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84
85
86<h1 class="center">Using and Handling Data</h1> 
87
88
89<p class="center"><b>Data</b> is a collection of facts and numbers. <b>Probability</b> tells us how likely something is to happen. <b>Statistics</b> is like detective work to find patterns and solve number mysteries.</p> 
90<div class="centerfull"> 
91<div style="display:inline-block; margin: 0 10px 0 0; text-align:center;" class="larger"><a href="#data"><img src="images/data-graphs-pen.jpg" alt="Data" height="120" width="140"><br>
92Data Index</a> </div> 
93<div style="display:inline-block; margin: 0 10px 0 0; text-align:center;" class="larger"><a href="#stats"><img src="images/standard-normal-distribution-z.svg" alt="Probability and Statistics" height="122" width="202"><br>
94Probability and<br>
95Statistics Index</a> </div> 
96<div style="display:inline-block; margin: 0 10px 0 0; text-align:center;" class="larger"><a href="graphs-index.html"><img src="images/bar-graph.gif" alt="Graphs Index" height="120" width="140"><br>
97Graphs Index</a> </div> 
98</div> 
99
100<div style="clear:both"></div> 
101
102
103<h2 id="data">What's Data?</h2> 
104
105<p class="floatRt"><img src="images/timetable.jpg" alt="timetable" height="85" width="131"></p> 
106<ul class="large"> 
107	<li><a href="data.html">What's Data?</a></li> 
108	<li><a href="data-discrete-continuous.html">Discrete and Continuous Data</a></li> 
109	<li>Advanced: <a href="analog-digital.html">Analog and Digital Data</a></li> 
110</ul> 
111
112
113<h2>How to Show Data</h2> 
114
115<p class="floatRt"><img src="images/charts-3d.jpg" alt="charts 3d" height="110" width="162"></p> 
116<ul class="large"> 
117	<li><a href="bar-graphs.html">Bar Graphs</a></li> 
118	<li><a href="pie-charts.html">Pie Charts</a></li> 
119	<li><a href="dot-plots.html">Dot Plots</a></li> 
120	<li><a href="line-graphs.html">Line Graphs</a></li> 
121	<li><a href="histograms.html">Histograms</a></li> 
122	<li><a href="data-graph.html">Make a Bar, Line, Dot or Pie Graph</a></li> 
123	<li><a href="pictographs.html">Pictographs</a></li> 
124	<li><a href="scatter-xy-plots.html">Scatter (x,y) Plots</a></li> 
125	<li><a href="frequency-distribution.html">Frequency Distribution</a> and <a href="frequency-distribution-grouped.html">Grouped Frequency Distribution</a></li> 
126	<li><a href="stem-leaf-plots.html">Stem and Leaf Plots</a></li> 
127	<li><a href="cumulative-tables-graphs.html">Cumulative Tables and Graphs</a></li> 
128	<li><a href="clear-thinking.html">Data - Thinking Clearly</a></li> 
129	<li><a href="data-make-sense.html">Making Sense of Data</a></li> 
130	<li><a href="misleading.html">Misleading Graphs and Stats</a></li> 
131	<li><a href="graph-paper-maker.html">Graph Paper Maker</a></li> 
132</ul> 
133<div class="gap"></div> 
134
135
136<h2>Surveys</h2> 
137
138<p style="float:right; margin: 0 0 5px 10px; max-width:45%;"><img src="images/interview-girls.jpg" alt="Conducting a Survey" height="162" width="250"></p> 
139<ul class="large"> 
140	<li><a href="survey-conducting.html">How to Do a Survey</a></li> 
141	<li><a href="survey-questionnaire.html">Survey Questions</a></li> 
142	<li><a href="sampling.html">Sampling</a></li> 
143	<li><a href="survey-results.html">Showing the Results of a Survey</a></li> 
144	<li><a href="../accuracy-precision.html">Accuracy and Precision</a></li> 
145</ul><br>
146
147<ul class="large"> 
148	<li><img src="../images/style/activity-small.svg" alt="activity" height="30" width="41"> <a href="../activity/questions-asking.html">Activity: Asking Questions</a></li> 
149	<li><img src="../images/style/activity-small.svg" alt="activity" height="30" width="41"> <a href="../activity/questions-improving.html">Activity: Improving Questions</a></li> 
150</ul> 
151<div class="gap"></div> 
152
153
154<h2 class="center" id="stats"><b>Probability and Statistics</b></h2> 
155
156
157<h2>Measures of Central Value</h2> 
158
159<ul class="large"> 
160	<li><a href="central-measures.html">Finding a Central Value</a></li> 
161	<li><a href="../mean.html">Calculate the Mean Value</a> and <a href="../data/mean-machine.html">The Mean Machine</a></li> 
162	<li><a href="../median.html">Find the Median Value</a></li> 
163	<li><a href="../mode.html">Find the Mode or Modal Value</a></li> 
164</ul><br>
165
166<ul class="large"> 
167	<li><img src="../images/style/activity-small.svg" alt="activity" height="30" width="41"> <a href="../activity/averages-brain-teaser.html">

167Activity: Averages Brain-Teaser</a></li> 
168</ul> 
169
170<h3><br>
171Advanced:</h3> 
172
173<ul class="large"> 
174	<li><a href="mean-frequency-table.html">Calculate the Mean from a Frequency Table</a></li> 
175	<li><a href="weighted-mean.html">Weighted Mean</a></li> 
176	<li><a href="../numbers/geometric-mean.html">Geometric Mean</a></li> 
177	<li><a href="../numbers/harmonic-mean.html">Harmonic Mean</a></li> 
178	<li><a href="data-transform.html">Transforming Data</a></li> 
179	<li><a href="frequency-grouped-mean-median-mode.html">Mean, Median and Mode from Grouped Frequencies</a></li> 
180</ul> 
181
182
183<h2>Measures of Spread</h2> 
184
185<p style="float:right; margin: 0 0 5px 10px; max-width:55%;"><img src="images/range.svg" alt="Range 3 to 9 is 6" height="113" width="289"></p> 
186<ul class="large"> 
187	<li><a href="range.html">The Range</a></li> 
188	<li><a href="quartiles.html">Quartiles and the Interquartile Range</a></li> 
189	<li><a href="percentiles.html">Percentiles</a></li> 
190	<li><a href="mean-deviation.html">Mean Deviation</a></li> 
191	<li><a href="box-whisker-plot.html">Box and Whisker Plots</a></li> 
192	<li><a href="standard-deviation.html">Standard Deviation</a></li> 
193	<li><a href="standard-deviation-calculator.html">Standard Deviation Calculator</a></li> 
194	<li><a href="standard-deviation-formulas.html">Standard Deviation Formulas</a></li> 
195</ul> 
196
197
198<h2>Comparing Data</h2> 
199
200<p style="float:right; margin: 0 0 5px 10px; max-width:50%;"><img src="images/scatter-plot.svg" alt="scatter plot" height="180" width="211"></p> 
201<ul class="large"> 
202	<li><a href="univariate-bivariate.html">Univariate and Bivariate Data</a></li> 
203	<li><a href="scatter-xy-plots.html">Scatter (x,y) Plots</a></li> 
204	<li><a href="outliers.html">Outliers</a></li> 
205	<li><a href="correlation.html">Correlation</a> and <a href="correlation-calculator.html">Correlation Calculator</a></li> 
206</ul> 
207
208
209<h2 id="probability">Probability</h2> 
210
211<p style="float:right; margin: 0 0 5px 10px; max-width:40%;"><img src="../geometry/images/dice-cube.jpg" alt="single die" height="150" width="154"></p> 
212<ul class="large"> 
213	<li><a href="probability.html">Probability</a></li> 
214	<li><a href="../probability_line.html">The Probability Line</a></li> 
215	<li><a href="spinner.html">The Spinner</a></li> 
216	<li><a href="random.html">Random</a></li> 
217	<li><a href="basic-counting-principle.html">The Basic Counting Principle</a></li> 
218	<li><a href="relative-frequency.html">Relative Frequency</a></li> 
219</ul> 
220<p class="floatLt"><img src="../images/style/activity-div.svg" alt="activity" height="78" width="105"></p> 
221
222<h3>Activities:</h3> 
223
224<ul class="large"> 
225	<li><a href="../activity/dice-experiment-1.html"> An Experiment with a Die</a></li> 
226	<li><a href="../activity/dice-experiment-2.html">An Experiment with Dice</a></li> 
227	<li><a href="../activity/coin-grid.html">Dropping a Coin onto a Grid</a></li> 
228	<li><a href="../activity/buffons-needle.html">Buffon's Needle</a></li> 
229	<li><a href="random-words.html">Random Words</a></li> 
230	<li><a href="lottery.html">Lotteries</a></li> 
231</ul> 
232
233<h3>Events</h3> 
234
235<ul class="large"> 
236	<li><a href="probability-complement.html">Complement</a></li> 
237	<li><a href="probability-events-types.html">Probability: Types of Events</a></li> 
238	<li><a href="probability-events-independent.html">Independent Events</a></li> 
239	<li><a href="probability-events-conditional.html">Dependent Events: Conditional Probability</a></li> 
240	<li><a href="probability-tree-diagrams.html">Tree Diagrams</a></li> 
241	<li><a href="probability-events-compound.html">Compound Events</a></li> 
242	<li><a href="probability-events-mutually-exclusive.html">Mutually Exclusive Events</a></li> 
243</ul> 
244<p style="float:right; margin: 0 0 5px 10px; max-width:45%;"><img src="../combinatorics/images/balls.svg" alt="balls probability" height="200" width="184"></p><br>
245
246
247<h3>Combinations and Permutations</h3> 
248
249<ul class="large"> 
250	<li><a href="../combinatorics/combinations-permutations.html">Combinations and Permutations</a></li> 
251	<li><a href="../combinatorics/combinations-permutations-calculator.html">Combinations and Permutations Calculator</a></li> 
252</ul> 
253
254<h3>Data Fitting</h3> 
255
256<ul class="large"> 
257	<li><a href="least-squares-regression.html">Least Squares Regression</a><span class="center"> and <a href="least-squares-calculator.html">Least Squares Calculator</a></span></li> 
258	<li><a href="curve-fit-tool.html">Curve Fitting Tool</a></li> 
259</ul> 
260
261<h3>Testing</h3> 
262
263<ul class="large"> 
264	<li><a href="probability-false-negatives-positives.html">False Positives and False Negatives</a></li> 
265	<li><a href="bayes-theorem.html">Bayes' Theorem</a></li> 
266	<li><a href="confidence-interval.html">Confidence Intervals</a> and <a href="confidence-interval-calculator.html">Confidence Interval Calculator</a></li> 
267	<li><a href="chi-square-test.html">Chi-Square Test</a> and <a href="chi-square-calculator.html">Chi-Square Calculator</a></li> 
268	<li><a href="degrees-freedom.html">Degrees of Freedom</a></li> 
269	<li><a href="students-t-test.html">Student's T-Test</a> and <a href="students-t-test-table.html">T-Test Table</a></li> 
270</ul> 
271
272<h3>Other</h3> 
273
274<ul class="large"> 
275	<li><a href="../numbers/benfords-law.html">Benford's Law</a></li> 
276	<li><a href="../numbers/optimal-stopping.html">Optimal Stopping: The 37% Rule</a></li> 
277	<li><a href="probability-shared-birthday.html">Shared Birthdays</a></li> 
278</ul> 
279
280
281<h2>Random Variables</h2> 
282
283<ul class="large"> 
284	<li><a href="random-variables.html">Random Variables</a></li> 
285	<li><a href="random-variables-continuous.html">Random Variables - Continuous</a></li> 
286	<li><a href="random-variables-mean-variance.html">Random Variables - Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation</a></li> 
287</ul> 
288
289
290<h2>The Binomial Distribution</h2> 
291
292<ul class="large"> 
293	<li><a href="quincunx.html">Quincunx</a> and <a href="quincunx-explained.html">Quincunx Explained</a></li> 
294	<li><a href="binomial-distribution.html">The Binomial Distribution</a></li> 
295</ul> 
296
297
298<h2>The Normal Distribution</h2> 
299
300<p class="floatRt"><img src="images/standard-normal-distribution-z.svg" alt="Bell Curve" height="122" width="202"></p> 
301<ul class="large"> 
302	<li><a href="standard-normal-distribution.html">Normal Distribution</a></li> 
303	<li><a href="normal-distribution-simulator.html">

303Normal Distribution Simulator</a></li> 
304	<li><a href="standard-normal-distribution-table.html">Standard Normal Distribution Table</a></li> 
305	<li><a href="skewness.html">Skewed Data</a></li> 
306	<li><a href="binomial-normal-approximation.html">Normal Approximation to Binomial Distribution</a></li> 
307</ul> 
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