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This provokes a 95 phenomenon<br />design as light refraction, that is quantified<br />by the quotient: 96 nR c v (1) 97 98with nR being the<br />refractive index and c and v the light velocity in<br />vacuum and liquid, respectively (Mansfield M.<br /><strong>Click to continue reading</strong>" href="entries/T002">Refraction Index</a><br /><a class="s_tip" title="Matter is composed by aggregates of particles (molecules<br />and atoms) that are composed by smaller particles<br />(protons, neutrons, etc) that are composed by smaller<br />particles (quarks), that are composed...<br /><strong>Click to continue reading</strong>" href="entries/T001">Material Particles - a model</a><br /><a class="s_tip" title="IV of sugar colourants (Clarke et al. 1987) 99 100 101 102 103<br />Colourants 104 105IV 106 107 108 109Phenols and flavonoids<br /> 110 1115,0 14 112 113 114 115Fructose alkaline degradation<br />products 116 1171,5 3,2 118 119 120 121Melanoidines 122 1231,0<br /> 1,2 124 125 126 127Caramels 128 1291,0 1,5 130 131 132 133 134 135<br />Comparing with compounds derived from cane pigments,<br />these compounds present a higher molecular weight<br />and a lower colour variation, with pH.<br /><strong>Click to continue reading</strong>" href="entries/E0073">Indicator Value</a><br /><a class="s_tip" title="In a study by UV spectrophotometry, sugar colourants<br />were analysed in respect to absorbancies at high<br />wavelengths, higher than 273nm, and the absorbancies<br />at low wavelengths, lower than 273nm (Bento, 1995a).<br /><strong>Click to continue reading</strong>" href="entries/E0074">UV Colour</a><br /><a class="s_tip" title="On heating surfaces of evaporators, vacuum pans<br />and other heating equipment some compounds in solution<br />can precipitate forming incrustations or scale.<br />This scale normally has a lower heat conductivity<br />than metal from the equipment and heat transfer<br />will decrease as scale forms.<br /><strong>Click to continue reading</strong>" href="entries/E0090">Scaling</a><br /> 136 <h2>New or recently edited entries</h2> 137 <a class="s_tip" title="Yellow areado sugar is a traditional sugar product<br />in Portugal. The technique for its production may<br />be original from the East, possibly at XVII or XVIII<br />century (Silveira, 1969). Yamane, 1963, describe<br />the manual process to make this kind of sugar, named<br />in old China, Shan Tang.<br /><strong>Click to continue reading</strong>" href="entries/E0043">Areado Sugar</a><br /><a class="s_tip" title="A kind of cane flavonoids are the anthocianins.<br />These compounds are responsible for the red, blue<br />and purple colours in plants. In sugar cane the red<br />colour, that can appear in cane surface, is due to<br />these compounds.<br /><strong>Click to continue reading</strong>" href="entries/E0055">Anthocianins</a><br /><a class="s_tip" title="The first operation of cane sugar refining, when<br />using raw sugar, of normal quality, is Affination.<br />In this operation, the syrup layer covering raw<br />sugar crystals is removed. This operation is carried<br />out in two steps.<br /><strong>Click to continue reading</strong>" href="entries/E0003">Affination</a><br /><a class="s_tip" title="1. Bone Char 138Bone char (animal carbon) was the<br />first decolourizer to be used in sugar industry.<br />Initially, refineries were supplied with ox bones<br />which, after burning, were mixed with liquors.<br />
138Nowadays, char is used in columns where liquor flows<br />through the char.<br /><strong>Click to continue reading</strong>" href="entries/E0030">Adsorbent Carbons</a><br /><a class="s_tip" title="Ash is a general term that refers to the inorganic<br />compounds present in a sugar solution. 139 140 141 142 143<br /> 144Concentration 145Problems 146 147 148CATIONS 149 150 151 152 153Na 154 155Melassigenic 156 157 158K 159 160Melassigenic 161 162 163Ca 164 165Scale<br />formation 166 167 168 169 170White sugar turbidity 171 172 173 174 175Form<br />complexes with sugars and colourants 176 177 178Fe 179 180React<br />with phenols forming very dark compounds 181 182 183Cu 184 185 186 187 188Mn 189 190 191 192 193Al 194 195 196 197 198Si 199 200Deacreases<br />filtrability 201 202 203 204 205Flock formation 206 207 208ANIONS 209 210 211 212 213Sulphates 214<br />400 ppm on liquor (cane) 215Pan scaling 216 217 218 219 220Decreases<br />decolourization efficiency of char and resins 221 222 223Phosphates 224 225 226 227 228 229<br /> 230Bibliography 231Roge B.<br /><strong>Click to continue reading</strong>" href="entries/E0067">Ash</a><br /> 232 </td> 233 <td width="10"><img src="imagens/spacer.png" width="10" height="10" /></td> 234 <td class="lateral" valign="top"></td> 235 </tr> 236 </table> 237 </div> 238 239 <!-- Lateral --> 240 <div class="lateral" id="lateral"> 241 <h2 style="margin-top:0px;"><a href="http://sacaropedia.com/inicio">Ler esta página em português</a></h2><br /> <div id="div_banner" style="height:100px"></div> 242 </div> 243 244 245 246 <!-- JS final dos modulos --> 247
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