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20<meta content='[ updated 29 May 2012 ]   I&#39;ve constructed this bibliography as a set of key readings, organized as a chronology, that I feel traces the var...' property='og:description'/>
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754display:-webkit-box;
755display:-webkit-flex;
756display:-ms-flexbox;
757display:flex;
758line-height:24px;
759width:24px
760}
761.search.focused{
762width:100%
763}
764.search.focused .section{
765width:100%
766}
767.search form{
768z-index:101
769}
770.search h3{
771display:none
772}
773.search form{
774display:-webkit-box;
775display:-webkit-flex;
776display:-ms-flexbox;
777display:flex;
778-webkit-box-flex:1;
779-webkit-flex:1 0 0;
780-ms-flex:1 0 0px;
781flex:1 0 0;
782border-bottom:solid 1px transparent;
783padding-bottom:8px
784}
785.search form>*{
786display:none
787}
788.search.focused form>*{
789display:block
790}
791.search .search-input label{
792display:none
793}
794.centered-top-placeholder.cloned .search form{
795z-index:30
796}
797.search.focused form{
798border-color:#3e3f3c;
799position:relative;
800width:auto
801}
802.collapsed-header .centered-top-container .search.focused form{
803border-bottom-color:transparent
804}
805.search-expand{
806-webkit-box-flex:0;
807-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;
808-ms-flex:0 0 auto;
809flex:0 0 auto
810}
811.search-expand-text{
812display:none
813}
814.search-close{
815display:inline;
816vertical-align:middle
817}
818.search-input{
819-webkit-box-flex:1;
820-webkit-flex:1 0 1px;
821-ms-flex:1 0 1px;
822flex:1 0 1px
823}
824.search-input input{
825background:0 0;
826border:0;
827box-sizing:border-box;
828color:#3e3f3c;
829display:inline-block;
830outline:0;
831width:calc(100% - 48px)
832}
833.search-input input.no-cursor{
834color:transparent;
835text-shadow:0 0 0 #3e3f3c
836}
837.collapsed-header .centered-top-container .search-action,.collapsed-header .centered-top-container .search-input input{
838color:#3e3f3c
839}
840.collapsed-header .centered-top-container .search-input input.no-cursor{
841color:transparent;
842text-shadow:0 0 0 #3e3f3c
843}
844.collapsed-header .centered-top-container .search-input input.no-cursor:focus,.search-input input.no-cursor:focus{
845outline:0
846}
847.search-focused>*{
848visibility:hidden
849}
850.search-focused .search,.search-focused .search-icon{
851visibility:visible
852}
853.search.focused .search-action{
854display:block
855}
856.search.focused .search-action:disabled{
857opacity:.3
858}
859.sidebar-container{
860background-color:#f7f7f7;
861max-width:320px;
862overflow-y:auto;
863-webkit-transition-property:-webkit-transform;
864transition-property:-webkit-transform;
865transition-property:transform;
866transition-property:transform,-webkit-transform;
867-webkit-transition-duration:.3s;
868transition-duration:.3s;
869-webkit-transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);
870transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);
871width:320px;
872z-index:101;
873-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch
874}
875.sidebar-container .navigation{
876line-height:0;
877padding:16px
878}
879.sidebar-container .sidebar-back{
880cursor:pointer
881}
882.sidebar-container .widget{
883background:0 0;
884margin:0 16px;
885padding:16px 0
886}
887.sidebar-container .widget .title{
888color:#000000;
889margin:0
890}
891.sidebar-container .widget ul{
892list-style:none;
893margin:0;
894padding:0
895}
896.sidebar-container .widget ul ul{
897margin-left:1em
898}
899.sidebar-container .widget li{
900font-size:16px;
901line-height:normal
902}
903.sidebar-container .widget+.widget{
904border-top:1px dashed #000000
905}
906.BlogArchive li{
907margin:16px 0
908}
909.BlogArchive li:last-child{
910margin-bottom:0
911}
912.Label li a{
913display:inline-block
914}
915.BlogArchive .post-count,.Label .label-count{
916float:right;
917margin-left:.25em
918}
919.BlogArchive .post-count::before,.Label .label-count::before{
920content:"("
921}
922.BlogArchive .post-count::after,.Label .label-count::after{
923content:")"
924}
925.widget.Translate .skiptranslate>div{
926display:block!important
927}
928.widget.Profile .profile-link{
929display:-webkit-box;
930display:-webkit-flex;
931display:-ms-flexbox;
932display:flex
933}
934.widget.Profile .team-member .default-avatar-wrapper,.widget.Profile .team-member .profile-img{
935-webkit-box-flex:0;
936-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;
937-ms-flex:0 0 auto;
938flex:0 0 auto;
939margin-right:1em
940}
941.widget.Profile .individual .profile-link{
942-webkit-box-orient:vertical;
943-webkit-box-direction:normal;
944-webkit-flex-direction:column;
945-ms-flex-direction:column;
946flex-direction:column
947}
948.widget.Profile .team .profile-link .profile-name{
949-webkit-align-self:center;
950-ms-flex-item-align:center;
951align-self:center;
952display:block;
953-webkit-box-flex:1;
954-webkit-flex:1 1 auto;
955-ms-flex:1 1 auto;
956flex:1 1 auto
957}
958.dim-overlay{
959background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.54);
960z-index:100
961}
962body.sidebar-visible{
963overflow-y:hidden
964}
965@media screen and (max-width:1619px){
966.sidebar-container{
967bottom:0;
968position:fixed;
969top:0;
970left:auto;
971right:0
972}
973.sidebar-container.sidebar-invisible{
974-webkit-transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1);
975transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1);
976-webkit-transform:translateX(320px);
977-ms-transform:translateX(320px);
978transform:translateX(320px)
979}
980}
981.dialog{
982box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 3px 1px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 1px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);
983background:#ffffff;
984box-sizing:border-box;
985color:#3e3f3c;
986padding:30px;
987position:fixed;
988text-align:center;
989width:calc(100% - 24px);
990z-index:101
991}
992.dialog input[type=email],.dialog input[type=text]{
993background-color:transparent;
994border:0;
995border-bottom:solid 1px rgba(62,63,60,.12);
996color:#3e3f3c;
997display:block;
998font-family:Lora, serif;
999font-size:16px;
1000line-height:24px;
1001margin:auto;
1002padding-bottom:7px;
1003outline:0;
1004text-align:center;
1005width:100%
1006}
1007.dialog input[type=email]::-webkit-input-placeholder,.dialog input[type=text]::-webkit-input-placeholder{
1008color:#3e3f3c
1009}
1010.dialog input[type=email]::-moz-placeholder,.dialog input[type=text]::-moz-placeholder{
1011color:#3e3f3c
1012}
1013.dialog input[type=email]:-ms-input-placeholder,.dialog input[type=text]:-ms-input-placeholder{
1014color:#3e3f3c
1015}
1016.dialog input[type=email]::-ms-input-placeholder,.dialog input[type=text]::-ms-input-placeholder{
1017color:#3e3f3c
1018}
1019.dialog input[type=email]::placeholder,.dialog input[type=text]::placeholder{
1020color:#3e3f3c
1021}
1022.dialog input[type=email]:focus,.dialog input[type=text]:focus{
1023border-bottom:solid 2px #970101;
1024padding-bottom:6px
1025}
1026.dialog input.no-cursor{
1027color:transparent;
1028text-shadow:0 0 0 #3e3f3c
1029}
1030.dialog input.no-cursor:focus{
1031outline:0
1032}
1033.dialog input.no-cursor:focus{
1034outline:0
1035}
1036.dialog input[type=submit]{
1037font-family:Lora, serif
1038}
1039.dialog .goog-buttonset-default{
1040color:#970101
1041}
1042.subscribe-popup{
1043max-width:364px
1044}
1045.subscribe-popup h3{
1046color:#ffffff;
1047font-size:1.8em;
1048margin-top:0
1049}
1050.subscribe-popup .FollowByEmail h3{
1051display:none
1052}
1053.subscribe-popup .FollowByEmail .follow-by-email-submit{
1054color:#970101;
1055display:inline-block;
1056margin:0 auto;
1057margin-top:24px;
1058width:auto;
1059white-space:normal
1060}
1061.subscribe-popup .FollowByEmail .follow-by-email-submit:disabled{
1062cursor:default;
1063opacity:.3
1064}
1065@media (max-width:800px){
1066.blog-name div.widget.Subscribe{
1067margin-bottom:16px
1068}
1069body.item-view .blog-name div.widget.Subscribe{
1070margin:8px auto 16px auto;
1071width:100%
1072}
1073}
1074body#layout .bg-photo,body#layout .bg-photo-overlay{
1075display:none
1076}
1077body#layout .page_body{
1078padding:0;
1079position:relative;
1080top:0
1081}
1082body#layout .page{
1083display:inline-block;
1084left:inherit;
1085position:relative;
1086vertical-align:top;
1087width:540px
1088}
1089body#layout .centered{
1090max-width:954px
1091}
1092body#layout .navigation{
1093display:none
1094}
1095body#layout .sidebar-container{
1096display:inline-block;
1097width:40%
1098}
1099body#layout .hamburger-menu,body#layout .search{
1100display:none
1101}
1102.widget.Sharing .sharing-button{
1103display:none
1104}
1105.widget.Sharing .sharing-buttons li{
1106padding:0
1107}
1108.widget.Sharing .sharing-buttons li span{
1109display:none
1110}
1111.post-share-buttons{
1112position:relative
1113}
1114.centered-bottom .share-buttons .svg-icon-24,.share-buttons .svg-icon-24{
1115fill:#3e3f3c
1116}
1117.sharing-open.touch-icon-button:active .touch-icon,.sharing-open.touch-icon-button:focus .touch-icon{
1118background-color:transparent
1119}
1120.share-buttons{
1121background-color:#ffffff;
1122border-radius:2px;
1123box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 3px 1px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 1px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);
1124color:#3e3f3c;
1125list-style:none;
1126margin:0;
1127padding:8px 0;
1128position:absolute;
1129top:-11px;
1130min-width:200px;
1131z-index:101
1132}
1133.share-buttons.hidden{
1134display:none
1135}
1136.sharing-button{
1137background:0 0;
1138border:0;
1139margin:0;
1140outline:0;
1141padding:0;
1142cursor:pointer
1143}
1144.share-buttons li{
1145margin:0;
1146height:48px
1147}
1148.share-buttons li:last-child{
1149margin-bottom:0
1150}
1151.share-buttons li .sharing-platform-button{
1152box-sizing:border-box;
1153cursor:pointer;
1154display:block;
1155height:100%;
1156margin-bottom:0;
1157padding:0 16px;
1158position:relative;
1159width:100%
1160}
1161.share-buttons li .sharing-platform-button:focus,.share-buttons li .sharing-platform-button:hover{
1162background-color:rgba(128,128,128,.1);
1163outline:0
1164}
1165.share-buttons li svg[class*=" sharing-"],.share-buttons li svg[class^=sharing-]{
1166position:absolute;
1167top:10px
1168}
1169.share-buttons li span.sharing-platform-button{
1170position:relative;
1171top:0
1172}
1173.share-buttons li .platform-sharing-text{
1174display:block;
1175font-size:16px;
1176line-height:48px;
1177white-space:nowrap
1178}
1179.share-buttons li .platform-sharing-text{
1180margin-left:56px
1181}
1182.flat-button{
1183cursor:pointer;
1184display:inline-block;
1185font-weight:700;
1186text-transform:uppercase;
1187border-radius:2px;
1188padding:8px;
1189margin:-8px
1190}
1191.flat-icon-button{
1192background:0 0;
1193border:0;
1194margin:0;
1195outline:0;
1196padding:0;
1197margin:-12px;
1198padding:12px;
1199cursor:pointer;
1200box-sizing:content-box;
1201display:inline-block;
1202line-height:0
1203}
1204.flat-icon-button,.flat-icon-button .splash-wrapper{
1205border-radius:50%
1206}
1207.flat-icon-button .splash.animate{
1208-webkit-animation-duration:.3s;
1209animation-duration:.3s
1210}
1211h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{
1212margin:0
1213}
1214.post-body h1,.post-body h2,.post-body h3,.post-body h4,.post-body h5,.post-body h6{
1215margin:1em 0
1216}
1217.action-link,a{
1218color:#970101;
1219cursor:pointer;
1220text-decoration:none
1221}
1222.action-link:visited,a:visited{
1223color:#970101
1224}
1225.action-link:hover,a:hover{
1226color:#970101
1227}
1228body{
1229background-color:#ffffff;
1230color:#3e3f3c;
1231font:400 20px Lora, serif;
1232margin:0 auto
1233}
1234.unused{
1235background:#ffffff none repeat scroll top left
1236}
1237.dim-overlay{
1238z-index:100
1239}
1240.all-container{
1241min-height:100vh;
1242display:-webkit-box;
1243display:-webkit-flex;
1244display:-ms-flexbox;
1245display:flex;
1246-webkit-box-orient:vertical;
1247-webkit-box-direction:normal;
1248-webkit-flex-direction:column;
1249-ms-flex-direction:column;
1250flex-direction:column
1251}
1252body.sidebar-visible .all-container{
1253overflow-y:scroll
1254}
1255.page{
1256max-width:1280px;
1257width:100%
1258}
1259.Blog{
1260padding:0;
1261padding-left:136px
1262}
1263.main_content_container{
1264-webkit-box-flex:0;
1265-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;
1266-ms-flex:0 0 auto;
1267flex:0 0 auto;
1268margin:0 auto;
1269max-width:1600px;
1270width:100%
1271}
1272.centered-top-container{
1273-webkit-box-flex:0;
1274-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;
1275-ms-flex:0 0 auto;
1276flex:0 0 auto
1277}
1278.centered-top,.centered-top-placeholder{
1279box-sizing:border-box;
1280width:100%
1281}
1282.centered-top{
1283box-sizing:border-box;
1284margin:0 auto;
1285max-width:1280px;
1286padding:44px 136px 32px 136px;
1287width:100%
1288}
1289.centered-top h3{
1290color:rgba(255,255,255,0.54);
1291font:700 14px Lato, sans-serif
1292}
1293.centered{
1294width:100%
1295}
1296.centered-top-firstline{
1297display:-webkit-box;
1298display:-webkit-flex;
1299display:-ms-flexbox;
1300display:flex;
1301position:relative;
1302width:100%
1303}
1304.main_header_elements{
1305display:-webkit-box;
1306display:-webkit-flex;
1307display:-ms-flexbox;
1308display:flex;
1309-webkit-box-flex:0;
1310-webkit-flex:0 1 auto;
1311-ms-flex:0 1 auto;
1312flex:0 1 auto;
1313-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;
1314-webkit-order:1;
1315-ms-flex-order:1;
1316order:1;
1317overflow-x:hidden;
1318width:100%
1319}
1320html[dir=rtl] .main_header_elements{
1321-webkit-box-ordinal-group:3;
1322-webkit-order:2;
1323-ms-flex-order:2;
1324order:2
1325}
1326body.search-view .centered-top.search-focused .blog-name{
1327display:none
1328}
1329.widget.Header img{
1330max-width:100%
1331}
1332.blog-name{
1333-webkit-box-flex:1;
1334-webkit-flex:1 1 auto;
1335-ms-flex:1 1 auto;
1336flex:1 1 auto;
1337min-width:0;
1338-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;
1339-webkit-order:1;
1340-ms-flex-order:1;
1341order:1;
1342-webkit-transition:opacity .2s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1);
1343transition:opacity .2s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1)
1344}
1345.subscribe-section-container{
1346-webkit-box-flex:0;
1347-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;
1348-ms-flex:0 0 auto;
1349flex:0 0 auto;
1350-webkit-box-ordinal-group:3;
1351-webkit-order:2;
1352-ms-flex-order:2;
1353order:2
1354}
1355.search{
1356-webkit-box-flex:0;
1357-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;
1358-ms-flex:0 0 auto;
1359flex:0 0 auto;
1360-webkit-box-ordinal-group:4;
1361-webkit-order:3;
1362-ms-flex-order:3;
1363order:3;
1364line-height:24px
1365}
1366.search svg{
1367margin-bottom:0px;
1368margin-top:0px;
1369padding-bottom:0;
1370padding-top:0
1371}
1372.search,.search.focused{
1373display:block;
1374width:auto
1375}
1376.search .section{
1377opacity:0;
1378position:absolute;
1379right:0;
1380top:0;
1381-webkit-transition:opacity .2s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1);
1382transition:opacity .2s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1)
1383}
1384.search-expand{
1385background:0 0;
1386border:0;
1387margin:0;
1388outline:0;
1389padding:0;
1390display:block
1391}
1392.search.focused .search-expand{
1393visibility:hidden
1394}
1395.hamburger-menu{
1396float:right;
1397height:24px
1398}
1399.search-expand,.subscribe-section-container{
1400margin-left:44px
1401}
1402.hamburger-section{
1403-webkit-box-flex:1;
1404-webkit-flex:1 0 auto;
1405-ms-flex:1 0 auto;
1406flex:1 0 auto;
1407margin-left:44px;
1408-webkit-box-ordinal-group:3;
1409-webkit-order:2;
1410-ms-flex-order:2;
1411order:2
1412}
1413html[dir=rtl] .hamburger-section{
1414-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;
1415-webkit-order:1;
1416-ms-flex-order:1;
1417order:1
1418}
1419.search-expand-icon{
1420display:none
1421}
1422.search-expand-text{
1423display:block
1424}
1425.search-input{
1426width:100%
1427}
1428.search-focused .hamburger-section{
1429visibility:visible
1430}
1431.centered-top-secondline .PageList ul{
1432margin:0;
1433max-height:288px;
1434overflow-y:hidden
1435}
1436.centered-top-secondline .PageList li{
1437margin-right:30px
1438}
1439.centered-top-secondline .PageList li:first-child a{
1440padding-left:0
1441}
1442.centered-top-secondline .PageList .overflow-popup ul{
1443overflow-y:auto
1444}
1445.centered-top-secondline .PageList .overflow-popup li{
1446display:block
1447}
1448.centered-top-secondline .PageList .overflow-popup li.hidden{
1449display:none
1450}
1451.overflowable-contents li{
1452display:inline-block;
1453height:48px
1454}
1455.sticky .blog-name{
1456overflow:hidden
1457}
1458.sticky .blog-name .widget.Header h1{
1459overflow:hidden;
1460text-overflow:ellipsis;
1461white-space:nowrap
1462}
1463.sticky .blog-name .widget.Header p,.sticky .centered-top-secondline{
1464display:none
1465}
1466.centered-top-container,.centered-top-placeholder{
1467background:#000000 none repeat scroll top left
1468}
1469.centered-top .svg-icon-24{
1470fill:#ffffff
1471}
1472.blog-name h1,.blog-name h1 a{
1473color:#f44d14;
1474font:700 24px Lato, sans-serif;
1475line-height:24px;
1476text-transform:uppercase
1477}
1478.widget.Header .header-widget p{
1479font:700 14px Lato, sans-serif;
1480font-style:italic;
1481color:rgba(255,255,255,0.54);
1482line-height:1.6;
1483max-width:676px
1484}
1485.centered-top .flat-button{
1486color:#ffffff;
1487cursor:pointer;
1488font:700 14px Lato, sans-serif;
1489line-height:24px;
1490text-transform:uppercase;
1491-webkit-transition:opacity .2s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1);
1492transition:opacity .2s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1)
1493}
1494.subscribe-button{
1495background:0 0;
1496border:0;
1497margin:0;
1498outline:0;
1499padding:0;
1500display:block
1501}
1502html[dir=ltr] .search form{
1503margin-right:12px
1504}
1505.search.focused .section{
1506opacity:1;
1507margin-right:36px;
1508width:calc(100% - 36px)
1509}
1510.search input{
1511border:0;
1512color:rgba(255,255,255,0.54);
1513font:700 16px Lato, sans-serif;
1514line-height:24px;
1515outline:0;
1516width:100%
1517}
1518.search form{
1519padding-bottom:0
1520}
1521.search input[type=submit]{
1522display:none
1523}
1524.search input::-webkit-input-placeholder{
1525text-transform:uppercase
1526}
1527.search input::-moz-placeholder{
1528text-transform:uppercase
1529}
1530.search input:-ms-input-placeholder{
1531text-transform:uppercase
1532}
1533.search input::-ms-input-placeholder{
1534text-transform:uppercase
1535}
1536.search input::placeholder{
1537text-transform:uppercase
1538}
1539.centered-top-secondline .dim-overlay,.search .dim-overlay{
1540background:0 0
1541}
1542.centered-top-secondline .PageList .overflow-button a,.centered-top-secondline .PageList li a{
1543color:#ffffff;
1544font:700 14px Lato, sans-serif;
1545line-height:48px;
1546padding:12px
1547}
1548.centered-top-secondline .PageList li.selected a{
1549color:#ffffff
1550}
1551.centered-top-secondline .overflow-popup .PageList li a{
1552color:#3e3f3c
1553}
1554.PageList ul{
1555padding:0
1556}
1557.sticky .search form{
1558border:0
1559}
1560.sticky{
1561box-shadow:0 0 20px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.7)
1562}
1563.sticky .centered-top{
1564padding-bottom:0;
1565padding-top:0
1566}
1567.sticky .blog-name h1,.sticky .search,.sticky .search-expand,.sticky .subscribe-button{
1568line-height:40px
1569}
1570.sticky .hamburger-section,.sticky .search-expand,.sticky .search.focused .search-submit{
1571-webkit-box-align:center;
1572-webkit-align-items:center;
1573-ms-flex-align:center;
1574align-items:center;
1575display:-webkit-box;
1576display:-webkit-flex;
1577display:-ms-flexbox;
1578display:flex;
1579height:40px
1580}
1581.subscribe-popup h3{
1582color:rgba(0,0,0,0.84);
1583font:700 24px Lato, sans-serif;
1584margin-bottom:24px
1585}
1586.subscribe-popup div.widget.FollowByEmail .follow-by-email-address{
1587color:rgba(0,0,0,0.84);
1588font:700 14px Lato, sans-serif
1589}
1590.subscribe-popup div.widget.FollowByEmail .follow-by-email-submit{
1591color:#3e3f3c;
1592font:700 14px Lato, sans-serif;
1593margin-top:24px
1594}
1595.post-content{
1596-webkit-box-flex:0;
1597-webkit-flex:0 1 auto;
1598-ms-flex:0 1 auto;
1599flex:0 1 auto;
1600-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;
1601-webkit-order:1;
1602-ms-flex-order:1;
1603order:1;
1604margin-right:76px;
1605max-width:676px;
1606width:100%
1607}
1608.post-filter-message{
1609background-color:#970101;
1610color:#ffffff;
1611display:-webkit-box;
1612display:-webkit-flex;
1613display:-ms-flexbox;
1614display:flex;
1615font:700 16px Lato, sans-serif;
1616margin:40px 136px 48px 136px;
1617padding:10px;
1618position:relative
1619}
1620.post-filter-message>*{
1621-webkit-box-flex:0;
1622-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;
1623-ms-flex:0 0 auto;
1624flex:0 0 auto
1625}
1626.post-filter-message .search-query{
1627font-style:italic;
1628quotes:"\201c" "\201d" "\2018" "\2019"
1629}
1630.post-filter-message .search-query::before{
1631content:open-quote
1632}
1633.post-filter-message .search-query::after{
1634content:close-quote
1635}
1636.post-filter-message div{
1637display:inline-block
1638}
1639.post-filter-message a{
1640color:#ffffff;
1641display:inline-block;
1642text-transform:uppercase
1643}
1644.post-filter-description{
1645-webkit-box-flex:1;
1646-webkit-flex:1 1 auto;
1647-ms-flex:1 1 auto;
1648flex:1 1 auto;
1649margin-right:16px
1650}
1651.post-title{
1652margin-top:0
1653}
1654body.feed-view .post-outer-container{
1655margin-top:85px
1656}
1657body.feed-view .feed-message+.post-outer-container,body.feed-view .post-outer-container:first-child{
1658margin-top:0
1659}
1660.post-outer{
1661display:-webkit-box;
1662display:-webkit-flex;
1663display:-ms-flexbox;
1664display:flex;
1665position:relative
1666}
1667.post-outer .snippet-thumbnail{
1668-webkit-box-align:center;
1669-webkit-align-items:center;
1670-ms-flex-align:center;
1671align-items:center;
1672background:#000;
1673display:-webkit-box;
1674display:-webkit-flex;
1675display:-ms-flexbox;
1676display:flex;
1677-webkit-box-flex:0;
1678-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;
1679-ms-flex:0 0 auto;
1680flex:0 0 auto;
1681height:256px;
1682-webkit-box-pack:center;
1683-webkit-justify-content:center;
1684-ms-flex-pack:center;
1685justify-content:center;
1686margin-right:136px;
1687overflow:hidden;
1688-webkit-box-ordinal-group:3;
1689-webkit-order:2;
1690-ms-flex-order:2;
1691order:2;
1692position:relative;
1693width:256px
1694}
1695.post-outer .thumbnail-empty{
1696background:0 0
1697}
1698.post-outer .snippet-thumbnail-img{
1699background-position:center;
1700background-repeat:no-repeat;
1701background-size:cover;
1702width:100%;
1703height:100%
1704}
1705.post-outer .snippet-thumbnail img{
1706max-height:100%
1707}
1708.post-title-container{
1709margin-bottom:16px
1710}
1711.post-bottom{
1712-webkit-box-align:baseline;
1713-webkit-align-items:baseline;
1714-ms-flex-align:baseline;
1715align-items:baseline;
1716display:-webkit-box;
1717display:-webkit-flex;
1718display:-ms-flexbox;
1719display:flex;
1720-webkit-box-pack:justify;
1721-webkit-justify-content:space-between;
1722-ms-flex-pack:justify;
1723justify-content:space-between
1724}
1725.post-share-buttons-bottom{
1726float:left
1727}
1728.footer{
1729-webkit-box-flex:0;
1730-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;
1731-ms-flex:0 0 auto;
1732flex:0 0 auto;
1733margin:auto auto 0 auto;
1734padding-bottom:32px;
1735width:auto
1736}
1737.post-header-container{
1738margin-bottom:12px
1739}
1740.post-header-container .post-share-buttons-top{
1741float:right
1742}
1743.post-header-container .post-header{
1744float:left
1745}
1746.byline{
1747display:inline-block;
1748margin-bottom:8px
1749}
1750.byline,.byline a,.flat-button{
1751color:#3e3f3c;
1752font:700 14px Lato, sans-serif
1753}
1754.flat-button.ripple .splash{
1755background-color:rgba(62,63,60,.4)
1756}
1757.flat-button.ripple:hover{
1758background-color:rgba(62,63,60,.12)
1759}
1760.post-footer .byline{
1761text-transform:uppercase
1762}
1763.post-comment-link{
1764line-height:1
1765}
1766.blog-pager{
1767float:right;
1768margin-right:468px;
1769margin-top:48px
1770}
1771.FeaturedPost{
1772margin-bottom:56px
1773}
1774.FeaturedPost h3{
1775margin:16px 136px 8px 136px
1776}
1777.shown-ad{
1778margin-bottom:85px;
1779margin-top:85px
1780}
1781.shown-ad .inline-ad{
1782display:block;
1783max-width:676px
1784}
1785body.feed-view .shown-ad:last-child{
1786display:none
1787}
1788.post-title,.post-title a{
1789color:#3e3f3c;
1790font:700 36px Lato, sans-serif;
1791line-height:1.3333333333
1792}
1793.feed-message{
1794color:rgba(0,0,0,0.54);
1795font:700 16px Lato, sans-serif;
1796margin-bottom:52px
1797}
1798.post-header-container .byline,.post-header-container .byline a{
1799color:rgba(0,0,0,0.54);
1800font:700 16px Lato, sans-serif
1801}
1802.post-header-container .byline.post-author:not(:last-child)::after{
1803content:"\b7"
1804}
1805.post-header-container .byline.post-author:not(:last-child){
1806margin-right:0
1807}
1808.post-snippet-container{
1809font:400 20px Lora, serif
1810}
1811.sharing-button{
1812text-transform:uppercase;
1813word-break:normal
1814}
1815.post-outer-container .svg-icon-24{
1816fill:#3e3f3c
1817}
1818.post-body{
1819color:#3e3f3c;
1820font:400 20px Lora, serif;
1821line-height:2;
1822margin-bottom:24px
1823}
1824.blog-pager .blog-pager-older-link{
1825color:#3e3f3c;
1826float:right;
1827font:700 14px Lato, sans-serif;
1828text-transform:uppercase
1829}
1830.no-posts-message{
1831margin:32px
1832}
1833body.item-view .Blog .post-title-container{
1834background-color:#f44d14;
1835box-sizing:border-box;
1836margin-bottom:-1px;
1837padding-bottom:86px;
1838padding-right:290px;
1839padding-left:140px;
1840padding-top:124px;
1841width:100%
1842}
1843body.item-view .Blog .post-title,body.item-view .Blog .post-title a{
1844color:#ffffff;
1845font:700 48px Lato, sans-serif;
1846line-height:1.4166666667;
1847margin-bottom:0
1848}
1849body.item-view .Blog{
1850margin:0;
1851margin-bottom:85px;
1852padding:0
1853}
1854body.item-view .Blog .post-content{
1855margin-right:0;
1856max-width:none
1857}
1858body.item-view .comments,body.item-view .shown-ad,body.item-view .widget.Blog .post-bottom{
1859margin-bottom:0;
1860margin-right:400px;
1861margin-left:140px;
1862margin-top:0
1863}
1864body.item-view .widget.Header header p{
1865max-width:740px
1866}
1867body.item-view .shown-ad{
1868margin-bottom:24px;
1869margin-top:24px
1870}
1871body.item-view .Blog .post-header-container{
1872padding-left:140px
1873}
1874body.item-view .Blog .post-header-container .post-author-profile-pic-container{
1875background-color:#f44d14;
1876border-top:1px solid #f44d14;
1877float:left;
1878height:84px;
1879margin-right:24px;
1880margin-left:-140px;
1881padding-left:140px
1882}
1883body.item-view .Blog .post-author-profile-pic{
1884max-height:100%
1885}
1886body.item-view .Blog .post-header{
1887float:left;
1888height:84px
1889}
1890body.item-view .Blog .post-header>*{
1891position:relative;
1892top:50%;
1893-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);
1894-ms-transform:translateY(-50%);
1895transform:translateY(-50%)
1896}
1897body.item-view .post-body{
1898color:#3e3f3c;
1899font:400 20px Lora, serif;
1900line-height:2
1901}
1902body.item-view .Blog .post-body-container{
1903padding-right:290px;
1904position:relative;
1905margin-left:140px;
1906margin-top:20px;
1907margin-bottom:32px
1908}
1909body.item-view .Blog .post-body{
1910margin-bottom:0;
1911margin-right:110px
1912}
1913body.item-view .Blog .post-body::first-letter{
1914float:left;
1915font-size:80px;
1916font-weight:600;
1917line-height:1;
1918margin-right:16px
1919}
1920body.item-view .Blog .post-body div[style*="text-align: center"]::first-letter{
1921float:none;
1922font-size:inherit;
1923font-weight:inherit;
1924line-height:inherit;
1925margin-right:0
1926}
1927body.item-view .Blog .post-body::first-line{
1928color:#3e3f3c
1929}
1930body.item-view .Blog .post-body-container .post-sidebar{
1931right:0;
1932position:absolute;
1933top:0;
1934width:290px
1935}
1936body.item-view .Blog .post-body-container .post-sidebar .sharing-button{
1937display:inline-block
1938}
1939.widget.Attribution{
1940clear:both;
1941font:600 14px Open Sans, sans-serif;
1942padding-top:2em
1943}
1944.widget.Attribution .blogger{
1945margin:12px
1946}
1947.widget.Attribution svg{
1948fill:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54)
1949}
1950body.item-view .PopularPosts{
1951margin-left:140px
1952}
1953body.item-view .PopularPosts .widget-content>ul{
1954padding-left:0
1955}
1956body.item-view .PopularPosts .widget-content>ul>li{
1957display:block
1958}
1959body.item-view .PopularPosts .post-content{
1960margin-right:76px;
1961max-width:664px
1962}
1963body.item-view .PopularPosts .post:not(:last-child){
1964margin-bottom:85px
1965}
1966body.item-view .post-body-container img{
1967height:auto;
1968max-width:100%
1969}
1970body.item-view .PopularPosts>.title{
1971color:rgba(0,0,0,0.54);
1972font:700 16px Lato, sans-serif;
1973margin-bottom:36px
1974}
1975body.item-view .post-sidebar .post-labels-sidebar{
1976margin-top:48px;
1977min-width:150px
1978}
1979body.item-view .post-sidebar .post-labels-sidebar h3{
1980color:#3e3f3c;
1981font:700 14px Lato, sans-serif;
1982margin-bottom:16px
1983}
1984body.item-view .post-sidebar .post-labels-sidebar a{
1985color:#3e3f3c;
1986display:block;
1987font:400 14px Lato, sans-serif;
1988font-style:italic;
1989line-height:2
1990}
1991body.item-view blockquote{
1992font:italic 700 36px Lato, sans-serif;
1993font-style:italic;
1994quotes:"\201c" "\201d" "\2018" "\2019"
1995}
1996body.item-view blockquote::before{
1997content:open-quote
1998}
1999body.item-view blockquote::after{
2000content:close-quote
2001}
2002body.item-view .post-bottom{
2003display:-webkit-box;
2004display:-webkit-flex;
2005display:-ms-flexbox;
2006display:flex;
2007float:none
2008}
2009body.item-view .widget.Blog .post-share-buttons-bottom{
2010-webkit-box-flex:0;
2011-webkit-flex:0 1 auto;
2012-ms-flex:0 1 auto;
2013flex:0 1 auto;
2014-webkit-box-ordinal-group:3;
2015-webkit-order:2;
2016-ms-flex-order:2;
2017order:2
2018}
2019body.item-view .widget.Blog .post-footer{
2020line-height:1;
2021margin-right:24px
2022}
2023.widget.Blog body.item-view .post-bottom{
2024margin-right:0;
2025margin-bottom:80px
2026}
2027body.item-view .post-footer .post-labels .byline-label{
2028color:#3e3f3c;
2029font:700 14px Lato, sans-serif
2030}
2031body.item-view .post-footer .post-labels a{
2032color:#3e3f3c;
2033display:inline-block;
2034font:400 14px Lato, sans-serif;
2035line-height:2
2036}
2037body.item-view .post-footer .post-labels a:not(:last-child)::after{
2038content:", "
2039}
2040body.item-view #comments{
2041border-top:0;
2042padding:0
2043}
2044body.item-view #comments h3.title{
2045color:rgba(0,0,0,0.54);
2046font:700 16px Lato, sans-serif;
2047margin-bottom:48px
2048}
2049body.item-view #comments .comment-form h4{
2050position:absolute;
2051clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);
2052padding:0;
2053border:0;
2054height:1px;
2055width:1px;
2056overflow:hidden
2057}
2058.heroPost{
2059display:-webkit-box;
2060display:-webkit-flex;
2061display:-ms-flexbox;
2062display:flex;
2063position:relative
2064}
2065.widget.Blog .heroPost{
2066margin-left:-136px
2067}
2068.heroPost .big-post-title .post-snippet{
2069color:#ffffff
2070}
2071.heroPost.noimage .post-snippet{
2072color:#3e3f3c
2073}
2074.heroPost .big-post-image-top{
2075display:none;
2076background-size:cover;
2077background-position:center
2078}
2079.heroPost .big-post-title{
2080background-color:#f44d14;
2081box-sizing:border-box;
2082-webkit-box-flex:1;
2083-webkit-flex:1 1 auto;
2084-ms-flex:1 1 auto;
2085flex:1 1 auto;
2086max-width:888px;
2087min-width:0;
2088padding-bottom:84px;
2089padding-right:76px;
2090padding-left:136px;
2091padding-top:76px
2092}
2093.heroPost.noimage .big-post-title{
2094-webkit-box-flex:1;
2095-webkit-flex:1 0 auto;
2096-ms-flex:1 0 auto;
2097flex:1 0 auto;
2098max-width:480px;
2099width:480px
2100}
2101.heroPost .big-post-title h3{
2102margin:0 0 24px
2103}
2104.heroPost .big-post-title h3 a{
2105color:#ffffff
2106}
2107.heroPost .big-post-title .post-body{
2108color:#ffffff
2109}
2110.heroPost .big-post-title .item-byline{
2111color:#ffffff;
2112margin-bottom:24px
2113}
2114.heroPost .big-post-title .item-byline .post-timestamp{
2115display:block
2116}
2117.heroPost .big-post-title .item-byline a{
2118color:#ffffff
2119}
2120.heroPost .byline,.heroPost .byline a,.heroPost .flat-button{
2121color:#ffffff
2122}
2123.heroPost .flat-button.ripple .splash{
2124background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.4)
2125}
2126.heroPost .flat-button.ripple:hover{
2127background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.12)
2128}
2129.heroPost .big-post-image{
2130background-position:center;
2131background-repeat:no-repeat;
2132background-size:cover;
2133-webkit-box-flex:0;
2134-webkit-flex:0 0 auto;
2135-ms-flex:0 0 auto;
2136flex:0 0 auto;
2137width:392px
2138}
2139.heroPost .big-post-text{
2140background-color:#e7e8e0;
2141box-sizing:border-box;
2142color:#3e3f3c;
2143-webkit-box-flex:1;
2144-webkit-flex:1 1 auto;
2145-ms-flex:1 1 auto;
2146flex:1 1 auto;
2147min-width:0;
2148padding:48px
2149}
2150.heroPost .big-post-text .post-snippet-fade{
2151color:#3e3f3c;
2152background:-webkit-linear-gradient(right,#e7e8e0,rgba(231, 232, 224, 0));
2153background:linear-gradient(to left,#e7e8e0,rgba(231, 232, 224, 0))
2154}
2155.heroPost .big-post-text .byline,.heroPost .big-post-text .byline a,.heroPost .big-post-text .jump-link,.heroPost .big-post-text .sharing-button{
2156color:#3e3f3c
2157}
2158.heroPost .big-post-text .snippet-item::first-letter{
2159color:#f44d14;
2160float:left;
2161font-weight:700;
2162margin-right:12px
2163}
2164.sidebar-container{
2165background-color:#ffffff
2166}
2167body.sidebar-visible .sidebar-container{
2168box-shadow:0 0 20px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.7)
2169}
2170.sidebar-container .svg-icon-24{
2171fill:#000000
2172}
2173.sidebar-container .navigation .sidebar-back{
2174float:right
2175}
2176.sidebar-container .widget{
2177padding-right:16px;
2178margin-right:0;
2179margin-left:38px
2180}
2181.sidebar-container .widget+.widget{
2182border-top:solid 1px #bdbdbd
2183}
2184.sidebar-container .widget .title{
2185font:400 16px Lato, sans-serif
2186}
2187.collapsible{
2188width:100%
2189}
2190.widget.Profile{
2191border-top:0;
2192margin:0;
2193margin-left:38px;
2194margin-top:24px;
2195padding-right:0
2196}
2197body.sidebar-visible .widget.Profile{
2198margin-left:0
2199}
2200.widget.Profile h2{
2201display:none
2202}
2203.widget.Profile h3.title{
2204color:#000000;
2205margin:16px 32px
2206}
2207.widget.Profile .individual{
2208text-align:center
2209}
2210.widget.Profile .individual .default-avatar-wrapper .avatar-icon{
2211margin:auto
2212}
2213.widget.Profile .team{
2214margin-bottom:32px;
2215margin-left:32px;
2216margin-right:32px
2217}
2218.widget.Profile ul{
2219list-style:none;
2220padding:0
2221}
2222.widget.Profile li{
2223margin:10px 0;
2224text-align:left
2225}
2226.widget.Profile .profile-img{
2227border-radius:50%;
2228float:none
2229}
2230.widget.Profile .profile-info{
2231margin-bottom:12px
2232}
2233.profile-snippet-fade{
2234background:-webkit-linear-gradient(right,#ffffff 0,#ffffff 20%,rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);
2235background:linear-gradient(to left,#ffffff 0,#ffffff 20%,rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 100%);
2236height:1.7em;
2237position:absolute;
2238right:16px;
2239top:11.7em;
2240width:96px
2241}
2242.profile-snippet-fade::after{
2243content:"\2026";
2244float:right
2245}
2246.widget.Profile .profile-location{
2247color:#000000;
2248font-size:16px;
2249margin:0;
2250opacity:.74
2251}
2252.widget.Profile .team-member .profile-link::after{
2253clear:both;
2254content:"";
2255display:table
2256}
2257.widget.Profile .team-member .profile-name{
2258word-break:break-word
2259}
2260.widget.Profile .profile-datablock .profile-link{
2261color:#000000;
2262font:700 16px Lato, sans-serif;
2263font-size:24px;
2264text-transform:none;
2265word-break:break-word
2266}
2267.widget.Profile .profile-datablock .profile-link+div{
2268margin-top:16px!important
2269}
2270.widget.Profile .profile-link{
2271font:700 16px Lato, sans-serif;
2272font-size:14px
2273}
2274.widget.Profile .profile-textblock{
2275color:#000000;
2276font-size:14px;
2277line-height:24px;
2278margin:0 18px;
2279opacity:.74;
2280overflow:hidden;
2281position:relative;
2282word-break:break-word
2283}
2284.widget.Label .list-label-widget-content li a{
2285width:100%;
2286word-wrap:break-word
2287}
2288.extendable .show-less,.extendable .show-more{
2289font:700 16px Lato, sans-serif;
2290font-size:14px;
2291margin:0 -8px
2292}
2293.widget.BlogArchive .post-count{
2294color:#3e3f3c
2295}
2296.Label li{
2297margin:16px 0
2298}
2299.Label li:last-child{
2300margin-bottom:0
2301}
2302.post-snippet.snippet-container{
2303max-height:160px
2304}
2305.post-snippet .snippet-item{
2306line-height:40px
2307}
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2797Critical GIS .com
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2801<p>
2802using GIS in radical ways  |  situating GIS practices
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2869<h3 class='post-title entry-title'>
2870Critical GIS Reading List
2871</h3>
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2881[ updated 29 May 2012 ]<br />
2882<br />
2883I've constructed this bibliography as a set of key readings, organized as a chronology, that I feel traces the various genealogies of contemporary 'critical GIS'. &nbsp;This is, of course, a work in progress, and I'll look forward to <a href="mailto:[email protected]">comments/feedback/questions</a>!<br />
2884<br />
2885See also the following bibliographies:<br />
2886on <a href="http://literarygeographies.wordpress.com/litgeog-mapping/">literary geography and mapping</a>&nbsp;by&nbsp;Sheila Hones and James Kneale,<br />
2887on <a href="http://www.samkinsley.com/2012/01/26/a-preliminary-bibliography-for-studies-of-codespaces/">code/space</a>&nbsp;by Sam Kinsley.<br />
2888<br />
2889<a href="http://criticalgis.blogspot.com/p/critical-gis-bibliography.html#early1990s">Early-1990s</a><br />
2890<a href="http://criticalgis.blogspot.com/p/critical-gis-bibliography.html#mid1990s">Mid-1990s</a><br />
2891<a href="http://criticalgis.blogspot.com/p/critical-gis-bibliography.html#late1990s">Late-1990s</a><br />
2892<a href="http://criticalgis.blogspot.com/p/critical-gis-bibliography.html#early2000s">Early-2000s</a><br />
2893<a href="http://criticalgis.blogspot.com/p/critical-gis-bibliography.html#mid2000s">Mid-2000s</a><br />
2894<a href="http://criticalgis.blogspot.com/p/critical-gis-bibliography.html#late2000s">Late-2000s</a><br />
2895<a href="http://criticalgis.blogspot.com/p/critical-gis-bibliography.html#early2010s">Early-2010s</a><br />
2896<br />
2897<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Key Moments in Early 'GIS' Development</span></b><br />
2898<br />
2899Dobson, Jerome E. 1983. Automated Geography. The Professional Geographer 35 (2):135-143.<br />
2900<br />
2901Couclelis, Helen. 1992. People manipulate objects (but cultivate fields): Beyond the raster-vector debate in GIS. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 639:65-77.<br />
2902<br />
2903Goodchild, Michael F. 1987. A spatial analytical perspective on geographical information systems. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 1 (4):327-334.<br />
2904<br />
2905Nyerges, Timothy L. 1989. Schema integration analysis for the development of GIS databases. International Journal of Geographic Information Systems 3 (2):1
290553-183.<br />
2906<br />
2907Nyerges, Timothy L. 1991. Geographic information abstractions: conceptual clarity for geographic modeling. Environment and Planning A 23:1483-1499.<br />
2908<br />
2909Steinitz, Carl, Paul Parker, and Lawrie Jordan. 1976. Hand-Drawn Overlays: Their History and Prospective Uses. Landscape Architecture:444-455.<br />
2910<br />
2911Tobler, Waldo R. 1959. Automation and Cartography. Geographical Review 49 (4):526-534.<b></b><br />
2912<div>
2913<br /></div>
2914<div>
2915<div>
2916<a href="//www.blogger.com/page-edit.g?blogID=6573164741101507184&amp;pageID=3984943458985368924" name="early1990s"></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Early-1990s GIS Critiques</span></b></div>
2917</div>
2918<div>
2919<br /></div>
2920<div>
2921<div>
2922<div>
2923<div>
2924Chrisman, Nicholas R. 1987. Design of geographic information systems based on social and cultural goals. Photogrammetric Engineering &amp; Remote Sensing 53 (10):1367-1370.</div>
2925</div>
2926<div>
2927<br /></div>
2928<div>
2929Clark, G. L. 1992. GIS -- what crisis? Environment and Planning A 24 (3):321-322.</div>
2930</div>
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3010<div>
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3012<div>
3013<div>
3014Aitken, Stuart C., and Suzanne M. Michel. 1995. Who contrives the "real" in GIS? &nbsp;Geographic information, planning and critical theory. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 22 (1):17-29.</div>
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3102Moss, Pamela. 1995. Embeddedness in Practice, Numbers in Context: The Politics of Knowing and Doing. The Professional Geographer 47 (4):442-449.</div>
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3108Nyerges, Timothy L., Michael Barndt, and Kerry Brooks. 1996. Public Participation Geographic Information Systems. Paper read at AutoCarto 13, ACSM/ASPRS 1997 Technical Papers, April, at Seattle, Washington.</div>
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3114Nyerges, Timothy L., and Piotr Jankowski. 1997. Enhanced Adaptive Structuration Theory: A Theory of GIS</div>
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3120Obermeyer, Nancy J. 1995. The Hidden GIS Technocracy. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 22 (1):78-83.</div>
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3125Pickles, John, ed. 1995. Ground Truth: The social implications of geographic information systems. New York: Guilford.</div>
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3130Pratt, Geraldine. 1996. Trashing and its alternatives. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14 (3):253-256.</div>
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3136Rundstrom, Robert A. 1995. GIS, Indigenous Peoples, and Epistemological Diversity. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 22 (1):45-57.</div>
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3154Weiner, Daniel, Timothy A. Warner, Trevor M. Harris, and Richard M. Levin. 1995. Apartheid Representations in a Digital Landscape: GIS, Remote Sensing and Local Knowledge in Kiepersol, South Africa. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 22 (1):30-44.</div>
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3161<br /></div>
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3166Barndt, Michael. 1998. Public Participation GIS: Barriers to Implementation. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 25 (2):105-106.</div>
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3171Chrisman, Nicholas R. 1999. What does 'GIS' mean? Transactions in GIS 3 (2):175-186.</div>
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3176Clark, M.J. 1998. GIS: Democracy or delusion? Environment and Planning A 30:303-316.</div>
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3182Curry, Michael R. 1998. Digital places : living with geographic information technologies. London ; New York: Routledge.</div>
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3188Edney, M. 1997. Surveying and mapping. In Mapping An Empire: the Geographical Construction of British India 1765-1843&nbsp;</div>
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3194Elwood, Sarah A., and Helga Leitner. 1998. GIS and Community-based Planning: Exploring the Diversity of Neighborhood Perspectives and Needs. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 25 (2):77.</div>
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3200Esnard, Ann-Margaret. 1998. Cities, GIS, and Ethics. Journal of Urban Technology 5 (3):33-45.</div>
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3206Graham, Stephen. 1998. The end of geography or the explosion of place? Conceptualizing space, place and information technology. Progress in Human Geography 22 (2):165-185.</div>
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3210Graham, Stephen. 1998. Spaces of surveillant simulation: new technologies, digital representations, and material geographies. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 16:483-504.</div>
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3216Harris, Trevor M., and Daniel Weiner. 1998. Empowerment, Marginalization, and "Community-integrated" GIS. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 25 (2):67.</div>
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3222Harvey, Francis, and Nicholas R. Chrisman. 1998. Boundary objects and the social construction of GIS technology. Environment and Planning A 30:1683-1694.</div>
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3228Heckman, LeRoy A. 1998. Methodology Matters: Devising a Research Program for Investigating PPGIS in Collaborative Neighborhood Planning. In Project Varenius Specialist Meeting: Empowerment, Marginalization, and Public Participation GIS. Santa Barbara, CA.</div>
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3234Heikkila, E. J. 1998. GIS is dead; Long live GIS! Journal of the American Planning Association 64 (3):350-360.</div>
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3240Jankowski, Piotr, and Milosz Stasik. 1997. Spatial understanding and decision support system: a prototype for public GIS. Transactions in GIS 2 (1):73-84.</div>
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3246Kitchin, Robert M. 1998. Towards geographies of cyberspace. Progress in Human Geography 22 (3):385-406.<br />
3247<br />
3248McHaffie, Patrick H. 1997. "Decoding the globe: globalism, advertising, and corporate practice." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space no. 15:73-86.</div>
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3252Obermeyer, Nancy J. 1998. The Evolution of Public Participatory GIS. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems:65-66.</div>
3253<div>
3254<br /></div>
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3257Pickles, John. 1997. Tool or Science? &nbsp;GIS, Technoscience, and the Theoretical Turn. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 87 (2):363-372.</div>
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3263Ramasubramanian, Laxmi. 1999. Nurturing community empowerment: Participatory decision making and community based problem solving using GIS. In Geographic Information Research: Trans-Atlantic Perspectives, edited by M. Craglia and H. Onsrud. London: Taylor &amp; Francis.</div>
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3269Schuurman, Nadine. 1999. Critical GIS: Theorizing an Emerging Science. Cartographica 36 (4).</div>
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3275Sheppard, Eric, Helen Couclelis, Stephen Graham, J.W. Harrington, and Harlan Onsrud. 1999. Geographies of the information society. International Journal of Geographic Information Systems 13 (8):797-823.</div>
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3281Shiffer, Michael J. 1998. Multimedia GIS for Planning Support and Public Discourse. C
3281artography and Geographic Information Systems 25 (2):89-94.</div>
3282</div>
3283<div>
3284<br /></div>
3285<div>
3286<div>
3287Sparke, Matthew. 1998. A Map that Roared and an Original Atlas: Canada, Cartography and the Narration of Nation. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88 (3):464-495.</div>
3288</div>
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3292<div>
3293Stonich, Susan C. 1998. Information Technologies, Advocacy, and Development: Resistance and Backlash to Industrial Shrimp Farming. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 25 (2):113-122.</div>
3294</div>
3295<div>
3296<br /></div>
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3298<div>
3299Wright, Dawn, Michael F. Goodchild, and James D. Proctor. 1997. GIS: Tool or Science? &nbsp;Demystifying the Persistent Ambiguity of GIS as "Tool" versus "Science". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 87 (2):346-362.</div>
3300</div>
3301<div>
3302<br /></div>
3303<div>
3304<a href="//www.blogger.com/page-edit.g?blogID=6573164741101507184&amp;pageID=3984943458985368924" name="early2000s"></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Early-2000s Critical GIS</span></b></div>
3305<div>
3306<b>[ PPGIS :: Participatory GIS ]</b></div>
3307<div>
3308<br /></div>
3309<div>
3310<div>
3311Aitken, Stuart C. 2002. Public participation, technological discourses and the scale of GIS. In Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems, edited by W. J. Craig, T. M. Harris and D. Weiner. New York: Taylor and Francis.</div>
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3317Al-Kodmany, Kheir. 2000. Public participation: technology and democracy. Journal of Architectural Education 53 (4):220-228.</div>
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3322<div>
3323Bond, Crystal. 2002. The Cherokee Nation and tribal uses of GIS. In Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems, edited by W. J. Craig, T. M. Harris and D. Weiner. New York: Taylor and Francis.</div>
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3326<br /></div>
3327<div>
3328<div>
3329Cosgrove, Denis E. 2001. Apollo's eye : a cartographic genealogy of the earth in the western imagination. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.</div>
3330</div>
3331<div>
3332<br /></div>
3333<div>
3334<div>
3335Crampton, Jeremy W. 2001. Maps as social constructions: power, communication and visualization. Progress in Human Geography 25 (2):235-252.</div>
3336</div>
3337<div>
3338<br /></div>
3339<div>
3340<div>
3341Crampton, Jeremy W. 2003. The Political Mapping of Cyberspace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</div>
3342</div>
3343<div>
3344<br /></div>
3345<div>
3346<div>
3347Dangermond, Jack. 2002. Mutualism in strengthening GIS technologies and democratic principles: perspectives from a GIS software vendor. In Community participation and geographic information systems, edited by W. J. Craig, T. M. Harris and D. Weiner. New York: Taylor &amp; Francis.</div>
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3349<div>
3350<br /></div>
3351<div>
3352<div>
3353Dodge, Martin, and Rob Kitchin. 2001. Mapping cyberspace. London ; New York: Routledge.</div>
3354</div>
3355<div>
3356<br /></div>
3357<div>
3358<div>
3359Elwood, Sarah A. 2002. GIS use in community planning: a multidimensional analysis of empowerment. Environment and Planning A 34:905-922.</div>
3360</div>
3361<div>
3362<br /></div>
3363<div>
3364<div>
3365Elwood, Sarah A. 2002. The impacts of GIS use for neighborhood revitalization in Minneapolis. In Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems, edited by W. J. Craig, T. M. Harris and D. Weiner. London: Taylor &amp; Francis.</div>
3366</div>
3367<div>
3368<br /></div>
3369<div>
3370<div>
3371Elwood, Sarah A., and Helga Leitner. 2003. GIS and spatial knowledge production for neighborhood revitalizaiton: negotiating state priorities and neighborhood values. Journal of Urban Affairs 25 (2):139.</div>
3372</div>
3373<div>
3374<br /></div>
3375<div>
3376<div>
3377Ghose, Rina. 2001. Use of Information Technology for Community Empowerment: &nbsp;Transforming Geographic Information Systems into Community Information Systems. Transactions in GIS 5 (2):141-163.</div>
3378<div>
3379<br /></div>
3380<div>
3381Ghose, Rina. 2003. Community Participation, Spatial Knowledge Production, and GIS Use in Inner-City Revitalization. Journal of Urban Technology 10 (1):39-60.</div>
3382</div>
3383<div>
3384<br /></div>
3385<div>
3386<div>
3387Ghose, Rina, and William E. Huxhold. 2001. Role of local contextual factors in building public participation GIS: The Milwaukee experience. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 28 (3):195-208.</div>
3388</div>
3389<div>
3390<br /></div>
3391<div>
3392<div>
3393Graham, Stephen, and Simon Marvin. 2001. Splintering urbanism : networked infrastru
3393ctures, technological mobilities and the urban condition. London ; New York: Routledge.</div>
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3395<br /></div>
3396<div>
3397Graham, Stephen, and David Wood. 2003. Digitizing surveillance: categorization, space, inequity. Critical Social Policy 23 (2):227-248.</div>
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3402<div>
3403Harvey, David. 2001 [2000]. Cartographic identities: geographical knowledges under globalization. In Spaces of capital : towards a critical geography. New York: Routledge.</div>
3404</div>
3405<div>
3406<br /></div>
3407<div>
3408<div>
3409Jankowski, Piotr, and Timothy L. Nyerges. 2001. Geographic Information Systems for Group Decision Making: Towards a Participatory, Geographic Information Science. Edited by P. Fisher and J. Raper, Research Monographs in Geographical Information Systems. London: Taylor and Francis.</div>
3410</div>
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3414<div>
3415Krygier, J.B. 2002. A praxis of public participation GIS and visualization. In Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems, edited by W. J. Craig, T. M. Harris and D. Weiner. New York: Taylor and Francis.</div>
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3420<div>
3421Kwan, Mei-Po. 2002. Is GIS for women? &nbsp;Reflections on the critical discourse in the 1990s. Gender, Place and Culture 9 (3):271-279.</div>
3422<div>
3423<br /></div>
3424<div>
3425Kwan, Mei-Po. 2002. Feminist Visualization: Re-envisioning GIS as a Method in Feminist Geographic Research. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92 (4):645-661.</div>
3426<div>
3427<br /></div>
3428<div>
3429Kwan, Mei-Po. 2002. Introduction: Feminist Geography and GIS. Gender, Place and Culture 9 (3):261-262.</div>
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3431<div>
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3434<div>
3435Kwan, Mei-Po, Donald G. Janelle, and M.F. Goodchild. 2003. Accessibility in space and time: A theme in spatially integrated social science. Journal of Geographical Systems 5 (1):1-3.</div>
3436</div>
3437<div>
3438<br /></div>
3439<div>
3440<div>
3441Laituri, Melinda. 2002. Ensuring access to GIS for marginal societies. In Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems, edited by W. J. Craig, T. M. Harris and D. Weiner. New York: Taylor and Francis.</div>
3442<div>
3443<br /></div>
3444<div>
3445Laituri, Melinda. 2003. The Issue of Access: An Assessment Guide for Evaluating Public Participation Geographic Information Science Case Studies. URISA Journal 15 (APA II):25-32.</div>
3446</div>
3447<div>
3448<br /></div>
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3450<div>
3451Leitner, Helga, Sarah A. Elwood, Eric Sheppard, Susanna McMaster, and Robert B. McMaster. 2000. Modes of GIS Provision and their Appropriateness for Neighborhood Organizations: Examples from Minneapolis and St. Paul Minnesota. URISA Journal 12 (4):43-56.</div>
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3456<div>
3457Martin, Eugene W. 2000. Actor-networks and implementation: examples from conservation GIS in Ecuador. International Journal of Geographic Information Systems 14 (8):715-738.<br />
3458<br />
3459McHaffie, Patrick H. 2000. "Surfaces: tacit knowledge, formal language, and metaphor at the Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis." International Journal of Geographical Information Science no. 14 (8):755-773.</div>
3460</div>
3461<div>
3462<br />
3463McHaffie, Patrick H. 2002. "Towards the Automated Map Factory: Early Automation at the U.S. Geological Survey." Cartography and Geographic Information Science no. 29 (3):193-206.<br />
3464<div>
3465<div>
3466<br /></div>
3467<div>
3468McLafferty, Sara L. 2002. Mapping Women's Worlds: knowledge, power and the bounds of GIS. Gender, Place and Culture 9 (3):263-269.</div>
3469</div>
3470</div>
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3473<div>
3474<div>
3475Merrick, Meg. 2003. Reflections on PPGIS: A view from the trenches. URISA Journal 15 (APA II):33-39.</div>
3476</div>
3477<div>
3478<br /></div>
3479<div>
3480<div>
3481Monmonier, Mark S. 2001. Bushmanders &amp; bullwinkles : how politicians manipulate electronic maps and census data to win elections. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</div>
3482</div>
3483<div>
3484<br /></div>
3485<div>
3486<div>
3487Nyerges, Timothy L., Piotr Jankowski, and Christina Drew. 2002. Data-gathering strategies for social-behavioural research about participatory geographical information system use. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 16 (1):1-22.</div>
3488</div>
3489<div>
3490<br /></div>
3491<div>
3492<div>
3493Pavlovskaya, Marianna. 2002. Mapping Urban Change and Changing GIS: other views of economic restructuring. Gender, Place and Culture 9 (3):281-289.</div>
3494</div>
3495<div>
3496<br /></div>
3497<div>
3498<div>
3499Rinner, C. 2001. Argumentation maps: GIS-based discussion support for on-line planning. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 28:847-863.</div>
3500</div>
3501<div>
3502<br /></div>
3503<div>
3504<div>
3505Schuurman, Nadine. 2000. Trouble in the heartland: GIS and its critics in the 1990s. Progress in Human Geography 24 (4):569-590.</div>
3506<div>
3507<br /></div>
3508<div>
3509Schuurman, Nadine. 2002. Women and technology in geography: a cyborg manifesto for GIS. The Canadian Geographer 46 (3):258-265.</div>
3510</div>
3511<div>
3512<br /></div>
3513<div>
3514<div>
3515Schuurman, Nadine, and Geraldine Pratt. 2002. Care of the Subject: feminism and critiques of GIS. Gender, Place and Culture 9 (3):291-299.</div>
3516</div>
3517<div>
3518<br /></div>
3519<div>
3520<div>
3521Sheppard, Eric. 2001. Quantitative geography: representations, practices, and possibilities. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 19:535-554.</div>
3522</div>
3523<div>
3524<br /></div>
3525<div>
3526<div>
3527Sieber, Renée E. 2002. Geographic information systems in the environmental movement. In Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems, edited by W. J. Craig, T. M. Harris and D. Weiner. New York: Taylor and Francis.</div>
3528<div>
3529<br /></div>
3530<div>
3531Sieber, Renée E. 2003. Public participation geographic information systems across borders. The Canadian Geographer 47 (1):50-61.</div>
3532</div>
3533<div>
3534<br /></div>
3535<div>
3536<div>
3537Talen, Emily. 2000. Bottom-up GIS - A new tool for individual and group expression in participatory planning. Journal of the American Planning Association 66 (3):279-294.</div>
3538</div>
3539<div>
3540<br /></div>
3541<div>
3542<div>
3543Thompson, Gary. 2003. New media technologies: Weblogs, warblogs, the public sphere, and bubbles. Transformations (7).</div>
3544</div>
3545<div>
3546<br /></div>
3547<div>
3548<div>
3549Wong, Sidney, and Yang Liang Chua. 2001/2004. Data Intermediation and Beyond: Issues for Web-Based PPGIS. Cartographica 38 (3/4):63-80.</div>
3550</div>
3551<div>
3552<br /></div>
3553<div>
3554<a href="//www.blogger.com/page-edit.g?blogID=6573164741101507184&amp;pageID=3984943458985368924" name="mid2000s"></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Mid-2000s Critical GIS</span></b></div>
3555<div>
3556<b>[ Qualitative Methods &amp; GIS :: PPGIS :: PGIS ]</b></div>
3557<div>
3558<br /></div>
3559<div>
3560<div>
3561<div>
3562Aitken, Stuart C., and James Craine. 2006. Guest Editorial: Affective Geovisualizations. Directions Magazine, 7 February.</div>
3563</div>
3564<div>
3565<br /></div>
3566<div>
3567<div>
3568Bell, Scott, and Maureen Reed. 2004. Adapting to the Machine: Integrating GIS into Qualitative Research. Cartographica 39 (1):55-66.</div>
3569</div>
3570<div>
3571<br /></div>
3572<div>
3573<div>
3574Brown, Michael, and Larry Knopp. 2006. Places or Polygons? Governmentality, Scale, and the Census in The Gay and Lesbian Atlas. Population, Space and Place 12:223-242.</div>
3575</div>
3576<div>
3577<br /></div>
3578<div>
3579Chrisman, Nicholas R. 2005. Full Circle: More than Just Social Implications of GIS. Cartographica 40 (4):23-35.</div>
3580</div>
3581<div>
3582<br /></div>
3583<div>
3584<div>
3585Corbett, Jon M., and C. Peter Keller. 2005. An Analytical Framework to Examine Empowerment Associated with Participatory Geographic Information Systems (PGIS). Cartographica 40 (4):91-102.</div>
3586</div>
3587<div>
3588<br /></div>
3589<div>
3590<div>
3591Couclelis, Helen. 2004. The Third Domain: The Spread and Use of GIS within Social Science. Cartographica 39 (1):17-24.</div>
3592</div>
3593<div>
3594<br /></div>
3595<div>
3596<div>
3597Craig, William J., Trevor M. Harris, and Daniel Weiner, eds. 2002. Community participation and geographic information systems. New York: Taylor &amp; Francis.</div>
3598</div>
3599<div>
3600<br /></div>
3601<div>
3602<div>
3603Crampton, Jeremy W. 2004. GIS and Geographic Governance: Reconstructing the Choropleth Map. Cartographica 39 (1):41-53.</div>
3604</div>
3605<div>
3606<br /></div>
3607<div>
3608<div>
3609Crampton, Jeremy W., and John Krygier. 2005. An Introduction to Critical Cartography. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 4 (1):11-33.</div>
3610</div>
3611<div>
3612<br /></div>
3613<div>
3614<div>
3615Dennis, Samuel F., Jr. 2006. Prospects for qualitative GIS at the intersection of youth development and participatory urban planning. Environment and Planning A 38:2039-2054.</div>
3616</div>
3617<div>
3618<br /></div>
3619<div>
3620<div>
3621<div>
3622Dodge, Martin, and Rob Kitchin. 2005. Codes of life: identification codes and the machine-readable world. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 23:851-881.</div>
3623</div>
3624<div>
3625<br /></div>
3626<div>
3627Dodge, Martin, and Rob Kitchin. 2005. Code and the Transduction of Space. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95 (1):162-180.</div>
3628</div>
3629<div>
3630<br /></div>
3631<div>
3632<div>
3633Dragicevic, Susan, and Shivanand Balram, eds. 2006. Collaborative Geographic Information Systems. Hershey, PA: Idea Group, Inc.</div>
3634</div>
3635<div>
3636<br /></div>
3637<div>
3638<div>
3639Elwood, Sarah A. 2006. Beyond Cooptation or Resistance: Urban Spatial Politics, Community Organizations, and GIS-Based Spatial Narratives. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96 (2):323-341.</div>
3640</div>
3641<div>
3642<br /></div>
3643<div>
3644<div>
3645Elwood, Sarah A. 2006. Critical Issues in Participatory GIS: Deconstructions, Reconstructions, and New Research Directions. Transactions in GIS 10 (5):693-708.</div>
3646<div>
3647<br /></div>
3648<div>
3649Elwood, Sarah A. 2006. Negotiating knowledge production: The everyday inclusions, exclusions, and contradictions of participatory GIS research. The Professional Geographer 58 (2):197-208.</div>
3650</div>
3651<div>
3652<br /></div>
3653<div>
3654<div>
3655Elwood, Sarah A., and Rina Ghose. 2004. PPGIS in Community Development Planning: Framing the Organizational Context. Cartographica 38 (3-4):19-33.</div>
3656</div>
3657<div>
3658<br /></div>
3659<div>
3660<div>
3661Galloway, Anne. 2004. Intimations of everyday life: ubiquitous computing and the city. Cultural Studies 18 (2/3):384-408.</div>
3662</div>
3663<div>
3664<br /></div>
3665<div>
3666<div>
3667Ghose, Rina. 2004. Complexities in Spatial Knowledge Production in Public Participation GIS. Paper read at GIScience 2004: The Third International Conference in Geographic Information Science, October 20-23, 2004, at Aldelphi, Maryland.</div>
3668<div>
3669<br /></div>
3670<div>
3671Ghose, Rina. 2007. Politics of Scale and Networks of Association in PPGIS. Environment and Planning A 39 (8):1961-1980.</
3671div>
3672</div>
3673<div>
3674<br /></div>
3675<div>
3676<div>
3677Gilbert, Melissa, and Michele Masucci. 2006. The Implications of Including Women's Daily Lives in a Feminist GIScience. Transactions in GIS 10 (5):751-761.</div>
3678</div>
3679<div>
3680<br /></div>
3681<div>
3682<div>
3683Goodchild, Michael F. 2006. Geographical information science: Fifteen years later. In Classics from IJGIS: Twenty years of the International Journal of Geographical Information Science and Systems, edited by P. F. Fisher. Boca Raton: CRC Press.</div>
3684<div>
3685<br /></div>
3686<div>
3687Goodchild, Michael F. 2006. GIScience Ten Years After Ground Truth. Transactions in GIS 10 (5):687-692.</div>
3688</div>
3689<div>
3690<br /></div>
3691<div>
3692<div>
3693Harris, Leila M., and Mark Harrower. 2005. Critical Interventions and Lingering Concerns: Critical Cartography/GISci, Social Theory, and Alternative Possible Futures. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 4 (1):1-10.</div>
3694<div>
3695<br /></div>
3696<div>
3697Harris, Leila M., and Helen D. Hazen. 2005. Power of Maps: (Counter) Mapping for Conservation. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 4 (1):99-130.</div>
3698</div>
3699<div>
3700<br /></div>
3701<div>
3702<div>
3703Harvey, Francis. 2005. Reconfiguring Administrative Geographies In The United States. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 4 (1):57-79.</div>
3704</div>
3705<div>
3706<br /></div>
3707<div>
3708<div>
3709Harvey, Francis, Mei-Po Kwan, and Marianna Pavlovskaya. 2005. Introduction: Critical GIS. Cartographica 40 (4):1-3.</div>
3710</div>
3711<div>
3712<br /></div>
3713<div>
3714<div>
3715Huxley, Margo. 2006. Spatial rationalities: order, environment, evolution and government. Social and Cultural Geography 7 (5):771-787.</div>
3716</div>
3717<div>
3718<br /></div>
3719<div>
3720<div>
3721Johnson, Jay T., Renne Pualani Louis, and Albertus Hadi Pramono. 2005. Facing the Future: Encouraging Critical Cartographic Literacies in Indigenous Communities. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 4 (1):80-98.</div>
3722</div>
3723<div>
3724<br /></div>
3725<div>
3726<div>
3727Knigge, LaDona, and Meghan Cope. 2006. Grounded visualization: integrating the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data through grounded theory and visualization. Environment and Planning A 38:2021-2037.</div>
3728</div>
3729<div>
3730<br /></div>
3731<div>
3732<div>
3733Kwan, Mei-Po, and LaDona Knigge. 2006. Doing qualitative research using GIS: an oxymoronic endeavor? Environment and Planning A 38:1999-2002.</div>
3734</div>
3735<div>
3736<br /></div>
3737<div>
3738<div>
3739Matthews, Stephen A., James E. Detwiler, and Linda M. Burton. 2005. Geo-ethnography: Coupling Geographic Information Analysis Techniques with Ethnographic Methods in Urban Research. Cartographica 40 (4):75-90.</div>
3740</div>
3741<div>
3742<br /></div>
3743<div>
3744<div>
3745McLafferty, Sara L. 2005. Women and GIS: Geospatial Technologies and Feminist Geographies. Cartographica 40 (4):37-45.</div>
3746</div>
3747<div>
3748<br /></div>
3749<div>
3750<div>
3751Miller, Christopher C. 2006. A Beast in the Field: The Google Maps Mashup as GIS/2. Cartographica 41 (3):187-199.</div>
3752</div>
3753<div>
3754<br /></div>
3755<div>
3756<div>
3757Nellis, M. Duane. 2005. Geospatial information technology, rural resource development, and future geographies. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95 (1):1-10.</div>
3758</div>
3759<div>
3760<br /></div>
3761<div>
3762<div>
3763O'Sullivan, David. 2006. Geographical information science: critical GIS. Progress in Human Geography 30 (6):783-791.</div>
3764</div>
3765<div>
3766<br /></div>
3767<div>
3768<div>
3769Pavlovskaya, Marianna. 2006. Theorizing with GIS: a tool for critical geographies? Environment and Planning A 38:2003-2020.<br />
3770<br />
3771Pavlovskaya, Marianna, and Kevin St. Martin. 2007. Feminism and Geographic Information Systems: From a Missing Object to a Mapping Subject. Geography Compass 1 (3):583-606.<br />
3772<br />
3773Pickles, John. 2004. A history of spaces : cartographic reason, mapping, and the geo-coded world. New York: Routledge.</div>
3774</div>
3775<div>
3776<div>
3777<br /></div>
3778<div>
3779Pickles, John. 2006. Ground Truth 1995-2005. Transactions in GIS 10 (5):763-772.</div>
3780</div>
3781<div>
3782<br /></div>
3783<div>
3784<div>
3785Poore, Barbara S., and Nicholas R. Chrisman. 2006. Order from Noise: Towards a Social Theory of Geographic Information. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96 (3):508-523.</div>
3786</div>
3787<div>
3788<br /></div>
3789<div>
3790<div>
3791Rattray, Nicholas. 2006. A user-centered model for community-based web-GIS. URISA Journal 18 (2):25-34.</div>
3792</div>
3793<div>
3794<br /></div>
3795<div>
3796<div>
3797Rose-Redwood, Reuben Sky. 2006. Governmentality, geography, and the geo-coded world. Progress 
3797in Human Geography 30 (4):469-486.</div>
3798</div>
3799<div>
3800<br /></div>
3801<div>
3802<div>
3803Schlossberg, Marc, and Elliot Shuford. 2005. Delineating "Public" and "Participation" in PPGIS. URISA Journal 16 (2):15-26.</div>
3804<div>
3805<br /></div>
3806<div>
3807Schlossberg, Marc, and Darren Wyss. 2007. Teaching by doing: PPGIS and classroom-based service learning. URISA Journal 19 (1):13-22.</div>
3808</div>
3809<div>
3810<br /></div>
3811<div>
3812<div>
3813Schuurman, Nadine. 2004. GIS : a short introduction, Short introductions to geography. Malden, MA.: Blackwell Pub.</div>
3814<div>
3815<br /></div>
3816<div>
3817Schuurman, Nadine. 2004. Databases and bodies: a cyborg update. Environment and Planning A 36:1337-1340.</div>
3818<div>
3819<br /></div>
3820<div>
3821Schuurman, Nadine. 2005. Social Dimensions of Object Definition in GIS. In Re-presenting GIS, edited by P. Fisher and D. J. Unwin. West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons.</div>
3822<div>
3823<br /></div>
3824<div>
3825Schuurman, Nadine. 2005. Social Perspectives on Semantic Interoperability: Constraints on Geographical Knowledge from a Data Perspective. Cartographica 40 (4):47-61.</div>
3826<div>
3827<br /></div>
3828<div>
3829Schuurman, Nadine. 2006. Formalization Matters: Critical GIS and Ontology Research. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96 (4):726-739.</div>
3830</div>
3831<div>
3832<br /></div>
3833<div>
3834<div>
3835Schuurman, Nadine, and Mei-Po Kwan. 2004. Guest editorial: &nbsp;Taking a Walk on the Social Side of GIS. Cartographica 39 (1):1-3.</div>
3836<div>
3837<br /></div>
3838<div>
3839Schuurman, Nadine, and Agnieszka Leszczynski. 2006. Ontology-Based Metadata. Transactions in GIS 10 (5):709-726.</div>
3840</div>
3841<div>
3842<br /></div>
3843<div>
3844<div>
3845Sheppard, Eric. 2005. Knowledge Production through Critical GIS: Genealogy and Prospects. Cartographica 40 (4):5-21.</div>
3846</div>
3847<div>
3848<br /></div>
3849<div>
3850<div>
3851Sieber, Renée E. 2004. Rewiring for a GIS/2. Cartographica 39 (1):25-39.</div>
3852<div>
3853<br /></div>
3854<div>
3855Sieber, Renée E. 2006. Public participation geographic information systems: A literature review and framework. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96 (3):491-507.</div>
3856</div>
3857<div>
3858<br /></div>
3859<div>
3860<div>
3861Sui, Daniel Z. 2004. GIS, cartography, and the "third culture": Geographic imaginations in the computer age. The Professional Geographer 56 (1):62-72.</div>
3862</div>
3863<div>
3864<br /></div>
3865<div>
3866<div>
3867Turner, Andrew J. 2006. Introduction to Neogeography, O'Reilly Short Cuts: O'Reilly.</div>
3868</div>
3869<div>
3870<br /></div>
3871<div>
3872<div>
3873Warren, Stacy. 2004. The Utopian Potential of GIS. Cartographica 39 (1):5-16.</div>
3874</div>
3875<div>
3876<br /></div>
3877<div>
3878<a href="//www.blogger.com/page-edit.g?blogID=6573164741101507184&amp;pageID=3984943458985368924" name="late2000s"></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Late-2000s Critical GIS</span></b></div>
3879<div>
3880<b>[ Qualitative GIS :: Volunteered Geographic Information ]</b></div>
3881<div>
3882<br /></div>
3883<div>
3884<div>
3885Aitken, Stuart C., and James Craine. 2009. Into the Image and Beyond: Affective Visual Geographies and GIScience. In Qualitative GIS: A Mixed-Methods Approach, edited by S. A. Elwood and M. Cope. London: Sage.</div>
3886</div>
3887<div>
3888<br /></div>
3889<div>
3890<div>
3891Brown, Michael, and Larry Knopp. 2008. Queering the map: the productive tensions of colliding epistemologies. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 98 (3):1-19.</div>
3892</div>
3893<div>
3894<br /></div>
3895<div>
3896<div>
3897Cope, Meghan, and Sarah A. Elwood, eds. 2009. Qualitative GIS: A Mixed Methods Approach. London: Sage.</div>
3898</div>
3899<div>
3900<br /></div>
3901<div>
3902<div>
3903Cosgrove, Denis E. 2008. Cultural cartography: maps and mapping in cultural geography. Annales de Géographie 117 (660-661):159-178.</div>
3904</div>
3905<div>
3906<br /></div>
3907<div>
3908<div>
3909Crampton, Jeremy W. 2009. Cartography: maps 2.0. Progress in Human Geography 33 (1):91-100.</div>
3910</div>
3911<div>
3912<br /></div>
3913<div>
3914<div>
3915Dodge, Martin, and Rob Kitchin. 2007. 'Outlines of a world coming into existence': pervasive computing and the ethics of forgetting. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 34:431-445.</div>
3916</div>
3917<div>
3918<br /></div>
3919<div>
3920<div>
3921Dodge, Martin, and Rob Kitchin. 2009. Software, objects, and home space. Env
3921ironment and Planning A 41:1344-1365.</div>
3922</div>
3923<div>
3924<br /></div>
3925<div>
3926<div>
3927Elwood, Sarah A. 2008. Volunteered geographic information: key questions, concepts and methods to guide emerging research and practice. GeoJournal 72:133-135.</div>
3928<div>
3929<br /></div>
3930<div>
3931Elwood, Sarah A. 2008. Volunteered geographic information: future research directions motivated by critical, participatory, and feminist GIS. GeoJournal 72:173-183.</div>
3932</div>
3933<div>
3934<br /></div>
3935<div>
3936<div>
3937Elwood, Sarah A. 2008. Grassroots groups as stakeholders in spatial data infrastructures: challenges and opportunities for local data development and sharing. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 22 (1):71-90.</div>
3938<div>
3939<br /></div>
3940<div>
3941Elwood, Sarah A. 2009. Geographic Information Science: new geovisualization technologies -- emerging questions and linkages with GIScience research. Progress in Human Geography 33 (2):256-263.</div>
3942<div>
3943<br /></div>
3944<div>
3945Elwood, Sarah A. 2009. Integrating participatory action research and GIS education: Negotiating methodologies, politics and technologies. Journal of Geography in Higher Education 33 (1):51-65.</div>
3946</div>
3947<div>
3948<br /></div>
3949<div>
3950<div>
3951Fielding, Nigel, and César A. Cisneros-Puebla. 2009. CAQDAS-GIS Convergence: Toward a New Integrated Mixed Method Research Practice? Journal of Mixed Methods Research 3 (4):349-370.</div>
3952</div>
3953<div>
3954<br /></div>
3955<div>
3956<div>
3957Goodchild, Michael F. 2007. Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography. GeoJournal 69:211-221.</div>
3958<div>
3959<br /></div>
3960<div>
3961Goodchild, Michael F. 2008. Commentary: whither VGI? GeoJournal 72:239-244.</div>
3962</div>
3963<div>
3964<br /></div>
3965<div>
3966<div>
3967Haklay, Mordechai, Alex Singleton, and Chris Parker. 2008. Web Mapping 2.0: The Neogeography of the GeoWeb. Geography Compass 2 (6):2011-2039.</div>
3968</div>
3969<div>
3970<br /></div>
3971<div>
3972<div>
3973Hannah, Matthew G. 2008. Mapping the Under-Scrutinized: The West German Census Boycott Movement of 1987 and the Dangers of Information-Based Security. In Geospatial Technologies and Homeland Security, edited by D. Z. Sui: Springer.</div>
3974</div>
3975<div>
3976<br /></div>
3977<div>
3978<div>
3979Henry-Nickie, Makada, Haydar Kurban, Rodney D. Green, and Janet A. Phoenix. 2008. Leveling the playing field: Enabling community-based organizations to utilize geographic information systems for effective advocacy. URISA Journal 20 (2):33-41.</div>
3980</div>
3981<div>
3982<br /></div>
3983<div>
3984<div>
3985Jung, Jin-Kyu. 2009. Software-level integration of CAQDAS and GIS. In Qualitative GIS: A Mixed-Methods Approach, edited by S. A. Elwood and M. Cope. London: Sage.</div>
3986</div>
3987<div>
3988<br /></div>
3989<div>
3990<div>
3991Kitchin, Robert M. 2008. The Practices of Mapping. Cartographica 43 (3):211-215.</div>
3992<div>
3993<br /></div>
3994<div>
3995Kitchin, Robert M., and Martin Dodge. 2007. Rethinking maps. Progress in Human Geography 31 (3):331-344.</div>
3996</div>
3997<div>
3998<br /></div>
3999<div>
4000<div>
4001Knigge, LaDona. 2009. Recursive analysis of community spaces using ethnography and GIS. In Qualitative GIS: A Mixed-Methods Approach, edited by S. A. Elwood and M. Cope. London: Sage.</div>
4002</div>
4003<div>
4004<br /></div>
4005<div>
4006<div>
4007Kwan, Mei-Po. 2007. Affecting Geospatial Technologies: Toward a Feminist Politics of Emotion. The Professional Geographer 59 (1):27-34.<br />
4008<br />
4009Kwan, Mei-Po. 2008. "From oral histories to visual narratives: re-presenting the post-September 11 experiences of the Muslim women in the USA." Social and Cultural Geography no. 9 (6):653-669.<br />
4010<br />
4011Kwan, Mei-Po, and Guoxiang Ding. 2008. "Geo-Narrative: Extending Geographic Information Systems for Narrative Analysis in Qualitative and Mixed-Method Research." The Professional Geographer no. 60 (4):443-465.<br />
4012<br />
4013Pavlovskaya, Marianna. 2009. Breaking the silence: Non-quantitative GIS unearthed. In Qualitative GIS: A Mixed-Methods Approach, edited by S. A. Elwood and M. Cope. London: Sage.</div>
4014</div>
4015<div>
4016<div>
4017<br /></div>
4018<div>
4019Pavlovskaya, Marianna. 2009. Critical GIS and Its Positionality. Cartographica 44 (1):8-10.</div>
4020</div>
4021<div>
4022<br /></div>
4023<div>
4024<div>
4025Powell, Richard C. 2007. Geographies of science: histories, localities, practices, futures. Progress 
4025in Human Geography 31 (3):309-329.</div>
4026</div>
4027<div>
4028<br /></div>
4029<div>
4030<div>
4031Ramsey, Kevin. 2008. A Call for Agonism: GIS and the Politics of Collaboration. Environment and Planning A 40:2346-2363.</div>
4032<div>
4033<br /></div>
4034<div>
4035Ramsey, Kevin S., and Matthew W. Wilson. 2009. Rethinking the 'informed participant': Precautions and recommendations for the design of online deliberation In Online Deliberation: Design, Research, and Practice, edited by T. Davies and S. P. Gangadharan. Chicago: CSLI Publications.</div>
4036</div>
4037<div>
4038<br /></div>
4039<div>
4040<div>
4041Roth, Robert E. 2009. A qualitative approach for understanding the role of geographic information uncertainty during decision making. Cartography and Geographic Information Science 36 (4):315-330.</div>
4042</div>
4043<div>
4044<br /></div>
4045<div>
4046<div>
4047Schuurman, Nadine. 2009. Metadata as a site for imbuing GIS with qualitative information. In Qualitative GIS: A Mixed Methods Approach. London: Sage.</div>
4048<div>
4049<br /></div>
4050<div>
4051Schuurman, Nadine. 2009. Is the Rubric "Critical GIScience" Effective? An argument for Theoretical GIScience. Cartographica 44 (1):10-11.</div>
4052</div>
4053<div>
4054<br /></div>
4055<div>
4056<div>
4057Sieber, Renée E. 2007. Spatial Data Access by the Grassroots. Cartography and Geographic Information Science 34 (1):47-62.<br />
4058<br />
4059St. Martin, Kevin. 2009. Toward a Cartography of the Commons: Constituting the Political and Economic Possibilities of Place. The Professional Geographer 61 (4):493-507.<br />
4060<br />
4061St. Martin, Kevin, and John Wing. 2007. The Discourse and Discipline of GIS. Cartographica 42 (3):235-248.</div>
4062</div>
4063<div>
4064<br /></div>
4065<div>
4066<div>
4067Tulloch, David L. 2008. Is VGI participation? From vernal pools to video games. GeoJournal 72:161-171.</div>
4068</div>
4069<div>
4070<br /></div>
4071<div>
4072<div>
4073Wilson, Matthew W. 2009. Cyborg geographies: Towards hybrid epistemologies. Gender, Place and Culture 16 (5):499-516.</div>
4074<div>
4075<br /></div>
4076<div>
4077Wilson, Matthew W. 2009. Towards a genealogy of qualitative GIS. In Qualitative GIS: A Mixed Methods Approach, edited by M. Cope and S. A. Elwood. London: Sage.</div>
4078</div>
4079<div>
4080<br /></div>
4081<div>
4082<div>
4083Wilson, Matthew W., Barbara S. Poore, Francis Harvey, Mei-Po Kwan, David O'Sullivan, Marianna Pavlovskaya, Nadine Schuurman, and Eric Sheppard. 2009. Theory, Practice, and History in Critical GIS: Reports on an AAG Panel Session. Cartographica 44 (1):5-16.</div>
4084</div>
4085<div>
4086<br /></div>
4087<div>
4088<div>
4089Zook, Matthew A., and Mark Graham. 2007. The creative reconstruction of the Internet: Google and the privatization of cyberspace and DigiPlace. Geoforum 38:1322-1343.</div>
4090<div>
4091<br /></div>
4092<div>
4093Zook, Matthew A., and Mark Graham. 2007. Mapping DigiPlace: geocoded Internet data and the representation of place. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 34:466-482.</div>
4094</div>
4095<div>
4096<br /></div>
4097<div>
4098<a href="//www.blogger.com/page-edit.g?blogID=6573164741101507184&amp;pageID=3984943458985368924" name="early2010s"></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Early-2010s Critical GIS</span></b></div>
4099<div>
4100<b>[ Qual GIS :: Spatial Humanities :: Crit Tech Studies :: VGI/NeoGeo ]</b></div>
4101<div>
4102<br /></div>
4103<div>
4104<div>
4105Ash, James. 2012. "Technology, technicity and emerging practices of temporal sensitivity in videogames." Environment and Planning A no. 44:187-203.<br />
4106<br />
4107Barnes, Trevor J., and Eric Sheppard. 2010. "'Nothing includes everything': towards engaged pluralism in Anglophone economic geography." Progress in Human Geography no. 34 (2):193-214.<br />
4108<br />
4109Bodenhamer, David J., John Corrigan, and Trevor M. Harris, eds. 2010. The spatial humanities : GIS and the future of humanities scholarship, Spatial humanities. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.<br />
4110<br />
4111Crampton, Jeremy W. 2010. Cartographic calculations of territory. Progress in Human Geography 34 (5).</div>
4112</div>
4113<div>
4114<br /></div>
4115<div>
4116<div>
4117Crampton, Jeremy W. 2010. Mapping : a critical introduction to cartography and GIS, Critical introductions to geography. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell.<br />
4118<br />
4119Elwood, Sarah A., and Agnieszka Leszczynski. 2011. "Privacy, reconsidered: New representations, data practices, and the geoweb." Geoforum no. 42:6-15.<br />
4120<br />
4121Elwood, Sarah A., and Katharyne Mitchell. 2012. "Mapping children's politics: spatial stories, dialogic relations and political formation." Geografisker Annaler: Series B Human Geography no. 94 (1):1-15.<br />
4122<br />
4123Goodchild, Michael F., and Donald G. Janelle. 2010. Toward critical spatial thinking in the social sciences and humanities. GeoJournal 75 (1):3-13.</div>
4124</div>
4125<div>
4126<br /></div>
4127<div>
4128<div>
4129Graham, Mark. 2010. Neogeography and the palimpsests of place: web 2.0 and the construction of a virtual Earth. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie.<br />
4130<br />
4131Graham, Mark. 2011. "Time machines and virtual portals: the spatialities of the digital divide." Progress 
4131in Development Studies no. 11 (3):211-227.</div>
4132</div>
4133<div>
4134<br /></div>
4135<div>
4136<div>
4137Kinsley, Sam. 2010. Representing 'things to come': feeling the visions of future technologies. Environment and Planning A 42:2771-2790.<br />
4138<br />
4139Leszczynski, Agnieszka. 2012. "Situating the geoweb in political economy." Progress in Human Geography no. 36 (1):72-89.<br />
4140<br />
4141McCormack, Derek. 2010. Remotely sensing affective afterlives: the spectral geographies of material remains. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 100 (3):640-654.</div>
4142</div>
4143<div>
4144<br /></div>
4145<div>
4146<div>
4147Sui, Daniel Z. 2010. GeoJournal: A new focus on spatially integrated social sciences and humanities. GeoJournal 75 (1):1-2.<br />
4148<br />
4149Wilson, Matthew W. 2011. "'Training the eye': formation of the geocoding subject." Social and Cultural Geography no. 12 (4):357-376.<br />
4150<br />
4151Wilson, Matthew W. 2011. "Data matter(s): legitimacy, coding, and qualifications-of-life." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space no. 29 (5):857-872.<br />
4152<br />
4153Wilson, Matthew W. 2012. "Location-based services, conspicuous mobility, and the location-aware future." Geoforum.<br />
4154<br />
4155Zook, Matthew A., Mark Graham, Taylor Shelton, and Sean Gorman. 2010. "Volunteered geographic information and crowdsourcing disaster relief: A case study of the Haitian earthquake." World Medical &amp; Health Policy no. 2 (2):7-33.<br />
4156<br /></div>
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4416<a href='https://criticalgis.blogspot.com/2010/05/critical-gis-in-classroom.html'>Critical GIS in the classroom</a>
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4428For one academic year, I&#39;ve attempted a different type of approach  to an introductory course in GIS, drawing on various curricular strategies of Nadine Schuurman , Sarah Elwood , Francis Harvey , and Meghan Cope .&#160; In this course, students work through introductory technical skills, while simultaneously reading/writing about and discussing the GIS &amp; Society tradition.&#160; In this brief post, I&#39;m asking students who participated in this introductory GIS course to reflect on what it means to practice &#39;critical GIS&#39;.
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4544<a href='https://criticalgis.blogspot.com/2015/05/atlas-for-community-mapshop.html'>Atlas for a Community Mapshop</a>
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4556  Community Mapshop  2015 has culminated in a series of outputs and engagements, but most recent among these, is our Atlas for a Community Mapshop . This is a compilation designed by a student in the course,&#160; Renae Mantooth , containing a number of the graphics and maps produced at the mid and final reviews for the studio. Using Denis Wood&#39;s Everything Sings &#160;as our inspiration, the class was asked to prepare graphics in grayscale, allowing for their easy reproduction and circulation. You can read the digital text, here  (or below, or download ). We explored the following themes:    Food Network  Education Opportunities  Modes of Travel  Bus Shelter Inequity  Uneven Housing Landscape  Wifi Inequity  Blue Grass Trust Plaque Program  Facade Dich
4556otomy        From the text:   Drawing on the last twenty-five years of scholarship in critical cartography and critical GIS, this workshop begins from the premise that maps are more than windows on the world. Maps do not only provide a re...
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4667Matthew W. Wilson
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4672Matthew W. Wilson is Chair and Professor in the Department of Geography at the University of Kentucky and an Associate at the Center for Geographic Analysis at Harvard University.
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5104_WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_FeaturedPostView', new _WidgetInfo('FeaturedPost1', 'page_body', document.getElementById('FeaturedPost1'), {}, 'displayModeFull'));
5105_WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_BlogView', new _WidgetInfo('Blog1', 'page_body', document.getElementById('Blog1'), {'cmtInteractionsEnabled': false, 'lightboxEnabled': true, 'lightboxModuleUrl': 'https://www.blogger.com/static/v1/jsbin/523436852-lbx.js', 'lightboxCssUrl': 'https://www.blogger.com/static/v1/v-css/828616780-lightbox_bundle.css'}, 'displayModeFull'));
5106_WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_PopularPostsView', new _WidgetInfo('PopularPosts1', 'page_body', document.getElementById('PopularPosts1'), {}, 'displayModeFull'));
5107_WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_AttributionView', new _WidgetInfo('Attribution1', 'footer', document.getElementById('Attribution1'), {}, 'displayModeFull'));
5108</script>
5108
5109</body>
5110</html>

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.