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975
976<div class=WordSection1>
977
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1005style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1006
1007<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><a
1008href="http://astronutcase.net/my%20favorites"><span style='font-family:Algerian;
1009color:windowtext;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
1010 id="Picture_x0020_0" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75"
1011 href="http://astronutcase.net/my%20favorites" style='width:429pt;height:155.4pt;
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1013 <v:imagedata src="index_files/image014.jpg" o:title=""/>
1014</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout'><img
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1016style='font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1017
1018<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
1019style='font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><a
1020href="http://astronutcase.net/my%20favorites">My Favorite Photos</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1021
1022<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
1023style='font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
1024
1025<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
1026style='font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><a href="BestEveningViewing">Photos
1027sorted by best month for evening viewing</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1028
1029<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
1030style='font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
1031
1032<div align=center>
1033
1034<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
1035 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:
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1038  <td width=280 style='width:210.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1039  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
1040  style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri'><a
1041  href="http://astronutcase.net/AFewPhotos/"><span style='font-size:20.0pt;
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1051  style='font-size:20.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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1054  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:center;
1055  line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
1056  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:center;
1057  line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
1058  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:center;
1059  line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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1061  line-height:normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri'><a
1062  href="equipment.html"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;
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1073  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
1074  style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri'><a href="setup.html"><span
1075  style='font-size:20.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;
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1100 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
1101  <td width=280 valign=top style='width:210.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1102  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
1103  style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><a
1104  href="http://astronutcase.net/AFewPhotos/">photo library</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1105  </td>
1106  <td width=280 valign=top style='width:210.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1107  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
1108  style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><a
1109  href="equipment.html">equipment</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1110  </td>
1111  <td width=280 valign=top style='width:210.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1112  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:center;
1113  line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><a
1114  href="setup.html">FSQ-106</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1115  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:center;
1116  line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><a
1117  href="setup.html">configuration</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1118  </td>
1119  <td width=280 valign=top style='width:210.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
1120  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:center;
1121  line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><a
1122  href="Planewave.html">Planewave</a></span><span class=MsoHyperlink><span
1123  style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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1125  line-height:normal'><span class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-size:16.0pt;
1126  font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><a href="Planewave.html">configuration</a></span></span><span
1127  style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
1128  </td>
1129 </tr>
1130</table>
1131
1132</div>
1133
1134<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
1135style='font-size:20.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
1136
1137<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
1138mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>Astrophotography, or “imaging” as
1139it’s usually called by those in the hobby, can be both rewarding and a bit
1140challenging. Technology has revolutionized all aspects of astronomy. Today’s
1141amateurs can take better images with specialized digital cameras than
1142professional observatories could using the old film technology of just a few
1143years ago. It’s really easy to hold a cheap digital camera up to an eyepiece
1144and take a great image of the moon. But, if you’ve got any geekiness inside
1145you, <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>don’t do it!</b> You might get
1146caught in the world of imaging. It can become an all-encompassing endeavor
1147eating up countless hours while making your bank account vanish. Although you
1148can start with relatively inexpensive hardware and free software, you’ll
1149progressively want more expensive cameras, bigger telescopes, better mounts,
1150and fancier software. It’s an addiction that never ends. Plus, there can be a
1151fairly lengthy learning curve involved in this hobby and a million things can </span>(and
1152do)<span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>
1153go wrong, so don’t even think about it unless you’ve got an amount of patience
1154and perseverance that borders on masochism. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
1155
1156<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
1157mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>If it’s so challenging and
1158expensive, why do I do it? Perhaps it’s because it isn’t easy. Perhaps because
1159it reveals a universe we can’t otherwise experience. And I get to do it myself,
1160with my equipment, in my backyard, without relying on some massive government
1161project. There’s a popular belief that high magnification is required. Of
1162course, this is true for many objects, but most of the images I take magnify
1163objects just 10 to 50 times </span>(if printed on 10”x8” and held a couple feet
1164away)<span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>.
1165This isn’t a lot. Many deep sky objects viewed by amateurs are fairly large;
1166some are several times larger than the full moon. But they are <u>very</u> dim
1167requiring the hardware to gather much more light than the human eye can detect.
1168My 12.5” telescope obtains 2300 times more light, a digital camera can increase
1169this by a factor of 50 times, and a 5 hour exposure increases it by an
1170additional factor of 500,000. I can’t think of another field capable of over a
117150 billion times amplification. Perhaps it’s just the technical challenge.
1172Regardless, I find it very rewarding </span>(yes, I may be a bit crazy – it’s
1173practically a requirement in this hobby)<span style='font-size:14.0pt;
1174mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1175
1176<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:
1177none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
117811.0pt'>
1178When I started taking digital images, I was amazed at what I could see
1179with a camera compared to an eyepiece. Visual astronomy requires a very dark
1180site with absolutely no stray light destroying your dark adapted eyes. Of
1181course, dark skies are always an advantage, but a camera doesn't care about
1182that street light down the block. Cameras are always ‘dark adapted’ and they
1183are better at capturing photons. Faint objects require more exposure time than
1184brighter objects while most are <u>very</u> faint. Our eyes gather light for
1185only about 1/30 of a second before resetting our mental image while a digital
1186camera can build up an image practically forever. A simple 10 second exposure
1187gathers roughly 300 times more light than our eyes can capture with an eyepiece
1188on the same scope – and that’s not including the fact that the camera is over
118950 times more efficient at detecting photons. I initially took a lot of 10 to
119060 second exposures each evening. The images were crude with lots of noise but
1191the objects were far more recognizable than what I could see using an eyepiece.
1192I'd brag about how many objects I captured. Two or three dozen during the
1193evening wasn't unusual. Now I realize how foolish that was. The images recorded
1194by a camera can last forever and be viewed anytime so why not take a bit more
1195effort and make them look as good as possible. Better images require longer
1196exposures. I now know the figure of merit isn't &quot;how many images per
1197night&quot; but more likely &quot;how many nights per image&quot;. I usually
1198use exposures of 5 to 20 hours. Obviously, this can’t always be done in a
1199single night. Given daylight, clouds, rain or snow, and perhaps a full moon
1200coupled with some objects only being visible part of the night, it may actually
1201require several days, weeks or sometimes even months just to get sufficient
1202time with the right sky conditions </span>(I told <span class=SpellE>you</span>
1203patience is required)<span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt'>.
1204How can such an exposure be made? Well one benefit of today's digital world is
1205that we can get the advantages of a very long exposure by combining many shorter
1206exposures. I may take as many as fifty or sixty 10-minute exposures throughout
1207a night's session and repeat this over several nights. I then tell my computer
1208to add all the good ones together after discarding the images where something
1209went wrong. This effectively gives me a very long exposure without worrying
1210about shifting clouds destroying the image or a plane, satellite or meteor
1211going through my field of view </span>(all very common)<span style='font-size:
121214.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt'>. Yea, there's actually a lot required to
1213make this happen. But that's what makes it challenging.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1214
1215<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
1216mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>I’m not a novice and clearly not an
1217expert. Guess that makes me a fairly typical deep sky imager - at least among
1218those serious about the hobby. I started the activity shortly after collage </span>(many
1219years ago)<span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:
1220115%'> when Celestron came out with their C8 Schmidt-Cassegrain scope. This
1221very popular little 8” orange scope revolutionized amateur astronomy and
1222eventually led to today’s fantastic equipment. In those days imaging meant
1223using specially hyped film with hours of manual guiding just to get something
1224vaguely similar to what you’d see in magazines. Well, it was just too hard for
1225me. I put the scope away until I discovered the new world of digital imaging. I
1226followed the rule of acquiring ever more expensive hardware starting with just
1227basic equipment and slowly acquiring a better camera, mounting the scope on a
1228better mount and finally getting a better scope. I’ve now got some great
1229hardware including an Astro Physics AP-900 mount on a permanent pier, a Rainbow
1230Astro RST135E portable mount, Takahashi FSQ-106 4” refractor, Planewave 12.5”
1231CDK scope, and Finger Lakes Proline 16803 camera. Better equipment doesn’t
1232necessarily lead to better images but it does mean less effort is required.
1233Someone starting out in the hobby today has the advantage of an explosion in the
1234availability of really good hardware and software at very low cost that’s
1235occurred over the last few years. This has made the hobby much easier and far
1236more affordable. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
1237
1238<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
1239mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>I specialize in deep sky images.
1240This means galaxies, star clusters, supernova explosions, planetary nebula, and
1241beautiful clouds of gas and dust scattered throughout the Milky Way. Although I
1242have many great <span class=SpellE>Televue</span> eyepieces, I almost never use
1243them. I just can’t see observing a dim fuzzy blob when you can get great images
1244through digital time </span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%'>exposures.
1245And since everything is computer controlled, I can do it in a nice warm living
1246room in the winter or hiding from bugs in the summer. I also don’t do much
1247solar system</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
1248line-height:115%'> work. Imaging planets or the sun uses a totally different
1249process than deep sky imaging. I do have special filters for the Sun and
1250several good video cameras key to solar system imaging, but for some unknown
1251reason haven’t done much with them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1252
1253<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
1254mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>Deep sky imaging is dependent on
1255equipment, processing skill and sky conditions. I have good equipment and am
1256working on my processing skills but there’s no substitute for dark steady
1257skies. Unfortunately, my sky is neither dark nor steady.<span
1258style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>I use 2 observing sites. Most images are
1259taken at my home 60 miles north of New York City. Observing conditions are not
1260the greatest. I have limited sky visibility, considerable light pollution and
1261poor seeing. Surrounding trees hide altitudes under 35 degrees to the east and
126255 degrees to the west with a visual magnitude limit of about 5.4 at best. It’s
1263rarely that good. In fact, I usually have a hard time spotting the magnitude 2
1264star, Polaris. It’s normally a class 6 location </span>(orange)<span
1265style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'> on the
1266Bortle scale, occasionally moving into class 5. Summer images are often taken
1267at a location 144 miles further north. Here the sky is better at about a 6.3
1268visual magnitude and the Milky Way is clearly visible with a lot of detail.
1269However, thanks to a nearby lake, there is a lot of water vaper in the air
1270which often fogs up after midnight significantly limiting imaging time. I’m
1271often asked “how can you do astrophotography with these sky conditions”. I know
1272my images will never compete with those taken from a better site. But this
1273hobby is about enjoying what you can do yourself, even if it isn’t the best in
1274the world – just like every other hobby from playing golf to painting
1275landscapes. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
1276
1277<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
1278mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>I consider both locations to be
1279semi-permanent. They both utilize a fixed pier with all equipment mounted 24/7
1280but not contained within a permanent structure. I use a <span class=SpellE>TeleGizmos</span>
1281365 series cover plus a garden variety Home Depot brown tarp to protect the
1282equipment.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Power supplies and all
1283electronics, including a headless computer </span>(no monitor or keyboard)<span
1284style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>, are
1285contained in a simple box hung on the pier. This keeps cables short and
1286organized with a simple bundled cable set feeding the camera/focuser/heater units
1287and a second bundled cable set feeding the mount. This computer runs all the
1288software controlling the scope, mount and cameras plus a couple of weather
1289stations monitoring clouds, darkness and rain. A LAN connection allows remote
1290control of the system using VNC software. I use a remote laptop to setup a
1291night’s operations then usually an iPad to periodically monitor or modify
1292operations. Occasionally I’ll use my iPhone when I’m away from home.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1293
1294<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
1295mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>I use software popular with many
1296deep sky imagers: Windows 10 Pro with <span class=SpellE>TheSkyX</span>
1297planetarium software, ASTAP for plate solving, PHD2 for guiding, NINA for image
1298capture, <span class=SpellE>MaxIm</span> for image calibration, <span
1299class=SpellE>CCDStack</span> for stacking and initial stretching, and Photoshop
1300with a bit of <span class=SpellE>PixInsight</span> for image processing. NINA
1301lets me run the whole thing while I get a good night’s sleep. It can
1302automatically sequence through the objects I’ve selected with the appropriate
1303filters, focus the scope, rotate the camera as needed, correct for pointing
1304errors, select guide stars, make calibration frames, and of course take the
1305images that I can process the next day.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1306
1307<p class=MsoPlainText style='text-align:justify;line-height:115%'><span
1308style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
1309mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
1310minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
1311mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi'>I can fully understand why multi-hour exposures
1312or processing with complex programs like Photoshop or <span class=SpellE>PixInsight</span>
1313might not be for everyone. But that doesn’t mean you need to suffer looking
1314through an eyepiece at dim ill-defined blobs. Sometimes I attach a digital
1315camera to a scope and just take short exposures of just a few seconds to a few
1316minutes. Visual Imaging is the name I use to describe using a camera to see
1317more than what most scopes offer with an eyepiece but without spending the time
1318or effort to make pretty pictures. This is sometimes called Electronically
1319Enhanced Astronomy, EEA, or Electronically Enhanced Visual Astronomy, EEVA, or
1320Observational Astrophotography. A monochrome astronomy camera works best but a
1321normal DSLR or mirrorless camera is fine. Raise the gain and/or increase
1322binning if your camera allows it. The scope could be as simple as a regular
1323camera lens attached to an inexpensive tracking device on a tripod. Objects are
1324then viewed on a computer, tablet or camera screen. You’ll get better views
1325with more advanced hardware but at more cost and complexity. As I said before,
1326the camera is far better at capturing dim images than the human eye. This
1327configuration lets me enjoy many of the sights available in the night sky with
1328clarity but without complexity. They won’t be as impressive as the processed
1329long exposure photos seen in magazines but galaxies, bright nebula and larger
1330planetary nebula actually look like they should. Visual imaging is a simple way
1331to enjoy deep sky astronomy and, in my opinion, more rewarding than using an
1332eyepiece.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
1333
1334<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
1335mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
1336
1337<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
1338style='font-family:Algerian;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
1339
1340<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
1341normal'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><a
1342href="mailto:[email protected]"><span style='color:windowtext'>email <span
1343class=SpellE>AstroNutCase</span></span></a><span
1344style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                                           </span><a
1345href="http://astronutcase.net/TheSalyers/">.</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
1346
1347<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
1348Algerian'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
1349
1350</div>
1351
1352</body>
1353
1354</html>

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