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1009color:windowtext;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape 1010 id="Picture_x0020_0" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" 1011 href="http://astronutcase.net/my%20favorites" style='width:429pt;height:155.4pt; 1012 visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t"> 1013 <v:imagedata src="index_files/image014.jpg" o:title=""/> 1014</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout'><img 1015border=0 width=572 height=207 src="index_files/image003.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_0"></span><![endif]></span></a><span 1016style='font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p> 1017 1018<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span 1019style='font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><a 1020href="http://astronutcase.net/my%20favorites">My Favorite Photos</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> 1021 1022<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span 1023style='font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p> 1024 1025<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span 1026style='font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><a href="BestEveningViewing">Photos 1027sorted by best month for evening viewing</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> 1028 1029<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span 1030style='font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p> 1031 1032<div align=center> 1033 1034<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 1035 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 1036 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:none;mso-border-insidev:none'> 1037 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'> 1038 <td width=280 style='width:210.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> 1039 <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span 1040 style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri'><a 1041 href="http://astronutcase.net/AFewPhotos/"><span style='font-size:20.0pt; 1042 line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif;color:windowtext; 1043 mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape 1044 id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" 1045 href="http://astronutcase.net/AFewPhotos/" style='width:100.2pt;height:66pt; 1046 visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t"> 1047 <v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/> 1048 <v:imagedata src="index_files/image004.jpg" o:title=""/> 1049 </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout'><img 1050 border=0 width=134 height=88 src="index_files/image005.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_5"></span><![endif]></span></a></span><span 1051 style='font-size:20.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p> 1052 </td> 1053 <td width=280 valign=top style='width:210.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> 1054 <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:center; 1055 line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p> 1056 <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:center; 1057 line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p> 1058 <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:center; 1059 line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p> 1060 <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:center; 1061 line-height:normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri'><a 1062 href="equipment.html"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext; 1063 mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape 1064 id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" 1065 href="equipment.html" style='width:120.6pt;height:80.4pt;visibility:visible; 1066 mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t"> 1067 <v:imagedata src="index_files/image007.gif" o:title=""/> 1068 </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout'><img 1069 border=0 width=161 height=107 src="index_files/image006.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4"></span><![endif]></span></a></span><span 1070 style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p> 1071 </td> 1072 <td width=280 valign=top style='width:210.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> 1073 <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span 1074 style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri'><a href="setup.html"><span 1075 style='font-size:20.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif; 1076 color:windowtext;mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape 1077 id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" 1078 href="setup.html" style='width:121.8pt;height:162pt;visibility:visible; 1079 mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t"> 1080 <v:imagedata src="index_files/image008.jpg" o:title=""/> 1081 </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout'><img 1082 border=0 width=162 height=216 src="index_files/image016.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3"></span><![endif]></span></a></span><span 1083 style='font-size:20.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p> 1084 </td> 1085 <td width=280 valign=top style='width:210.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> 1086 <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span 1087 style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri'><a href="Planewave.html"><b 1088 style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height: 1089 115%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:windowtext;mso-no-proof:yes; 1090 text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_6" 1091 o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" href="Planewave.html" style='width:120.6pt; 1092 height:162pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t"> 1093 <v:imagedata src="index_files/image020.jpg" o:title=""/> 1094 </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout'><img 1095 border=0 width=161 height=216 src="index_files/image017.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_6"></span><![endif]></span></b></a></span><b 1096 style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height: 1097 115%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-no-proof:yes'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> 1098 </td> 1099 </tr> 1100 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> 1101 <td width=280 valign=top style='width:210.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> 1102 <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span 1103 style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><a 1104 href="http://astronutcase.net/AFewPhotos/">photo library</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> 1105 </td> 1106 <td width=280 valign=top style='width:210.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> 1107 <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span 1108 style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><a 1109 href="equipment.html">equipment</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> 1110 </td> 1111 <td width=280 valign=top style='width:210.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> 1112 <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:center; 1113 line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><a 1114 href="setup.html">FSQ-106</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> 1115 <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:center; 1116 line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><a 1117 href="setup.html">configuration</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> 1118 </td> 1119 <td width=280 valign=top style='width:210.25pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'> 1120 <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:center; 1121 line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><a 1122 href="Planewave.html">Planewave</a></span><span class=MsoHyperlink><span 1123 style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> 1124 <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;text-align:center; 1125 line-height:normal'><span class=MsoHyperlink><span style='font-size:16.0pt; 1126 font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><a href="Planewave.html">configuration</a></span></span><span 1127 style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri'><o:p></o:p></span></p> 1128 </td> 1129 </tr> 1130</table> 1131 1132</div> 1133 1134<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span 1135style='font-size:20.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial Black",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p> 1136 1137<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; 1138mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>Astrophotography, or imaging as 1139its usually called by those in the hobby, can be both rewarding and a bit
1140challenging. Technology has revolutionized all aspects of astronomy. Todays 1141amateurs can take better images with specialized digital cameras than 1142professional observatories could using the old film technology of just a few 1143years ago. Its really easy to hold a cheap digital camera up to an eyepiece 1144and take a great image of the moon. But, if youve got any geekiness inside 1145you, <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>dont do it!</b> You might get 1146caught in the world of imaging. It can become an all-encompassing endeavor 1147eating up countless hours while making your bank account vanish. Although you 1148can start with relatively inexpensive hardware and free software, youll 1149progressively want more expensive cameras, bigger telescopes, better mounts, 1150and fancier software. Its an addiction that never ends. Plus, there can be a 1151fairly lengthy learning curve involved in this hobby and a million things can </span>(and 1152do)<span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'> 1153go wrong, so dont even think about it unless youve got an amount of patience 1154and perseverance that borders on masochism. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 1155 1156<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; 1157mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>If its so challenging and 1158expensive, why do I do it? Perhaps its because it isnt easy. Perhaps because 1159it reveals a universe we cant otherwise experience. And I get to do it myself, 1160with my equipment, in my backyard, without relying on some massive government 1161project. Theres a popular belief that high magnification is required. Of 1162course, this is true for many objects, but most of the images I take magnify 1163objects just 10 to 50 times </span>(if printed on 10x8 and held a couple feet 1164away)<span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>. 1165This isnt a lot. Many deep sky objects viewed by amateurs are fairly large; 1166some are several times larger than the full moon. But they are <u>very</u> dim 1167requiring the hardware to gather much more light than the human eye can detect. 1168My 12.5 telescope obtains 2300 times more light, a digital camera can increase 1169this by a factor of 50 times, and a 5 hour exposure increases it by an 1170additional factor of 500,000. I cant think of another field capable of over a 117150 billion times amplification. Perhaps its just the technical challenge. 1172Regardless, I find it very rewarding </span>(yes, I may be a bit crazy its 1173practically a requirement in this hobby)<span style='font-size:14.0pt; 1174mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> 1175 1176<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: 1177none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 117811.0pt'>
1178When I started taking digital images, I was amazed at what I could see 1179with a camera compared to an eyepiece. Visual astronomy requires a very dark 1180site with absolutely no stray light destroying your dark adapted eyes. Of 1181course, dark skies are always an advantage, but a camera doesn't care about 1182that street light down the block. Cameras are always dark adapted and they 1183are better at capturing photons. Faint objects require more exposure time than 1184brighter objects while most are <u>very</u> faint. Our eyes gather light for 1185only about 1/30 of a second before resetting our mental image while a digital 1186camera can build up an image practically forever. A simple 10 second exposure 1187gathers roughly 300 times more light than our eyes can capture with an eyepiece 1188on the same scope and thats not including the fact that the camera is over 118950 times more efficient at detecting photons. I initially took a lot of 10 to 119060 second exposures each evening. The images were crude with lots of noise but 1191the objects were far more recognizable than what I could see using an eyepiece. 1192I'd brag about how many objects I captured. Two or three dozen during the 1193evening wasn't unusual. Now I realize how foolish that was. The images recorded 1194by a camera can last forever and be viewed anytime so why not take a bit more 1195effort and make them look as good as possible. Better images require longer 1196exposures. I now know the figure of merit isn't "how many images per 1197night" but more likely "how many nights per image". I usually 1198use exposures of 5 to 20 hours. Obviously, this cant always be done in a 1199single night. Given daylight, clouds, rain or snow, and perhaps a full moon 1200coupled with some objects only being visible part of the night, it may actually 1201require several days, weeks or sometimes even months just to get sufficient 1202time with the right sky conditions </span>(I told <span class=SpellE>you</span> 1203patience is required)<span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt'>. 1204How can such an exposure be made? Well one benefit of today's digital world is 1205that we can get the advantages of a very long exposure by combining many shorter 1206exposures. I may take as many as fifty or sixty 10-minute exposures throughout 1207a night's session and repeat this over several nights. I then tell my computer 1208to add all the good ones together after discarding the images where something 1209went wrong. This effectively gives me a very long exposure without worrying 1210about shifting clouds destroying the image or a plane, satellite or meteor 1211going through my field of view </span>(all very common)<span style='font-size: 121214.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt'>. Yea, there's actually a lot required to 1213make this happen. But that's what makes it challenging.<o:p></o:p></span></p> 1214 1215<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; 1216mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>Im not a novice and clearly not an 1217expert. Guess that makes me a fairly typical deep sky imager - at least among 1218those serious about the hobby. I started the activity shortly after collage </span>(many 1219years ago)<span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height: 1220115%'> when Celestron came out with their C8 Schmidt-Cassegrain scope. This 1221very popular little 8 orange scope revolutionized amateur astronomy and 1222eventually led to todays fantastic equipment. In those days imaging meant 1223using specially hyped film with hours of manual guiding just to get something 1224vaguely similar to what youd see in magazines. Well, it was just too hard for 1225me. I put the scope away until I discovered the new world of digital imaging. I 1226followed the rule of acquiring ever more expensive hardware starting with just 1227basic equipment and slowly acquiring a better camera, mounting the scope on a 1228better mount and finally getting a better scope. Ive now got some great 1229hardware including an Astro Physics AP-900 mount on a permanent pier, a Rainbow 1230Astro RST135E portable mount, Takahashi FSQ-106 4 refractor, Planewave 12.5 1231CDK scope, and Finger Lakes Proline 16803 camera. Better equipment doesnt 1232necessarily lead to better images but it does mean less effort is required. 1233Someone starting out in the hobby today has the advantage of an explosion in the 1234availability of really good hardware and software at very low cost thats 1235occurred over the last few years. This has made the hobby much easier and far 1236more affordable. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 1237 1238<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; 1239mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>I specialize in deep sky images.
1240This means galaxies, star clusters, supernova explosions, planetary nebula, and 1241beautiful clouds of gas and dust scattered throughout the Milky Way. Although I 1242have many great <span class=SpellE>Televue</span> eyepieces, I almost never use 1243them. I just cant see observing a dim fuzzy blob when you can get great images 1244through digital time </span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%'>exposures. 1245And since everything is computer controlled, I can do it in a nice warm living 1246room in the winter or hiding from bugs in the summer. I also dont do much 1247solar system</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; 1248line-height:115%'> work. Imaging planets or the sun uses a totally different 1249process than deep sky imaging. I do have special filters for the Sun and 1250several good video cameras key to solar system imaging, but for some unknown 1251reason havent done much with them.<o:p></o:p></span></p> 1252 1253<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; 1254mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>Deep sky imaging is dependent on 1255equipment, processing skill and sky conditions. I have good equipment and am 1256working on my processing skills but theres no substitute for dark steady 1257skies. Unfortunately, my sky is neither dark nor steady.<span 1258style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>I use 2 observing sites. Most images are 1259taken at my home 60 miles north of New York City. Observing conditions are not 1260the greatest. I have limited sky visibility, considerable light pollution and 1261poor seeing. Surrounding trees hide altitudes under 35 degrees to the east and 126255 degrees to the west with a visual magnitude limit of about 5.4 at best. Its 1263rarely that good. In fact, I usually have a hard time spotting the magnitude 2 1264star, Polaris. Its normally a class 6 location </span>(orange)<span 1265style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'> on the 1266Bortle scale, occasionally moving into class 5. Summer images are often taken 1267at a location 144 miles further north. Here the sky is better at about a 6.3 1268visual magnitude and the Milky Way is clearly visible with a lot of detail. 1269However, thanks to a nearby lake, there is a lot of water vaper in the air 1270which often fogs up after midnight significantly limiting imaging time. Im 1271often asked how can you do astrophotography with these sky conditions. I know 1272my images will never compete with those taken from a better site. But this 1273hobby is about enjoying what you can do yourself, even if it isnt the best in 1274the world just like every other hobby from playing golf to painting 1275landscapes. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 1276 1277<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; 1278mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>I consider both locations to be 1279semi-permanent. They both utilize a fixed pier with all equipment mounted 24/7 1280but not contained within a permanent structure. I use a <span class=SpellE>TeleGizmos</span> 1281365 series cover plus a garden variety Home Depot brown tarp to protect the 1282equipment.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Power supplies and all 1283electronics, including a headless computer </span>(no monitor or keyboard)<span 1284style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>, are 1285contained in a simple box hung on the pier. This keeps cables short and 1286organized with a simple bundled cable set feeding the camera/focuser/heater units 1287and a second bundled cable set feeding the mount. This computer runs all the 1288software controlling the scope, mount and cameras plus a couple of weather 1289stations monitoring clouds, darkness and rain. A LAN connection allows remote 1290control of the system using VNC software. I use a remote laptop to setup a 1291nights operations then usually an iPad to periodically monitor or modify 1292operations. Occasionally Ill use my iPhone when Im away from home.<o:p></o:p></span></p> 1293 1294<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; 1295mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>I use software popular with many 1296deep sky imagers: Windows 10 Pro with <span class=SpellE>TheSkyX</span> 1297planetarium software, ASTAP for plate solving, PHD2 for guiding, NINA for image 1298capture, <span class=SpellE>MaxIm</span> for image calibration, <span 1299class=SpellE>CCDStack</span> for stacking and initial stretching, and Photoshop 1300with a bit of <span class=SpellE>PixInsight</span> for image processing. NINA 1301lets me run the whole thing while I get a good nights sleep. It can 1302automatically sequence through the objects Ive selected with the appropriate
1303filters, focus the scope, rotate the camera as needed, correct for pointing 1304errors, select guide stars, make calibration frames, and of course take the 1305images that I can process the next day.<o:p></o:p></span></p> 1306 1307<p class=MsoPlainText style='text-align:justify;line-height:115%'><span 1308style='mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; 1309mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: 1310minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 1311mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi'>I can fully understand why multi-hour exposures 1312or processing with complex programs like Photoshop or <span class=SpellE>PixInsight</span> 1313might not be for everyone. But that doesnt mean you need to suffer looking 1314through an eyepiece at dim ill-defined blobs. Sometimes I attach a digital 1315camera to a scope and just take short exposures of just a few seconds to a few 1316minutes. Visual Imaging is the name I use to describe using a camera to see 1317more than what most scopes offer with an eyepiece but without spending the time 1318or effort to make pretty pictures. This is sometimes called Electronically 1319Enhanced Astronomy, EEA, or Electronically Enhanced Visual Astronomy, EEVA, or 1320Observational Astrophotography. A monochrome astronomy camera works best but a 1321normal DSLR or mirrorless camera is fine. Raise the gain and/or increase 1322binning if your camera allows it. The scope could be as simple as a regular 1323camera lens attached to an inexpensive tracking device on a tripod. Objects are 1324then viewed on a computer, tablet or camera screen. Youll get better views 1325with more advanced hardware but at more cost and complexity. As I said before, 1326the camera is far better at capturing dim images than the human eye. This 1327configuration lets me enjoy many of the sights available in the night sky with 1328clarity but without complexity. They wont be as impressive as the processed 1329long exposure photos seen in magazines but galaxies, bright nebula and larger 1330planetary nebula actually look like they should. Visual imaging is a simple way 1331to enjoy deep sky astronomy and, in my opinion, more rewarding than using an 1332eyepiece.<o:p></o:p></span></p> 1333 1334<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:12.0pt; 1335mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'><o:p> </o:p></span></p> 1336 1337<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span 1338style='font-family:Algerian;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p> 1339 1340<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight: 1341normal'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><a 1342href="mailto:[email protected]"><span style='color:windowtext'>email <span 1343class=SpellE>AstroNutCase</span></span></a><span 1344style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><a 1345href="http://astronutcase.net/TheSalyers/">.</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> 1346 1347<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: 1348Algerian'><o:p> </o:p></span></p> 1349 1350</div> 1351 1352</body> 1353 1354</html>
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