PageSourceSearch

https://www.tecmint.com/articles/

html tecmint.com collected 2026-10-01 09:05:32 UTC 116,209 bytes, 946 lines download raw bytes

1<!DOCTYPE html>
2<html dir="ltr" lang="en-US" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#">
3<head>
4<meta charset="UTF-8">
5<title>Linux Articles, Tutorials &amp; Guides - TecMint</title>
6<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->
7<meta name="description" content="Browse 3,500+ Linux articles, tutorials, and guides covering commands, tools, distros, and sysadmin topics. Written by Ravi Saive with 16+ years of Linux experience." />
8<meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large" />
9<meta name="author" content="Ravi Saive"/>
10<meta name="google-site-verification" content="Lm2_CHFkgECZgEzZiN-gzDJYEF-xw7OMoGrpvemM-rs" />
11<meta name="msvalidate.01" content="A92F4825ED7ABD97DAACAC1C05B9AF8E" />
12<meta name="yandex-verification" content="327bf54006030f4a" />
13<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.tecmint.com/articles/" />
14<link rel="next" href="https://www.tecmint.com/articles/page/2/" />
15<meta name="generator" content="All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.2" />
16<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
17<meta property="og:site_name" content="Articles" />
18<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
19<meta property="og:title" content="Linux Articles, Tutorials &amp; Guides - TecMint" />
20<meta property="og:description" content="Browse 3,500+ Linux articles, tutorials, and guides covering commands, tools, distros, and sysadmin topics. Written by Ravi Saive with 16+ years of Linux experience." />
21<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.tecmint.com/articles/" />
22<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/logo.png" />
23<meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/logo.png" />
24<meta property="article:published_time" content="2026-05-19T09:59:52+00:00" />
25<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2026-05-19T10:23:00+00:00" />
26<meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/TecMint" />
27<meta property="article:author" content="https://www.facebook.com/ravi.saive/" />
28<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
29<meta name="twitter:site" content="@tecmint" />
30<meta name="twitter:title" content="Linux Articles, Tutorials &amp; Guides - TecMint" />
31<meta name="twitter:description" content="Browse 3,500+ Linux articles, tutorials, and guides covering commands, tools, distros, and sysadmin topics. Written by Ravi Saive with 16+ years of Linux experience." />
32<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@ravisaive" />
33<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/logo.png" />
34<script type="application/ld+json" class="aioseo-schema">
35{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/articles\/#breadcrumblist","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/#listItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/articles\/#listItem","name":"Articles"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/articles\/#listItem","position":2,"name":"Articles","previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/#listItem","name":"Home"}}]},{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/articles\/#collectionpage","url":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/articles\/","name":"Linux Articles, Tutorials & Guides - TecMint","description":"Browse 3,500+ Linux articles, tutorials, and guides covering commands, tools, distros, and sysadmin topics. Written by Ravi Saive with 16+ years of Linux experience.","inLanguage":"en-US","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/articles\/#breadcrumblist"}},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/#organization","name":"Tecmint: Linux Howtos, Tutorials & Guides","description":"Tecmint - Linux Howtos, Tutorials, Guides, News, Tips and Tricks.","url":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/","email":"[email protected]","telephone":"+919819820785","foundingDate":"2012-05-19","numberOfEmployees":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","value":2},"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/logo.png","@id":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/articles\/#organizationLogo","width":112,"height":112,"caption":"TecMint Logo"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/articles\/#organizationLogo"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/TecMint","https:\/\/twitter.com\/tecmint","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/tecmint\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/tecmint"]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/","name":"Tecmint: Linux Howtos, Tutorials & Guides","description":"Tecmint - Linux Howtos, Tutorials, Guides, News, Tips and Tricks.","inLanguage":"en-US","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/#organization"}}]}
36</script>
36
37<!-- All in One SEO -->
38<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.tecmint.com' />
39<link href='https://fonts.gstatic.com' crossorigin rel='preconnect' />
40<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com' crossorigin rel='preconnect' />
41<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Tecmint: Linux Howtos, Tutorials &amp; Guides &raquo; Feed" href="https://www.tecmint.com/feed/" />
42<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Tecmint: Linux Howtos, Tutorials &amp; Guides &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://www.tecmint.com/comments/feed/" />
43<style id="wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css">
44img:is([sizes=auto i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px}
45/*# sourceURL=wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css */
46</style>
47<style id="classic-theme-styles-inline-css">
48/*! This file is auto-generated */
49.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
50/*# sourceURL=/wp-includes/css/classic-themes.min.css */
51</style>
52<style id="global-styles-inline-css">
53:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--contrast: var(--contrast);--wp--preset--color--contrast-2: var(--contrast-2);--wp--preset--color--contrast-3: var(--contrast-3);--wp--preset--color--base: var(--base);--wp--preset--color--base-2: var(--base-2);--wp--preset--color--base-3: var(--base-3);--wp--preset--color--accent: var(--accent);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(6,147,227) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(252,185,0) 0%,rgb(255,105,0) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,105,0) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);
53--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgb(255, 255, 255), 6px 6px rgb(0, 0, 0);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgb(0, 0, 0);}.wp-block-button{--wp--preset--dimension--25: 25%;--wp--preset--dimension--50: 50%;--wp--preset--dimension--75: 75%;--wp--preset--dimension--100: 100%;}:where(body) { margin: 0; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit;letter-spacing: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding-top: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-right: calc(1.333em + 2px);padding-bottom: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-left: calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;text-transform: inherit;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-contrast-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast) !important;}.has-contrast-2-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2) !important;}.has-contrast-3-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-3) !important;}.has-base-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--base) !important;}.has-base-2-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--base-2) !important;}.has-base-3-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--base-3) !important;}.has-accent-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-contrast-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast) !important;}.has-contrast-2-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2) !important;}.has-contrast-3-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-3) !important;}.has-base-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--base) !important;}.has-base-2-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--base-2) !important;}.has-base-3-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--base-3) !important;}.has-accent-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-contrast-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast) !important;}.has-contrast-2-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2) !important;}.has-contrast-3-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-3) !important;}.has-base-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--base) !important;}.has-base-2-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--base-2) !important;}.has-base-3-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--base-3) !important;}.has-accent-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}
53.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
54/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */
55</style>
56<!-- <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-show-posts-css' href='https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-show-posts/css/wp-show-posts-min.css?ver=1.1.6' media='all' /> -->
57<!-- <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-widget-areas-css' href='https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/themes/tecmint/assets/css/components/widget-areas.min.css?ver=3.6.1' media='all' /> -->
58<!-- <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-style-css' href='https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/themes/tecmint/assets/css/main.min.css?ver=3.6.1' media='all' /> -->
59<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//www.tecmint.com/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/1oqx5bca/20j7j.css" media="all"/>
60<style id="generate-style-inline-css">
61.no-featured-image-padding .post-image {margin-left:-40px;margin-right:-40px;}.post-image-above-header .no-featured-image-padding .inside-article .post-image {margin-top:-20px;}@media (max-width:768px){.no-featured-image-padding .post-image {margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}.post-image-above-header .no-featured-image-padding .inside-article .post-image {margin-top:-30px;}}
62.generate-columns {margin-bottom: 20px;padding-left: 20px;}.generate-columns-container {margin-left: -20px;}.page-header {margin-bottom: 20px;margin-left: 20px}.generate-columns-container > .paging-navigation {margin-left: 20px;}
63body{background-color:#edf8ff;color:#3a3a3a;}a{color:var(--accent);}a{text-decoration:underline;}.entry-title a, .site-branding a, a.button, .wp-block-button__link, .main-navigation a{text-decoration:none;}a:hover, a:focus, a:active{color:var(--contrast);}.wp-block-group__inner-container{max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.site-header .header-image{width:180px;}.generate-back-to-top{font-size:20px;border-radius:3px;position:fixed;bottom:30px;right:30px;line-height:40px;width:40px;text-align:center;z-index:10;transition:opacity 300ms ease-in-out;opacity:0.1;transform:translateY(1000px);}.generate-back-to-top__show{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);}:root{--contrast:#222222;--contrast-2:#575760;--contrast-3:#b2b2be;--base:#f0f0f0;--base-2:#f7f8f9;--base-3:#ffffff;--accent:#024a8a;}:root .has-contrast-color{color:var(--contrast);}:root .has-contrast-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast);}:root .has-contrast-2-color{color:var(--contrast-2);}:root .has-contrast-2-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast-2);}:root .has-contrast-3-color{color:var(--contrast-3);}:root .has-contrast-3-background-color{background-color:var(--contrast-3);}:root .has-base-color{color:var(--base);}:root .has-base-background-color{background-color:var(--base);}:root .has-base-2-color{color:var(--base-2);}:root .has-base-2-background-color{background-color:var(--base-2);}:root .has-base-3-color{color:var(--base-3);}:root .has-base-3-background-color{background-color:var(--base-3);}:root .has-accent-color{color:var(--accent);}:root .has-accent-background-color{background-color:var(--accent);}.gp-modal:not(.gp-modal--open):not(.gp-modal--transition){display:none;}.gp-modal--transition:not(.gp-modal--open){pointer-events:none;}.gp-modal-overlay:not(.gp-modal-overlay--open):not(.gp-modal--transition){display:none;}.gp-modal__overlay{display:none;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.2);display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;z-index:10000;backdrop-filter:blur(3px);transition:opacity 500ms ease;opacity:0;}.gp-modal--open:not(.gp-modal--transition) .gp-modal__overlay{opacity:1;}.gp-modal__container{max-width:100%;max-height:100vh;transform:scale(0.9);transition:transform 500ms ease;padding:0 10px;}.gp-modal--open:not(.gp-modal--transition) .gp-modal__container{transform:scale(1);}.search-modal-fields{display:flex;}.gp-search-modal .gp-modal__overlay{align-items:flex-start;padding-top:25vh;background:var(--gp-search-modal-overlay-bg-color);}.search-modal-form{width:500px;max-width:100%;background-color:var(--gp-search-modal-bg-color);color:var(--gp-search-modal-text-color);}.search-modal-form .search-field, .search-modal-form .search-field:focus{width:100%;height:60px;background-color:transparent;border:0;appearance:none;color:currentColor;}.search-modal-fields button, .search-modal-fields button:active, .search-modal-fields button:focus, .search-modal-fields button:hover{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:currentColor;width:60px;}body, button, input, select, textarea{font-family:DM Sans, sans-serif;font-size:17px;}body{line-height:1.8;}@media (max-width:768px){body, button, input, select, textarea{font-size:16px;}}h3{font-family:inherit;font-weight:600;font-size:22px;}@media (max-width:768px){h3{font-size:18px;line-height:1.4em;}}h4{font-family:inherit;font-weight:600;font-size:20px;}@media (max-width:768px){h4{font-size:18px;}}h1{font-family:inherit;font-weight:600;font-size:30px;line-height:1.4em;}@media (max-width:768px){h1{font-size:22px;}}h2{font-family:inherit;font-weight:600;font-size:22px;line-height:1.4em;}@media (max-width:768px){h2{font-size:20px;}}.main-navigation a, .main-navigation .menu-toggle, .main-navigation .menu-bar-items{font-family:inherit;font-weight:600;font-size:16px;line-height:1em;}h5{font-family:inherit;font-weight:600;}.widget-title{font-family:inherit;font-weight:800;font-size:19px;margin-bottom:20px;}.top-bar{font-family:inherit;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;font-size:17px;}@media (max-width:768px){.top-bar{font-size:14px;}}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li a{font-weight:500;font-size:16px;}.top-bar{background-color:#002c00;color:#ffffff;}.top-bar a{color:#ffffff;}.top-bar a:hover{color:#c2e2ff;}.site-header{background-color:var(--base-3);}.main-title a,.main-title a:hover{color:var(--contrast);}.site-description{color:var(--contrast-2);}.main-navigation,.main-navigation ul ul{background-color:#ffffff;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a, .main-navigation .menu-toggle, .main-navigation .menu-bar-items{color:#374151;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):hover > a, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):focus > a, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.sfHover:not([class*="current-menu-"]) > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item:hover > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item.sfHover > a{color:#16a34a;}button.menu-toggle:hover,button.menu-toggle:focus{color:#374151;}.navigation-search input[type="search"],.navigation-search input[type="search"]:active, .navigation-search input[type="search"]:focus, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.search-item.active > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-items .search-item.active > a{color:#16a34a;}.main-navigation ul ul{background-color:#faf8ff;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li a{color:#374151;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):hover > a,.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):focus > a, .main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li.sfHover:not([class*="current-menu-"]) > a{color:#16a34a;background-color:#f9fafb;}.separate-containers .inside-article, .separate-containers .comments-area, .separate-containers .page-header, .one-container .container, .separate-containers .paging-navigation, .inside-page-header{background-color:var(--base-3);}.inside-article a,.paging-navigation a,.comments-area a,.page-header a{color:#0554ee;}.inside-article a:hover,.paging-navigation a:hover,.comments-area a:hover,.page-header a:hover{color:#1e73be;}.entry-title a{color:var(--contrast);}.entry-title a:hover{color:#0554ee;}.entry-meta{color:var(--contrast-2);}.entry-meta a{color:#0554ee;}.entry-meta a:hover{color:#0747c9;}h1{color:var(--contrast);}h2{color:var(--accent);}h3{color:#8262d8;}h4{color:#454360;}.sidebar .widget{background-color:var(--base-3);}.sidebar .widget .widget-title{color:var(--contrast);}.footer-widgets{color:var(--accent);background-color:var(--base-3);}.footer-widgets a{color:var(--accent);}.footer-widgets a:hover{color:var(--contrast);}.footer-widgets .widget-title{color:var(--contrast);}.site-info{background-color:#f8fafc;}input[type="text"],input[type="email"],input[type="url"],input[type="password"],input[type="search"],input[type="tel"],input[type="number"],textarea,select{color:var(--contrast);background-color:var(--base-2);border-color:var(--base);}input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,input[type="tel"]:focus,input[type="number"]:focus,textarea:focus,select:focus{color:var(--contrast);background-color:var(--base-2);border-color:var(--contrast-3);}button,html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"],a.button,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background){color:#ffffff;background-color:#55555e;}button:hover,html input[type="button"]:hover,input[type="reset"]:hover,input[type="submit"]:hover,a.button:hover,button:focus,html input[type="button"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="submit"]:focus,a.button:focus,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):active,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):focus,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):hover{color:#ffffff;background-color:#3f4047;}a.generate-back-to-top{background-color:rgba( 0,0,0,0.4 );color:#ffffff;}a.generate-back-to-top:hover,a.generate-back-to-top:focus{background-color:rgba( 0,0,0,0.6 );color:#ffffff;}:root{--gp-search-modal-bg-color:var(--base-3);--gp-search-modal-text-color:var(--contrast);--gp-search-modal-overlay-bg-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.2);}@media (max-width: 1024px){.main-navigation .menu-bar-item:hover > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item.sfHover > a{background:none;color:#374151;}}.inside-header{padding:10px 0px 10px 0px;}
63.nav-below-header .main-navigation .inside-navigation.grid-container, .nav-above-header .main-navigation .inside-navigation.grid-container{padding:0px 16px 0px 16px;}.separate-containers .inside-article, .separate-containers .comments-area, .separate-containers .page-header, .separate-containers .paging-navigation, .one-container .site-content, .inside-page-header{padding:20px 40px 20px 40px;}.site-main .wp-block-group__inner-container{padding:20px 40px 20px 40px;}.separate-containers .paging-navigation{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px;}.entry-content .alignwide, body:not(.no-sidebar) .entry-content .alignfull{margin-left:-40px;width:calc(100% + 80px);max-width:calc(100% + 80px);}.one-container.archive .post:not(:last-child):not(.is-loop-template-item), .one-container.blog .post:not(:last-child):not(.is-loop-template-item){padding-bottom:20px;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a,.menu-toggle,.main-navigation .menu-bar-item > a{padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li a{padding:8px 16px 8px 16px;}.rtl .menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle{padding-left:16px;}.menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle{padding-right:16px;}.menu-item-has-children ul .dropdown-menu-toggle{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:8px;margin-top:-8px;}.rtl .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.menu-item-has-children > a{padding-right:16px;}.widget-area .widget{padding:20px;}@media (max-width:768px){.separate-containers .inside-article, .separate-containers .comments-area, .separate-containers .page-header, .separate-containers .paging-navigation, .one-container .site-content, .inside-page-header{padding:30px 20px 30px 20px;}.site-main .wp-block-group__inner-container{padding:30px 20px 30px 20px;}.inside-top-bar{padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px;}.inside-header{padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px;}.widget-area .widget{padding-top:30px;padding-right:30px;padding-bottom:30px;padding-left:30px;}.footer-widgets-container{padding-top:30px;padding-right:30px;padding-bottom:30px;padding-left:30px;}.inside-site-info{padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px;}.entry-content .alignwide, body:not(.no-sidebar) .entry-content .alignfull{margin-left:-20px;width:calc(100% + 40px);max-width:calc(100% + 40px);}.one-container .site-main .paging-navigation{margin-bottom:20px;}}/* End cached CSS */.is-right-sidebar{width:30%;}.is-left-sidebar{width:20%;}.site-content .content-area{width:70%;}@media (max-width: 1024px){.main-navigation .menu-toggle,.sidebar-nav-mobile:not(#sticky-placeholder){display:block;}.main-navigation ul,.gen-sidebar-nav,.main-navigation:not(.slideout-navigation):not(.toggled) .main-nav > ul,.has-inline-mobile-toggle #site-navigation .inside-navigation > *:not(.navigation-search):not(.main-nav){display:none;}.nav-align-right .inside-navigation,.nav-align-center .inside-navigation{justify-content:space-between;}.has-inline-mobile-toggle .mobile-menu-control-wrapper{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;}.has-inline-mobile-toggle .inside-header{flex-direction:row;text-align:left;flex-wrap:wrap;}.has-inline-mobile-toggle .header-widget,.has-inline-mobile-toggle #site-navigation{flex-basis:100%;}.nav-float-left .has-inline-mobile-toggle #site-navigation{order:10;}}
64.dynamic-author-image-rounded{border-radius:100%;}.dynamic-featured-image, .dynamic-author-image{vertical-align:middle;}.one-container.blog .dynamic-content-template:not(:last-child), .one-container.archive .dynamic-content-template:not(:last-child){padding-bottom:0px;}.dynamic-entry-excerpt > p:last-child{margin-bottom:0px;}
65@media (max-width: 1024px){.main-navigation .menu-toggle,.main-navigation .mobile-bar-items a,.main-navigation .menu-bar-item > a{padding-left:5px;padding-right:5px;}}.post-image:not(:first-child), .page-content:not(:first-child), .entry-content:not(:first-child), .entry-summary:not(:first-child), footer.entry-meta{margin-top:1em;}.post-image-above-header .inside-article div.featured-image, .post-image-above-header .inside-article div.post-image{margin-bottom:1em;}
66/*# sourceURL=generate-style-inline-css */
67</style>
68<!-- <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-child-css' href='https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/themes/tecmint_child/style.css?ver=1782533172' media='all' /> -->
69<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//www.tecmint.com/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/1otcli0l/20j7f.css" media="all"/>
70<link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-google-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:regular,italic,500,500italic,700,700italic&#038;display=auto&#038;ver=3.6.1' media='all' />
71<style id="generateblocks-inline-css">
72:root{--gb-container-width:1200px;}.gb-container .wp-block-image img{vertical-align:middle;}.gb-grid-wrapper .wp-block-image{margin-bottom:0;}.gb-highlight{background:none;}.gb-shape{line-height:0;}
73/*# sourceURL=generateblocks-inline-css */
74</style>
75<!-- <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-blog-css' href='https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/plugins/gp-premium/blog/functions/css/style.min.css?ver=2.5.6' media='all' /> -->
76<!-- <link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-navigation-branding-css' href='https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/plugins/gp-premium/menu-plus/functions/css/navigation-branding-flex.min.css?ver=2.5.6' media='all' /> -->
77<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//www.tecmint.com/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/mac4ya89/20j81.css" media="all"/>
78<style id="generate-navigation-branding-inline-css">
79@media (max-width: 1024px){.site-header, #site-navigation, #sticky-navigation{display:none !important;opacity:0.0;}#mobile-header{display:block !important;width:100% !important;}#mobile-header .main-nav > ul{display:none;}#mobile-header.toggled .main-nav > ul, #mobile-header .menu-toggle, #mobile-header .mobile-bar-items{display:block;}#mobile-header .main-nav{-ms-flex:0 0 100%;flex:0 0 100%;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:5;-ms-flex-order:4;order:4;}}.main-navigation.has-branding .inside-navigation.grid-container, .main-navigation.has-branding.grid-container .inside-navigation:not(.grid-container){padding:0px 40px 0px 40px;}.main-navigation.has-branding:not(.grid-container) .inside-navigation:not(.grid-container) .navigation-branding{margin-left:10px;}.navigation-branding img, .site-logo.mobile-header-logo img{height:60px;width:auto;}.navigation-branding .main-title{line-height:60px;}@media (max-width: 1024px){.main-navigation.has-branding.nav-align-center .menu-bar-items, .main-navigation.has-sticky-branding.navigation-stick.nav-align-center .menu-bar-items{margin-left:auto;}.navigation-branding{margin-right:auto;margin-left:10px;}.navigation-branding .main-title, .mobile-header-navigation .site-logo{margin-left:10px;}.main-navigation.has-branding .inside-navigation.grid-container{padding:0px;}}
80/*# sourceURL=generate-navigation-branding-inline-css */
81</style>
82<style>
83.tm-banner-wrap {
84width: 100%;
85max-width: 728px;
86margin: 32px auto;
87border-radius: 8px;
88overflow: hidden;
89border: 1px solid #86efac;
90display: flex;
91align-items: stretch;
92box-sizing: border-box;
93}
94.tm-banner-left {
95background: #1a9956;
96padding: 24px 28px;
97display: flex;
98flex-direction: column;
99justify-content: center;
100flex: 1;
101min-width: 0;
102}
103.tm-banner-title {
104font-size: 16px;
105font-weight: 700;
106color: #00ff9a;
107margin-bottom: 6px;
108line-height: 1.2;
109font-family: -apple-system, Arial, sans-serif;
110}
111.tm-banner-sub {
112font-size: 15px;
113color: #bbf7d0;
114line-height: 1.55;
115font-family: -apple-system, Arial, sans-serif;
116}
117.tm-banner-right {
118background: #ffffff;
119padding: 24px 28px;
120display: flex;
121flex-direction: column;
122justify-content: center;
123gap: 8px;
124flex: 1;
125min-width: 0;
126border-left: 1px solid #86efac;
127box-sizing: border-box;
128}
129.tm-banner-right input[type="email"] {
130width: 100%;
131height: 38px;
132background: #f9fdf9;
133border: 1px solid #86efac;
134border-radius: 6px;
135font-size: 13px;
136color: #1a1a1a;
137padding: 0 12px;
138outline: none;
139font-family: -apple-system, Arial, sans-serif;
140box-sizing: border-box;
141margin-bottom:15px;
142}
143.tm-banner-right input[type="email"]::placeholder { color: #aaa; }
144.tm-banner-right input[type="email"]:focus {
145border-color: #1a9956;
146box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(26,153,86,0.1);
147}
148.tm-banner-right button {
149width: 100%;
150height: 38px;
151background: #1a9956;
152color: #ffffff;
153border: none;
154border-radius: 6px;
155font-size: 13px;
156font-weight: 700;
157cursor: pointer;
158font-family: -apple-system, Arial, sans-serif;
159transition: background 0.15s;
160}
161.tm-banner-right button:hover { background: #158a47; }
162.tm-banner-success {
163display: none;
164font-size: 13px;
165color: #1a9956;
166font-weight: 600;
167text-align: center;
168font-family: -apple-system, Arial, sans-serif;
169}
170.tm-banner-error {
171display: none;
172font-size: 12px;
173color: #dc2626;
174text-align: center;
175font-family: -apple-system, Arial, sans-serif;
176}
177@media (max-width: 768px) {
178.tm-banner-wrap {
179flex-direction: column;
180border-radius: 8px;
181margin: 16px auto;
182}
183.tm-banner-left { padding: 18px 20px; }
184.tm-banner-right {
185padding: 18px 20px;
186border-left: none;
187border-top: 1px solid #86efac;
188gap: 10px;
189}
190.tm-banner-right input[type="email"] { height: 42px; font-size: 14px; }
191.tm-banner-right button { height: 42px; font-size: 14px; }
192}
193@media (max-width: 480px) {
194.tm-banner-wrap { margin: 32px auto; border-radius: 6px; }
195.tm-banner-left { padding: 16px 18px; }
196.tm-banner-title { font-size: 15px; }
197.tm-banner-sub { font-size: 14px; }
198.tm-banner-right { padding: 16px 18px; }
199}
200.tm-sidebar-wrap {
201background: #f0fdf4;
202border: 1px solid #86efac;
203border-radius: 10px;
204padding: 22px 20px;
205display: flex;
206flex-direction: column;
207gap: 14px;
208box-sizing: border-box;
209width: 100%;
210}
211.tm-sidebar-title {
212font-size: 16px;
213font-weight: 700;
214color: #14532d;
215margin-bottom: 6px;
216font-family: -apple-system, Arial, sans-serif;
217}
218.tm-sidebar-title span { color: #1a9956; }
219.tm-sidebar-sub {
220font-size: 13px;
221color: #166534;
222line-height: 1.6;
223font-family: -apple-system, Arial, sans-serif;
224}
225.tm-sidebar-divider { height: 1px; background: #bbf7d0; }
226.tm-sidebar-wrap input[type="email"] {
227width: 100%;
228height: 38px;
229background: #ffffff;
230border: 1px solid #86efac;
231border-radius: 6px;
232font-size: 13px;
233color: #1a1a1a;
234padding: 0 12px;
235outline: none;
236font-family: -apple-system, Arial, sans-serif;
237box-sizing: border-box;
238margin-bottom: 8px;
239}
240.tm-sidebar-wrap input[type="email"]::placeholder { color: #aaa; }
241.tm-sidebar-wrap input[type="email"]:focus {
242border-color: #1a9956;
243box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(26,153,86,0.1);
244}
245.tm-sidebar-wrap button {
246width: 100%;
247height: 38px;
248background: #1a9956;
249color: #ffffff;
250border: none;
251border-radius: 6px;
252font-size: 13px;
253font-weight: 700;
254cursor: pointer;
255font-family: -apple-system, Arial, sans-serif;
256transition: background 0.15s;
257}
258.tm-sidebar-wrap button:hover { background: #158a47; }
259.tm-sidebar-note {
260font-size: 11px;
261color: #16a34a;
262text-align: center;
263font-family: -apple-system, Arial, sans-serif;
264}
265.tm-sidebar-success {
266display: none;
267font-size: 13px;
268color: #1a9956;
269font-weight: 600;
270text-align: center;
271font-family: -apple-system, Arial, sans-serif;
272}
273.tm-sidebar-error {
274display: none;
275font-size: 12px;
276color: #dc2626;
277text-align: center;
278font-family: -apple-system, Arial, sans-serif;
279}
280</style>
281<!-- Google Sitelinks Search Box -->    
282<script type="application/ld+json">
283{
284"@context": "http://schema.org",
285"@type": "WebSite",
286"url": "https://www.tecmint.com/",
287"potentialAction": {
288"@type": "SearchAction",
289"target": "https://www.tecmint.com/?s={search_term}",
290"query-input": "required name=search_term"
291}
292}
293</script>
293
294<!-- PLACE THIS SECTION INSIDE OF YOUR HEAD TAGS -->
295<!-- Below is a link to a CSS file that accounts for Cumulative Layout Shift, a new Core Web Vitals subset that Google uses to help rank your site in search -->
296<!-- The file is intended to eliminate the layout shifts that are seen when ads load into the page. If you don't want to use this, simply remove this file -->
297<!-- To find out more about CLS, visit https://web.dev/vitals/ -->
298<!-- <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://tecmint.com/wp-content/themes/tecmint_child/cls.css"> -->
299<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//www.tecmint.com/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/6l6n4ln5/20j7f.css" media="all"/>
300<script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript">
301var freestar = freestar || {};
302freestar.queue = freestar.queue || [];
303freestar.config = freestar.config || {};
304freestar.config.enabled_slots = [];
305freestar.initCallback = function () { (freestar.config.enabled_slots.length === 0) ? freestar.initCallbackCalled = false : freestar.newAdSlots(freestar.config.enabled_slots) }
306freestar.queue.push(function() {
307freestar.newStickyRail('tecmint_sticky_rail')
308});
309</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 309
309
310<script src="https://a.pub.network/tecmint-com/pubfig.min.js" data-cfasync="false" async></script>
310
311<!-- PLACE THIS SECTION INSIDE OF YOUR BODY TAGS -->
312<script defer src="https://tecmint.pikapod.net/script.js" data-website-id="d86445ad-28e6-4a5b-8a56-7fa499dc488a"></script>
312
313<link rel="icon" href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/favicon.ico" sizes="32x32" />
314<link rel="icon" href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/favicon.ico" sizes="192x192" />
315<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/favicon.ico" />
316<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/favicon.ico" />
317<style id="wp-custom-css">
318.code-label {background-color: #526877;color: #7dfbfd;display: block;font-size: 14px;font-weight: 600;margin-bottom: -31px;padding: 0px 16px;position: relative;text-align: center;z-index: 2;}
319.inside-right-sidebar .widget {    border: 1px solid #cee9f6;
320border-radius: 10px;}
321.single .inside-article .entry-content p a , .page .inside-article .entry-content p a {
322color: #0056ff;
323text-decoration: underline;
324font-weight: 500;
325}
326/* 1. Sub-menu green top border + rounded corners + shadow
327GP Customizer has no option for this */
328.main-navigation ul ul {
329border-top: 2px solid #16a34a;
330border-radius: 0 0 8px 8px;
331box-shadow: 0 8px 24px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);
332}
333/* 2. Sub-menu hover left padding animation
334GP has no transition/animation option */
335.main-navigation ul ul li a:hover {
336padding-left: 22px !important;
337transition: all 0.15s ease;
338}
339/* 3. Sign In ghost button
340GP cannot style individual menu items as buttons */
341.main-navigation .nav-signin > a {
342border: 1px solid #e5e7eb !important;
343border-radius: 6px !important;
344padding: 7px 14px !important;
345margin: auto 6px auto 12px !important;
346line-height: normal !important;
347height: auto !important;
348display: inline-block;
349}
350.main-navigation .nav-signin > a:hover {
351border-color: #d1d5db !important;
352background: #f9f9f9 !important;
353}
354/* 4. Join Root green button
355GP cannot turn a menu item into a button */
356.main-navigation .nav-join-root > a {
357background: #16a34a !important;
358color: #fff !important;
359font-weight: 700 !important;
360padding: 8px 18px !important;
361border-radius: 6px !important;
362margin: auto 0 auto 4px !important;
363line-height: normal !important;
364height: auto !important;
365display: inline-block;
366border: none !important;
367}
368.main-navigation .nav-join-root > a:hover {
369background: #15803d !important;
370transform: translateY(-1px);
371transition: all 0.15s ease;
372}
373/* 5. Sticky nav shadow
374GP Premium adds sticky but no shadow control */
375.main-navigation.nav-is-stuck {
376box-shadow: 0 1px 16px rgba(0,0,0,0.07);
377}
378/* 6. Hide Sign In on mobile
379GP has no per-item mobile visibility option */
380@media (max-width: 1024px) {
381.main-navigation .nav-signin {
382display: none !important;
383}
384}
385/* Green accent line above nav */
386.site-header {
387border-top: 3px solid #16a34a;
388}
389/* Article Intro Hook */
390.intro-hook {font-weight:600;font-style: italic;font-size: 17px;line-height: 1.6;color: var(--text);margin-bottom: 24px;padding-left: 20px;border-left: 3px solid #000000;}
391/* Freestar Ad */
392.ad-slot {margin: 30px 0;text-align: center;}
393/* DigitalOcean Affiliate Box */
394.affiliate-box {background: #f8f9fa;border: 0.5px solid #dee2e6;border-left: 3px solid #0069FF;border-radius: 8px;padding: 1rem 1.25rem;margin: 1.5rem 0;}
395.affiliate-box a {color: #0069FF;text-decoration: underline;font-weight: 600;}
396.affiliate-box strong {font-weight: 600;}
397.affiliate-box em {color: #868e96;font-size: 13px;}
398.course-cta {
399margin: 30px 0;
400padding: 14px 18px;
401background: #f0fdf4;
402border: 1px solid #bbf7d0;
403border-left: 4px solid #16a34a;
404border-radius: 8px;
405}
406.course-cta a {
407font-weight: 600;
408text-decoration: underline;
409}
410</style>
411</head>
412<body data-rsssl=1 class="blog wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive wp-theme-tecmint wp-child-theme-tecmint_child post-image-above-header post-image-aligned-center generate-columns-activated sticky-menu-fade mobile-header mobile-header-logo right-sidebar nav-float-right separate-containers header-aligned-left dropdown-hover" itemtype="https://schema.org/Blog" itemscope>
413<a class="screen-reader-text skip-link" href="#content" title="Skip to content">Skip to content</a>		<div class="top-bar top-bar-align-center">
414<div class="inside-top-bar">
415<aside id="custom_html-13" class="widget_text widget inner-padding widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><span>⏳ Offer Ends Soon: Get 17 Linux courses, 4 certification courses, 7 eBooks and all future releases for life, just $99 → [</span><a style="color:#c1ffd8;" href="https://pro.tecmint.com/lifetime/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><strong>Join Now</strong></a><strong>]</strong></div></aside>			</div>
416</div>
417<header class="site-header has-inline-mobile-toggle" id="masthead" aria-label="Site"  itemtype="https://schema.org/WPHeader" itemscope>
418<div class="inside-header grid-container">
419<div class="site-logo">
420<a href="https://www.tecmint.com/" title="Tecmint: Linux Howtos, Tutorials &amp; Guides" rel="home">
421<img width="300" height="100" class="header-image" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/logo.png" alt="Tecmint: Linux Howtos, Tutorials &amp; Guides" title="Tecmint: Linux Howtos, Tutorials &amp; Guides" />
422</a>
423</div>	<nav class="main-navigation mobile-menu-control-wrapper" id="mobile-menu-control-wrapper" aria-label="Mobile Toggle">
424<div class="menu-bar-items">	<span class="menu-bar-item">
425<a href="#" role="button" aria-label="Open search" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="gp-search" data-gpmodal-trigger="gp-search"><span class="gp-icon icon-search"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M208 48c-88.366 0-160 71.634-160 160s71.634 160 160 160 160-71.634 160-160S296.366 48 208 48zM0 208C0 93.125 93.125 0 208 0s208 93.125 208 208c0 48.741-16.765 93.566-44.843 129.024l133.826 134.018c9.366 9.379 9.355 24.575-.025 33.941-9.379 9.366-24.575 9.355-33.941-.025L337.238 370.987C301.747 399.167 256.839 416 208 416 93.125 416 0 322.875 0 208z" /></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M71.029 71.029c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0L256 222.059l151.029-151.03c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0 9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942L289.941 256l151.03 151.029c9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0L256 289.941l-151.029 151.03c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942L222.059 256 71.029 104.971c-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942z" /></svg></span></a>
426</span>
427</div>		<button data-nav="site-navigation" class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false">
428<span class="gp-icon icon-menu-bars"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M0 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24h464c13.255 0 24 10.745 24 24s-10.745 24-24 24H24c-13.255 0-24-10.745-24-24zm0 160c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24h464c13.255 0 24 10.745 24 24s-10.745 24-24 24H24c-13.255 0-24-10.745-24-24zm0 160c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24h464c13.255 0 24 10.745 24 24s-10.745 24-24 24H24c-13.255 0-24-10.745-24-24z" /></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M71.029 71.029c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0L256 222.059l151.029-151.03c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0 9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942L289.941 256l151.03 151.029c9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0L256 289.941l-151.029 151.03c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942L222.059 256 71.029 104.971c-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942z" /></svg></span><span class="mobile-menu">Menu</span>		</button>
429</nav>
430<nav class="main-navigation has-menu-bar-items sub-menu-right" id="site-navigation" aria-label="Primary"  itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope>
431<div class="inside-navigation grid-container">
432<button class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false">
433<span class="gp-icon icon-menu-bars"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M0 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24h464c13.255 0 24 10.745 24 24s-10.745 24-24 24H24c-13.255 0-24-10.745-24-24zm0 160c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24h464c13.255 0 24 10.745 24 24s-10.745 24-24 24H24c-13.255 0-24-10.745-24-24zm0 160c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24h464c13.255 0 24 10.745 24 24s-10.745 24-24 24H24c-13.255 0-24-10.745-24-24z" /></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M71.029 71.029c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0L256 222.059l151.029-151.03c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0 9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942L289.941 256l151.03 151.029c9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0L256 289.941l-151.029 151.03c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942L222.059 256 71.029 104.971c-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942z" /></svg></span><span class="mobile-menu">Menu</span>				</button>
434<div id="primary-menu" class="main-nav"><ul id="menu-primary" class=" menu sf-menu"><li id="menu-item-54022" class="menu-button menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item menu-item-54022"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.tecmint.com/articles/" aria-current="page" title="Latest Linux Tutorials">Latest Tutorials</a></li>
435<li id="menu-item-50601" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-50601"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.tecmint.com/category/linux-commands/" title="Linux Commands">Commands<span role="presentation" class="dropdown-menu-toggle"><span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewBox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z" /></svg></span></span></a>
436<ul class="sub-menu">
437<li id="menu-item-50602" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50602"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/linux-commands-cheat-sheet/">A – Z Linux Commands</a></li>
438<li id="menu-item-50603" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50603"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/essential-linux-commands/" title="Essential Linux Commands">100+ Linux Commands</a></li>
439</ul>
440</li>
441<li id="menu-item-50604" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50604"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.tecmint.com/category/top-tools/" title="Best Linux Software">Tools</a></li>
442<li id="menu-item-50600" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-50600"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/best-linux-distributions/" title="Linux Distributions">Distros<span role="presentation" class="dropdown-menu-toggle"><span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewBox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z" /></svg></span></span></a>
443<ul class="sub-menu">
444<li id="menu-item-50660" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50660"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/best-linux-distributions-for-beginners/">Linux Distros for Beginners</a></li>
445<li id="menu-item-50658" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50658"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/linux-distro-for-power-users/" title="Widely Used Distros">
445Linux Distros for Experts</a></li>
446<li id="menu-item-50669" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50669"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/new-linux-distributions/">New Linux Distros</a></li>
447<li id="menu-item-50661" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50661"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/10-best-linux-server-distributions/">Linux Server Distros</a></li>
448<li id="menu-item-50667" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50667"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/best-security-centric-linux-distributions/">Secure Linux Distros</a></li>
449<li id="menu-item-50657" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50657"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/centos-alternative-distributions/" title="CentOS Alternative Distros">CentOS Alternatives</a></li>
450<li id="menu-item-50659" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50659"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/redhat-based-linux-distributions/" title="RedHat Based Distros">RedHat Distributions</a></li>
451<li id="menu-item-50662" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50662"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/debian-based-linux-distributions/" title="Debian Based Distros">Debian Distributions</a></li>
452<li id="menu-item-50663" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50663"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/ubuntu-based-linux-distributions/" title="Ubuntu Based Distros">Ubuntu Distributions</a></li>
453<li id="menu-item-50664" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50664"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/arch-based-linux-distributions/" title="Arch Linux Based Distros">Arch Linux Distros</a></li>
454<li id="menu-item-50665" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50665"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/best-rolling-release-linux-distributions/">Rolling Linux Distros</a></li>
455<li id="menu-item-50666" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50666"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/best-linux-distributions-for-kde-plasma/" title="KDE Based Distros">KDE Linux Distros</a></li>
456<li id="menu-item-50668" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50668"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/linux-distributions-for-old-computers/" title="Linux Distros for Older Computers">Linux Distros for Old PC</a></li>
457<li id="menu-item-50670" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50670"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/best-linux-distributions-for-kids/">Linux Distros for Kids</a></li>
458<li id="menu-item-50672" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50672"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/linux-distros-students/">Linux Distributions for Students</a></li>
459<li id="menu-item-50671" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50671"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/best-alternative-linux-distributions-for-windows-users/">Linux Distros for Windows</a></li>
460</ul>
461</li>
462<li id="menu-item-50612" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-50612"><a target="_blank" href="https://pro.tecmint.com/" title="Linux Online Courses">Courses<span role="presentation" class="dropdown-menu-toggle"><span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewBox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z" /></svg></span></span></a>
463<ul class="sub-menu">
464<li id="menu-item-50613" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50613"><a target="_blank" href="https://pro.tecmint.com/learn-bash-scripting/" title="Bash Scripting for Beginners">Bash Scripting</a></li>
465<li id="menu-item-50614" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50614"><a target="_blank" href="https://pro.tecmint.com/learn-linux/" title="Master Linux in 7 Days">Learn Linux</a></li>
466<li id="menu-item-50615" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50615"><a target="_blank" href="https://pro.tecmint.com/ai-for-linux/" title="AI for Linux Course">AI for Linux</a></li>
467<li id="menu-item-50616" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50616"><a target="_blank" href="https://pro.tecmint.com/rhcsa-certification-course/" title="RHCSA Certification Course">RHCSA Certification</a></li>
468<li id="menu-item-50617" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50617"><a target="_blank" href="https://pro.tecmint.com/rhce-certification-course/" title="RHCE Certification Course">RHCE Certification</a></li>
469<li id="menu-item-50618" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50618"><a target="_blank" href="https://pro.tecmint.com/lfcs-certification-course/" title="LFCS Certification Course">LFCS Certification</a></li>
470</ul>
471</li>
472<li id="menu-item-50634" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-50634"><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://tecmint.gumroad.com/" title="Linux eBooks">eBooks<span role="presentation" class="dropdown-menu-toggle">
472<span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewBox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z" /></svg></span></span></a>
473<ul class="sub-menu">
474<li id="menu-item-50635" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50635"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/rhcsa-exam-reviewing-essential-commands-system-documentation/" title="RHCSA Certification eBook">RHCSA Exam</a></li>
475<li id="menu-item-50636" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50636"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/how-to-setup-and-configure-static-network-routing-in-rhel/" title="RHCE Certification eBook">RHCE Exam</a></li>
476<li id="menu-item-50637" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50637"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/sed-command-to-create-edit-and-manipulate-files-in-linux/" title="LFCS Certification eBook">LFCS Exam</a></li>
477<li id="menu-item-50638" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50638"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/installing-network-services-and-configuring-services-at-system-boot/" title="LFCE Certification eBook">LFCE Exam</a></li>
478<li id="menu-item-50639" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50639"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/understanding-linux-operating-system/" title="LFCA Certification eBook">LFCA Exam</a></li>
479<li id="menu-item-50640" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50640"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/understand-core-components-of-ansible/" title="Ansible Certification eBook">Ansible Exam</a></li>
480</ul>
481</li>
482<li id="menu-item-61958" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-61958"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/about/">About</a></li>
483<li id="menu-item-61959" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-61959"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/advertise/">Advertise</a></li>
484</ul></div><div class="menu-bar-items">	<span class="menu-bar-item">
485<a href="#" role="button" aria-label="Open search" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="gp-search" data-gpmodal-trigger="gp-search"><span class="gp-icon icon-search"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M208 48c-88.366 0-160 71.634-160 160s71.634 160 160 160 160-71.634 160-160S296.366 48 208 48zM0 208C0 93.125 93.125 0 208 0s208 93.125 208 208c0 48.741-16.765 93.566-44.843 129.024l133.826 134.018c9.366 9.379 9.355 24.575-.025 33.941-9.379 9.366-24.575 9.355-33.941-.025L337.238 370.987C301.747 399.167 256.839 416 208 416 93.125 416 0 322.875 0 208z" /></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M71.029 71.029c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0L256 222.059l151.029-151.03c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0 9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942L289.941 256l151.03 151.029c9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0L256 289.941l-151.029 151.03c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942L222.059 256 71.029 104.971c-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942z" /></svg></span></a>
486</span>
487</div>			</div>
488</nav>
489</div>
490</header>
491<nav id="mobile-header" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope class="main-navigation mobile-header-navigation has-branding has-menu-bar-items">
492<div class="inside-navigation grid-container grid-parent">
493<div class="site-logo mobile-header-logo">
494<a href="https://www.tecmint.com/" title="Tecmint: Linux Howtos, Tutorials &amp; Guides" rel="home">
495<img src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/logo.png" alt="Tecmint: Linux Howtos, Tutorials &amp; Guides" class="is-logo-image" width="300" height="80" />
496</a>
497</div>					<button class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="mobile-menu" aria-expanded="false">
498<span class="gp-icon icon-menu-bars"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M0 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24h464c13.255 0 24 10.745 24 24s-10.745 24-24 24H24c-13.255 0-24-10.745-24-24zm0 160c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24h464c13.255 0 24 10.745 24 24s-10.745 24-24 24H24c-13.255 0-24-10.745-24-24zm0 160c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24h464c13.255 0 24 10.745 24 24s-10.745 24-24 24H24c-13.255 0-24-10.745-24-24z" /></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M71.029 71.029c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0L256 222.059l151.029-151.03c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0 9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942L289.941 256l151.03 151.029c9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0L256 289.941l-151.029 151.03c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942L222.059 256 71.029 104.971c-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942z" /></svg></span><span class="mobile-menu">Menu</span>					</button>
499<div id="mobile-menu" class="main-nav"><ul id="menu-primary-1" class=" menu sf-menu"><li class="menu-button menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item menu-item-54022"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.tecmint.com/articles/" aria-current="page" title="Latest Linux Tutorials">Latest Tutorials</a></li>
500<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-50601"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.tecmint.com/category/linux-commands/" title="Linux Commands">Commands<span role="presentation" class="dropdown-menu-toggle"><span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewBox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z" /></svg></span></span></a>
501<ul class="sub-menu">
502<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50602"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/linux-commands-cheat-sheet/">A – Z Linux Commands</a></li>
503<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50603"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/essential-linux-commands/" title="Essential Linux Commands">100+ Linux Commands</a></li>
504</ul>
505</li>
506<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50604"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.tecmint.com/category/top-tools/" title="Best Linux Software">Tools</a></li>
507<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-50600"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/best-linux-distributions/" title="Linux Distributions">Distros<span role="presentation" class="dropdown-menu-toggle"><span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewBox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z" /></svg></span></span></a>
508<ul class="sub-menu">
509<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50660"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/best-linux-distributions-for-beginners/">Linux Distros for Beginners</a></li>
510<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50658"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/linux-distro-for-power-users/" title="Widely Used Distros">
510Linux Distros for Experts</a></li>
511<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50669"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/new-linux-distributions/">New Linux Distros</a></li>
512<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50661"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/10-best-linux-server-distributions/">Linux Server Distros</a></li>
513<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50667"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/best-security-centric-linux-distributions/">Secure Linux Distros</a></li>
514<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50657"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/centos-alternative-distributions/" title="CentOS Alternative Distros">CentOS Alternatives</a></li>
515<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50659"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/redhat-based-linux-distributions/" title="RedHat Based Distros">RedHat Distributions</a></li>
516<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50662"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/debian-based-linux-distributions/" title="Debian Based Distros">Debian Distributions</a></li>
517<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50663"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/ubuntu-based-linux-distributions/" title="Ubuntu Based Distros">Ubuntu Distributions</a></li>
518<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50664"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/arch-based-linux-distributions/" title="Arch Linux Based Distros">Arch Linux Distros</a></li>
519<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50665"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/best-rolling-release-linux-distributions/">Rolling Linux Distros</a></li>
520<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50666"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/best-linux-distributions-for-kde-plasma/" title="KDE Based Distros">KDE Linux Distros</a></li>
521<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50668"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/linux-distributions-for-old-computers/" title="Linux Distros for Older Computers">Linux Distros for Old PC</a></li>
522<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50670"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/best-linux-distributions-for-kids/">Linux Distros for Kids</a></li>
523<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50672"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/linux-distros-students/">Linux Distributions for Students</a></li>
524<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50671"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/best-alternative-linux-distributions-for-windows-users/">Linux Distros for Windows</a></li>
525</ul>
526</li>
527<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-50612"><a target="_blank" href="https://pro.tecmint.com/" title="Linux Online Courses">Courses<span role="presentation" class="dropdown-menu-toggle"><span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewBox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z" /></svg></span></span></a>
528<ul class="sub-menu">
529<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50613"><a target="_blank" href="https://pro.tecmint.com/learn-bash-scripting/" title="Bash Scripting for Beginners">Bash Scripting</a></li>
530<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50614"><a target="_blank" href="https://pro.tecmint.com/learn-linux/" title="Master Linux in 7 Days">Learn Linux</a></li>
531<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50615"><a target="_blank" href="https://pro.tecmint.com/ai-for-linux/" title="AI for Linux Course">AI for Linux</a></li>
532<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50616"><a target="_blank" href="https://pro.tecmint.com/rhcsa-certification-course/" title="RHCSA Certification Course">RHCSA Certification</a></li>
533<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50617"><a target="_blank" href="https://pro.tecmint.com/rhce-certification-course/" title="RHCE Certification Course">RHCE Certification</a></li>
534<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50618"><a target="_blank" href="https://pro.tecmint.com/lfcs-certification-course/" title="LFCS Certification Course">LFCS Certification</a></li>
535</ul>
536</li>
537<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-50634"><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://tecmint.gumroad.com/" title="Linux eBooks">eBooks<span role="presentation" class="dropdown-menu-toggle">
537<span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewBox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z" /></svg></span></span></a>
538<ul class="sub-menu">
539<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50635"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/rhcsa-exam-reviewing-essential-commands-system-documentation/" title="RHCSA Certification eBook">RHCSA Exam</a></li>
540<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50636"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/how-to-setup-and-configure-static-network-routing-in-rhel/" title="RHCE Certification eBook">RHCE Exam</a></li>
541<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50637"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/sed-command-to-create-edit-and-manipulate-files-in-linux/" title="LFCS Certification eBook">LFCS Exam</a></li>
542<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50638"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/installing-network-services-and-configuring-services-at-system-boot/" title="LFCE Certification eBook">LFCE Exam</a></li>
543<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50639"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/understanding-linux-operating-system/" title="LFCA Certification eBook">LFCA Exam</a></li>
544<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-50640"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/understand-core-components-of-ansible/" title="Ansible Certification eBook">Ansible Exam</a></li>
545</ul>
546</li>
547<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-61958"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/about/">About</a></li>
548<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-61959"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/advertise/">Advertise</a></li>
549</ul></div><div class="menu-bar-items">	<span class="menu-bar-item">
550<a href="#" role="button" aria-label="Open search" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="gp-search" data-gpmodal-trigger="gp-search"><span class="gp-icon icon-search"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M208 48c-88.366 0-160 71.634-160 160s71.634 160 160 160 160-71.634 160-160S296.366 48 208 48zM0 208C0 93.125 93.125 0 208 0s208 93.125 208 208c0 48.741-16.765 93.566-44.843 129.024l133.826 134.018c9.366 9.379 9.355 24.575-.025 33.941-9.379 9.366-24.575 9.355-33.941-.025L337.238 370.987C301.747 399.167 256.839 416 208 416 93.125 416 0 322.875 0 208z" /></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M71.029 71.029c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0L256 222.059l151.029-151.03c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0 9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942L289.941 256l151.03 151.029c9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0L256 289.941l-151.029 151.03c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942L222.059 256 71.029 104.971c-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942z" /></svg></span></a>
551</span>
552</div>			</div><!-- .inside-navigation -->
553</nav><!-- #site-navigation -->
554<div class="site grid-container container hfeed" id="page">
555<div class="site-content" id="content">
556<div class="content-area" id="primary">
557<main class="site-main" id="main">
558<div class="generate-columns-container "><article id="post-21477" class="post-21477 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail sticky hentry category-free-ebooks tag-linux-ebooks generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50 no-featured-image-padding" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope>
559<div class="inside-article">
560<div class="post-image">
561<a href="https://www.tecmint.com/lfcs-study-guide/">
562<img width="720" height="340" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/LFCS-Study-Guide.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="LFCS Study Guide" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" />
563</a>
564</div>			<header class="entry-header">
565<h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/lfcs-study-guide/" rel="bookmark">Ebook: Introducing LFCS Certification Preparation eBook</a></h2>			</header>
566<div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text">
567<p>
567New Update: We have published the full LFCS Certification Course (34 chapters) at our premium membership site. For years, certifications</p>
568</div>
569</div>
570</article>
571<article id="post-18621" class="post-18621 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail sticky hentry category-free-ebooks generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50 no-featured-image-padding" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope>
572<div class="inside-article">
573<div class="post-image">
574<a href="https://www.tecmint.com/red-hat-rhcsa-rhce-exam-certification-book/">
575<img width="720" height="345" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/RedHat-RHCSA-RHCE-Exam-eBook.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="RedHat RHCSA &amp; RHCE Exam eBook" itemprop="image" decoding="async" />
576</a>
577</div>			<header class="entry-header">
578<h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/red-hat-rhcsa-rhce-exam-certification-book/" rel="bookmark">Boost Your Career with RHCSA &#038; RHCE Certification eBooks</a></h2>			</header>
579<div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text">
580<p>New Update: We have published the full RHCSA &#038; RHCE Certification courses at our premium membership site. If you&#8217;re looking</p>
581</div>
582</div>
583</article>
584<article id="post-63132" class="post-63132 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-linux-distros generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50 no-featured-image-padding" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope>
585<div class="inside-article">
586<div class="post-image">
587<a href="https://www.tecmint.com/openkylin-review-kylinbot-ai-agent-desktop/">
588<img width="720" height="405" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/OpenKylin-Linux.webp" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="OpenKylin Linux" itemprop="image" decoding="async" />
589</a>
590</div>			<header class="entry-header">
591<h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/openkylin-review-kylinbot-ai-agent-desktop/" rel="bookmark">openKylin 3.0 Review: Is This the Smartest AI Linux Desktop Yet?</a></h2>			</header>
592<div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text">
593<p>Most AI assistants on Linux can explain how to switch your Wi-Fi but can&#8217;t actually do it. openKylin 3.0 ships</p>
594</div>
595</div>
596</article>
597<article id="post-9903" class="post-9903 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-linux-commands tag-pwd generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50 no-featured-image-padding" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope>
598<div class="inside-article">
599<div class="post-image">
600<a href="https://www.tecmint.com/pwd-command-examples/">
601<img width="720" height="405" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/pwd-Command-Examples-in-Linux.webp" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="How to Print the Current Directory in Linux Using pwd" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" />
602</a>
603</div>			<header class="entry-header">
604<h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/pwd-command-examples/" rel="bookmark">15 Practical pwd Examples in Linux You Should Know</a></h2>			</header>
605<div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text">
606<p>pwd looks like one of the simplest Linux commands, but there are a few details worth knowing once symlinks and</p>
607</div>
608</div>
609</article>
610<article id="post-63092" class="post-63092 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50 no-featured-image-padding" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope>
611<div class="inside-article">
612<div class="post-image">
613<a href="https://www.tecmint.com/github-copilot-cli-linux/">
614<img width="720" height="405" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/GitHub-Copilot-CLI-AI-Coding-Agent-on-Linux-Terminal.webp" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="GitHub Copilot CLI: AI Coding Agent on Linux Terminal" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" />
615</a>
616</div>			<header class="entry-header">
617<h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/github-copilot-cli-linux/" rel="bookmark">GitHub Copilot CLI: How to Use an AI Coding Agent in Linux Terminal</a></h2>			</header>
618<div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text">
619<p>GitHub Copilot CLI brings an AI coding agent directly into your terminal. This guide walks y
619ou through installing it on</p>
620</div>
621</div>
622</article>
623<article id="post-63074" class="post-63074 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-commandline-tools generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50 no-featured-image-padding" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope>
624<div class="inside-article">
625<div class="post-image">
626<a href="https://www.tecmint.com/ani-cli-watch-anime-linux-terminal/">
627<img width="720" height="405" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/ani-cli-Watch-Anime-from-Linux-Terminal.webp" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="ani-cli: Watch Anime from the Linux Terminal" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" />
628</a>
629</div>			<header class="entry-header">
630<h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/ani-cli-watch-anime-linux-terminal/" rel="bookmark">How to Search, Stream, and Download Anime Using ani-cli</a></h2>			</header>
631<div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text">
632<p>ani-cli is a POSIX shell script that lets you search for anime, choose an episode, and stream it directly through</p>
633</div>
634</div>
635</article>
636<article id="post-63060" class="post-63060 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-linux-distros generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50 no-featured-image-padding" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope>
637<div class="inside-article">
638<div class="post-image">
639<a href="https://www.tecmint.com/patch-linux-distributions-from-one-console/">
640<img width="720" height="405" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/ManageEngine-Patch-Manager-Plus-1.webp" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="ManageEngine Patch Manager Plus for Linux" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" />
641</a>
642</div>			<header class="entry-header">
643<h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/patch-linux-distributions-from-one-console/" rel="bookmark">How to Manage Linux Updates Across Multiple Distributions</a></h2>			</header>
644<div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text">
645<p>Patching a single Linux machine is easy. You run its update, reboot if the kernel changed, and 
645you&#8217;re done. Patching</p>
646</div>
647</div>
648</article>
649<article id="post-9715" class="post-9715 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-linux-commands tag-usermod generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50 no-featured-image-padding" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope>
650<div class="inside-article">
651<div class="post-image">
652<a href="https://www.tecmint.com/usermod-command-examples-linux/">
653<img width="720" height="405" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/usermod-Command-Linux.webp" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="usermod Command for Linux Administrators" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" />
654</a>
655</div>			<header class="entry-header">
656<h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/usermod-command-examples-linux/" rel="bookmark">usermod Command: Manage Linux Users, Groups, UID, Shell and More</a></h2>			</header>
657<div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text">
658<p>Most admins learn usermod -aG in their first week and never read much beyond it. But drop the -a once</p>
659</div>
660</div>
661</article>
662<article id="post-9084" class="post-9084 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-linux-commands tag-chattr generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50 no-featured-image-padding" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope>
663<div class="inside-article">
664<div class="post-image">
665<a href="https://www.tecmint.com/chattr-command-in-linux/">
666<img width="705" height="420" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/chattr-to-Protect-Important-Files-in-Linux.webp" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="chattr command : Protect Important Files in Linux" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" />
667</a>
668</div>			<header class="entry-header">
669<h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/chattr-command-in-linux/" rel="bookmark">8 chattr Commands to Make Files Immutable and Prevent Changes in Linux</a></h2>			</header>
670<div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text">
671<p>Most sysadmins reach for chmod when they want to lock down a file. The problem is that chmod 000 only</p>
672</div>
673</div>
674</article>
675<article id="post-62996" class="post-62996 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-ai-tools generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50 no-featured-image-padding" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope>
676<div class="inside-article">
677<div class="post-image">
678<a href="https://www.tecmint.com/openai-codex-cli-linux/">
679<img width="720" height="405" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Codex-CLI-OpenAI-AI-Agent-for-Coding-on-Linux.webp" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="Codex CLI: OpenAI’s AI Agent for Coding on Linux" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" />
680</a>
681</div>			<header class="entry-header">
682<h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/openai-codex-cli-linux/" rel="bookmark">Codex CLI: Use OpenAI’s AI Coding Agent in the Linux Terminal</a></h2>			</header>
683<div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text">
684<p>Codex CLI is OpenAI’s coding agent that runs in your terminal, reads your files, and executes shell commands on your</p>
685</div>
686</div>
687</article>
688<article id="post-8529" class="post-8529 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-linux-commands tag-dnf tag-yum generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50 no-featured-image-padding" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope>
689<div class="inside-article">
690<div class="post-image">
691<a href="https://www.tecmint.com/dnf-commands-linux/">
692<img width="720" height="405" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/DNF-Linux-Package-Management-Commands.webp" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="DNF: 20 Linux Package Management Commands" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" />
693</a>
694</div>			<header class="entry-header">
695<h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/dnf-commands-linux/" rel="bookmark">20 DNF Commands Every Linux Administrator Should Know</a></h2>			</header>
696<div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text">
697<p>Most people treat dnf as a drop-in replacement for yum and stop there. But that misses a lot of what</p>
698</div>
699</div>
700</article>
701<article id="post-7919" class="post-7919 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-linux-commands tag-dmesg generate-columns tablet-gr
701id-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50 no-featured-image-padding" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope>
702<div class="inside-article">
703<div class="post-image">
704<a href="https://www.tecmint.com/dmesg-commands/">
705<img width="720" height="405" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dmesg-Commands-to-View-Kernel-Messages-1.webp" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="dmesg Commands to View Kernel Messages" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" />
706</a>
707</div>			<header class="entry-header">
708<h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/dmesg-commands/" rel="bookmark">12 Ways to Use the dmesg Command in Linux to View and Troubleshoot Kernel Messages</a></h2>			</header>
709<div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text">
710<p>Most people run dmesg once, see thousands of lines, and close the terminal. But that’s not really how you should</p>
711</div>
712</div>
713</article>
714<article id="post-5916" class="post-5916 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-linux-commands tag-head-command tag-tail-command generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50 no-featured-image-padding" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope>
715<div class="inside-article">
716<div class="post-image">
717<a href="https://www.tecmint.com/view-contents-of-file-in-linux/">
718<img width="720" height="405" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Linux-head-tail-and-cat-Commands-to-View-Files.webp" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="Linux head, tail &amp; cat Commands to View Files" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" />
719</a>
720</div>			<header class="entry-header">
721<h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/view-contents-of-file-in-linux/" rel="bookmark">View and Manage Files using head, tail and cat Commands in Linux</a></h2>			</header>
722<div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text">
723<p>Most sysadmins only use cat to dump a file and tail -f to watch logs. That leaves a lot of</p>
724</div>
725</div>
726</article>
727<article id="post-5907" class="post-5907 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-linux-commands tag-count-letter-in-linux tag-word-count generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50 no-featured-image-padding" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope>
728<div class="inside-article">
729<div class="post-image">
730<a href="https://www.tecmint.com/play-with-word-and-character-counts-in-linux/">
731<img width="720" height="405" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Funny-Things-to-do-with-Word-and-Character-in-Linux.webp" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="Funny Things to do with Word and Character in Linux" itemprop="image" decoding="async" loading="lazy" />
732</a>
733</div>			<header class="entry-header">
734<h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/play-with-word-and-character-counts-in-linux/" rel="bookmark">16 Fun Linux One-Liners Every Command-Line User Should Try</a></h2>			</header>
735<div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text">
736<p>Linux command line has a lot of fun around itself and many tedious task can be performed very easily yet</p>
737</div>
738</div>
739</article>
740<nav id="nav-below" class="paging-navigation" aria-label="Archive Page">
741<div class="nav-previous">
742<span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewBox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z" /></svg></span>						<span class="prev" title="Previous"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/articles/page/2/" >Older posts</a></span>
743</div>
744<div class="nav-links"><span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page</span>1</span>
745<a class="page-numbers" href="https://www.tecmint.com/articles/page/2/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page</span>2</a>
746<span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span>
747<a class="page-numbers" href="https://www.tecmint.com/articles/page/235/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page</span>235</a>
748<a class="next page-numbers" href="https://www.tecmint.com/articles/page/2/">Next <span aria-hidden="true">&rarr;</span></a></div>		</nav>
749</div><!-- .generate-columns-contaier -->		</main>
750</div>
751<div class="widget-area sidebar is-right-sidebar" id="right-sidebar">
752<div class="inside-right-sidebar">
753<aside id="custom_html-12" class="widget_text widget inner-padding widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div class="tm-sidebar-wrap">
754<div>
755<div class="tm-sidebar-title">TecMint <span>Weekly</span></div>
756<div class="tm-sidebar-sub">Get the <strong style="color:#14532d;">Learn Linux 7 Days Crash Course</strong> free when you join 34,000+ Linux professionals reading every Thursday.</div>
757</div>
758<div class="tm-sidebar-divider"></div>
759<form class="tm-sidebar-form">
760<input type="email" placeholder="Your email address" required />
761<button type="submit">Get Free Course</button>
762</form>
763<div class="tm-sidebar-success">Check your email for a magic link to get started.</div>
764<div class="tm-sidebar-error">Something went wrong. Please try again.</div>
765<div class="tm-sidebar-note">Free forever. Unsubscribe anytime.</div>
766</div></div></aside><aside id="custom_html-9" class="widget_text widget inner-padding widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div id="freestar-video-parent">
767</div></div></aside><aside id="custom_html-8" class="widget_text widget inner-padding widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div style="background:#ffffff;border:2px solid #1a9956;border-top:5px solid #1a9956;border-radius:0 0 10px 10px;padding:22px 20px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;">
768<div style="font-size:19px;font-weight:700;color:#1a1a1a;line-height:1.3;">
769Learn <span style="color:#1a9956;">Linux</span> Right Way</div>
770<div style="font-size:15px;color:#555555;line-height:1.65;">
77117 structured courses, ad-free articles, and the weekly newsletter in one place.
772</div>
773<div style="height:1px;background:#f0f0ec;"></div>
774<ul style="list-style:none;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:9px;padding:0;margin:0;">
775<li style="font-size:14px;color:#333333;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:8px;line-height:1.5;"><span style="color:#1a9956;font-weight:700;font-size:12px;flex-shrink:0;line-height:1.5;">✓</span>SSH, Bash, Ubuntu, Golang, n8n, AI for Linux, Claude for Linux, RHCSA, RHCE, LFCS, LFCA and more</li>
776<li style="font-size:14px;color:#333333;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:8px;line-height:1.5;"><span style="color:#1a9956;font-weight:700;font-size:12px;flex-shrink:0;line-height:1.5;">✓</span>Ad-free access to all premium articles</li>
777<li style="font-size:14px;color:#333333;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:8px;line-height:1.5;"><span style="color:#1a9956;font-weight:700;font-size:12px;flex-shrink:0;line-height:1.5;">✓</span>Priority help and Telegram community</li>
778<li style="font-size:14px;color:#333333;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:8px;line-height:1.5;"><span style="color:#1a9956;font-weight:700;font-size:12px;flex-shrink:0;line-height:1.5;">✓</span>Weekly newsletter every Thursday</li>
779</ul>
780<a href="https://pro.tecmint.com/#/portal/signup" target="_blank" style="display:block;background:#1a9956;color:#ffffff;text-align:center;padding:11px;border-radius:6px;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;">Join Root for $59/yr →</a>
781</div></div></aside><aside id="custom_html-4" class="widget_text widget inner-padding widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center>
782<!-- Tag ID: tecmint_right_rail_2 -->
783<div align="center" data-freestar-ad="__336x280 __300x600" id="tecmint_right_rail_2">
784<script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript">
785freestar.config.enabled_slots.push({ placementName: "tecmint_right_rail_2", slotId: "tecmint_right_rail_2" });
786</script>
786
787</div>
788</center></div></aside>	</div>
789</div>
790
791</div>
792</div>
793<div class="site-footer">
794<div id="footer-widgets" class="site footer-widgets">
795<div class="footer-widgets-container grid-container">
796<div class="inside-footer-widgets">
797<div class="footer-widget-1">
798<aside id="wpsp_widget-3" class="widget inner-padding widget_wpsp_widget"><h2 class="widget-title">Linux Server Monitoring Tools</h2><style>.wp-show-posts-columns#wpsp-38337 {margin-left: -2em; }.wp-show-posts-columns#wpsp-38337 .wp-show-posts-inner {margin: 0 0 2em 2em; }</style><section id="wpsp-38337" class=" wp-show-posts" style=""><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-46087 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-almalinux category-monitoring-tools category-redhat category-rocky-linux" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
799<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/install-icinga2-rhel-rocky-almalinux/" rel="bookmark">How to Install Icinga2 on RHEL, Rocky and AlmaLinux</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
800</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-6371 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-monitoring-tools" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
801<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/collectl-linux-performance-reporting-monitoring/" rel="bookmark">Collectl: An Advanced All-in-One Performance Monitoring Tool for Linux</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
802</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-43934 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-almalinux category-monitoring-tools category-rocky-linux" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
803<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/install-cacti-on-rocky-linux-almalinux/" rel="bookmark">How to Install Cacti on Rocky Linux and AlmaLinux</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
804</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-29158 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-monitoring-tools tag-linux-network-monitoring tag-linux-server-monitoring" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
805<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/install-librenms-monitoring-on-ubuntu-centos/" rel="bookmark">LibreNMS &#8211; A Fully Featured Network Monitoring Tool for Linux</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
806</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-1244 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-monitoring-tools tag-linux-monitoring tag-linux-network-monitoring" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
807<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/iftop-linux-network-bandwidth-monitoring-tool/" rel="bookmark">iftop &#8211; A Real Time Linux Network Bandwidth Monitoring Tool</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
808</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-33819 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-monitoring-tools category-redhat category-zabbix tag-rhel-8 tag-rhel-tips" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
809<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/install-zabbix-on-rhel-8/" rel="bookmark">How to Install Zabbix on RHEL 8</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
810</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article></section><!-- .wp-show-posts --></aside>	</div>
811<div class="footer-widget-2">
812<aside id="wpsp_widget-4" class="widget inner-padding widget_wpsp_widget"><h2 class="widget-title">Learn Linux Tricks &#038; Tips</h2><style>.wp-show-posts-columns#wpsp-38336 {margin-left: -2em; }.wp-show-posts-columns#wpsp-38336 .wp-show-posts-inner {margin: 0 0 2em 2em; }</style><section id="wpsp-38336" class=" wp-show-posts" style=""><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-28638 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-linux-commands" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
813<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/copy-file-permissions-and-ownership-to-another-file-in-linux/" rel="bookmark">How to Copy File Permissions and Ownership to Another File in Linux</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
814</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-40125 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-linux-commands" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
815<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/force-cp-to-overwrite-without-confirmation/" rel="bookmark">How to Force cp Command to Overwrite Without Confirmation in Linux</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
816</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-32646 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-linux-commands" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
817<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/find-linux-server-geographic-location/" rel="bookmark">How to Find Linux Server Geographic Location in Terminal</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
818</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-58605 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-linux-commands" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
819<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/find-video-frames-in-linux/" rel="bookmark">How to Count Total Frames in a Video on Linux Using FFmpeg</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
820</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-30928 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-linux-commands tag-chrony tag-commandline-tools" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
821<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/install-chrony-in-centos-ubuntu-linux/" rel="bookmark">How to Install and Use Chrony in Linux</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
822</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-13076 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-linux-commands tag-systemctl tag-systemd" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
823<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/manage-services-using-systemd-and-systemctl-in-linux/" rel="bookmark">How to Manage &#8216;Systemd&#8217; Services and Units Using &#8216;Systemctl&#8217; in Linux</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
824</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article></section><!-- .wp-show-posts --></aside>	</div>
825<div class="footer-widget-3">
826<aside id="wpsp_widget-5" class="widget inner-padding widget_wpsp_widget"><h2 class="widget-title">Best Linux Tools</h2><style>.wp-show-posts-columns#wpsp-38100 {margin-left: -2em; }.wp-show-posts-columns#wpsp-38100 .wp-show-posts-inner {margin: 0 0 2em 2em; }</style><section id="wpsp-38100" class=" wp-show-posts" style=""><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-19665 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-top-tools tag-pdf-viewers" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
827<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/linux-pdf-viewers-and-readers-tools/" rel="bookmark">10 Best PDF Document Viewers for Linux Systems</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
828</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-5619 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-download-managers category-top-tools" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
829<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/linux-command-line-tools-for-downloading-files/" rel="bookmark">5 CLI Tools for Downloading Files and Browsing Internet in Terminal</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
830</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-1580 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-linux-mint category-top-tools" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
831<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/linux-mint-tools/" rel="bookmark">10 Best Tools to Install on Fresh Linux Mint Installation</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
832</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-59011 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-top-tools" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
833<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/open-source-virtual-data-room-for-linux/" rel="bookmark">Top 3 Open Source Virtual Data Room (VDR) for Linux</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
834</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-55768 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-top-tools" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
835<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/ai-tools-for-linux/" rel="bookmark">5 Must-Try AI Tools for Linux Users in 2026</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
836</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article><article class=" wp-show-posts-single wpsp-clearfix post-32242 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-top-tools category-vmware" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope><div class="wp-show-posts-inner" style="">						<header class="wp-show-posts-entry-header">
837<p class="wp-show-posts-entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/vmware-administrators-tools/" rel="bookmark">27 Best Tools for VMware Administrators in 2024</a></p>						</header><!-- .entry-header -->
838</div><!-- wp-show-posts-inner --><div class="wpsp-clear"></div></article></section><!-- .wp-show-posts --></aside>	</div>
839</div>
840</div>
841</div>
842<footer class="site-info" aria-label="Site"  itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter" itemscope>
843<div class="inside-site-info grid-container">
844<div class="copyright-bar">
845<div style="text-align: center">
846<button id="pmLink">Privacy Manager</button>
847</div>
848Tecmint: Linux Howtos, Tutorials &amp; Guides &copy; 2026. All Rights Reserved.
849<p>The material in this site cannot be republished either online or offline, without our permission.</p>
850<p>Hosting Sponsored by : <a style="font-weight:bold" href="https://www.tecmint.com/go/linode" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Linode Cloud Hosting</a></p>				</div>
851</div>
852</footer>
853</div>
854<a title="Scroll back to top" aria-label="Scroll back to top" rel="nofollow" href="#" class="generate-back-to-top" data-scroll-speed="400" data-start-scroll="300" role="button">
855<span class="gp-icon icon-arrow-up"><svg viewBox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-miterlimit="1.414"><path d="M305.863 314.916c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.832 6.514l-14.157 14.163c-1.699 1.7-3.964 2.832-6.513 2.832-2.265 0-4.813-1.133-6.512-2.832L164.572 224.276 53.295 335.593c-1.699 1.7-4.247 2.832-6.512 2.832-2.265 0-4.814-1.133-6.513-2.832L26.113 321.43c-1.699-1.7-2.831-4.248-2.831-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.831-6.515L158.06 176.408c1.699-1.7 4.247-2.833 6.512-2.833 2.265 0 4.814 1.133 6.513 2.833L303.03 308.4c1.7 1.7 2.832 4.249 2.832 6.515z" fill-rule="nonzero" /></svg></span>
856</a>
856<script type="speculationrules">
857{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["/wp-*.php","/wp-admin/*","/wp-content/uploads/*","/wp-content/*","/wp-content/plugins/*","/wp-content/themes/tecmint_child/*","/wp-content/themes/tecmint/*","/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
858</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 858
858
859<script>
860document.querySelectorAll('.tm-banner-form, .tm-sidebar-form').forEach(function(form) {
861var isBanner = form.classList.contains('tm-banner-form');
862var wrap = isBanner
863? form.closest('.tm-banner-right')
864: form.closest('.tm-sidebar-wrap');
865var input = form.querySelector('input[type="email"]');
866var btn = form.querySelector('button');
867var success = wrap.querySelector(isBanner ? '.tm-banner-success' : '.tm-sidebar-success');
868var error = wrap.querySelector(isBanner ? '.tm-banner-error' : '.tm-sidebar-error');
869form.addEventListener('submit', async function(e) {
870e.preventDefault();
871var email = input.value.trim();
872if (!email) return;
873if (success) success.style.display = 'none';
874if (error) error.style.display = 'none';
875btn.textContent = 'Sending...';
876btn.disabled = true;
877btn.style.opacity = '0.7';
878try {
879var res = await fetch('https://pro.tecmint.com/members/api/send-magic-link/', {
880method: 'POST',
881headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
882body: JSON.stringify({
883email: email,
884emailType: 'subscribe',
885labels: ['subscribe_free']
886})
887});
888if (res.ok) {
889form.style.display = 'none';
890if (success) success.style.display = 'block';
891} else { throw new Error(); }
892} catch(err) {
893if (error) error.style.display = 'block';
894btn.textContent = 'Get Free Course';
895btn.disabled = false;
896btn.style.opacity = '1';
897}
898});
899if (input) {
900input.addEventListener('focus', function() {
901this.style.borderColor = '#1a9956';
902this.style.boxShadow = '0 0 0 2px rgba(26,153,86,0.1)';
903});
904input.addEventListener('blur', function() {
905this.style.borderColor = '#86efac';
906this.style.boxShadow = 'none';
907});
908}
909btn.addEventListener('mouseover', function() {
910if (!this.disabled) this.style.background = '#158a47';
911});
912btn.addEventListener('mouseout', function() {
913if (!this.disabled) this.style.background = '#1a9956';
914});
915});
916</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 916
916
917<script id="generate-a11y">
918!function(){"use strict";if("querySelector"in document&&"addEventListener"in window){var e=document.body;e.addEventListener("pointerdown",(function(){e.classList.add("using-mouse")}),{passive:!0}),e.addEventListener("keydown",(function(){e.classList.remove("using-mouse")}),{passive:!0})}}();
919</script>
919
920<div class="gp-modal gp-search-modal" id="gp-search" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-label="Search">
921<div class="gp-modal__overlay" tabindex="-1" data-gpmodal-close>
922<div class="gp-modal__container">
923<form role="search" method="get" class="search-modal-form" action="https://www.tecmint.com/">
924<label for="search-modal-input" class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</label>
925<div class="search-modal-fields">
926<input id="search-modal-input" type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search &hellip;" value="" name="s" />
927<button aria-label="Search"><span class="gp-icon icon-search"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M208 48c-88.366 0-160 71.634-160 160s71.634 160 160 160 160-71.634 160-160S296.366 48 208 48zM0 208C0 93.125 93.125 0 208 0s208 93.125 208 208c0 48.741-16.765 93.566-44.843 129.024l133.826 134.018c9.366 9.379 9.355 24.575-.025 33.941-9.379 9.366-24.575 9.355-33.941-.025L337.238 370.987C301.747 399.167 256.839 416 208 416 93.125 416 0 322.875 0 208z" /></svg></span></button>
928</div>
929</form>
930</div>
931</div>
932</div>
933<script id="generate-menu-js-before">
934var generatepressMenu = {"toggleOpenedSubMenus":true,"openSubMenuLabel":"Open Sub-Menu","closeSubMenuLabel":"Close Sub-Menu"};
935//# sourceURL=generate-menu-js-before
936</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 936
936
937<script id="generate-menu-js" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/themes/tecmint/assets/js/menu.min.js?ver=3.6.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 937
937
938<script id="generate-modal-js" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/themes/tecmint/assets/dist/modal.js?ver=3.6.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 938
938
939<script id="generate-back-to-top-js-before">
940var generatepressBackToTop = {"smooth":true};
941//# sourceURL=generate-back-to-top-js-before
942</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 942
942
943<script id="generate-back-to-top-js" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/themes/tecmint/assets/js/back-to-top.min.js?ver=3.6.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 943
943
944<script type="module" src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/v31edd6df95cf4e85bb4c19e7a9bdbcba1788362987495" integrity="sha512-iIg7k2xntmwu6/uSb5tpc/hySgZc4eoL31yB29W6tJFo2akwjPWcEqnCEdJvGexCL0KEQwVYv5BlowfhVz26hg==" data-cf-beacon='{"version":"2024.11.0","token":"63bf4d70b3544bd8b0763db19940207a","r":1,"spa":2}' crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
944
945</body>
946</html><!-- WP Fastest Cache file was created in 0.270 seconds, on October 1, 2026 @ 2:05 pm --><!-- via php -->

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.