its link
16          at all times, a connected terminal consumes much less beam time than
17          the amount of time it remains connected, especially when usage is
18          light. What all of this means is that there is no data cap - we don't
19          care about how many bytes you send through the satellite, only how
20          long the satellite must spend handling your traffic.`,l,s,$=`This means that users with larger, higher-speed terminals (see the
21          above point) able to transfer the same amount of data in a shorter
22          period of time will pay less for the same amount of data transferred,
23          as they will consume less beam time in doing so. Because beam time is
24          the network's most important resource, and is the limiting factor in
25          terms of network performance, we believe that charging for service in
26          terms of the actual resource - beam time - being consumed is the most
27          fair model for service pricing.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.textContent=r,t=y(),n=g("p"),n.textContent=o,l=y(),s=g("p"),s.textContent=$},l(i){e=k(i,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-we736o"&&(e.textContent=r),t=b(i),n=k(i,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(n)!=="svelte-103f9bb"&&(n.textContent=o),l=b(i),s=k(i,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(s)!=="svelte-16d3c82"&&(s.textContent=$)},m(i,c){u(i,e,c),u(i,t,c),u(i,n,c),u(i,l,c),u(i,s,c)},p:W,d(i){i&&(m(e),m(t),m(n),m(l),m(s))}}}function ue(p){let e;return{c(){e=B(`The FemtoStar Project intends to take a hybrid approach to terminal
28        manufacturing and sales. Higher-volume "core" user terminals will be
29        manufactured and sold primarily by hardware partners, allowing us to
30        leverage existing manufacturing and sales infrastructure. Meanwhile,
31        development and reference hardware, as well as more specialized
32        terminals will be made in Canada by FemtoStar Inc., at the same facility
33        where build our satellites. Every FemtoStar terminal is based on
34        FemtoStar Project-developed reference designs.`)},l(r){e=D(r,`The FemtoStar Project intends to take a hybrid approach to terminal
35        manufacturing and sales. Higher-volume "core" user terminals will be
36        manufactured and sold primarily by hardware partners, allowing us to
37        leverage existing manufacturing and sales infrastructure. Meanwhile,
38        development and reference hardware, as well as more specialized
39        terminals will be made in Canada by FemtoStar Inc., at the same facility
40        where build our satellites. Every FemtoStar terminal is based on
41        FemtoStar Project-developed reference designs.`)},m(r,t){u(r,e,t)},d(r){r&&m(e)}}}function he(p){let e,r=`FemtoStar is a midband Mobile Satellite Service network, designed for
42          speeds in line with other midband Mobile Satellite Service offerings.
43          Here, the term "midband" refers to the level of bandwidth between
44          narrowband services, designed to provide a low-speed connection to
45          small, usually IoT/embedded terminals, and broadband services,
46          designed to provide a high-speed connection to large, expensive, fixed
47          terminals.`,t,n,o=`While this middle category of service may be unfamiliar to those more
48          used to terrestrial services, it's common in the in Mobile Satellite
49          Service landscape, and is what's offered by services such as Inmarsat
50          BGAN, Iridium Certus, or Thuraya IP. In these services, as in
51          FemtoStar, designing for this middle category means that users can
52          expect performance much better than a narrowband system, while still
53          having a truly-portable terminal much smaller than those needed for
54          broadband systems. Like the aforementioned MSS options, a typical
55          FemtoStar terminal should provide in the mid-hundreds of kbps, using a
56          terminal roughly the size of a tablet or small laptop.`,l,s,$=`Of course, FemtoStar's design still allows for flexibility on the size
57          and speed of terminals - users should be able to choose their own
58          balance between speed, cost, and portability. As such, depending on
59          the size of the terminal, the FemtoStar network should be able to accomodate
60          larger terminals in the megabits-per-second range, or smaller
61          terminals with reduced (if still better than typical narrowband
62          offerings) speeds in a pocket-sized form factor.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.textContent=r,t=y(),n=g("p"),n.textContent=o,l=y(),s=g("p"),s.textContent=$},l(i){e=k(i,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-1xph800"&&(e.textContent=r),t=b(i),n=k(i,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(n)!=="svelte-1ff0kkk"&&(n.textContent=o),l=b(i),s=k(i,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(s)!=="svelte-m0251r"&&(s.textContent=$)},m(i,c){u(i,e,c),u(i,t,c),u(i,n,c),u(i,l,c),u(i,s,c)},p:W,d(i){i&&(m(e),m(t),m(n),m(l),m(s))}}}function fe(p){let e,r=`No, at least not by any usual definition of the term. While the Credit Token system is a
63          digital system used to pay for service, and while they do make use of
64          cryptographic signatures for security, FemtoStar Credit Tokens are not
65          transacted on a blockchain, cannot be mined, and are not intended for
66          use as anything other than payment for FemtoStar service.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.textContent=r},l(t){e=k(t,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-1njsdzv"&&(e.textContent=r)},m(t,n){u(t,e,n)},p:W,d(t){t&&m(e)}}}function de(p){let e,r=`Once our network is operational, you will be able to purchase
67          FemtoStar tokens from FemtoStar Inc. via a retail token sales portal, from
68          a third-party reseller, or in bulk via a wholesale
69          agreement. While FemtoStar Inc. would be capable of pre-issuing tokens that would be usable
70          once the network was operational, they are not yet available for sale, due to the inherent risk to
71          consumers of purchasing a service before it is available. If you are
72          interested in working with FemtoStar Inc.
73          as a token reseller or for a large deployment of FemtoStar hardware as
74          an enterprise user, please contact 
75
76          <span class="j svelte-4yo9lh">This address has been hidden to prevent spam being received. If you are reading this website as plain text or through a screen reader, the correct address is the word inc, that&#39;s I. N. C., then the symbol spelled with the letter before B and then the letter after S, then the name of this
77            website or of our satellite, then dot com. </span>i<span class="c svelte-4yo9lh"></span><span class="c svelte-4yo9lh">Lorem</span>n<span class="j svelte-4yo9lh">ipsum</span><span class="c svelte-4yo9lh">dolor</span>c<span class="c svelte-4yo9lh">sit</span> а<span class="c svelte-4yo9lh">amet</span>t
78          f<span class="c svelte-4yo9lh">consectetur</span>e<span class="j svelte-4yo9lh">adipiscing</span>m<span class="c svelte-4yo9lh">elit</span>t<span class="c svelte-4yo9lh">Sed</span>o<span class="j svelte-4yo9lh">dolor</span>s<span class="c svelte-4yo9lh">sem</span>t<span class="c svelte-4yo9lh">lacinia</span>a<span class="c svelte-4yo9lh">ac</span>r
79          d<span class="c svelte-4yo9lh">euismod</span>о<span class="j svelte-4yo9lh">vitae</span>t c<span class="c svelte-4yo9lh">hendrerit</span>o<span class="j svelte-4yo9lh">sit</span>m.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.innerHTML=r},l(t){e=k(t,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-y1ju7x"&&(e.innerHTML=r)},m(t,n){u(t,e,n)},p:W,d(t){t&&m(e)}}}function pe(p){let e,r=`The FemtoStar Project is a global volunteer community of developers, working on
80          technology for global, open communications infrastructure. For more
81          information about the FemtoStar Project, or to contact us, see
82          <a href="./about-contact">about &amp; contact</a>.`,t,n,o=`FemtoStar Inc., located in Canada, is the company tasked with the manufacturing
83          and operation of the FemtoStar satellite constellation, based on the free and
84          open-source designs and specifications developed and published by the FemtoStar
85          Project.`,l,s,$=`FemtoStar Inc. exists to provide the FemtoStar Project with an entity which
86          can manufacture the satellites, hold licenses for the constellation, purchase
87          services such as satellite launch or component fabrication, and can handle
88          the day-to-day operation of the constellation once operational. While
89          FemtoStar Inc. consists entirely of FemtoStar Project members, and exists
90          to manufacture and operate the system developed by the FemtoStar Project,
91          the FemtoStar Project is entirely independent of FemtoStar Inc., and its developments
92          are freely usable, even outside the context of the network operated by
93          FemtoStar Inc.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.innerHTML=r,t=y(),n=g("p"),n.textContent=o,l=y(),s=g("p"),s.textContent=$},l(i){e=k(i,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-3gpkk8"&&(e.innerHTML=r),t=b(i),n=k(i,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(n)!=="svelte-1h85ijt"&&(n.textContent=o),l=b(i),s=k(i,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(s)!=="svelte-d7ay89"&&(s.textContent=$)},m(i,c){u(i,e,c),u(i,t,c),u(i,n,c),u(i,l,c),u(i,s,c)},p:W,d(i){i&&(m(e),m(t),m(n),m(l),m(s))}}}function $e(p){let e,r,t,n,o,l,s,$,i,c,w,h;return e=new j({props:{title:"Do you plan to offer bandwidth tiers? Will there be a data cap?",$$slots:{default:[me]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),t=new j({props:{title:"Who makes FemtoStar terminals?",$$slots:{default:[ue]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),o=new j({props:{title:"What speeds do you anticipate being available?",$$slots:{default:[he]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),s=new j({props:{title:"Is the FemtoStar Credit Token a cryptocurrency?",$$slots:{default:[fe]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),i=new j({props:{title:"How do I buy FemtoStar tokens? Are they available yet?",$$slots:{default:[de]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),w=new j({props:{title:"Who is the FemtoStar Project? Who is FemtoStar Inc.?",$$slots:{default:[pe]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),{c(){P(e.$$.fragment),r=y(),P(t.$$.fragment),n=y(),P(o.$$.fragment),l=y(),P(s.$$.fragment),$=y(),P(i.$$.fragment),c=y(),P(w.$$.fragment)},l(a){q(e.$$.fragment,a),r=b(a),q(t.$$.fragment,a),n=b(a),q(o.$$.fragment,a),l=b(a),q(s.$$.fragment,a),$=b(a),q(i.$$.fragment,a),c=b(a),q(w.$$.fragment,a)},m(a,d){I(e,a,d),u(a,r,d),I(t,a,d),u(a,n,d),I(o,a,d),u(a,l,d),I(s,a,d),u(a,$,d),I(i,a,d),u(a,c,d),I(w,a,d),h=!0},p(a,d){const v={};d&1&&(v.$$scope={dirty:d,ctx:a}),e.$set(v);const C={};d&1&&(C.$$scope={dirty:d,ctx:a}),t.$set(C);const f={};d&1&&(f.$$scope={dirty:d,ctx:a}),o.$set(f);const x={};d&1&&(x.$$scope={dirty:d,ctx:a}),s.$set(x);const M={};d&1&&(M.$$scope={dirty:d,ctx:a}),i.$set(M);const H={};d&1&&(H.$$scope={dirty:d,ctx:a}),w.$set(H)},i(a){h||(S(e.$$.fragment,a),S(t.$$.fragment,a),S(o.$$.fragment,a),S(s.$$.fragment,a),S(i.$$.fragment,a),S(w.$$.fragment,a),h=!0)},o(a){F(e.$$.fragment,a),F(t.$$.fragment,a),F(o.$$.fragment,a),F(s.$$.fragment,a),F(i.$$.fragment,a),F(w.$$.fragment,a),h=!1}
93,d(a){a&&(m(r),m(n),m(l),m($),m(c)),T(e,a),T(t,a),T(o,a),T(s,a),T(i,a),T(w,a)}}}function we(p){let e,r,t,n;return e=new O({props:{text:"Products and Services"}}),t=new N({props:{$$slots:{default:[$e]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),{c(){P(e.$$.fragment),r=y(),P(t.$$.fragment)},l(o){q(e.$$.fragment,o),r=b(o),q(t.$$.fragment,o)},m(o,l){I(e,o,l),u(o,r,l),I(t,o,l),n=!0},p(o,l){const s={};l&1&&(s.$$scope={dirty:l,ctx:o}),t.$set(s)},i(o){n||(S(e.$$.fragment,o),S(t.$$.fragment,o),n=!0)},o(o){F(e.$$.fragment,o),F(t.$$.fragment,o),n=!1},d(o){o&&m(r),T(e,o),T(t,o)}}}function ve(p){let e,r=`<a href="https://starlink.com">Starlink</a> is a low-earth-orbit communications
94          constellation developed by SpaceX. While we have a tremendous amount of
95          respect for the engineering accomplishments of the Starlink network, its
96          goals and those of FemtoStar are largely separate. While both intend
97          to provide satellite communications service using low-earth orbit constellations,
98          Starlink is designed primarily to provide consumer broadband services to large, fixed
99          terminals (in the satellite industry, this is known as Fixed Satellite
100          Service). FemtoStar, on the other hand, is designed for truly-mobile midband services
101          to small and medium, portable or in-motion terminals (also known as Mobile
102          Satellite Service).`,t,n,o=`While the Starlink network is large, its architecture is traditional -
103          it is designed to connect users to official ground stations providing
104          official services. While there has been talk of limited use of
105          Starlink for point-to-point connectivity, such as for high-speed
106          securities trading, SpaceX holds complete control over use of this
107          feature, and it is not a part of their consumer-facing services, nor
108          is it known to be possible with their consumer hardware. FemtoStar's
109          open-infrastructure architecture ensures an inherently net-neutral
110          network, wherein all hardware is usable as a ground station, and even
111          our own services are simply one of many a satellite is able to connect
112          users to.`,l,s,$=`Starlink terminals are uniquely identified on the network, and can be
113          readily geolocated by the network, as they are often disallowed from accessing the
114          network outside of the small region, or "cell", where their user's
115          address is registered. Starlink users are required to provide a
116          significant amount of personal information in order to purchase
117          service, in line with traditional telecommunications services. Payments for service
118          are handled on ground infrastructure, based on user accounts, and generally
119          are not possible using privacy-respecting payment methods. FemtoStar users
120          do not require any user account whatsoever, and payments are handled on the satellite
121          itself using FemtoStar Credit Tokens. Geolocation of FemtoStar users by the FemtoStar
122          network is, by design, infeasible.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.innerHTML=r,t=y(),n=g("p"),n.textContent=o,l=y(),s=g("p"),s.textContent=$},l(i){e=k(i,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-1wwd0bv"&&(e.innerHTML=r),t=b(i),n=k(i,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(n)!=="svelte-3ealde"&&(n.textContent=o),l=b(i),s=k(i,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(s)!=="svelte-zx8vn4"&&(s.textContent=$)},m(i,c){u(i,e,c),u(i,t,c),u(i,n,c),u(i,l,c),u(i,s,c)},p:W,d(i){i&&(m(e),m(t),m(n),m(l),m(s))}}}function ye(p){let e,r=`<a href="https://blockstream.com">Blockstream</a> is a cryptocurrency
123          company which offers a service named
124          <a href="https://blockstream.com/satellite">Blockstream Satellite</a>.
125          <a href="https://othernet.is">Othernet</a> is a company which broadcasts
126          data, primarily news and other text content, via satellite.`,t,n,o=`Blockstream Satellite broadcasts the Bitcoin blockchain, one-way, over
127          six geostationary broadcasting satellites, and offers an API to
128          transmit your own short pieces of data over the network, with payment
129          in Bitcoin. While Blockstream does allow for remote access to the
130          Bitcoin blockchain, it is a one-way system - it cannot be used for
131          two-way communications, or even to send (as opposed to simply observe)
132          cryptocurrency transactions, unless you already have an internet connection
133          and can connect to its API.`,l,s,$=`Othernet provides one-way, broadcast data service via two
134          geostationary satellites. This data typically consists of news,
135          Wikipedia articles, and other low-data-rate content which can be
136          delivered one-way.`,i,c,w=`Both of these companies purchase time on existing geostationary
137          broadcasting satellites, of the type typically used for c
137onsumer
138          satellite television. These services do not support, nor is the
139          hardware provided for them capable of, any form of uplink from the
140          user terminal. While both services are useful as tools for broadcast
141          data distribution, they are one-way, Broadcasting Satellite Service
142          systems, distinct from two-way communications systems in the Fixed
143          Satellite Service (such as Starlink) and Mobile Satellite Service
144          (such as FemtoStar).`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.innerHTML=r,t=y(),n=g("p"),n.textContent=o,l=y(),s=g("p"),s.textContent=$,i=y(),c=g("p"),c.textContent=w},l(h){e=k(h,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-axw6l9"&&(e.innerHTML=r),t=b(h),n=k(h,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(n)!=="svelte-18oiqw5"&&(n.textContent=o),l=b(h),s=k(h,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(s)!=="svelte-dismy5"&&(s.textContent=$),i=b(h),c=k(h,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(c)!=="svelte-1jhubq"&&(c.textContent=w)},m(h,a){u(h,e,a),u(h,t,a),u(h,n,a),u(h,l,a),u(h,s,a),u(h,i,a),u(h,c,a)},p:W,d(h){h&&(m(e),m(t),m(n),m(l),m(s),m(i),m(c))}}}function be(p){let e,r=`We're big fans of a number of the terrestrial privacy-respecting
145          communications projects currently in development - in fact, what is now FemtoStar
146          began in concept as a terrestrial system,
147          which we then called Private Mobile Data Protocol (PMDP).`,t,n,o=`The fundamental issue of terrestrial networks is the amount of
148          hardware necessary to provide adequate coverage. It has taken decades
149          of development, thousands of licenses to thousands of companies in
150          hundreds of countries, hundreds of billions of dollars at least, and <a href="https://www.mobileworldlive.com/blog/blog-global-base-station-count-7m-or-4-times-higher">more than 7 million cell towers</a> to build mainstream cellular networks out to their current coverage,
151          and even with this it&#39;s likely you still sometimes have problems getting
152          cellular service. We began with the assumption that a terrestrial network
153          would be the only practical solution, and extensively tested a variety of 
154          popular license-free radio hardware - including LoRa, 802.11, and 802.15.4 transceivers -
155          in real-world urban and suburban environments. Eventually, we were forced to
156          admit that a workable community-operated mobile telecommunications network would be impractical
157          in all but the most densely-populated areas, and even there only with the
158          right combination of ideally-situated transceivers and minimal obstruction by structures.`,l,s,$=`As a thought experiment in community-run terrestrial networks, next
159          time you leave home, ask yourself if you are ever more than 1
160          kilometer (3200 feet) away from somewhere a mesh node or base station
161          in a community-run terrestrial network could be installed without
162          being removed, stolen, or tampered with, and if anyone nearby would be
163          willing to purchase, install, and maintain such a device. We installed a
164          series of LoRa transceivers in a real city in 2019 as a test of our PMDP
165          concept, mapped their coverage under a variety of conditions, and came to
166          the conclusion that that, rather than being an easier solution, such a 
167          network was likely outright impossible in most circumstances.`,i,c,w=`Where such networks can exist, they genuinely do have some advantages
168          over satellite-based networks - however, in most places, it is simply
169          not realistic to build them. We found this out the hard way. It's also
170          worth noting that FemtoStar can coexist with these networks
171          symbiotically - where these networks can be built, given that this is
172          likely to occur in clusters of nodes or base stations (such as in a
173          city center) separated by a substantial distance, we believe FemtoStar
174          could be extremely useful to link these sections together into larger,
175          more resillient networks.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.textContent=r,t=y(),n=g("p"),n.innerHTML=o,l=y(),s=g("p"),s.textContent=$,i=y(),c=g("p"),c.textContent=w},l(h){e=k(h,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-w0i290"&&(e.textContent=r),t=b(h),n=k(h,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(n)!=="svelte-1oddxqd"&&(n.innerHTML=o),l=b(h),s=k(h,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(s)!=="svelte-1xd56dq"&&(s.textContent=$),i=b(h),c=k(h,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(c)!=="svelte-1v2ybr6"&&(c.textContent=w)},m(h,a){u(h,e,a),u(h,t,a),u(h,n,a),u(h,l,a),u(h,s,a),u(h,i,a),u(h,c,a)},p:W,d(h){h&&(m(e),m(t),m(n),m(l),m(s),m(i),m(c))}}}function ge(p){let e,r=`See the above point. While mesh networks are able to partially solve
176          the problem of base station range by allowing every user device to
177          extend coverage, this still does not allow for coverage where there
178          are no nodes. The same thought experiment applies - are you always
179          within a kilometer of someone else who might have a node in the mesh?
180          If you have your own node in the mesh, is there often another node
181          nearby for it to mesh with? If not, a mesh network may not be
182          practical in your situation. Even where mesh networks are practical,
183          FemtoStar could still be used to interconnect regions where the mesh
184          is available, even when they are separated by large regions with no
185          nodes.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.textContent=r},l(t){e=k(t,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-164bug6"&&(e.textContent=r)},m(t,n){u(t,e,n)},p:W,d(t){t&&m(e)}}}function ke(p){let e,r=`If the service you have used was via a geostationary network, then
186          not to nearly the same degree. While the distance to the satellite
187          does add some amount of latency due to the time taken for the signal
188          to reach the satellite, the round-trip propagation time to a low-earth
189          orbit satellite is a handful of milliseconds, not the hundreds of
190          milliseconds familiar to users of geostationary satellite networks.`,t,n,o=`In general, latency via low-earth orbit satellite networks, including FemtoStar,
191          is comparable to that of terrestrial mobile networks, and is generally
192          unproblematic for most applications.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.textContent=r,t=y(),n=g("p"),n.textContent=o},l(l){e=k(l,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-1q4c4aw"&&(e.textContent=r),t=b(l),n=k(l,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(n)!=="svelte-157zwwj"&&(n.textContent=o)},m(l,s){u(l,e,s),u(l,t,s),u(l,n,s)},p:W,d(l){l&&(m(e),m(t),m(n))}}}function _e(p){let e,r=`In contrast to the vast majority of small satellites, FemtoStar plans
193          to include electric propulsion onboard the satellites used in our
194          constellation, allowing them to be repositioned as needed and cleanly
195          deorbited at end-of-life. The FemtoStar Project is working closely with
196          Applied Ion Systems, a leading developer of open-hardware smallsat
197          propulsion hardware, to develop a specialized implementation of their
198          technology for use onboard our satellite.`,t,n,o=`In addition to this, while the exact orbital parameters of the final
199          constellation are undecided at this time, the requirement to launch
200          via typical rideshare missions generally entails deployment at orbits typically
201          considered sufficiently self-cleaning to accomodate satellites without
202          any onboard propulsion at all, causing them to eventually re-enter simply
203          due to atmospheric drag. While satellites used in the constellation are likely to
204          raise their orbits somewhat after deployment, any satellites not raising
205          their orbit into the final constellation (such a satellite that
206          experienced a propulsion failure during launch, or an early test satellite
207          without propulsion) would simply remain at their deployed altitude and,
208          at end-of-life, re-enter due to atmospheric drag like a typical smallsat.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.textContent=r,t=y(),n=g("p"),n.textContent=o},l(l){e=k(l,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-2a0ysq"&&(e.textContent=r),t=b(l),n=k(l,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(n)!=="svelte-7d3hig"&&(n.textContent=o)},m(l,s){u(l,e,s),u(l,t,s),u(l,n,s)},p:W,d(l){l&&(m(e),m(t),m(n))}}}function xe(p){let e,r=`The network can theoretically work with as little as a single
209          satellite, however of course this configuration does not allow for a
210          stationary user to receive
211          continuous coverage. Practical constellation layouts begin at around
212          48 satellites (and include the layout shown on our <a href="./">homepage</a>). We have considered the possibility of a larger
213          constellation of up to 96 satellites, however we believe that the most
214          reasonable approach would be to begin with the minimum practical
215          number of satellites (likely 48) and then scale up the constellation
216          with new satellites as needed.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.innerHTML=r},l(t){e=k(t,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-jxzbj"&&(e.innerHTML=r)},m(t,n){u(t,e,n)},p:W,d(t){t&&m(e)}}}function Ce(p){let e,r=`The FemtoStar network is designed to provide multiple levels of protection against
217          failure of spacecraft, and against failure of the network due to the
218          failure of a spacecraft, resulting in a resilient network able to
219          mitigate and work around hardware failures onboard satellites. Each
220          satellite incorporates a degree of redundancy previously seen only on
221          far larger satellites, and is designed with longevity in mind. The
222          network as a whole also protects against network-wide unreliability as a
223          result of the failure of a single satellite - in the intended constellation, most regions, especially
224          those with a latitude near the inclination of the satellites (such as
225          North America, Europe, Oceania, and much of Asia and South America)
226          are covered redundantly, and even elsewhere, the "gap" caused when
227          the only satellite visible to a user has failed is usually short - lasting
228          only minutes or less before working satellites come into view.`,t,n,o=`For many users, a satellite failure would likely be noticeable only as
229          a decrease in the network's coverage angle, while for those in the
230          aforementioned near-inclination regions, it might not be noticeable at
231          all. Finally, we would be able to rapidly and inexpensively
232          replenish the network with new satellites, either newly-launched or
233          simply moved into place if already available in a storage orbit.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.textContent=r,t=y(),n=g("p"),n.textContent=o},l(l){e=k(l,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-hiq1mv"&&(e.textContent=r),t=b(l),n=k(l,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(n)!=="svelte-jxep3u"&&(n.textContent=o)}
233,m(l,s){u(l,e,s),u(l,t,s),u(l,n,s)},p:W,d(l){l&&(m(e),m(t),m(n))}}}function Se(p){let e,r,t,n,o,l,s,$,i,c,w,h,a,d,v,C;return e=new j({props:{title:"What about Starlink?",$$slots:{default:[ve]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),t=new j({props:{title:"What about Blockstream or Othernet?",$$slots:{default:[ye]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),o=new j({props:{title:"Are you sure satellites are the right way to do this? Surely a terrestrial network would be easier?",$$slots:{default:[be]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),s=new j({props:{title:"What about mesh networks?",$$slots:{default:[ge]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),i=new j({props:{title:"I've used satellite internet, and the latency is pretty bad - is this true of FemtoStar too?",$$slots:{default:[ke]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),w=new j({props:{title:"How do you plan to mitigate orbital debris?",$$slots:{default:[_e]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),a=new j({props:{title:"Is this a megaconstellation? How many satellites do you need?",$$slots:{default:[xe]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),v=new j({props:{title:"What if a satellite fails? Will the network become unreliable?",$$slots:{default:[Ce]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),{c(){P(e.$$.fragment),r=y(),P(t.$$.fragment),n=y(),P(o.$$.fragment),l=y(),P(s.$$.fragment),$=y(),P(i.$$.fragment),c=y(),P(w.$$.fragment),h=y(),P(a.$$.fragment),d=y(),P(v.$$.fragment)},l(f){q(e.$$.fragment,f),r=b(f),q(t.$$.fragment,f),n=b(f),q(o.$$.fragment,f),l=b(f),q(s.$$.fragment,f),$=b(f),q(i.$$.fragment,f),c=b(f),q(w.$$.fragment,f),h=b(f),q(a.$$.fragment,f),d=b(f),q(v.$$.fragment,f)},m(f,x){I(e,f,x),u(f,r,x),I(t,f,x),u(f,n,x),I(o,f,x),u(f,l,x),I(s,f,x),u(f,$,x),I(i,f,x),u(f,c,x),I(w,f,x),u(f,h,x),I(a,f,x),u(f,d,x),I(v,f,x),C=!0},p(f,x){const M={};x&1&&(M.$$scope={dirty:x,ctx:f}),e.$set(M);const H={};x&1&&(H.$$scope={dirty:x,ctx:f}),t.$set(H);const V={};x&1&&(V.$$scope={dirty:x,ctx:f}),o.$set(V);const Q={};x&1&&(Q.$$scope={dirty:x,ctx:f}),s.$set(Q);const G={};x&1&&(G.$$scope={dirty:x,ctx:f}),i.$set(G);const R={};x&1&&(R.$$scope={dirty:x,ctx:f}),w.$set(R);const X={};x&1&&(X.$$scope={dirty:x,ctx:f}),a.$set(X);const Y={};x&1&&(Y.$$scope={dirty:x,ctx:f}),v.$set(Y)},i(f){C||(S(e.$$.fragment,f),S(t.$$.fragment,f),S(o.$$.fragment,f),S(s.$$.fragment,f),S(i.$$.fragment,f),S(w.$$.fragment,f),S(a.$$.fragment,f),S(v.$$.fragment,f),C=!0)},o(f){F(e.$$.fragment,f),F(t.$$.fragment,f),F(o.$$.fragment,f),F(s.$$.fragment,f),F(i.$$.fragment,f),F(w.$$.fragment,f),F(a.$$.fragment,f),F(v.$$.fragment,f),C=!1},d(f){f&&(m(r),m(n),m(l),m($),m(c),m(h),m(d)),T(e,f),T(t,f),T(o,f),T(s,f),T(i,f),T(w,f),T(a,f),T(v,f)}}}function Fe(p){let e,r,t,n;return e=new O({props:{text:"Network Architecture and Other Projects"}}),t=new N({props:{$$slots:{default:[Se]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),{c(){P(e.$$.fragment),r=y(),P(t.$$.fragment)},l(o){q(e.$$.fragment,o),r=b(o),q(t.$$.fragment,o)},m(o,l){I(e,o,l),u(o,r,l),I(t,o,l),n=!0},p(o,l){const s={};l&1&&(s.$$scope={dirty:l,ctx:o}),t.$set(s)},i(o){n||(S(e.$$.fragment,o),S(t.$$.fragment,o),n=!0)},o(o){F(e.$$.fragment,o),F(t.$$.fragment,o),n=!1},d(o){o&&m(r),T(e,o),T(t,o)}}}function Pe(p){let e,r=`FemtoStar is not purely a "privacy" system - we believe it to be
234          competitive with other mobile satellite options, and in all likelihood
235          there will be plenty of FemtoStar users who aren't even aware of, much
236          less interested in, its privacy features. We also believe there will
237          be a number of FemtoStar terminals installed as a part of
238          machine-to-machine data installations, as backup connections for
239          enterprise networks, or as backhaul to community-run terrestrial
240          networks. A user using it because of its privacy features is indistinguishable
241          from any of these users.`,t,n,o=`Additionally, by this logic, using any privacy-respecting product,
242          service, or system is counterproductive, as its use might indicate
243          that you are looking for privacy. This isn't how nearly anyone actually
244          thinks about protecting their privacy. Even if your threat model truly does
245          require that you obscure even the fact that someone is using a system
246          that could be used for privacy-respecting communications, FemtoStar
247          still does substantially better than just about any other
248          privacy-respecting communications network. For one thing, a FemtoStar terminal uses a
249          substantially more directional antenna than any terrestrial mobile network,
250          which means its transmitted signal is very weak in any direction but
251          that of the satellite.`,l,s,$=`A user's traffic to the satellite is also is encrypted, and never includes
252          a location, terminal identifier, user account, or any other identifying
253          details about the user. The terminal never transmits when it has no session open with
254          the satellite, and, unlike mesh network nodes, it cannot be made to transmit
255          by the traffic of another user unless the terminal's owner has chosen to
256          operate their own service over the network.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.textContent=r,t=y(),n=g("p"),n.textContent=o,l=y(),s=g("p"),s.textContent=$},l(i){e=k(i,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-wlzql7"&&(e.textContent=r),t=b(i),n=k(i,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(n)!=="svelte-12c3iti"&&(n.textContent=o),l=b(i),s=k(i,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(s)!=="svelte-1e8hg69"&&(s.textContent=$)},m(i,c){u(i,e,c),u(i,t,c),u(i,n,c),u(i,l,c),u(i,s,c)},p:W,d(i){i&&(m(e),m(t),m(n),m(l),m(s))}}}function qe(p){let e,r=`In theory, to some extent, but in practice, not meaningfully. A FemtoStar
257          satellite has only a handful of beams in use at any given moment, and
258          the footprints within which these beams are usable are between 1000
259          and 4000 kilometers across each, depending on your coverage angle. In addition,
260          knowing where "you" are, as opposed to just knowing the rough area in which
261          one of the network's users is located, requires knowing who you are.
262          As such, the satellite could determine that an anonymous session is
263          within, for example, northern Europe, western North America, or eastern
264          Asia, but not that it is in a particular country or city, and certainly not
265          who that session belongs to.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.textContent=r},l(t){e=k(t,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-n4rrbz"&&(e.textContent=r)},m(t,n){u(t,e,n)},p:W,d(t){t&&m(e)}}}function Ie(p){let e,r=`We do not feel that we can promise that there is any two-way wireless
266          communications system where it is truly impossible for an adversary to
267          locate a transmitter given enough time to search for it on the ground.
268          In particular, it is extremely difficult to prevent just about any
269          transmitter from being detectable by a high-gain antenna at short
270          range, no matter how directional or low-power the transmitter may be.
271          However, we also believe that such a search would need to begin
272          relatively close to any terminal it wanted to have a chance of
273          finding, and that it would likely be complicated by the presence of
274          more than one FemtoStar terminal in an area.`,t,n,o=`Additionally, there's the question of why finding terminals would be
275          worthwhile to an attacker to begin with. Given that such an attack
276          would almost certainly involve the rather labor-intensive task of
277          traveling around an area of interest with a vehicle full of equipment
278          looking for terminals that you cannot identify and cannot monitor the
279          activity of, while also being unable to tell the difference between
280          two intermittently-used terminals and one terminal which has moved, we
281          do feel we can say that this attack is unlikely to fit into many
282          threat models.`,l,s,$=`A FemtoStar terminal could theoretically function as a receive-only device if this
283          is acceptable for the user's use case - in this configuration, it
284          would likely be nearly impossible to geolocate, even with this sort of
285          attack.`,i,c,w=`In short, we don't believe any transmitting device is truly
286          geolocation-proof, but we do believe that geolocation of users can be
287          made impractical for to perform at a large scale, and that its value
288          to an attacker can be substantially diminished. On top of this, we do
289          feel we can safely say that FemtoStar is substantially more
290          geolocation-resistant than any currently-available two-way wireless
291          communications system, and that it is likely that its
292          geolocation-resistance could only be matched or exceeded by another
293          satellite-based system including most or all of the same
294          geolocation-resistance features.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.textContent=r,t=y(),n=g("p"),n.textContent=o,l=y(),s=g("p"),s.textContent=$,i=y(),c=g("p"),c.textContent=w},l(h){e=k(h,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-k1ja0e"&&(e.textContent=r),t=b(h),n=k(h,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(n)!=="svelte-14l0vtn"&&(n.textContent=o),l=b(h),s=k(h,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(s)!=="svelte-b181ys"&&(s.textContent=$),i=b(h),c=k(h,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(c)!=="svelte-pxcp4i"&&(c.textContent=w)},m(h,a){u(h,e,a),u(h,t,a),u(h,n,a),u(h,l,a),u(h,s,a),u(h,i,a),u(h,c,a)},p:W,d(h){h&&(m(e),m(t),m(n),m(l),m(s),m(i),m(c))}}}function Te(p){let e,r=`The FemtoStar architecture does not require that you trust the
295          FemtoStar Project, even to begin with. Because the user is not
296          required to trust the FemtoStar network, in order for the FemtoStar
297          Project, or or an entity who had taken it over, to meaningfully
298          compromise the security of FemtoStar users, many core design elements
299          of the network would need to be changed, necessitating, at minimum, a
300          firmware update to user terminals to accomodate substantial protocol
301          changes. A new update published without
302          <a href="./free-open-source">source code</a> would be immediately suspicious,
303          as would a new update where the newly-released source code disabled privacy
304          features.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.innerHTML=r},l(t){e=k(t,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-hzl8oq"&&(e.innerHTML=r)},m(t,n){u(t,e,n)},p:W,d(t){t&&m(e)}}}function je(p){let e,r=`See the above point. Even if a malicious government were to take over
305          FemtoStar Inc., or some part of the development work under the FemtoStar
306          Project, and attempt to surveil the network's users, they would be
307          incapable of doing so without making changes that would be immediately
308          obvious to users, and to our own developers in other countries.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.textContent=r},l(t){e=k(t,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-1nyu4j9"&&(e.textContent=r)},m(t,n){u(t,e,n)},p:W,d(t){t&&m(e)}}}function We(p){let e,r=`While we would never claim that it is impossible that a FemtoStar
309          satellite could be compromised, either remotely or through physical
310          attack, we believe the likelihood of this to be low for a number of
311          reasons.`,t,n,o=`The most important point here is that FemtoStar satellites are not
312          especially useful targets to an attacker. Due to not being a trusted
313          part of the network, even if they themselves are fully compromised,
314          they cannot be used to compromise the security of FemtoStar users,
315          nor would they be much use as part of a botnet, nor would they provide
316          an attacker with any additional utility in their intended purpose
317          (communications) than would be available officially.`,l,s,$=`With regards to compromising the satellites from the ground, the
318          satellite's onboard software is subject to intense scrutiny, including
319          through formal proofs of critical components, and, given the relative
320          simplicity of the FemtoStar protocol, presents a small attack surface.`,i,c,w=`In terms of physical security, while FemtoStar's placement of its
321          infrastructure in orbit certainly grants it a degree of
322          inaccessibility compared to terrestrial infrastructure, there are of
323          course spacecraft which could conceivably reach a FemtoStar satellite,
324          and an attack could be imagined which might either tamper with or replace it. However,
325          tampering would require physical capture and substantial disassembly
326          of the satellite, which is detectable and would result in the deletion
327          of onboard keys, resulting in a tampered-with satellite being easily
328          detectable from the ground (even if new software attempted to obscure
329          this tampering), while a replacement satellite would lack the
330          cryptographic keys of the satellite it replaced entirely.`,h,a,d=`If you truly want to assume that <i>no</i> attacker is off the table, then
331          an attacker could opt to attempt to disable, capture, or destroy a
332          satellite altogether. However, an attacker trying to make the
333          network truly unusable would need to destroy or disable not just one
334          satellite, but the bulk of the constellation, and any replacement
335          satellites, and, presumably, would wish to do so in a way which obscured
336          their involvement, a daunting task even for the largest possible adversaries.
337          This type of attack is also immediately obvious (especially if the satellite is
338          physically destroyed, resulting in the generation of orbital debris),
339          and even this still does not result in an actual compromise
340          (geolocation, identification, etc.) of FemtoStar users.`;return{c(){e=g("p"),e.textContent=r,t=y(),n=g("p"),n.textContent=o,l=y(),s=g("p"),s.textContent=$,i=y(),c=g("p"),c.textContent=w,h=y(),a=g("p"),a.innerHTML=d},l(v){e=k(v,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(e)!=="svelte-fcreyp"&&(e.textContent=r),t=b(v),n=k(v,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(n)!=="svelte-h3v7kd"&&(n.textContent=o),l=b(v),s=k(v,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(s)!=="svelte-18j94e3"&&(s.textContent=$),i=b(v),c=k(v,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(c)!=="svelte-145dhax"&&(c.textContent=w),h=b(v),a=k(v,"P",{"data-svelte-h":!0}),_(a)!=="svelte-e80l4f"&&(a.innerHTML=d)},m(v,C){u(v,e,C),u(v,t,C),u(v,n,C),u(v,l,C),u(v,s,C),u(v,i,C),u(v,c,C),u(v,h,C),u(v,a,C)},p:W,d(v){v&&(m(e),m(t),m(n),m(l),m(s),m(i),m(c),m(h),m(a))}}}function Me(p){let e,r,t,n,o,l,s,$,i,c,w,h;return e=new j({props:{title:"How is using FemtoStar private when using it indicates that you are looking for privacy?",$$slots:{default:[Pe]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),t=new j({props:{title:"Don't FemtoStar's satellites have to know where I am, based on which beam I use?",$$slots:{default:[qe]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),o=new j({props:{title:"You say geolocation-resistant - is it geolocation-proof?",$$slots:{default:[Ie]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),s=new j({props:{title:"What if the FemtoStar project is taken over by someone I don't trust?",$$slots:{default:[Te]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),i=new j({props:{title:"What if I don't trust whatever place the FemtoStar Project is run from?",$$slots:{default:[je]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),w=new j({props:{title:"What if the satellites themselves are attacked?",$$slots:{default:[We]},$$scope:{ctx:p}}}),{c(){P(e.$$.fragment),r=y(),P(t.$$.fragment),n=y(),P(o.$$.fragment),l=y(),P(s.$$.fragment),$=y(),P(i.$$.fragment),c=y(),P(w.$$.fragment)},l(a){q(e.$$.fragment,a),r=b(a),q(t.$$.fragment,a),n=b(a),q(o.$$.fragment,a),l=b(a),q(s.$$.fragment,a),$=b(a),q(i.$$.fragment,a),c=b(a),q(w.$$.fragment,a)},m(a,d){I(e,a,d),u(a,r,d),I(t,a,d),u(a,n,d),I(o,a,d),u(a,l,d),I(s,a,d),u(a,$,d),I(i,a,d),u(a,c,d),I(w,a,d),h=!0},p(a,d){const v={};d&1&&(v.$$scope={dirty:d,ctx:a}),e.$set(v);const C={};d&1&&(C.$$scope={dirty:d,ctx:a}),t.$set(C);const f={};d&1&&(f.$$scope={dirty:d,ctx:a}),o.$set(f);const x={};d&1&&(x.$$scope={dirty:d,ctx:a}),s.$set(x);const M={};d&1&&(M.$$scope={dirty:d,ctx:a}),i.$set(M);const H={};d&1&&(H.$$scope={dirty:d,ctx:a}),w.$set(H)},i(a){h||(S(e.$$.fragment,a),S(t.$$.fragment,a),S(o.$$.fragment,a),S(s.$$.fragment,a),S(i.$$.fragment,a),S(w.$$.fragment,a),h=!0)},o(a){F(e.$$.fragment,a),F(t.$$.fragment,a),F(o.$$.fragment,a),F(s.$$.fragment,a),F(i.$$.fragment,a),F(w.$$.fragment,a),h=!1}
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Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.