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Messages influence the user who receives them, as well as the users\u2019 friends, and the friends of their friends.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSocial media acts as a personal portal to communicate thoughts, express ideas and beliefs, and share commonalities. It is often the place where personal identification, engagement and interaction begins\u2014in subgroups of homophiletic people.\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/sup\u003eThose subgroups or virtual social networks offer a sense of belonging and create a safe place for expression, empowering an individual to voice their opinion. In a web-based survey comparing shy and non-shy Internet users, perceived online anonymity led to higher comfort levels in voicing opinions rather than in face-to-face interactions.\u0026nbsp;A user can easily react to an original artifact by liking, sharing, commenting, tagging, retweeting, following, etc. Those reactions are a form of affective communication that give social media its power.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":null,"version":1},{"type":"Image","id":"f_c9791284-8f24-440d-861a-066e7cc7d4ec","defaultValue":null,"link_url":"","thumb_url":"!","url":"!","caption":"","description":"","storageKey":"1224574\/ldfzfaj1lky1svkon6yi","storage":"c","storagePrefix":null,"format":"png","h":845,"w":997,"s":297305,"new_target":true,"noCompression":null,"cropMode":null,"focus":{}},{"type":"RichText","id":"f_7f1ed05a-f4e0-4a59-a257-660bf9b83aa7","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv class=\"s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"display: block;\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eYounger people, in particular, trust user-generated content from friends or online sources, such as Reddit, FB, Instagram, and\/or SnapChat more so than mainstream media.\u0026nbsp;Additionally, confirmation bias, filter bubbles, and signal boosters or influencers, all aid in massive-scale contagion and greater circulation of affect.\u0026nbsp;Governments recognize this potential too, as evidence of questionable geopolitical content played a part in recent French, German, and U.S. elections.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":null,"version":1}],"layout":[],"inlineLayout":null}}}],"layout":[{"type":"LayoutVariants","id":"f_b34b8379-d66f-4644-b59f-c30bc5b75889","defaultValue":null,"value":"eight"},{"type":"LayoutVariants","id":"f_af9fbe22-9b5b-4318-9666-c68d80050d92","defaultValue":null,"value":"eight"}],"inlineLayout":null}}}],"layout":[],"inlineLayout":null}}}],"title":"Introduction","description":null,"uid":"3e19a895-bf76-41e4-b0a8-637ae299ecbc","path":"\/introduction","pageTitle":null,"pagePassword":null,"memberOnly":null,"paidMemberOnly":null,"buySpecificProductList":{},"specificTierList":{},"pwdPrompt":null,"autoPath":true,"authorized":true},{"type":"Page","id":"f_1de45e2d-a6b4-416b-8bc5-7a3123cb5eb3","defaultValue":null,"sections":[{"type":"Slide","id":"f_ff26d0d1-55ec-485b-9a78-ffb85aa7e45f","defaultValue":null,"template_id":null,"template_name":"block","template_version":null,"components":{"slideSettings":{"type":"SlideSettings","id":"f_6d9a4c22-3fb5-4535-bd0b-6531fa0b48eb","defaultValue":null,"show_nav":true,"show_nav_multi_mode":null,"nameChanged":null,"hidden_section":false,"name":"Meme Definition(s)","sync_key":null,"layout_variation":null,"display_settings":{},"padding":{}}
10,"background1":{"type":"Background","id":"f_e267a12e-959d-4fc8-9357-1db611d68b6d","defaultValue":true,"url":"","textColor":"light","backgroundVariation":"","sizing":"cover","userClassName":null,"linkUrl":null,"linkTarget":null,"videoUrl":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":null,"noCompression":null,"focus":{}},"text1":{"type":"RichText","id":"f_66f21916-a0ed-4c48-8b17-3aff42dea823","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv\u003eMeme Definition(s)\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":"","version":1},"text2":{"type":"RichText","id":"f_b80c05b3-781a-4ffb-bac4-a9f98d7b5587","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cp style=\"font-size: 130%;\"\u003eWithin the digital sphere, Internet memes are a particularly persuasive piece of user-generated content due to a number of unique characteristics. They are important artifacts of individual expression and visual rhetoric that adds to cultural communication and understanding.\u003c\/p\u003e","backupValue":"","version":1},"block1":{"type":"BlockComponent","id":"f_6a15fd9e-1238-4ccc-ac31-e63e093793a7","defaultValue":null,"items":[{"type":"BlockComponentItem","id":"f_cca324d1-6770-4c6f-9cf3-c95d9c1463d4","defaultValue":false,"name":"rowBlock","components":{"block1":{"type":"BlockComponent","id":"f_4ff8a74f-bcc4-4797-8233-93230eaade7f","defaultValue":null,"items":[{"type":"BlockComponentItem","id":"f_a5cd6510-a84b-45de-a802-253cad631062","defaultValue":null,"name":"columnBlock","components":{"block1":{"type":"BlockComponent","id":"f_17e1cebd-f0b8-45ff-b199-a04209395cab","defaultValue":null,"items":[{"type":"RichText","id":"f_fbf7b0c7-7291-4c22-a9df-e31e5b836677","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv class=\"s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"display: block;\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe idea of the meme was introduced by Richard Dawkins, who theorized that just as a gene is a unit of human transmission, a meme is a unit of cultural transmission. The word itself is derived from the Ancient Greek word mimeme, which means \u201cto imitate,\u201d and closely aligns with \u201cmimic\u201d and \u201cmemory.\u201d A meme carries cultural ideas that are transmitted from person to person through various forms of mimicry and replication. That cultural unit evolves and mutates, similarly to a gene, and either succeeds and flourishes or becomes extinct. Some pre-internet examples include the bible, the national anthem, and the Kilroy Was Here image circulated in World War II. For Dawkins, the meme served as a catalyst for cultural jumps in human evolution, much like a gene served to further biological evolution.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMemetics, and the validity of its study, has been debated ever since with authors such as Susan Blackmore, Aaron Lynch, and Richard Brodie contributing to the discussion, and has had a resurgence in debate as theories apply to modern digital culture and the Internet meme. The Internet meme has unique characteristics that must be considered when defining and studying its place in memetic theory. Dawkins addressed the difference:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e[T]he very idea of the meme, has itself mutated and evolved in a new direction. An Internet meme is a hijacking of the original idea. Instead of mutating by random chance, before spreading by a form of Darwinian selection, Internet memes are altered deliber\u00adately by human creativity. In the hijacked version, mutations are designed\u2014not ran\u00addom\u2014with the full knowledge of the person doing the mutating.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eLimor Shifman further defined the Internet meme in that it carries several elements within each unit that can be imitated or replicated, and that it consists of groups of units with common characteristics or themes. Those factors contribute to larger dispersion rates in part, be
10cause there are more \u201cconnection points\u201d\u2014elements or points for people to connect with, to then imitate or replicate the original artifact.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":null,"version":1}],"layout":[],"inlineLayout":null}}},{"type":"BlockComponentItem","id":"f_12022ef2-4b78-4f7b-a7df-45d2918aee25","defaultValue":null,"name":"columnBlock","components":{"block1":{"type":"BlockComponent","id":"f_3431725e-47d1-453c-b3f5-f0197dad5b62","defaultValue":null,"items":[{"type":"RichText","id":"f_6d83b490-6144-46bc-8149-f44d672fac24","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv class=\"s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"display: block;\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAs Shifman explains in her 2014 book, \u003cem\u003eMemes in Digital Culture\u003c\/em\u003e, the Internet meme differs, because people deliberately alter and interact with it, thereby effecting its success. Internet memes consist of the original artifact\u2014an image, video or hashtag\u2014and all of its reiterations, offshoots, and\/or related campaigns, as well as the comments attached. They often combine two elements into a new artifact, as a way to interpret and discuss complex social issues. The hashtag, denoted by the # symbol, is a descriptive metadata function that provides users the means to label, organize, search and follow specific topics. Shifman closes her book with questions for further study, including whether memes affect social and political change.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAn Xiao Mina expands the definition to better reflect current meme culture in her 2019 book, \u003cem\u003eMemes to Movements\u003c\/em\u003e. Like a meme itself, Mina adds a contextualized framework to Dawkins\u2019 and Shifman\u2019s definitions, remixing and reshaping the meaning, drawn from her personal experience with memes and social movements. She writes \u201cMemes can take many forms and exist on many types of media, and it\u2019s these many forms that give them their richness.\u201d In addition to the meme variations mentioned above such as image, text and video memes, she includes physical (objects associated with a meme such as T-shirts or stickers), performative (when a person performs a physical act with a meme embodiment and posts that act) and selfie memes (when people post photos of themselves with the meme symbol) as well.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMina also answers Shifman\u2019s question about affecting political change and details meme culture within social movements in China, The United Sates, Uganda, and Mexico. She examines case studies, compares memetic strategy and concludes that memes affect social and political change, in both positive and negative ways.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":null,"version":1}],"layout":[],"inlineLayout":null}}}],"layout":[{"type":"LayoutVariants","id":"f_bca7b25a-3607-4a05-87c0-c9d0d2ca754a","defaultValue":null,"value":"eight"},{"type":"LayoutVariants","id":"f_cb515150-ef1c-42b4-8b64-fdf5af2eeab9","defaultValue":null,"value":"eight"}],"inlineLayout":null}}}],"layout":[],"inlineLayout":null}}}],"title":"Meme Definition(s)","description":null,"uid":"b9e74e33-f541-42dc-bc5f-f893ab14fe52","path":"\/meme-definition-s","pageTitle":null,"pagePassword":null,"memberOnly":null,"paidMemberOnly":null,"buySpecificProductList":{},"specificTierList":{},"pwdPrompt":null,"autoPath":true,"authorized":true},{"type":"Page","id":"f_52e0465b-f5fb-47e8-ad8b-9c2873881b01","defaultValue":null,"sections":[{"type":"Slide","id":"f_2e148d6c-0715-4414-aae0-df4fcf998ffc","defaultValue":null,"template_id":null,"template_name":"block","template_version":null,"components":{"slideSettings":{"type":"SlideSettings","id":"f_8a310277-e0ff-4331-9a0d-91ca225efc76","defaultValue":null,"show_nav":true,"show_nav_multi_mode":null,"nameChanged":null,"hidden_section":false,"name":"Meme Characteristics","sync_key":null,"layout_variation":null,"display_settings":{},"padding":{}}
10,"background1":{"type":"Background","id":"f_884b1310-3d17-4f6a-a9e7-c3bbfce927fc","defaultValue":true,"url":"","textColor":"light","backgroundVariation":"","sizing":"cover","userClassName":null,"linkUrl":null,"linkTarget":null,"videoUrl":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":null,"noCompression":null,"focus":{}},"text1":{"type":"RichText","id":"f_88675a19-c3cf-4cc8-a7cf-9a54da23cc5c","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv\u003eMeme Characteristics\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":"","version":1},"text2":{"type":"RichText","id":"f_3446358b-29db-43d8-8727-912f94027bc0","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv style=\"font-size: 130%;\"\u003eBeyond their capacity for reach, an Internet meme\u2019s success is due to additional factors.\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":"","version":1},"block1":{"type":"BlockComponent","id":"f_11ecac97-d39d-41c6-b012-493fbb9a09a9","defaultValue":null,"items":[{"type":"BlockComponentItem","id":"f_90192280-e178-4439-bd89-22a4dae66109","defaultValue":false,"name":"rowBlock","components":{"block1":{"type":"BlockComponent","id":"f_5c3e03b6-1ad1-4d85-ada4-5219bf399c18","defaultValue":null,"items":[{"type":"BlockComponentItem","id":"f_caf42db7-36c7-4bda-b84a-ed31d7da4158","defaultValue":null,"name":"columnBlock","components":{"block1":{"type":"BlockComponent","id":"f_e599617b-ac09-4826-9dd8-e358fb2a9fa9","defaultValue":null,"items":[{"type":"RichText","id":"f_514ed503-1dbe-44c4-8c28-059ce7d654ab","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv class=\"s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"display: block;\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe success of an Internet meme relies on emotional contagion. If memes, or the message they represent, provoke an emotion, they are more likely to be shared. They are encoded with visual cues that tie to emotional and long-term memory, and when combined with cultural events and personal identity, the emotional reaction drives engagement, contagion, and success. Personal connection is key to engagement and they serve as pivotal links between the personal and the political. Engagement can take the form of liking, sharing, retweeting, creating a variation of your own, and\/or taking part in off-line action. Memes most likely to be shared provoke emotions such as anger, anxiety, or humor\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eKramera found evidence for massive-scale contagion via social networks and Bond found evidence to support contagion of political affect as well. The effect of social transmission on real-world voting was greater than the direct effect of the messages themselves, and nearly all the transmission occurred between \u201cclose friends\u201d who were more likely to have a face-to-face relationship. These results suggest that a personal connection is key for spreading messaging online and affecting real-world behavior in human social networks.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eWhile debate ensues about the virtues of technology as it relates to human interaction, use of the Internet and social media platforms has been shown to strengthen personal connections as well as enable new ones otherwise not possible, due to time, distance, lack of information, etc. Smart phones, networked social apps such as Strava, social media and other social technology extends our circles of trust and empowers us to interact with others like never before.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":null,"version":1}],"layout":[],"inlineLayout":null}}},{"type":"BlockComponentItem","id":"f_df010b27-aa69-49d4-b2af-9c9aac02c7c6","defaultValue":null,"name":"columnBlock","components":{"block1":{"type":"BlockComponent","id":"f_ff3bcc2e-ccf0-43df-8a0b-949743035207","defaultValue":null,"items":[{"type":"RichText","id":"f_734dafe5-2279-4042-9869-2a8bb2ce7e2e","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u
10003cdiv class=\"s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"display: block;\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAn Internet meme\u2019s embedded visual cues are key as well. Our brains are hard-wired to process visual information faster and more efficiently than text. 40% of the nerve fibers to our brain are connected to the retina, and we process visual content 60,000 times faster. Images are processed by long-term memory, where it is retained and remembered and most importantly, they cause a stronger emotional reaction, because visual memory is encoded in the same area where emotions are processed. Visual stimuli and emotional response are easily linked and is proven to drive decision-making behavior.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eNot only are emotions responsible for sharing content, but emotional affect is contagious as well. We mimic others\u2019 emotions that we are around, due to a cluster of cells in our brains called mirror neurons. They are responsible for this emotional mimicry and cause us to feel and act the way we see others feeling and acting either online or in person. People catch feelings in the same way that they catch a cold, acting as conduits for the transmission, within and between networked groups.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eHuntington\u2019s 2017 study found that memes carry affect and emotion which influence political cognition, evaluation and decision-making. Because memes are visual and intertextual, their effect depends on personal interpretation of the arguments embedded within them. Comments discourse associated with memes also help support how viewers rated its effectiveness. In fact, the study of memes and their associated popularity, predicts political discourse before it enters the consciousness of the public sphere.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":null,"version":1}],"layout":[],"inlineLayout":null}}}],"layout":[{"type":"LayoutVariants","id":"f_a641a144-bdaf-4850-b6d7-a04155ac2260","defaultValue":null,"value":"eight"},{"type":"LayoutVariants","id":"f_1e55c266-6d3e-40ee-91bd-2d758ef31beb","defaultValue":null,"value":"eight"}],"inlineLayout":null}}}],"layout":[],"inlineLayout":null}}}],"title":"Meme Characteristics","description":null,"uid":"36408962-78e7-4d6f-b979-d7b78aa075ac","path":"\/meme-characteristics","pageTitle":null,"pagePassword":null,"memberOnly":null,"paidMemberOnly":null,"buySpecificProductList":{},"specificTierList":{},"pwdPrompt":null,"autoPath":true,"authorized":true},{"type":"Page","id":"f_3b6ca830-153a-4456-af70-7dce0d94a12d","defaultValue":null,"sections":[{"type":"Slide","id":"f_3fb2541b-2470-42aa-a019-844f7bd992ae","defaultValue":null,"template_id":null,"template_name":"block","template_version":null,"components":{"slideSettings":{"type":"SlideSettings","id":"f_1050e8c6-7d7a-49c7-852e-6725455f4257","defaultValue":null,"show_nav":true,"show_nav_multi_mode":null,"nameChanged":null,"hidden_section":false,"name":"The Politicization of","sync_key":null,"layout_variation":null,"display_settings":{},"padding":{}},"background1":{"type":"Background","id":"f_5b750570-0fd5-42f3-a90e-c03cdbf617a5","defaultValue":true,"url":"","textColor":"light","backgroundVariation":"","sizing":"cover","userClassName":null,"linkUrl":null,"linkTarget":null,"videoUrl":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":null,"noCompression":null,"focus":{}},"text1":{"type":"RichText","id":"f_961d129b-8888-48bf-8f66-4495829d9a3d","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv\u003eThe Politicization of Memes\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":"","version":1},"text2":{"type":"RichText","id":"f_6bed6c7b-52e7-4fcf-adfc-f19fff2b7e8a","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv\u003eMemes help drive attention and frame narrative for any given issue, and as in any dialogue, multiple viewpoints are expressed. Memes remind us of our humanity \u2014 the good and the bad.\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":"","version":1},"block1":{"type":"BlockComponent","id":"f_ee796be4-a058-4e8d-9fa6-6ee8859f9cd9","defaultValue":null,"items":[{"type":"BlockComponentItem","id":"f_5c72d5fb-2439-4785-b787-6f8c25af5a2e","defaultValue":false,"name":"rowBlock","components":{"block1":{"type":"BlockComponent","id":"f_0d38db62-37d8-49f6-a4a0-e0f135ac59ef","defaultValue":null,"items":[{"type":"BlockComponentItem","id":"f_48d90743-9399-48c5-b155-942820aa48a5","defaultValue":null,"name":"columnBlock","components":{"block1":{"type":"BlockComponent","id":"f_235af3c4-560b-478d-919d-669c60ce8198","defaultValue":null,"items":[{"type":"RichText","id":"f_88c41fdf-08f5-4e25-a23c-745159035da9","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u
10003cdiv class=\"s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"display: block;\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSuch is the case when white supremacists began amplifying their message in a more public way on social media platforms. They have always been expressing their views on private chat platforms, such as Discord,\u0026nbsp;but with the signal of tolerance from Donald Trump in his run up and subsequent presidential election in 2016, they began to surface in public. Trump\u2019s many online and in-person racist, sexist, and homophobic comments emboldened such groups as the AltRight and NeoNazis, and social media became a fractious, polarizing battleground\u0026nbsp;where debates about politics and race were hard to avoid.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIt is no coincidence that 2016 coincides with a considerable increase in the politicization of memes. Both Trump and Clinton fully embraced and aggressively used social media platforms to reach the American voting public, who spent much of their time there. Those with smartphones and the capacity to share text jokes and\/or create image remixes quickly, created the environment of what was referred to the \u201cMeme Election.\u201d\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eEven though Trump was using Twitter heavily, his digital campaign manager, Brad Pascale, stated that Trump won the 2016 U.S. Presidential election because of their prolific Facebook usage.\u0026nbsp;Pascale and his team created an average of 4,000 ads per month\u0026nbsp;during the course of the campaign, many of which became Make America Great Again (#MAGA) memes. Trump\u2019s slogan, a truncated version of Ronald Reagan\u2019s 1980 presidential slogan, became a new rallying cry for those in America with racist, homophobic, and sexist views, expressed best by an accurate remix of the phrase to \u201cMake America White Again.\u201d The application of #MAGA to the red \u201cgood ole\u2019 boy\u201d baseball cap, became the new iconic symbol of hate in America. #MAGA memes increased in usage by 1,224,800% from Jan 2016 to Jan 2017.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":null,"version":1},{"type":"Image","id":"f_0c23a6aa-07cc-4686-af72-a4e6beb0d36b","defaultValue":null,"link_url":"","thumb_url":"!","url":"!","caption":"","description":"","storageKey":"1224574\/Layer_103_doxwl1","storage":"c","storagePrefix":null,"format":"jpg","h":755,"w":749,"s":79258,"new_target":true,"noCompression":null,"cropMode":null,"focus":{}}],"layout":[],"inlineLayout":null}}},{"type":"BlockComponentItem","id":"f_cd812232-d866-4101-abf7-7b3c003403b9","defaultValue":null,"name":"columnBlock","components":{"block1":{"type":"BlockComponent","id":"f_e083a26b-7493-4997-93c6-0738d5675692","defaultValue":null,"items":[{"type":"Image","id":"f_2d8ef189-a2b2-4745-af21-af01bce045a4","defaultValue":null,"link_url":"","thumb_url":"!","url":"!","caption":"","description":"","storageKey":"1224574\/Layer_14_r60w5o","storage":"c","storagePrefix":null,"format":"jpg","h":773,"w":872,"s":146746,"new_target":true,"noCompression":null,"cropMode":null,"focus":{}},{"type":"RichText","id":"f_42b5ff5d-a3c4-440e-b7a9-009bf61c0b0a","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv class=\"s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"display: block;\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIt was within this environment that the #UniteTheRight movement gained traction in America. Social media\u2019s community-raising and organizing functions were intentionally used for the 2017 Unite the Right march and rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. Christopher Cantwell, one of the organizers, admitted to adopting tactics from the Black Lives Matter and Women\u2019s movements, so they could \u201cstep off the internet, spread our memes, organize, and unveil our power level.\u201d He cited Trayvon Martin as an impetus for his involvement and chanted \u201cJews will not replace us,\u201d \u201cBlood and soil,\u201d and \u201cWhite Lives Matter\u201d with hundreds of other White nationalists at the march. Lending legitimacy to the movement, President Trump commented about the march, in part: \u201cthere were very fine people on both sides.\u201d\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eComments such as those continue to embolden white nationalists on and offline. Since the Trump election, hate crimes against Muslims jumped to 67% and swastika sightings have become a regular occurrence in New York City where they increased 76% from 2016 to 2018. The Pepe the Frog image, coopted by the NeoNazis to symbolize white nationalism, was mainstreamed by Trump when he retweeted a \u201cDeplorables\u201d poster, an image remix that featured Trump, prominent conservatives, and Pepe The Frog. Pepe The Frog became the first Internet meme to appear on the Anti-Defamation League\u2019s list of hate symbols in 2016.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSightings of hate symbols off line are often posted to social media, where they are widely shared and picked up as news stories for traditional news organizations. In an effort to condemn the message, the opposite may be true. Rabbi Abraham Cooper of the anti-hate Simon Wiesenthal Center said, \u201cPromoters of these hatreds can use internet technologies to drive the story, to target their victims, and to use the same symbols as a recruitment tool for their own 21st century version of hatred and bigotry.\u201d Contagion of any affect can occur and John Esmerado, an assistant prosecutor in Union County, New Jersey said, in response to the uptick in swastika sightings, \u201cI sometimes call it a hate contagion, like a fever, an infection, a hate virus, that\u2019s spreading very quickly.\u201d\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":null,"version":1}],"layout":[],"inlineLayout":null}}}],"layout":[{"type":"LayoutVariants","id":"f_3d8d9aa2-d8fa-4fb8-b661-0d762195897c","defaultValue":null,"value":"eight"},{"type":"LayoutVariants","id":"f_587b5936-6f01-44b3-b8e3-c551a92e528c","defaultValue":null,"value":"eight"}],"inlineLayout":null}}}],"layout":[],"inlineLayout":null}}}
10],"title":"Politicization of Memes","description":null,"uid":"752e0cf9-5b17-4f09-9b85-b574409045bf","path":"\/politicization-of-memes","pageTitle":null,"pagePassword":null,"memberOnly":null,"paidMemberOnly":null,"buySpecificProductList":{},"specificTierList":{},"pwdPrompt":null,"autoPath":true,"authorized":true},{"type":"Page","id":"f_84599c66-8406-481a-a893-c533d21a2301","defaultValue":null,"sections":[{"type":"Slide","id":"f_05194c93-2149-4a50-8bc5-ef03affe6c78","defaultValue":null,"template_id":null,"template_name":"block","template_version":null,"components":{"slideSettings":{"type":"SlideSettings","id":"f_2bc32588-af57-4b53-a457-aaa4f290dc15","defaultValue":null,"show_nav":true,"show_nav_multi_mode":null,"nameChanged":null,"hidden_section":false,"name":"Case Studies","sync_key":null,"layout_variation":null,"display_settings":{},"padding":{}},"background1":{"type":"Background","id":"f_7f9ffdb0-dfc1-4dfb-9622-ebfac3723497","defaultValue":false,"url":"","textColor":"light","backgroundVariation":"","sizing":null,"userClassName":"s-bg-white","linkUrl":null,"linkTarget":null,"videoUrl":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":false,"noCompression":null,"focus":{}},"text1":{"type":"RichText","id":"f_fc58e58e-abf6-41f9-a1f1-98624ca11b69","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv\u003eCase Studies\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":"","version":1},"text2":{"type":"RichText","id":"f_80fcfff6-71bd-443a-a2d0-c64bdc967ac1","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv style=\"font-size: 130%;\"\u003eExamples of well-known social change Internet memes that have affected American discourse since 2012 include #BlackLivesMatter, #PussyHat, #MeToo, #MAGA, and #UniteTheRight memes. Their visual message, combined with personal identity, created emotions that led to action. Memetic success can be directly traced to emotional contagion both on and offline.\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":"","version":1},"block1":{"type":"BlockComponent","id":"f_2dd76163-55d5-492e-beef-9c68ec9d7178","defaultValue":null,"items":[],"layout":[],"inlineLayout":null}}},{"type":"Slide","id":"f_69627b57-5255-47bb-85df-749804dbe007","defaultValue":null,"template_id":null,"template_name":"block","template_version":null,"components":{"slideSettings":{"type":"SlideSettings","id":"f_113707e6-633a-4051-b29c-42b9f81aec17","defaultValue":null,"show_nav":true,"show_nav_multi_mode":null,"nameChanged":null,"hidden_section":false,"name":"Black Lives Matter","sync_key":null,"layout_variation":null,"display_settings":{},"padding":{}}}},{"type":"Slide","id":"f_e63f2c8f-2202-49a3-8bdc-b31ae6190af6","defaultValue":null,"template_id":null,"template_name":"block","template_version":null,"components":{"slideSettings":{"type":"SlideSettings","id":"f_10bab0e4-8429-4b3c-a620-a11373f0dabd","defaultValue":null,"show_nav":true,"show_nav_multi_mode":null,"nameChanged":null,"hidden_section":false,"name":"Women's Movement","sync_key":null,"layout_variation":null,"display_settings":{},"padding":{}}}}],"title":"Case Studies","description":null,"uid":"ab668b67-5b1b-40e1-82b4-749f7270e91b","path":"\/case-studies","pageTitle":null,"pagePassword":null,"memberOnly":null,"paidMemberOnly":null,"buySpecificProductList":{},"specificTierList":{},"pwdPrompt":null,"autoPath":true,"authorized":true},{"type":"Page","id":"f_5bf32086-354c-4138-9794-cc264eda3b82","defaultValue":null,"sections":[{"type":"Slide","id":"f_7add032e-b398-44af-ac4b-087667973168","defaultValue":null,"template_id":null,"template_name":"block","template_version":null,"components":{"slideSettings":{"type":"SlideSettings","id":"f_2cba3ffd-87b8-4f1b-9f7c-bb6508c4df2f","defaultValue":null,"show_nav":true,"show_nav_multi_mode":null,"nameChanged":null,"hidden_section":false,"name":"Memes as Art","sync_key":null,"layout_variation":null,"display_settings":{},"padding":{}},"background1":{"type":"Background","id":"f_a4c62876-0082-475b-9c1e-f2c2fa43c9b8","defaultValue":true,"url":"","textColor":"light","backgroundVariation":"","sizing":"cover","userClassName":null,"linkUrl":null,"linkTarget":null,"videoUrl":"","videoHtml":"","storageKey":null,"storage":null,"format":null,"h":null,"w":null,"s":null,"useImage":null,"noCompression":null,"focus":{}}
10,"text1":{"type":"RichText","id":"f_c2b9fcd8-65d9-4989-8291-e08b66e88cd5","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv\u003eMemes as Art\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":"","version":1},"text2":{"type":"RichText","id":"f_a29f7aae-583b-4389-b8e1-7701f8db48a2","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv class=\"s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"display: block;\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArt is constantly evolving, but if the purpose of art is to express a human truth, the Internet meme fits the bill.\u0026nbsp;Like many other art forms, we use memes to understand, critique and share thoughts about the world around us. Exhibits on Internet memes signal their importance and pay tribute to them as cultural icon.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":"","version":1},"block1":{"type":"BlockComponent","id":"f_5908b2cf-6e35-4949-b6fb-fd0b5a68a65a","defaultValue":null,"items":[{"type":"BlockComponentItem","id":"f_ad3b6f52-0e39-49a7-ad17-208039909e0a","defaultValue":false,"name":"rowBlock","components":{"block1":{"type":"BlockComponent","id":"f_df2a13b2-6853-4ace-b4c4-d822456d3dec","defaultValue":null,"items":[{"type":"BlockComponentItem","id":"f_5e493a69-fcf5-495c-b9aa-dc20693a27dc","defaultValue":null,"name":"columnBlock","components":{"block1":{"type":"BlockComponent","id":"f_2d4f4344-a7a8-4f12-bb33-acff2ee56d13","defaultValue":null,"items":[{"type":"RichText","id":"f_28e92828-ef00-42e9-952e-f27b523141a6","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv class=\"s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"display: block;\"\u003e\u003cp class=\"s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eBringing memes and their derivatives into a gallery setting elevates them as a legitimate art form, since the art world and art market still value that. They are a highly accessible art form worthy of serious consideration, and exhibits serve to more permanently record their impact as well as give people more space and time to absorb meaning, reflect on how they affect their lives, and engage in conversations about inspiration, content, and effect. They stand as another example of a physical embodiment of a meme, underscoring their ability to take many forms and exist in many media spaces.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePrevious art exhibits on Internet memes include one at the Back Room Gallery at Holdran\u2019s Arcade in London in August 2016, called \u003cem\u003eWhat Do You Meme? \u003c\/em\u003eOne of the curators, Maisie Post, wrote about the exhibit\u2019s meaning:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eIt illustrates the transition from a simple \u2018internet meme\u2019 to ideas that have transferred from URL into IRL. They will no longer be viewed as poor taste or low culture but will be portrayed as the most democratic art form. I see memes as a type of folk art, made for the people by the people, the difference in the tools used, such as Photoshop and pixels over wood or clay. I wanted to take a different angle with memes, moving away from the 4chan boys club and showing the different communities that exist within meme culture. Memes are a running commentary on society; they are topical and give a comical twist on current affairs. Exploring this discourse within a gallery setting creates an opportunity to give resonance to memes, a practice that has been portrayed as low culture. Celebrating them and giving an alternative to the elitist nature of the art world.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePost commented on two of the included artists, Pantyhoe$ and Meme Gold: \u201cneither of them identified as artists\u2014there was no role for the artist to follow and no regulations,\u201d a nod toward the subversive freedom of art icons like Marcel Duchamp, Joseph Beuys, Sherrie Levine, and Jenny Holzer.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAnother meme exhibit was held at the Junior High gallery in Los Angeles called \u003cem\u003eBy Any Memes Necessary \u003c\/em\u003ein February 2017. It focused on the realities of empathy and coping and established the work and creators as art and artist. \u201cThese are art pieces and I want people to take what we are doing a little bit more seriously\u201d said the curator, ka5sh. In an interview with \u003cem\u003eBust\u003c\/em\u003emagazine, ka5sh speaks about taking a meme seriously as art:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eI remember my friend was saying memes are a part of the neo-Dada movement. And I didn't know 
10what that meant, but it sounded tight, so I googled it and I feel the same way, like this is the next wave of art. Memes have existed since the beginning of time, says the definition of memes and meme theory, so it's only fitting for these to be put into galleries. I'm Andy Warhol rn with the mf pop art content memes.\u2019\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":null,"version":1},{"type":"Image","id":"f_31d1e679-95af-4b14-8131-c18ab1ff0c7e","defaultValue":null,"link_url":"","thumb_url":"!","url":"!","caption":"","description":"","storageKey":"1224574\/Slide20_sxw4rn","storage":"c","storagePrefix":null,"format":"jpg","h":540,"w":720,"s":48538,"new_target":true,"noCompression":null,"cropMode":null,"focus":{}},{"type":"RichText","id":"f_d82b5a67-2f11-41cb-b704-114b52309e91","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv class=\"s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"display: block;\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eKa5sh\u2019s reference to Andy Warhol is and apt reference because of his ground-breaking work, beginning in the 1960s. He was a leading figure in the pop art movement, where he combined art, celebrity and advertising in new ways. His use of pop culture as subject matter and a non-painterly technique caused many a spectacle in the art world at that time. His famous Campbell\u2019s Soup Cans, created in 1962 by a silk-screen process, was not considered \u201cfine art\u201d by many within the elite art world but became popular with everyday people. Ordinary people could understand this new art, because it reflected their world, not some unrecognizable other. Everyday life and objects and people within became valid subject matter.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":null,"version":1},{"type":"Image","id":"f_d8e4ca76-ebe5-46f0-9890-9a5b6a71333e","defaultValue":null,"link_url":"","thumb_url":"!","url":"!","caption":"","description":"","storageKey":"1224574\/nocncan2camlm8lwk8bd","storage":"c","storagePrefix":null,"format":"png","h":441,"w":720,"s":636994,"new_target":true,"noCompression":null,"cropMode":null,"focus":{}},{"type":"RichText","id":"f_b76f22ec-a5b9-4466-9e4b-43a60fa262cd","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv class=\"s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"display: block;\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eInternet memes join these other art forms of disruption and are often compared to pop art and street art. Since social media platforms have become our modern gathering space, it makes sense that they are considered the street art of the Internet. Street art runs the gamut of subject matter as well and is a highly accessible art form created by everyday people. Both art forms attempt to disrupt norms, question society, and start a visual dialogue that can speak truth to power. An Xiao Mina states:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMemes are the street art of the social web, and like street art, they are varied, expressive, and complex, and they must contend with the existing politics of our public spaces.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":null,"version":1}],"layout":[],"inlineLayout":null}}},{"type":"BlockComponentItem","id":"f_2358f341-9d73-4e6f-acec-5b8ad399e153","defaultValue":null,"name":"columnBlock","components":{"block1":{"type":"BlockComponent","id":"f_eac18a8c-f925-4857-993a-3a58e0a94290","defaultValue":null,"items":[{"type":"RichText","id":"f_dc5a7ee9-43dd-4da9-88bc-58472d7d3d09","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cdiv class=\"s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"display: block;\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGraffiti, or street art, has historically been underappreciated and considered illegitimate, if not illegal, by many in and out of the art world. Just as Internet memes are far from ephemeral, the same is true of street art \u2014 even if it is taken down quickly. The image and message embed in people\u2019s memory and shared pictures claim additional impact on social networks.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGraffiti has had a longstanding resistance to legitimacy, even though artists such as Pablo Picasso considered it to be an innocent and pure form of expression that could inform new artistic movements like Cubism, Dada, and Surrealism. Classical and early modern examples were valued in academia, but otherwise considered a taboo subject until the 1970s, when the technological innovation of spray paint gave artists and their work a renewed visibility. Work created by everyday people not trained in art expressed an authentic truth, which differed from that of the power structure.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe Internet, social media platforms, and wide use of smartphones, gave street artists a much wider audience and led to popular and fine art mixing in new ways. Their inherent democratic and participatory characteristics flattened the distinction between \u201chigh\u201d and \u201clow\u201d art, as many more people were exposed to the art form created by everyday people.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":null,"version":1},{"type":"Image","id":"f_57314b60-b37b-4533-8094-e3bcc57d1b23","defaultValue":null,"link_url":"","thumb_url":"!","url":"!","caption":"","description":"","storageKey":"1224574\/frabi94h4qe7u7llqjcp","storage":"c","storagePrefix":null,"format":"png","h":328,"w":720,"s":490512,"new_target":true,"noCompression":null,"cropMode":null,"focus":{}},{"type":"RichText","id":"f_22993eba-a0f0-430c-be80-d8e97d301f33","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u
10003cdiv class=\"s-rich-text-wrapper\" style=\"display: block;\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eWynwood Walls and the surrounding area in Miami stands as a monument to the legitimacy of the art form. This area was transformed from warehouse walls to large canvasses in 2009, where national and international street artists created work. Tony Goldman, the Walls creator said:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBy presenting it in a new way, I was able to expose the public to something they had only seen peripherally. We have strived for a diverse representation of both American and international artists that encompasses everything from the old school graffiti artists to the newest work being created around the world. The project has truly evolved into what my friend Jeffrey Deitch calls a Museum of the Streets.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"font-size: 11.25px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe area continues to grow as art emanates outside of the Walls. Murals of all sizes cover buildings, garage doors, and alleyways in the surrounding area, garnering international attention.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eWhile subject matter of street art varies, it often makes social or political commentary, including those directed at the elite art market where collector investment drives value. The infamous 2018 Banksy \u201cstunt,\u201d where one of his iconic works self-destructed just after it sold for $1.4 million at a famous London auction house, highlighted that hypocrisy. The rise in popularity of JR, a French street artist, is another example of internet reach, as images of his massive street art installations have been shared widely. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eDarrin Wershler, research chair at Concordia University argues that memes, like street art, \u201care a type of \u2018everyday Conceptualism.\u2019 He said:\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThrough an ironic and playful treatment of a fragmented subject, memes break down high and low culture, disrupting ideas of originality. Memes should be understood as the digital descendants of artists such as Man Ray, Walker Evans, and Andy Warhol\u2014all vanguards whose practices largely concerned informational and social disruptions.\u201d \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"display: inline-block\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAt the 2018 \u201cTwo Decades of Memes\u201d exhibit (shown below) at the Museum of the Moving Image in Queens, NY, Brad Kim, curator and editor in chief of KnowYourMeme.com said \u201cI want to bring [memes] to a level beyond [a joke,] and [show] how they interact with the social affairs in the world.\u201d Museum Executive Director Carl Goodman said of the exhibit \u201cwe\u2019re helping people look at them in a more serious way and document what is significant, influential, or inspirational as we\u2019re living through it.\u201d\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","backupValue":null,"version":1},{"type":"Image","id":"f_64894a37-fccb-4474-8972-080b23fb5cfd","defaultValue":null,"link_url":"","thumb_url":"!","url":"!","caption":"","description":"","storageKey":"1224574\/pvq55ljka6paisoxoqej","storage":"c","storagePrefix":null,"format":"png","h":399,"w":720,"s":304966,"new_target":true,"noCompression":null,"cropMode":null,"focus":{}},{"type":"RichText","id":"f_9e8a6a53-da37-4a0f-8bc5-b49aae73d841","defaultValue":false,"value":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMemes are valid pieces of artistic expression and effect culture far beyond the digital. 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393display:none;padding-top:0px;margin-left:unset !important;}.css-1h3dzvt#nav-popover-panel.nav-dropdown-popover .inner-content{box-shadow:none;}.css-1h3dzvt#nav-popover-panel.nav-dropdown-popover .inner-content .panel-container{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}.css-1h3dzvt#nav-popover-panel.nav-dropdown-popover .inner-content .panel-container .main-panel ul li a:hover,.css-1h3dzvt#nav-popover-panel.nav-dropdown-popover .inner-content .panel-container .sub-panel ul li a:hover,.css-1h3dzvt#nav-popover-panel.nav-dropdown-popover .inner-content .panel-container .main-panel ul li .s-nav-dropdown-item:hover,.css-1h3dzvt#nav-popover-panel.nav-dropdown-popover .inner-content .panel-container .sub-panel ul li .s-nav-dropdown-item:hover,.css-1h3dzvt#nav-popover-panel.nav-dropdown-popover .inner-content .panel-container .main-panel ul li a.selected,.css-1h3dzvt#nav-popover-panel.nav-dropdown-popover .inner-content .panel-container .sub-panel ul li a.selected,.css-1h3dzvt#nav-popover-panel.nav-dropdown-popover .inner-content .panel-container .main-panel ul li .s-nav-dropdown-item.selected,.css-1h3dzvt#nav-popover-panel.nav-dropdown-popover .inner-content .panel-container .sub-panel ul li .s-nav-dropdown-item.selected{color:#868b8b;}.css-1h3dzvt#nav-popover-panel.nav-dropdown-popover .inner-content .panel-container .main-panel ul li a i.fa,.css-1h3dzvt#nav-popover-panel.nav-dropdown-popover .inner-content .panel-container .sub-panel ul li a i.fa,.css-1h3dzvt#nav-popover-panel.nav-dropdown-popover .inner-content .panel-container .main-panel ul li .s-nav-dropdown-item i.fa,.css-1h3dzvt#nav-popover-panel.nav-dropdown-popover .inner-content .panel-container .sub-panel ul li .s-nav-dropdown-item i.fa{margin:0 0 0 10px;}.css-18r3nfl .s-top-padding-large.s-section:not(.s-slider-section):not(.s-grid-section),.css-18r3nfl .s-top-padding-large.s-grid-section:not(._wide),.css-18r3nfl .s-top-padding-large.s-new-grid-section:not(.padding-adjust),.css-18r3nfl .s-top-padding-large.s-section.s-new-grid-section.padding-adjust{padding-top:150px !important;}.css-18r3nfl .s-bottom-padding-large.s-section:not(.s-slider-section):not(.s-grid-section),.css-18r3nfl .s-bottom-padding-large.s-grid-section:not(._wide):not(.padding-adjust),.css-18r3nfl .s-bottom-padding-large.s-new-grid-section:not(.padding-adjust),.css-18r3nfl .s-bottom-padding-large.s-section.s-new-grid-section.padding-adjust{padding-bottom:150px !important;}.css-18r3nfl .s-top-padding-half.s-section:not(.s-slider-section):not(.s-grid-section),.css-18r3nfl .s-top-padding-half.s-grid-section:not(._wide):not(.padding-adjust),.css-18r3nfl .s-top-padding-half.s-new-grid-section:not(.padding-adjust),.css-18r3nfl .s-top-padding-half.s-section.s-new-grid-section.padding-adjust{padding-top:40px;}.css-18r3nfl .s-bottom-padding-half.s-section:not(.s-slider-section):not(.s-grid-section),.css-18r3nfl .s-bottom-padding-half.s-grid-section:not(._wide):not(.padding-adjust),.css-18r3nfl .s-bottom-padding-half.s-new-grid-section:not(.padding-adjust),.css-18r3nfl .s-bottom-padding-half.s-section.s-new-grid-section.padding-adjust{padding-bottom:calc( 40px + 0px );}.css-18r3nfl .s-top-padding-none.s-section:not(.s-slider-section):not(.s-grid-section),.css-18r3nfl .s-top-padding-none.s-grid-section:not(._wide):not(.padding-adjust),.css-18r3nfl .s-top-padding-none.s-new-grid-section:not(.padding-adjust),.css-18r3nfl .s-top-padding-none.s-section.s-new-grid-section.padding-adjust{padding-top:0px;}.css-18r3nfl .s-bottom-padding-none.s-section:not(.s-slider-section):not(.s-grid-section),.css-18r3nfl .s-bottom-padding-none.s-grid-section:not(._wide):not(.padding-adjust),.css-18r3nfl .s-bottom-padding-none.s-new-grid-section:not(.padding-adjust),.css-18r3nfl .s-bottom-padding-none.s-section.s-new-grid-section.padding-adjust{padding-bottom:0;}.css-18r3nfl .s-section:not(.s-slider-section):not(.s-grid-section),.css-18r3nfl .s-grid-section:not(._wide):not(.padding-adjust),.css-18r3nfl .s-new-grid-section:not(.padding-adjust),.css-18r3nfl .s-section.s-new-grid-section.padding-adjust{padding-top:75px;padding-bottom:75px;}@media screen and (max-width:727px){.css-18r3nfl .s-section:not(.s-slider-section):not(.s-grid-section).s-section-mobile-height-full,.css-18r3nfl .s-gri
393d-section:not(._wide):not(.padding-adjust).s-section-mobile-height-full,.css-18r3nfl .s-new-grid-section:not(.padding-adjust).s-section-mobile-height-full,.css-18r3nfl .s-section.s-new-grid-section.padding-adjust.s-section-mobile-height-full{min-height:calc( 100vh - var(--s-mobile-nav-height) - var(--s-mobile-actions-height) );}}</style><div data-hypernova-key="SiteBootstrapper" data-hypernova-id="28009e62-4c1e-4f20-ac2c-9bd641eacab6" data-hypernova-emotion-id="9komjz,1h3dzvt,18r3nfl">
393<script>window.ssrIsLoaded=true</script>
393<div id="s-page-client-container"><div><div id="s-content" class="s-variation-default s-custom-colors  s-font-body-lato s-font-title-lato s-font-heading-lato s-font-button-lato s-font-nav_item-lato s-font-nav_dropdown-lato s-font-weight-body-default s-font-weight-title-default s-font-weight-heading-default s-font-weight-button-default s-font-weight-nav_item-default s-font-weight-nav_dropdown-default s-entrance-mask s-template-s5-theme s-theme-alignment-center s-site-page-content" lang="en"><div style="margin:auto"><div class="social-thumbnail"><div style="display:none"><img src="https://user-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_630,w_1200,f_auto,q_auto/1224574/Social_200x200_uzj8dp.jpg" width="300" height="300" alt="thumbnail image"/></div></div><div><style id="color-style-tag">.s-custom-colors .s-bg-overlay:before{background:rgba(28,30,30,0.35);}.s-custom-colors .s-component.s-social-media ul.s-social-media-buttons .s-social-icon{background:rgba(134,139,139,0.5);}.s-custom-colors .fixed-login-container .login-container{background: #868b8b;}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce-row-view-product .s-ecommerce-row-view-product-thumbnail-list ul li.current{border: 2px solid #868b8b}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce-card-view-wrapper .s-ecommerce-card-view-card .s-ecommerce-card-view-card-stock-warning{background: #868b8b;}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce-shopping-cart-wrapper .s-ecommerce-shopping-cart{background: #868b8b;}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce-shopping-cart-wrapper .s-ecommerce-shopping-cart.hovered{background: #868b8b;}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce-shopping-cart-wrapper .s-ecommerce-shopping-cart-mobile{
394        background: #dedfdf;
395        border-top: 1px solid #b1b2b2;}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce-shopping-cart-wrapper .s-ecommerce-shopping-cart-mobile .check-btn{background: #868b8b;}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce-animation-item{
396        border: 2px solid #868b8b;
397        color: #868b8b;}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce-row-view-product .mobile-select .price-label{color: #868b8b}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce-row-view-product .mobile-select .variation-item.selected{border: 1px solid #868b8b; background: #868b8b;}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce-row-view-product .mobile-select .add-btn{background: #868b8b;}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce-row-view-product .slider-wrapper .slider-dot-wrapper .slider-dot{border: 1px solid #868b8b}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce-row-view-product .slider-wrapper .slider-dot-wrapper .slider-dot.selected{background: #868b8b}.s-custom-colors .s-section .category-link-item.selected{color: #868b8b;}.s-custom-colors .s-section .category-link-item.selected:after{background: #868b8b}.s-custom-colors .s-section .category-link-item-wrapper:hover .category-link-item:not(.no-hover){color: #868b8b;}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce .s-ecommerce-products-wrapper .s-ecommerce-card-view-wrapper .s-ecommerce-card-view-detail .s-ecommerce-card-view-detail-header .next-product-btn{color: #868b8b;}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce .s-ecommerce-products-wrapper .s-ecommerce-card-view-wrapper .s-ecommerce-card-view-detail .s-ecommerce-card-view-detail-header .prev-product-btn{color: #868b8b;}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce .s-ecommerce-products-wrapper .s-ecommerce-card-view-wrapper .s-ecommerce-card-view-detail .s-ecommerce-card-view-detail-header .back-btn{color: #868b8b;}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce .s-ecommerce-products-wrapper .s-ecommerce-card-view-wrapper .s-ecommerce-card-view-detail .s-ecommerce-card-view-detail-header .next-product-btn:hover{color: #9ea2a2;}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce .s-ecommerce-products-wrapper .s-ecommerce-card-view-wrapper .s-ecommerce-card-view-detail .s-ecommerce-card-view-detail-header .prev-product-btn:hover{color: #9ea2a2;}.s-custom-colors .s-ecommerce .s-ecommerce-products-wrapper .s-ecommerce-card-view-wrapper .s-ecommerce-card-view-detail .s-ecommerce-card-view-detail-header .back-btn:hover{color: #9ea2a2;}.s-custom-colors .s-donation-section .s-component.s-donation .s-donation-progress .progress-bar .progress{background: #868b8b}.s-custom-colors .s-donation-section .s-component.s-donation .s-donation-progress .progress-bar .indicator:before{background: #868b8b}.s-custom-colors .s-donation-section .s-component.s-donation .s-donation-progress .progress-bar .indicator:after{border-top-color: #868b8b}.s-custom-colors {--main-color: #868b8b}.s-custom-colors .s-theme-color-1{color: #868b8b}.s-custom-colors .s-bg-theme-color-1{background-color: #868b8b}.s-custom-colors .s-bg-theme-color-fade-1{background-color: rgba(134,139,139,0.07)}.s-custom-colors .s-bg-theme-color-fade-2{background-color: rgba(134,139,139,0.2)}.s-custom-colors .s-border-theme-color-1{border-color: #868b8b}.s-custom-colors .s-button-theme-style{background-color: rgba(134,139,139,0.2); color: #868b8b}.s-custom-colors .s-button-theme-style-shadow{background-color: rgba(134,139,139,0.2); box-shadow: 0px 3px 0 rgba(134,139,139,0.2); color: #868b8b}.s-custom-colors .s-button-theme-style-border{background-color: rgba(134,139,139,0.2); border: 2px solid rgba(134,139,139,0.2); color: #868b8b}.s-custom-colors .s-button-theme-style-important{background-color: rgba(134,139,139,0.2) !important; color: #868b8b !important}
398.s-custom-colors .navigator .nav-container .nav ul li a:hover,
399.s-custom-colors .navigator .nav-container .nav ul li a.selected {
400  background: #eeefef;
401}
402.s-custom-colors .navigator .nav-container .nav ul.items li,
403.s-custom-colors .navigator .nav-container .nav ul.items,
404.s-custom-colors .navigator {
405  border-color: #cecfcf;
406}
407
408.s-custom-colors .dummy-shadow {
409  box-shadow: #dedfdf 0 0 10px 0 inset;
410}
411.navbar-drawer.strikingly-drawer ul#nav-drawer-list {
412  border-right: 1px solid #eeefef;
413}
414.navbar-drawer.strikingly-drawer ul#nav-drawer-list li a.selected {
415  background: #eeefef;
416  box-shadow: 5px 0 0 0 #cecfcf inset;
417}
418.navbar-drawer.strikingly-drawer ul#nav-drawer-list li {
419  a:not(.social-media-link):not(.mobile-nav-button .s-common-button), .s-mobile-nav-dropdown-item, .s-mobile-membership-login-nav-item, .s-mobile-multi-lang, .s-mobile-nav-btn {
420    border-bottom: 1px solid #cecfcf;
421  }
422}.s-custom-colors .s-text-color-custom1{ color: #868b8b; }
423.s-custom-colors .s-text-color-custom2{ color: #393d3d; }
424</style><style id="font-style-tag">
425    #s-content.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body {
426      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
427    }
428    #s-content.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(ja) {
429      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
430    }
431    #s-content.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-cn),
432    #s-content.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(sxl),
433    #s-content.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh) {
434      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
435    }
436    #s-content.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-tw) {
437      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
438    }
439  
440    #s-content.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title {
441      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
442    }
443    #s-content.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(ja) {
444      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
445    }
446    #s-content.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-cn),
447    #s-content.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(sxl),
448    #s-content.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh) {
449      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
450    }
451    #s-content.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-tw) {
452      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
453    }
454  
455    #s-content.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading {
456      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
457    }
458    #s-content.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(ja) {
459      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
460    }
461    #s-content.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-cn),
462    #s-content.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(sxl),
463    #s-content.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh) {
464      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
465    }
466    #s-content.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-tw) {
467      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
468    }
469  
470    #s-content.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button {
471      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
472    }
473    #s-content.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(ja) {
474      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
475    }
476    #s-content.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-cn),
477    #s-content.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(sxl),
478    #s-content.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh) {
479      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",
479STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
480    }
481    #s-content.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-tw) {
482      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
483    }
484  
485    #s-content.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-nav_item {
486      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
487    }
488    #s-content.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-nav_item:lang(ja) {
489      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
490    }
491    #s-content.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-nav_item:lang(zh-cn),
492    #s-content.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-nav_item:lang(sxl),
493    #s-content.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-nav_item:lang(zh) {
494      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
495    }
496    #s-content.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-nav_item:lang(zh-tw) {
497      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
498    }
499  
500    #s-content.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-nav_dropdown {
501      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
502    }
503    #s-content.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-nav_dropdown:lang(ja) {
504      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
505    }
506    #s-content.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-nav_dropdown:lang(zh-cn),
507    #s-content.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-nav_dropdown:lang(sxl),
508    #s-content.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-nav_dropdown:lang(zh) {
509      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
510    }
511    #s-content.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-nav_dropdown:lang(zh-tw) {
512      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
513    }
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523    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body {
524      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
525    }
526    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(ja) {
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528    }
529    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-cn),
530    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(sxl),
531    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh) {
532      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
533    }
534    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-tw) {
535      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
536    }
537  
538    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title {
539      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
540    }
541    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(ja) {
542      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
543    }
544    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-cn),
545    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(sxl),
546    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh) {
547      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
548    }
549    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-tw) {
550      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
551    }
552  
553    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading {
554      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
555    }
556    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(ja) {
557      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
558    }
559    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-cn),
560    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(sxl),
561    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh) {
562      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
563    }
564    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-tw) {
565      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
566    }
567  
568    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button {
569      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
570    }
571    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(ja) {
572      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
573    }
574    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-cn),
575    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(sxl),
576    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh) {
577      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
578    }
579    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-tw) {
580      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
581    }
582  
583    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem {
584      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
585    }
586    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(ja) {
587      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
588    }
589    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh-cn),
590    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(sxl),
591    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh) {
592      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
593    }
594    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh-tw) {
595      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
596    }
597  
598    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown {
599      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
600    }
601    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(ja) {
602      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
603    }
604    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh-cn),
605    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(sxl),
606    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh) {
607      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
608    }
609    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh-tw) {
610      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
611    }
612  </style><div class="main-panel"><ul><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/introduction"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Introduction</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item selected" target="_self" href="/meme-definition-s"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Meme Definition(s)</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/meme-characteristics"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Meme Characteristics</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/case-studies"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Case Studies</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/politicization-of-memes"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Politicization of Memes</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/final-thesis-document"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Final Thesis Document</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="s-nav-li s-navbar-dropdown _right"><div class="s-nav-link-container located-dropdown-item " style="position:relative;pointer-events:auto"><div><div class="s-nav-link-container"><div class="s-nav-dropdown-item" style="display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between"><span class="s-font-nav_item s-nav-dropdown-text">2019 Exhibit Artwork<!-- --> </span><i style="display:inline" class="fa drop-down-icon-bold fas fa-chevron-right"></i></div></div></div><div id="nav-popover-panel" class="nav-dropdown-popover css-1h3dzvt"><div class="inner-content"><div class="panel-container s-variation-default s-custom-colors s-font-body-lato s-font-title-lato s-font-heading-lato s-font-button-lato s-font-nav_item-lato s-font-nav_dropdown-lato s-font-weight-body-default s-font-weight-title-default s-font-weight-heading-default s-font-weight-button-default s-font-weight-nav_item-default s-font-weight-nav_dropdown-default" id="nav-dropdown-panel"><style id="font-style-tag-nav-dropdown-panel">
613    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body {
614      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
615    }
616    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(ja) {
617      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
618    }
619    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-cn),
620    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(sxl),
621    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh) {
622      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
623    }
624    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-tw) {
625      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
626    }
627  
628    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title {
629      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
630    }
631    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(ja) {
632      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
633    }
634    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-cn),
635    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(sxl),
636    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh) {
637      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
638    }
639    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-tw) {
640      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
641    }
642  
643    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading {
644      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
645    }
646    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(ja) {
647      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
648    }
649    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-cn),
650    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(sxl),
651    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh) {
652      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
653    }
654    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-tw) {
655      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
656    }
657  
658    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button {
659      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
660    }
661    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(ja) {
662      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
663    }
664    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-cn),
665    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(sxl),
666    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh) {
667      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
668    }
669    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-tw) {
670      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
671    }
672  
673    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem {
674      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
675    }
676    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(ja) {
677      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
678    }
679    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh-cn),
680    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(sxl),
681    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh) {
682      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
683    }
684    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh-tw) {
685      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
686    }
687  
688    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown {
689      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
690    }
691    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(ja) {
692      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
693    }
694    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh-cn),
695    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(sxl),
696    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh) {
697      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
698    }
699    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh-tw) {
700      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
701    }
702  </style><div class="main-panel"><ul><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/why-a-meme-art-exhibit"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Why a Meme Art Exhibit?</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/artwork-and-other-displays"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Artwork and Other Displays</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/meme-samples-video"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Meme Samples Video</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/engagement-activity"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Engagement Activity</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/opening-night"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Opening Night</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="s-nav-li"><div class="s-nav-link-container"><a target="_self" href="/new-research"><span class="s-font-nav_item s-nav-text">New Research</span></a></div></li><li class="s-nav-li s-nav-ellipsis hidden s-navbar-dropdown _down"><div class="s-nav-link-container"><span class="s-font-body s-nav-dropdown-text" style="display:flex;align-items:center"><i class="ellipsis-icon">… </i> <i style="display:inline" class="fa drop-down-icon-bold fas fa-chevron-down"></i></span></div><ul class="s-collapsed-nav"><li class="s-nav-li"><div class="s-nav-link-container"><a target="_self" href="/"><span class="s-font-nav_item s-nav-text">About</span></a></div></li><li class="s-nav-li s-navbar-dropdown _right selected"><div class="s-nav-link-container located-dropdown-item " style="position:relative;pointer-events:auto"><div><div class="s-nav-link-container"><div class="s-nav-dropdown-item" style="display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between"><span class="s-font-nav_item s-nav-dropdown-text">2019 Exhibit Research<!-- --> </span><i style="display:inline" class="fa drop-down-icon-bold fas fa-chevron-right"></i></div></div></div><div id="nav-popover-panel" class="nav-dropdown-popover css-1h3dzvt"><div class="inner-content"><div class="panel-container s-variation-default s-custom-colors s-font-body-lato s-font-title-lato s-font-heading-lato s-font-button-lato s-font-nav_item-lato s-font-nav_dropdown-lato s-font-weight-body-default s-font-weight-title-default s-font-weight-heading-default s-font-weight-button-default s-font-weight-nav_item-default s-font-weight-nav_dropdown-default" id="nav-dropdown-panel"><style id="font-style-tag-nav-dropdown-panel">
703    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body {
704      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
705    }
706    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(ja) {
707      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
708    }
709    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-cn),
710    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(sxl),
711    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh) {
712      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
713    }
714    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-tw) {
715      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
716    }
717  
718    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title {
719      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
720    }
721    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(ja) {
722      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
723    }
724    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-cn),
725    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(sxl),
726    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh) {
727      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
728    }
729    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-tw) {
730      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
731    }
732  
733    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading {
734      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
735    }
736    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(ja) {
737      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
738    }
739    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-cn),
740    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(sxl),
741    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh) {
742      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
743    }
744    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-tw) {
745      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
746    }
747  
748    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button {
749      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
750    }
751    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(ja) {
752      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
753    }
754    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-cn),
755    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(sxl),
756    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh) {
757      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
758    }
759    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-tw) {
760      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
761    }
762  
763    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem {
764      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
765    }
766    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(ja) {
767      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
768    }
769    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh-cn),
770    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(sxl),
771    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh) {
772      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
773    }
774    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh-tw) {
775      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
776    }
777  
778    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown {
779      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
780    }
781    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(ja) {
782      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
783    }
784    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh-cn),
785    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(sxl),
786    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh) {
787      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
788    }
789    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh-tw) {
790      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
791    }
792  </style><div class="main-panel"><ul><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/introduction"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Introduction</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item selected" target="_self" href="/meme-definition-s"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Meme Definition(s)</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/meme-characteristics"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Meme Characteristics</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/case-studies"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Case Studies</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/politicization-of-memes"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Politicization of Memes</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/final-thesis-document"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Final Thesis Document</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="s-nav-li s-navbar-dropdown _right"><div class="s-nav-link-container located-dropdown-item " style="position:relative;pointer-events:auto"><div><div class="s-nav-link-container"><div class="s-nav-dropdown-item" style="display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between"><span class="s-font-nav_item s-nav-dropdown-text">2019 Exhibit Artwork<!-- --> </span><i style="display:inline" class="fa drop-down-icon-bold fas fa-chevron-right"></i></div></div></div><div id="nav-popover-panel" class="nav-dropdown-popover css-1h3dzvt"><div class="inner-content"><div class="panel-container s-variation-default s-custom-colors s-font-body-lato s-font-title-lato s-font-heading-lato s-font-button-lato s-font-nav_item-lato s-font-nav_dropdown-lato s-font-weight-body-default s-font-weight-title-default s-font-weight-heading-default s-font-weight-button-default s-font-weight-nav_item-default s-font-weight-nav_dropdown-default" id="nav-dropdown-panel"><style id="font-style-tag-nav-dropdown-panel">
793    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body {
794      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
795    }
796    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(ja) {
797      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
798    }
799    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-cn),
800    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(sxl),
801    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh) {
802      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
803    }
804    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-tw) {
805      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
806    }
807  
808    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title {
809      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
810    }
811    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(ja) {
812      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
813    }
814    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-cn),
815    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(sxl),
816    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh) {
817      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
818    }
819    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-tw) {
820      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
821    }
822  
823    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading {
824      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
825    }
826    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(ja) {
827      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
828    }
829    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-cn),
830    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(sxl),
831    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh) {
832      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
833    }
834    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-tw) {
835      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
836    }
837  
838    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button {
839      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
840    }
841    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(ja) {
842      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
843    }
844    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-cn),
845    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(sxl),
846    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh) {
847      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
848    }
849    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-tw) {
850      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
851    }
852  
853    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem {
854      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
855    }
856    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(ja) {
857      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
858    }
859    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh-cn),
860    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(sxl),
861    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh) {
862      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
863    }
864    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh-tw) {
865      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
866    }
867  
868    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown {
869      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
870    }
871    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(ja) {
872      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
873    }
874    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh-cn),
875    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(sxl),
876    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh) {
877      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
878    }
879    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh-tw) {
880      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
881    }
882  </style><div class="main-panel"><ul><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/why-a-meme-art-exhibit"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Why a Meme Art Exhibit?</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/artwork-and-other-displays"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Artwork and Other Displays</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/meme-samples-video"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Meme Samples Video</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/engagement-activity"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Engagement Activity</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/opening-night"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Opening Night</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="s-nav-li"><div class="s-nav-link-container"><a target="_self" href="/new-research"><span class="s-font-nav_item s-nav-text">New Research</span></a></div></li></ul></li></ul></div><ul class="s-nav-icons"></ul></div><div style="margin-bottom:20px"></div><div class="s-nav-g-footer "></div></div></div><div class="s-navbar-desktop s-navbar-desktop-fixed strikingly-fixed s-bg-light-text s-new-layout left s-new-layout-g s-layout-version-g-v1 s-nav-highlight-underline has-new-layout has-image2"><div class="s-nav-inner nav-item-loaded"><div class="s-logo"><div><div class=" css-fisrrk css-1s7s7hc0"><div class="s-logo-image-normal "><div class="s-logo-image image1"><div class="s-component s-image  "><div><div class="s-component-content"><div class="s-img-wrapper"><img alt="" title="" class="crop-default" data-description="" data-image-link="javascript:void(0);" src="//custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_300,w_3
88200,f_auto,q_auto/1224574/c2ngkpkw4h6amqzvmyvb.png" width="300" height="300" style="width:auto;height:auto"/></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="s-logo-image-alternative"><div class="s-logo-image image1"><div class="s-component s-image  "><div><div class="s-component-content"><div class="s-img-wrapper"><img alt="" title="" class="crop-default" data-description="" data-image-link="javascript:void(0);" src="//custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_300,w_300,f_auto,q_auto/1224574/c2ngkpkw4h6amqzvmyvb.png" width="300" height="300" style="width:auto;height:auto"/></div></div></div></div></div><div class="s-logo-image image2"><div class="s-component s-image  "><div><div class="s-component-content"><div class="s-img-wrapper"><img alt="" title="" class="crop-default" data-description="" data-image-link="javascript:void(0);" src="//custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_300,w_300,f_auto,q_auto/1/tree2_ikglm8.png" width="300" height="300" style="width:auto;height:auto"/></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="s-left-nav-scroll-container"><div class="s-nav-items-and-links"><ul class="s-uncollapsed-nav"><li class="s-nav-li"><div class="s-nav-link-container"><a target="_self" href="/"><span class="s-font-nav_item s-nav-text">About</span></a></div></li><li class="s-nav-li s-navbar-dropdown _right selected"><div class="s-nav-link-container located-dropdown-item " style="position:relative;pointer-events:auto"><div><div class="s-nav-link-container"><div class="s-nav-dropdown-item" style="display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between"><span class="s-font-nav_item s-nav-dropdown-text">2019 Exhibit Research<!-- --> </span><i style="display:inline" class="fa drop-down-icon-bold fas fa-chevron-right"></i></div></div></div><div id="nav-popover-panel" class="nav-dropdown-popover css-1h3dzvt"><div class="inner-content"><div class="panel-container s-variation-default s-custom-colors s-font-body-lato s-font-title-lato s-font-heading-lato s-font-button-lato s-font-nav_item-lato s-font-nav_dropdown-lato s-font-weight-body-default s-font-weight-title-default s-font-weight-heading-default s-font-weight-button-default s-font-weight-nav_item-default s-font-weight-nav_dropdown-default" id="nav-dropdown-panel"><style id="font-style-tag-nav-dropdown-panel">
883    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body {
884      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
885    }
886    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(ja) {
887      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
888    }
889    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-cn),
890    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(sxl),
891    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh) {
892      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
893    }
894    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-tw) {
895      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
896    }
897  
898    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title {
899      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
900    }
901    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(ja) {
902      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
903    }
904    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-cn),
905    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(sxl),
906    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh) {
907      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
908    }
909    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-tw) {
910      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
911    }
912  
913    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading {
914      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
915    }
916    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(ja) {
917      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
918    }
919    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-cn),
920    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(sxl),
921    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh) {
922      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
923    }
924    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-tw) {
925      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
926    }
927  
928    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button {
929      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
930    }
931    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(ja) {
932      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
933    }
934    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-cn),
935    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(sxl),
936    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh) {
937      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
938    }
939    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-tw) {
940      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
941    }
942  
943    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem {
944      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
945    }
946    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(ja) {
947      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
948    }
949    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh-cn),
950    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(sxl),
951    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh) {
952      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
953    }
954    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh-tw) {
955      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
956    }
957  
958    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown {
959      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
960    }
961    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(ja) {
962      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
963    }
964    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh-cn),
965    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(sxl),
966    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh) {
967      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
968    }
969    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh-tw) {
970      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
971    }
972  </style><div class="main-panel"><ul><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/introduction"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Introduction</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item selected" target="_self" href="/meme-definition-s"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Meme Definition(s)</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/meme-characteristics"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Meme Characteristics</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/case-studies"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Case Studies</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/politicization-of-memes"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Politicization of Memes</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/final-thesis-document"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">
972Final Thesis Document</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="s-nav-li s-navbar-dropdown _right"><div class="s-nav-link-container located-dropdown-item " style="position:relative;pointer-events:auto"><div><div class="s-nav-link-container"><div class="s-nav-dropdown-item" style="display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between"><span class="s-font-nav_item s-nav-dropdown-text">2019 Exhibit Artwork<!-- --> </span><i style="display:inline" class="fa drop-down-icon-bold fas fa-chevron-right"></i></div></div></div><div id="nav-popover-panel" class="nav-dropdown-popover css-1h3dzvt"><div class="inner-content"><div class="panel-container s-variation-default s-custom-colors s-font-body-lato s-font-title-lato s-font-heading-lato s-font-button-lato s-font-nav_item-lato s-font-nav_dropdown-lato s-font-weight-body-default s-font-weight-title-default s-font-weight-heading-default s-font-weight-button-default s-font-weight-nav_item-default s-font-weight-nav_dropdown-default" id="nav-dropdown-panel"><style id="font-style-tag-nav-dropdown-panel">
973    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body {
974      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
975    }
976    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(ja) {
977      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
978    }
979    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-cn),
980    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(sxl),
981    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh) {
982      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
983    }
984    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-tw) {
985      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
986    }
987  
988    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title {
989      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
990    }
991    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(ja) {
992      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
993    }
994    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-cn),
995    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(sxl),
996    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh) {
997      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
998    }
999    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-tw) {
1000      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
1001    }
1002  
1003    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading {
1004      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
1005    }
1006    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(ja) {
1007      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
1008    }
1009    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-cn),
1010    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(sxl),
1011    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh) {
1012      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
1013    }
1014    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-tw) {
1015      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
1016    }
1017  
1018    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button {
1019      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
1020    }
1021    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(ja) {
1022      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
1023    }
1024    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-cn),
1025    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(sxl),
1026    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh) {
1027      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
1028    }
1029    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-tw) {
1030      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
1031    }
1032  
1033    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem {
1034      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
1035    }
1036    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(ja) {
1037      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
1038    }
1039    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh-cn),
1040    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(sxl),
1041    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh) {
1042      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
1043    }
1044    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh-tw) {
1045      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
1046    }
1047  
1048    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown {
1049      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
1050    }
1051    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(ja) {
1052      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
1053    }
1054    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh-cn),
1055    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(sxl),
1056    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh) {
1057      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
1058    }
1059    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh-tw) {
1060      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
1061    }
1062  </style><div class="main-panel"><ul><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/why-a-meme-art-exhibit"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Why a Meme Art Exhibit?</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/artwork-and-other-displays"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Artwork and Other Displays</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/meme-samples-video"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Meme Samples Video</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/engagement-activity"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Engagement Activity</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/opening-night"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Opening Night</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="s-nav-li"><div class="s-nav-link-container"><a target="_self" href="/new-research"><span class="s-font-nav_item s-nav-text">New Research</span></a></div></li><li class="s-nav-li s-nav-ellipsis hidden s-navbar-dropdown _down"><div class="s-nav-link-container"><span class="s-font-body s-nav-dropdown-text" style="display:flex;align-items:center"><i class="ellipsis-icon">… </i> <i style="display:inline" class="fa drop-down-icon-bold fas fa-chevron-down"></i></span></div><ul class="s-collapsed-nav"><li class="s-nav-li"><div class="s-nav-link-container"><a target="_self" href="/"><span class="s-font-nav_item s-nav-text">About</span></a></div></li><li class="s-nav-li s-navbar-dropdown _right selected"><div class="s-nav-link-container located-dropdown-item " style="position:relative;pointer-events:auto"><div><div class="s-nav-link-container"><div class="s-nav-dropdown-item" style="display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between"><span class="s-font-nav_item s-nav-dropdown-text">2019 Exhibit Research<!-- --> </span><i style="display:inline" class="fa drop-down-icon-bold fas fa-chevron-right"></i></div></div></div><div id="nav-popover-panel" class="nav-dropdown-popover css-1h3dzvt"><div class="inner-content"><div class="panel-container s-variation-default s-custom-colors s-font-body-lato s-font-title-lato s-font-heading-lato s-font-button-lato s-font-nav_item-lato s-font-nav_dropdown-lato s-font-weight-body-default s-font-weight-title-default s-font-weight-heading-default s-font-weight-button-default s-font-weight-nav_item-default s-font-weight-nav_dropdown-default" id="nav-dropdown-panel"><style id="font-style-tag-nav-dropdown-panel">
1063    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body {
1064      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
1065    }
1066    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(ja) {
1067      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
1068    }
1069    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-cn),
1070    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(sxl),
1071    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh) {
1072      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
1073    }
1074    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-tw) {
1075      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
1076    }
1077  
1078    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title {
1079      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
1080    }
1081    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(ja) {
1082      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
1083    }
1084    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-cn),
1085    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(sxl),
1086    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh) {
1087      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
1088    }
1089    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-tw) {
1090      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
1091    }
1092  
1093    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading {
1094      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
1095    }
1096    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(ja) {
1097      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
1098    }
1099    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-cn),
1100    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(sxl),
1101    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh) {
1102      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
1103    }
1104    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-tw) {
1105      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
1106    }
1107  
1108    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button {
1109      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
1110    }
1111    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(ja) {
1112      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
1113    }
1114    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-cn),
1115    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(sxl),
1116    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh) {
1117      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
1118    }
1119    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-tw) {
1120      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
1121    }
1122  
1123    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem {
1124      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
1125    }
1126    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(ja) {
1127      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
1128    }
1129    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh-cn),
1130    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(sxl),
1131    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh) {
1132      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
1133    }
1134    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem:lang(zh-tw) {
1135      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
1136    }
1137  
1138    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown {
1139      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
1140    }
1141    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(ja) {
1142      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
1143    }
1144    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh-cn),
1145    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(sxl),
1146    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh) {
1147      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
1148    }
1149    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_dropdown-lato .s-font-navdropdown:lang(zh-tw) {
1150      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
1151    }
1152  </style><div class="main-panel"><ul><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/introduction"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Introduction</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item selected" target="_self" href="/meme-definition-s"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Meme Definition(s)</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/meme-characteristics"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Meme Characteristics</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/case-studies"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Case Studies</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/politicization-of-memes"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Politicization of Memes</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/final-thesis-document"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Final Thesis Document</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="s-nav-li s-navbar-dropdown _right"><div class="s-nav-link-container located-dropdown-item " style="position:relative;pointer-events:auto"><div><div class="s-nav-link-container"><div class="s-nav-dropdown-item" style="display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between"><span class="s-font-nav_item s-nav-dropdown-text">2019 Exhibit Artwork<!-- --> </span><i style="display:inline" class="fa drop-down-icon-bold fas fa-chevron-right"></i></div></div></div><div id="nav-popover-panel" class="nav-dropdown-popover css-1h3dzvt"><div class="inner-content"><div class="panel-container s-variation-default s-custom-colors s-font-body-lato s-font-title-lato s-font-heading-lato s-font-button-lato s-font-nav_item-lato s-font-nav_dropdown-lato s-font-weight-body-default s-font-weight-title-default s-font-weight-heading-default s-font-weight-button-default s-font-weight-nav_item-default s-font-weight-nav_dropdown-default" id="nav-dropdown-panel"><style id="font-style-tag-nav-dropdown-panel">
1153    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body {
1154      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
1155    }
1156    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(ja) {
1157      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
1158    }
1159    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-cn),
1160    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(sxl),
1161    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh) {
1162      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
1163    }
1164    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-body-lato .s-font-body:lang(zh-tw) {
1165      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
1166    }
1167  
1168    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title {
1169      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
1170    }
1171    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(ja) {
1172      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
1173    }
1174    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-cn),
1175    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(sxl),
1176    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh) {
1177      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
1178    }
1179    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-title-lato .s-font-title:lang(zh-tw) {
1180      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
1181    }
1182  
1183    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading {
1184      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
1185    }
1186    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(ja) {
1187      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
1188    }
1189    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-cn),
1190    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(sxl),
1191    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh) {
1192      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
1193    }
1194    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-heading-lato .s-font-heading:lang(zh-tw) {
1195      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
1196    }
1197  
1198    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button {
1199      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
1200    }
1201    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(ja) {
1202      font-family: lato, helvetica, "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro",Osaka,"メイリオ",Meiryo,"MS Pゴシック","MS PGothic", sans-serif
1203    }
1204    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-cn),
1205    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(sxl),
1206    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh) {
1207      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'PingFang SC',"Microsoft YaHei","微软雅黑",STXihei,"华文细黑", sans-serif
1208    }
1209    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-button-lato .s-font-button:lang(zh-tw) {
1210      font-family: lato, helvetica, 'Lisong Pro', 'PMingLiU', 'PingFang TC','Microsoft JhengHei',"微軟正黑體",STXihei, sans-serif;
1211    }
1212  
1213    #nav-dropdown-panel.s-font-nav_item-lato .s-font-navitem {
1214      font-family: lato, helvetica, sans-serif;
1215    }
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1242  </style><div class="main-panel"><ul><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/why-a-meme-art-exhibit"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Why a Meme Art Exhibit?</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/artwork-and-other-displays"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Artwork and Other Displays</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/meme-samples-video"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Meme Samples Video</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/engagement-activity"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Engagement Activity</span></a></li><li><a class="s-nav-dropdown-item" target="_self" href="/opening-night"><span class="s-font-nav_dropdown s-nav-text">Opening Night</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="s-nav-li"><div class="s-nav-link-container"><a target="_self" href="/new-research"><span class="s-font-nav_item s-nav-text">New Research</span></a></div></li></ul></li></ul></div><ul class="s-nav-icons"></ul></div><div style="margin-bottom:20px"></div><div class="s-nav-g-footer "></div></div></div><div class="s-navbar-mobile-header css-1a8eq1l"><div class="s-logo-image image1"><div class="s-component s-image  "><div><div class="s-component-content"><div class="s-img-wrapper"><img alt="" title="" class="crop-default" data-description="" data-image-link="javascript:void(0);" src="//custom-images.strikinglycdn.com/res/hrscywv4p/image/upload/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_300,w_300,f_auto,q_auto/1224574/c2ngkpkw4h6amqzvmyvb.png" width="300" height="300" style="width:auto;height:auto"/></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><style data-emotion="css 15mh5le">.css-15mh5le{font-size:15px;--s-pre-color0:#232424;--s-pre-color0-rgb:35,36,36;--s-pre-color1:#555858;--s-pre-color1-rgb:85,88,88;--s-pre-color2:#878c8c;--s-pre-color2-rgb:135,140,140;--s-pre-color3:#bbbebe;--s-pre-color3-rgb:187,190,190;--s-pre-color4:#eff0f0;--s-pre-color4-rgb:239,240,240;--s-pre-color5:#0c0d0d;--s-pre-color5-rgb:12,13,13;--s-pre-color6:#393c3c;--s-pre-color6-rgb:57,60,60;--s-pre-color7:#6a7171;--s-pre-color7-rgb:106,113,113;--s-pre-color8:#9ea3a3;--s-pre-color8-rgb:158,163,163;--s-pre-color9:#d2d5d5;--s-pre-color9-rgb:210,213,213;--s-pre-color10:#ffffff;--s-pre-color10-rgb:255,255,255;--s-pre-color11:#555555;--s-pre-color11-rgb:85,85,85;--s-pre-color12:#000000;--s-pre-color12-rgb:0,0,0;--s-pre-color13:#816354;--s-pre-color13-rgb:129,99,84;--s-pre-color14:#ff4d4d;--s-pre-color14-rgb:255,77,77;--s-pre-color15:#ffa64d;--s-pre-color15-rgb:255,166,77;--s-pre-color16:#9cce06;--s-pre-color16-rgb:156,206,6;--s-pre-color17:#26c9ff;--s-pre-color17-rgb:38,201,255;}.css-15mh5le .s-section:not(.s-grid-section):not(.s-store-section) .container{z-index:4;}body #s-content .css-15mh5le .s-section:not(.s-slider-section) .container{width:1000px;}body .css-15mh5le .s-section.s-slider-section .container{width:1000px;}@media (min-width: 728px){.css-15mh5le .s-footer-logo-wrapper .s-footer-logo{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media screen and (min-width: 1200px){.css-15mh5le .page-wrapper,.css-15mh5le .s-footer-section,.css-15mh5le .s-footer-logo-wrapper{width:calc(
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They are important artifacts of individual expression and visual rhetoric that adds to cultural communication and understanding.</p></h4></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="alignment-container "><div class="s-repeatable s-block s-component s-mh "><div class="s-block-item s-repeatable-item s-block-sortable-item s-block-rowBlock  block-component-item"><div><div><div class="s-block-item-inner clearfix" style="position:relative"><div class=""><div class="s-repeatable s-block s-component s-mh s-block-row-wrapper"><div class="s-block-item s-repeatable-item s-block-sortable-item s-block-columnBlock s-no-last-row alpha eight columns no-float block-component-item"><div><div><div class="s-block-item-inner clearfix" style="position:relative"><div class=""><div class="s-repeatable s-block s-component s-mh "><div class="s-block-item s-repeatable-item s-block-sortable-item rich-text"><div><div><div class="s-block-item-inner clearfix" style="position:relative"><div class=""><div class="s-component s-text s-item-text  "><div class=""><div class="s-component-content s-font-body" style="white-space:pre-wrap"><div class="s-rich-text-wrapper" style="display: block;"><p style="text-align: left;">The idea of the meme was introduced by Richard Dawkins, who theorized that just as a gene is a unit of human transmission, a meme is a unit of cultural transmission. The word itself is derived from the Ancient Greek word mimeme, which means “to imitate,” and closely aligns with “mimic” and “memory.” A meme carries cultural ideas that are transmitted from person to person through various forms of mimicry and replication. That cultural unit evolves and mutates, similarly to a gene, and either succeeds and flourishes or becomes extinct. Some pre-internet examples include the bible, the national anthem, and the Kilroy Was Here image circulated in World War II. For Dawkins, the meme served as a catalyst for cultural jumps in human evolution, much like a gene served to further biological evolution.</p><p><span style="display: inline-block">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-align: left;">Memetics, and the validity of its study, has been debated ever since with authors such as Susan Blackmore, Aaron Lynch, and Richard Brodie contributing to the discussion, and has had a resurgence in debate as theories apply to modern digital culture and the Internet meme. The Internet meme has unique characteristics that must be considered when defining and studying its place in memetic theory. Dawkins addressed the difference:</p><p style="text-align: left;"><em>[T]he very idea of the meme, has itself mutated and evolved in a new direction. An Internet meme is a hijacking of the original idea. Instead of mutating by random chance, before spreading by a form of Darwinian selection, Internet memes are altered deliber­ately by human creativity. In the hijacked version, mutations are designed—not ran­dom—with the full knowledge of the person doing the mutating.</em></p><p><span style="display: inline-block">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-align: left;">Limor Shifman further defined the Internet meme in that it carries several elements within each unit that can be imitated or replicated, and that it consists of groups of units with common characteristics or themes. Those factors contribute to larger dispersion rates in part, be
1250cause there are more “connection points”—elements or points for people to connect with, to then imitate or replicate the original artifact.</p><p><span style="display: inline-block">&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="display: inline-block">&nbsp;</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="s-block-item s-repeatable-item s-block-sortable-item s-block-columnBlock s-no-last-row omega eight columns no-float block-component-item"><div><div><div class="s-block-item-inner clearfix" style="position:relative"><div class=""><div class="s-repeatable s-block s-component s-mh "><div class="s-block-item s-repeatable-item s-block-sortable-item rich-text"><div><div><div class="s-block-item-inner clearfix" style="position:relative"><div class=""><div class="s-component s-text s-item-text  "><div class=""><div class="s-component-content s-font-body" style="white-space:pre-wrap"><div class="s-rich-text-wrapper" style="display: block;"><p style="text-align: left;">As Shifman explains in her 2014 book, <em>Memes in Digital Culture</em>, the Internet meme differs, because people deliberately alter and interact with it, thereby effecting its success. Internet memes consist of the original artifact—an image, video or hashtag—and all of its reiterations, offshoots, and/or related campaigns, as well as the comments attached. They often combine two elements into a new artifact, as a way to interpret and discuss complex social issues. The hashtag, denoted by the # symbol, is a descriptive metadata function that provides users the means to label, organize, search and follow specific topics. Shifman closes her book with questions for further study, including whether memes affect social and political change.</p><p><span style="display: inline-block">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-align: left;">An Xiao Mina expands the definition to better reflect current meme culture in her 2019 book, <em>Memes to Movements</em>. Like a meme itself, Mina adds a contextualized framework to Dawkins’ and Shifman’s definitions, remixing and reshaping the meaning, drawn from her personal experience with memes and social movements. She writes “Memes can take many forms and exist on many types of media, and it’s these many forms that give them their richness.” In addition to the meme variations mentioned above such as image, text and video memes, she includes physical (objects associated with a meme such as T-shirts or stickers), performative (when a person performs a physical act with a meme embodiment and posts that act) and selfie memes (when people post photos of themselves with the meme symbol) as well.</p><p><span style="display: inline-block">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-align: left;">Mina also answers Shifman’s question about affecting political change and details meme culture within social movements in China, The United Sates, Uganda, and Mexico. She examines case studies, compares memetic strategy and concludes that memes affect social and political change, in both positive and negative ways.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></li></ul><div id="prerendered-inline-theme-html"></div></div><div class="navigation-buttons strikingly-fixed" style="bottom:20px"><span class="prev"></span><span class="next"></span></div><div id="strikingly-tooltip-container"></div><div id="s-footer-section-container" class=""><div class="lazyload  s-no-bg s-bg-white s-footer-section s-new-footer-section s-section has-new-mobile-actions      background-image" data-react-style="{}"><div class="container s-layout-vertical"><div class="columns sixteen "><div class="s-footer-text"><div class="s-component s-text   "><div class=""><div class="s-component-content s-font-body" style="white-space:pre-wrap"><div class="s-rich-text-wrapper" style="display: block;"><p class="s-rich-text-wrapper s-rich-text-wrapper s-rich-text-wrapper s-rich-text-wrapper s-rich-text-wrapper s-rich-text-wrapper s-rich-text-wrapper" style="font-size: 80%;"> © 2024 Jeannine Gliddon Owens<span class="s-text-color-black">, </span><span class="s-text-color-black"><a href="http://www.gliddonowensdesign.com" data-type="" target="_blank">www.gliddonowensdesign.com</a></span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="s-footer-terms-policy   "></div></div></div></div></div><div class="s-footer-logo-wrapper" style="position:relative;width:100%"></div><div id="ecommerce-drawer" class="s-category-drawer-wrapper"></div><div id="blog-category-drawer" class="s-category-drawer-wrapper"></div><div class="s-floated-components"><div></div><div><div id="s-ecommerce-shopping-cart-wrapper" class="s-ecommerce-shopping-cart-wrapper no-cart"></div><div id="fixedContainer"><div id="fixedLoginContainer" class="fixed-login-container"></div><div id="fixedMultiLangSwitcher" class="fixed-multi-lang-container"></div></div></div><div id="s-new-mobile-actions-wrapper" class=""><ul class="s-mobile-actions clearfix s-font-body"><a class="s-mobile-actions-item no-underline less-than-three" style="width:50%;display:block" href="/about" target=""><div class="s-mobile-actions-item-icon"><i class="entypo-home"></i></div><div class="s-mobile-actions-item-text">Home</div></a><a class="s-mobile-actions-item no-underline less-than-three" style="width:50%;display:block" href="mailto:[email protected]" target=""><div class="s-mobile-actions-item-icon"><i class="entypo-mail"></i></div><div class="s-mobile-actions-item-text">Contact</div></a></ul></div></div></div></div>
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1428
1429<script>
1430document.addEventListener('lazybeforeunveil', function(e){var bg = e.target.getAttribute('data-bg');if(bg){ e.target.style.backgroundImage = 'url(' + bg + ')';var blurredBg = e.target.getElementsByClassName('blurred-layer')[0];if (blurredBg) {blurredBg.className += ' loaded'}}});
1431</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1431
1431
1432<script>
1433var _gaq = _gaq || [];
1434var isDedicatedLandingPage = false;
1435// Google Analytics (Universal) Setup
1436function loadGoogleUniversalAnalyticsJS() {
1437  (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
1438  (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),
1439  m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)
1440  })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','__ga');
1441}
1442if (typeof getCookieItem === 'function' && !isDedicatedLandingPage && (getCookieItem('__strk_cookie_eu_visitor') != 'true' || getCookieItem('__is_open_strk_analytics_cookie'))) {
1443  loadGoogleUniversalAnalyticsJS()
1444}
1445
1446</script>
1446
1447
1448<div id='s-support-widget-container'></div>
1449<!-- CUSTOM_CODE_START -->
1450<!-- CUSTOM_CODE_END -->
1451
1452<script src="https://static-assets.strikinglycdn.com/i18n-2ace11ac644d0b40fb8b7cb65e9dd1e553022750e0254118dacbe1fe50735e97.js" defer="defer"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1452
1452
1453<script>
1454  window.pingpp = {}
1455</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1455
1455
1456<script>
1457  // In order to load the page faster on mobile, render page-site-bundle
1458  if(window.innerWidth <= 727) {
1459    window.ssrIsLoaded = false
1460  }
1461  
1462  function downloadJSAtOnload(link, callback) {
1463    var element = document.createElement("script");
1464    element.src = link;
1465    document.body.appendChild(element);
1466    element.onload = function() {
1467      callback && callback();
1468    }
1469  }
1470  
1471  function loadScript(sourceLink) {
1472    if (!window.ssrIsLoaded && false && window.siteConfigSrc) {
1473      downloadJSAtOnload(window.siteConfigSrc, function() {
1474        downloadJSAtOnload(sourceLink);
1475      });
1476    } else {
1477      downloadJSAtOnload(sourceLink);
1478    }
1479  }
1480  
1481  var sourceLink = "https://static-assets.strikinglycdn.com/webpack/lightBoostedPage-site-bundle.da8de531b2a30d04ffb3.js"
1482  if (!window.ssrIsLoaded) {
1483    sourceLink = "https://static-assets.strikinglycdn.com/webpack/page-site-bundle.d70b2518c8bbab214fa0.js"
1484  }
1485  loadScript(sourceLink)
1486</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1486
1486
1487<script>
1488  window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
1489    if (window._) {
1490      window._.VERSION = '4.17.21';
1491    }
1492  })
1493  window.addEventListener('load', function() {
1494    if (typeof window.afterBundleLoadHitLandingPageTracking === 'function' && typeof getCookieWithScope === 'function' && getCookieWithScope('strk', 'cookie_notification')) {
1495      window.afterBundleLoadHitLandingPageTracking()
1496    }
1497  })
1498</script>
1498
1499<noscript><link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="https://static-fonts-css.strikinglycdn.com/css?family=Lato:300,400,700,300italic,400italic,700italic|Montserrat:400,700&amp;subset=latin,latin-ext&amp;display=swap" as="style" onload="this.media='all'"></noscript>
1500</body>
1501</html>
1502<!-- Powered by Strikingly.com 4 (1) Oct 06, 2026 at 13:17-->

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.