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1<link rel="icon" href="/favicon-96x96.png" type="image/png" sizes="96x96"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/apple-touch-icon.png" sizes="180x180"/><title>Environment | Think Global Health</title><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/topic/environment"/><meta property="fb:app_id" content="541141566738419"/><meta property="og:title" content="Environment | Think Global Health"/><meta property="og:description" content="The global health effects of climate change are not well quantified today and are likely to increase in the future, with lower-income countries bearing the brunt of greater food insecurity, increased rates of chronic respiratory illnesses, and shifts in vector-borne diseases. This section explores the global health nexus between climate change and pollution and the possibilities for a more coherent policy approach to these issues
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91.6 4.184 7.506h-8.675zM373.642 45.466c4.369 0 7.752-2.215 8.675-5.537 0 1.477.185 3.594.431 5.071h8.859c-.492-2.215-.676-4.579-.676-8.024V24.179c0-7.752-3.753-11.013-12.428-11.013-7.691 0-13.105 3.445-13.166 11.136h9.167c.061-3.384.984-5.23 3.876-5.23 2.276 0 3.322 1.293 3.322 4.246v2.276l-6.091 1.046c-3.691.677-6.398 1.723-8.06 3.138-1.784 1.538-2.953 3.753-2.953 6.706 0 5.414 3.446 8.982 9.044 8.982zm3.753-6.029c-2.153 0-3.322-1.477-3.322-3.753 0-2.645 1.477-4.06 4.368-4.676l3.507-.738v4.245c0 3.015-1.846 4.922-4.553 4.922zM404 0h-9.044v45H404V0zM405.908 20.118h4.43v15.566c0 6.337 3.076 9.536 10.213 9.536 1.845 0 3.383-.184 5.106-.492v-7.383a13.59 13.59 0 01-2.399.185c-2.584 0-3.876-1.415-3.876-4.122v-13.29h6.214v-6.152h-6.214V3.446l-9.044 3.322v7.198h-4.43v6.152zM428 45h9.044V26.701c0-4.49 1.415-6.706 4.184-6.706 2.338 0 3.507 1.6 3.507 4.86V45h9.105V23.81c0-7.137-2.768-10.644-8.306-10.644-4.06 0-6.952 2.03-8.49 5.968V0H428v45z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex w-1/5 flex-col items-end"><div class="relative"><button aria-label="Share" class="focus:outline-none" type="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" fill="currentColor" class=""><path d="M6 14a2 2 0 100-4 2 2 0 000 4zM16 20a2 2 0 100-4 2 2 0 000 4zM16 8a2 2 0 100-4 2 2 0 000 4z" fill="currentColor"></path><path d="M16 6L6 12l10 6" fill="transparent" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.4" stroke-miterlimit="10"></path></svg></button></div></div></div></div></div><div class="text-center text-white"><h1 class="hero-title xl:text-12xl lg:text-10xl text-4xl text-white! md:text-8xl">Environment</h1><div class="mx-auto mt-6 text-[1.1875rem] leading-[1.25] md:w-2/3 md:text-[1.4rem] md:leading-[1.3] lg:text-2xl"><p><span>The global health effects of climate change are not well quantified today and are likely to increase in the future, with lower-income countries bearing the brunt of greater food insecurity, increased rates of chronic respiratory illnesses, and shifts in vector-borne diseases. This section explores the global health nexus between climate change and pollution and the possibilities for a more coherent policy approach to these issues</span></p>
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13</div></div><div class="h-4"></div></div><div class="mb-10 items-center space-x-4 xl:flex"><div class="mr-10 mb-10 w-full flex-shrink-0 border-t-2 border-black xl:min-h-[240px] xl:w-[300px]"><div class="mt-2 mb-4 flex flex-row items-center justify-between"><div class="font-gtamerica"><h2 class="text-body-text text-xl font-bold">Environment</h2></div><div><button aria-label="Previous" disabled="" class="hover:text-navigation-red px-1 text-lg font-bold hover:cursor-pointer disabled:opacity-50 disabled:hover:cursor-default disabled:hover:text-gray-400" type="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" fill="currentColor" class="inline-block"><path d="M6.2 11.6l9-5.5c.4-.3 1 .2.7.6L13 12l2.9 5.3c.2.4-.3.9-.7.6l-9-5.5c-.3-.2-.3-.6 0-.8z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></button><button aria-label="Next" class="hover:text-navigation-red px-1 text-lg font-bold hover:cursor-pointer disabled:opacity-50 disabled:hover:cursor-default disabled:hover:text-gray-400" type="button"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" fill="currentColor" class="inline-block"><path d="M17.8 11.6l-9-5.5c-.4-.3-1 .2-.7.6L11 12l-2.9 5.3c-.2.4.3.9.7.6l9-5.5c.3-.2.3-.6 0-.8z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><div class="no-scrollbar -mr-4 flex snap-x snap-mandatory overflow-x-auto overflow-y-hidden scroll-smooth md:-mr-10 xl:-mr-12"><a href="/article/climate-disasters-and-u-s-federalism"><div class="datapoint-card group relative transition-colors duration-100 hover:bg-black hover:text-white"><h3 class="datapoint-title">72 Hours</h3><p class="mt-3 xl:mt-4">If a major weather event occurs, the federal government should be able to provide assistance within 72 hours</p><div class="absolute right-0 bottom-0 left-0 flex items-start gap-4 p-4 text-white translate-y-full opacity-0 transition-all duration-300 group-hover:translate-y-0 group-hover:opacity-100"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_325x325/v1759177219/tgh/2025-07-12T005912Z_1078006488_RC2GKFAD68N6_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER-TEXAS-FLOODING/2025-07-12T005912Z_1078006488_RC2GKFAD68N6_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER-TEXAS-FLOODING.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_325x325/v1759177219/tgh/2025-07-12T005912Z_1078006488_RC2GKFAD68N6_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER-TEXAS-FLOODING/2025-07-12T005912Z_1078006488_RC2GKFAD68N6_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER-TEXAS-FLOODING.jpg 325w" alt="72 Hours" width="6048" height="4024" class="aspect-square h-[52px] min-h-[52px] w-[52px] min-w-[52px] object-cover"/>
13<span class="font-dm-sans text-sm antialiased!">Climate Disasters and U.S. Federalism</span></div></div></a><a href="/article/out-cold-most-common-wintertime-injuries-warming-world"><div class="datapoint-card group relative transition-colors duration-100 hover:bg-black hover:text-white"><h3 class="datapoint-title">20,000</h3><p class="mt-3 xl:mt-4">Every year, approximately 20,000 people die from hypothermia and cold-related injuries</p><div class="absolute right-0 bottom-0 left-0 flex items-start gap-4 p-4 text-white translate-y-full opacity-0 transition-all duration-300 group-hover:translate-y-0 group-hover:opacity-100"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Wintertime-injuries_recirc-01_1.png" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Wintertime-injuries_recirc-01_1.png 325w" alt="Out Cold: The Most Common Wintertime Injuries in a Warming World" width="3334" height="3334" class="aspect-square h-[52px] min-h-[52px] w-[52px] min-w-[52px] object-cover"/><span class="font-dm-sans text-sm antialiased!">Out Cold: The Most Common Wintertime Injuries in a Warming World</span></div></div></a><a href="/article/brazils-deadly-floods-expose-shortfalls-disaster-preparedness"><div class="datapoint-card group relative transition-colors duration-100 hover:bg-black hover:text-white"><h3 class="datapoint-title">10%</h3><p class="mt-3 xl:mt-4">In Brazil, climate change has made the floods twice as likely and nearly 10% more intense</p><div class="absolute right-0 bottom-0 left-0 flex items-start gap-4 p-4 text-white translate-y-full opacity-0 transition-all duration-300 group-hover:translate-y-0 group-hover:opacity-100"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-05-23T202007Z_210745154_RC2GW7A95UGQ_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-RAINS_0.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-05-23T202007Z_210745154_RC2GW7A95UGQ_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-RAINS_0.jpg 325w" alt="Brazil&amp;#039;s Deadly Floods Expose Shortfalls in Disaster Preparedness" width="52" height="52" class="aspect-square h-[52px] min-h-[52px] w-[52px] min-w-[52px] object-cover"/><span class="font-dm-sans text-sm antialiased!">Brazil&#039;s Deadly Floods Expose Shortfalls in Disaster Preparedness</span></div></div></a><a href="/article/why-nations-need-prepare-climate-fueled-dengue"><div class="datapoint-card group relative transition-colors duration-100 hover:bg-black hover:text-white"><h3 class="datapoint-title">0.08%</h3><p class="mt-3 xl:mt-4">Sri Lanka and other dengue-endemic countries brought the mortality rate of dengue down to less than 0.08%</p><div class="absolute right-0 bottom-0 left-0 flex items-start gap-4 p-4 text-white translate-y-full opacity-0 transition-all duration-300 group-hover:translate-y-0 group-hover:opacity-100"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-295-1.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-295-1.jpg 325w" alt="Why Nations Need to Prepare for Climate-Fueled Dengue" width="600" height="429" class="aspect-square h-[52px] min-h-[52px] w-[52px] min-w-[52px] object-cover"/><span class="font-dm-sans text-sm antialiased!">Why Nations Need to Prepare for Climate-Fueled Dengue</span></div></div></a><a href="/article/preventing-carbon-monoxide-poisoning-when-disasters-hit"><div class="datapoint-card group relative transition-colors duration-100 hover:bg-black hover:text-white"><h3 class="datapoint-title">40,000</h3><p class="mt-3 xl:mt-4">More than 40,000 people die of unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning annually</p><div class="absolute right-0 bottom-0 left-0 flex items-start gap-4 p-4 text-white translate-y-full opacity-0 transition-all duration-300 group-hover:translate-y-0 group-hover:opacity-100"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/RTSJ1BJB-sized.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/RTSJ1BJB-sized.jpg 325w" alt="Preventing Carbon Monoxide Poisoning When Disasters Hit" width="5464" height="3640" class="aspect-square h-[52px] min-h-[52px] w-[52px] min-w-[52px] object-cover"/>
13<span class="font-dm-sans text-sm antialiased!">Preventing Carbon Monoxide Poisoning When Disasters Hit</span></div></div></a><a href="/article/tangled-problem-sugarcane-burning-thailand"><div class="datapoint-card group relative transition-colors duration-100 hover:bg-black hover:text-white"><h3 class="datapoint-title">32,200</h3><p class="mt-3 xl:mt-4">Agricultural burning accounted for approximately 32,200 premature deaths in 2019</p><div class="absolute right-0 bottom-0 left-0 flex items-start gap-4 p-4 text-white translate-y-full opacity-0 transition-all duration-300 group-hover:translate-y-0 group-hover:opacity-100"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Sugar-Cane-burning_0.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Sugar-Cane-burning_0.jpg 325w" alt="Deaths related to the use of fire to clear land" width="5568" height="3712" class="aspect-square h-[52px] min-h-[52px] w-[52px] min-w-[52px] object-cover"/><span class="font-dm-sans text-sm antialiased!">The Tangled Problem of Sugarcane Burning in Thailand</span></div></div></a><a href="/article/climate-change-and-incarceration"><div class="datapoint-card group relative transition-colors duration-100 hover:bg-black hover:text-white"><h3 class="datapoint-title">25 Percent</h3><p class="mt-3 xl:mt-4">The U.S. makes up 5 percent of the global population, but produces 25 percent of the world&#x27;s CO2 emissions</p><div class="absolute right-0 bottom-0 left-0 flex items-start gap-4 p-4 text-white translate-y-full opacity-0 transition-all duration-300 group-hover:translate-y-0 group-hover:opacity-100"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/angola_0037_Jackson_0.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/angola_0037_Jackson_0.jpg 325w" alt="The United States and CO2 emissions" width="1920" height="1324" class="aspect-square h-[52px] min-h-[52px] w-[52px] min-w-[52px] object-cover"/><span class="font-dm-sans text-sm antialiased!">Climate Change and Incarceration</span></div></div></a><a href="/article/every-breath-we-take"><div class="datapoint-card group relative transition-colors duration-100 hover:bg-black hover:text-white"><h3 class="datapoint-title">4 Million</h3><p class="mt-3 xl:mt-4">In 2019, outdoor air pollution was linked to more than 4 million deaths</p><div class="absolute right-0 bottom-0 left-0 flex items-start gap-4 p-4 text-white translate-y-full opacity-0 transition-all duration-300 group-hover:translate-y-0 group-hover:opacity-100"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/exercising-in-polluted-park.jpeg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/exercising-in-polluted-park.jpeg 325w" alt="Air pollution-linked deaths" width="3500" height="2442" class="aspect-square h-[52px] min-h-[52px] w-[52px] min-w-[52px] object-cover"/><span class="font-dm-sans text-sm antialiased!">Every Breath We Take</span></div></div></a><a href="/article/heat-dust-fever"><div class="datapoint-card group relative transition-colors duration-100 hover:bg-black hover:text-white"><h3 class="datapoint-title">5 Percent</h3><p class="mt-3 xl:mt-4">In India, health care contributes to 5 percent of the national carbon footprint</p><div class="absolute right-0 bottom-0 left-0 flex items-start gap-4 p-4 text-white translate-y-full opacity-0 transition-all duration-300 group-hover:translate-y-0 group-hover:opacity-100"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/India-Climate-Change-Air-Pollution_0.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/India-Climate-Change-Air-Pollution_0.jpg 325w" alt="Carbon footprint of India&amp;#039;s health-care industry" width="4819" height="3561" class="aspect-square h-[52px] min-h-[52px] w-[52px] min-w-[52px] object-cover"/>
13<span class="font-dm-sans text-sm antialiased!">Heat, Dust, Fever</span></div></div></a><a href="/article/life-plastic"><div class="datapoint-card group relative transition-colors duration-100 hover:bg-black hover:text-white"><h3 class="datapoint-title">700,000</h3><p class="mt-3 xl:mt-4">Indonesia dumps close to 700,000 tons of plastic into the ocean each year</p><div class="absolute right-0 bottom-0 left-0 flex items-start gap-4 p-4 text-white translate-y-full opacity-0 transition-all duration-300 group-hover:translate-y-0 group-hover:opacity-100"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Plastics-Header_0.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_325x325/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Plastics-Header_0.jpg 325w" alt="Indonesia and plastic waste" width="1920" height="1280" class="aspect-square h-[52px] min-h-[52px] w-[52px] min-w-[52px] object-cover"/><span class="font-dm-sans text-sm antialiased!">Life in Plastic</span></div></div></a></div></div><section class="mb-6 pb-14"><div class="font-gtamerica text-body-text border-t-2 border-black pb-8 tracking-[-0.015em]"><h2 class="pt-2 text-[1.375rem] font-bold">Featured</h2></div><div class="before:bg-transparent lg:before:bg-featured-backdrop before:absolute before:top-18 before:bottom-0 before:left-[50%] before:-z-1 before:ml-[-50vw] before:w-screen relative"><div class="flex gap-4 pb-12 xl:gap-8 flex-col lg:flex-row before:content-[&quot;&quot;] before:border-b-1 before:border-l-1 before:border-separator before:align-stretch"><div class="-order-1 flex-1 lg:flex-1/2"><div class="flex flex-col gap-0"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-1 hidden md:block">Environment</h5></a><div class="w-full"><a class="image-hover-effect" href="/article/as-temperatures-climb-so-do-overdose-risks"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_1300x1300_3_2/v1784660356/tgh/2023-08-07T140158Z_714458773_RC25B2AXQA8Q_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER/2023-08-07T140158Z_714458773_RC25B2AXQA8Q_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_1300x1300_3_2/v1784660356/tgh/2023-08-07T140158Z_714458773_RC25B2AXQA8Q_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER/2023-08-07T140158Z_714458773_RC25B2AXQA8Q_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER.jpg 1300w" alt="A man walks on a trail during a 27 days long heat wave with temperatures over 110 degrees Fahrenheit (43 degrees Celsius), in Phoenix, Arizona, on July 26, 2023." width="3200" height="2400" class="aspect-3/2 w-full object-cover"/></a></div><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mt-4 mb-0 block md:hidden">Environment</h5></a><a class="no-underline" href="/article/as-temperatures-climb-so-do-overdose-risks"><h3 class="text-body-text title-color-effect font-gtamerica-compressed text-[2.25rem] tracking-[-0.015em] md:text-[3.125rem] lg:text-6xl leading-[1] mt-0 md:mt-2">As Temperatures Climb, So Do Overdose Risks</h3></a><div class="font-dm-sans-bold text-body-text text-sm tracking-[0.01em] mt-2">by<!-- --> <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/sam-nichols">Sam Nichols</a></div><p class="mt-2">From Chicago to Phoenix, heat waves and other extreme weather events are worsening drug harms in the United States</p></div></div><div class="flex-1 lg:flex-1/2"><div class="flex flex-col gap-4 md:flex-row xl:gap-8 before:content-[&quot;&quot;] before:border-b-1 before:border-l-1 before:border-separator before:align-stretch"><div class="@container flex-1 first:-order-1 lg:flex-1/2"><div class="flex w-full flex-row justify-between gap-4 pb-1 md:flex-col-reverse md:justify-end md:gap-1"><div class="flex flex-col items-start justify-start"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] block md:hidden">Environment</h5></a><a class="no-underline" href="/article/gold-prices-reach-record-high-poisoning-ghanas-land"><h3 class="title-color-effect mt-2 mb-2 lg:mb-4 text-list-title md:text-list-title-md lg:text-list-title-lg leading-[1.25]">Gold Prices Reach Record High, Poisoning Ghana's Land</h3></a><div class="font-dm-sans-bold text-body-text text-sm tracking-[0.01em] mb
13-2">by<!-- --> <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/david-mawutor-donkor">David Mawutor Donkor</a></div><div class="hidden md:block"><article class="max-w-none">As gold demand grows, Ghana's rural families turn to riskier operations, worsened by lax regulations and porous supply chains</article></div></div><div class="shrink-0"><a class="image-hover-effect" href="/article/gold-prices-reach-record-high-poisoning-ghanas-land"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1768578420/tgh/2019-04-24T000000Z_1946599769_RC11085A5BE0_RTRMADP_3_GOLD-AFRICA-SMUGGLING/2019-04-24T000000Z_1946599769_RC11085A5BE0_RTRMADP_3_GOLD-AFRICA-SMUGGLING.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1768578420/tgh/2019-04-24T000000Z_1946599769_RC11085A5BE0_RTRMADP_3_GOLD-AFRICA-SMUGGLING/2019-04-24T000000Z_1946599769_RC11085A5BE0_RTRMADP_3_GOLD-AFRICA-SMUGGLING.jpg 650w, https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_325x325/v1768578420/tgh/2019-04-24T000000Z_1946599769_RC11085A5BE0_RTRMADP_3_GOLD-AFRICA-SMUGGLING/2019-04-24T000000Z_1946599769_RC11085A5BE0_RTRMADP_3_GOLD-AFRICA-SMUGGLING.jpg 325w" alt="An artisanal miner climbs out of a gold mine with a bag of rocks broken off from inside a mining pit, at the unlicensed mining site of Nsuaem Top, in Ghana, on November 24, 2018." width="4057" height="2756" class="size-max h-[80px] object-cover md:h-auto aspect-square md:aspect-[3/2]"/></a></div><div class="hidden w-[15%] md:block"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem]">Environment</h5></a></div></div></div><div class="@container flex-1 first:-order-1 lg:flex-1/2"><div class="flex w-full flex-row justify-between gap-4 pb-1 md:flex-col-reverse md:justify-end md:gap-1"><div class="flex flex-col items-start justify-start"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] block md:hidden">Environment</h5></a><a class="no-underline" href="/article/europes-historic-heatwave-is-testing-frances-playbook"><h3 class="title-color-effect mt-2 mb-2 lg:mb-4 text-list-title md:text-list-title-md lg:text-list-title-lg leading-[1.25]">Europe's Historic Heatwave Is Testing France's Playbook</h3></a><div class="font-dm-sans-bold text-body-text text-sm tracking-[0.01em] mb-2">by<!-- --> <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/michael-brauer">Michael Brauer</a>, <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/remy-slama">Rémy Slama</a></div><div class="hidden md:block"><article class="max-w-none">Experts outline how France can take steps to protect its population amid record-breaking temperatures and deadly wildfires</article></div></div><div class="shrink-0"><a class="image-hover-effect" href="/article/europes-historic-heatwave-is-testing-frances-playbook"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_1300x1300_1_1/v1785339267/tgh/2026-06-20T165258Z_1364540577_RC2SXLALLZA4_RTRMADP_3_EUROPE-WEATHER-FRANCE-HEAT/2026-06-20T165258Z_1364540577_RC2SXLALLZA4_RTRMADP_3_EUROPE-WEATHER-FRANCE-HEAT.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_1300x1300_1_1/v1785339267/tgh/2026-06-20T165258Z_1364540577_RC2SXLALLZA4_RTRMADP_3_EUROPE-WEATHER-FRANCE-HEAT/2026-06-20T165258Z_1364540577_RC2SXLALLZA4_RTRMADP_3_EUROPE-WEATHER-FRANCE-HEAT.jpg 1300w, https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_325x325/v1785339267/tgh/2026-06-20T165258Z_1364540577_RC2SXLALLZA4_RTRMADP_3_EUROPE-WEATHER-FRANCE-HEAT/2026-06-20T165258Z_1364540577_RC2SXLALLZA4_RTRMADP_3_EUROPE-WEATHER-FRANCE-HEAT.jpg 325w" alt="People protect themselves from the sun under an umbrella near the Eiffel Tower during a heatwave, in Paris, France, on June 20, 2026." width="5759" height="3839" class="size-max h-[80px] object-cover md:h-auto aspect-square"/></a></div><div class="hidden w-[15%] md:block"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem]">Environment</h5></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section class="border-separator mx-auto mt-2 mb-16 border-t-1 lg:mt-16">
13<div class="border-separator mt-6 mb-2 flex w-full flex-row justify-between gap-4 border-b-1 pb-1 last-of-type:border-b-0 md:flex-row-reverse md:justify-end md:gap-8 md:pb-8"><div class="flex flex-col items-start justify-start xl:w-[40%]"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-2 block lg:mb-4 xl:hidden">Environment</h5></a><a class="no-underline" href="/article/trauma-destruction-disruption-nepals-health-workers-struggle-in-aftermath-of-floods"><h3 class="title-color-effect text-list-title md:text-list-title-md lg:text-list-title-lg mb-2 leading-[1.25] lg:mb-4">Trauma, Destruction, Disruption: Nepal's Health Workers Struggle in Aftermath of Floods</h3></a><div class="font-dm-sans-bold text-body-text text-sm tracking-[0.01em]">by<!-- --> <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/tanka-dhakal">Tanka Dhakal</a>, <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/bhagirathi-pandit">Bhagirathi Pandit</a></div><a class="hidden no-underline md:block" href="/article/trauma-destruction-disruption-nepals-health-workers-struggle-in-aftermath-of-floods"><article class="max-w-none">Funding to rebuild remains scarce as Nepal's overburdened health system works to address postdisaster public health threats</article></a></div><div class="mt-4 w-[80px] shrink-0 md:mt-0 md:w-1/3 xl:w-1/4"><a class="image-hover-effect" href="/article/trauma-destruction-disruption-nepals-health-workers-struggle-in-aftermath-of-floods"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1790615218/tgh/07_Nepal-flood/07_Nepal-flood.jpeg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1790615218/tgh/07_Nepal-flood/07_Nepal-flood.jpeg 650w" alt="Aerial view of flood-ravaged Betrawati in Rasuwa; many houses are buried beneath the mud, on August 29, 2026." width="4032" height="2268" class="size-max h-[80px] w-full object-cover md:h-auto"/></a></div><div class="hidden w-[15%] xl:block"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-2">Environment</h5></a></div></div><div class="border-separator mt-6 mb-2 flex w-full flex-row justify-between gap-4 border-b-1 pb-1 last-of-type:border-b-0 md:flex-row-reverse md:justify-end md:gap-8 md:pb-8"><div class="flex flex-col items-start justify-start xl:w-[40%]"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-2 block lg:mb-4 xl:hidden">Environment</h5></a><a class="no-underline" href="/article/indias-climate-plans-miss-those-most-at-risk"><h3 class="title-color-effect text-list-title md:text-list-title-md lg:text-list-title-lg mb-2 leading-[1.25] lg:mb-4">India's Climate Plans Miss Those Most at Risk</h3></a><div class="font-dm-sans-bold text-body-text text-sm tracking-[0.01em]">by<!-- --> <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/david-sathuluri">David Sathuluri</a></div><a class="hidden no-underline md:block" href="/article/indias-climate-plans-miss-those-most-at-risk"><article class="max-w-none">Tracking caste-like hierarchies in climate and health metrics could help countries better mitigate extreme heat harms across South Asia and Africa</article></a></div><div class="mt-4 w-[80px] shrink-0 md:mt-0 md:w-1/3 xl:w-1/4"><a class="image-hover-effect" href="/article/indias-climate-plans-miss-those-most-at-risk"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1789677230/tgh/2020-04-24T000000Z_1908358322_RC2XAG988SB9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-SOUTHASIA/2020-04-24T000000Z_1908358322_RC2XAG988SB9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-SOUTHASIA.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1789677230/tgh/2020-04-24T000000Z_1908358322_RC2XAG988SB9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-SOUTHASIA/2020-04-24T000000Z_1908358322_RC2XAG988SB9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-SOUTHASIA.jpg 650w" alt="A laborer wearing a protective face mask looks on as he cleans the sewers, in New Delhi, India, on April 24, 2020." width="6720" height="4480" class="size-max h-[80px] w-full object-cover md:h-auto"/></a></div><div class="hidden w-[15%] xl:block"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-2">Environment</h5></a></div></div>
13<div class="border-separator mt-6 mb-2 flex w-full flex-row justify-between gap-4 border-b-1 pb-1 last-of-type:border-b-0 md:flex-row-reverse md:justify-end md:gap-8 md:pb-8"><div class="flex flex-col items-start justify-start xl:w-[40%]"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-2 block lg:mb-4 xl:hidden">Environment</h5></a><a class="no-underline" href="/article/antimicrobial-resistance-threatens-bangladeshs-coasts"><h3 class="title-color-effect text-list-title md:text-list-title-md lg:text-list-title-lg mb-2 leading-[1.25] lg:mb-4">Antimicrobial Resistance Threatens Bangladesh's Coasts</h3></a><div class="font-dm-sans-bold text-body-text text-sm tracking-[0.01em]">by<!-- --> <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/zakir-hossain-chowdhury">Zakir Hossain Chowdhury</a></div><a class="hidden no-underline md:block" href="/article/antimicrobial-resistance-threatens-bangladeshs-coasts"><article class="max-w-none">Rising salinity in Bangladesh's waters—which could worsen under a record-breaking El Niño—has created the perfect conditions for aquatic pathogens to multiply</article></a></div><div class="mt-4 w-[80px] shrink-0 md:mt-0 md:w-1/3 xl:w-1/4"><a class="image-hover-effect" href="/article/antimicrobial-resistance-threatens-bangladeshs-coasts"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1789151209/tgh/a-ZHC_4978/a-ZHC_4978.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1789151209/tgh/a-ZHC_4978/a-ZHC_4978.jpg 650w" alt="A man feeds a shrimp pond, scattering food across the water to sustain the growing stock. Photo taken on March 5, 2026, in Koyra subdistrict, Khulna district." width="4804" height="3203" class="size-max h-[80px] w-full object-cover md:h-auto"/></a></div><div class="hidden w-[15%] xl:block"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-2">Environment</h5></a></div></div><div class="border-separator mt-6 mb-2 flex w-full flex-row justify-between gap-4 border-b-1 pb-1 last-of-type:border-b-0 md:flex-row-reverse md:justify-end md:gap-8 md:pb-8"><div class="flex flex-col items-start justify-start xl:w-[40%]"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-2 block lg:mb-4 xl:hidden">Environment</h5></a><a class="no-underline" href="/article/improving-kenyas-carbon-market-to-support-health-and-climate"><h3 class="title-color-effect text-list-title md:text-list-title-md lg:text-list-title-lg mb-2 leading-[1.25] lg:mb-4">Improving Kenya's Carbon Market to Support Health and Climate</h3></a><div class="font-dm-sans-bold text-body-text text-sm tracking-[0.01em]">by<!-- --> <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/joyce-chimbi">Joyce Chimbi</a></div><a class="hidden no-underline md:block" href="/article/improving-kenyas-carbon-market-to-support-health-and-climate"><article class="max-w-none">Building on the success of projects like Mikoko Pamoja, Kenya is working to regulate its carbon market to address past controversy and secure community gains</article></a></div><div class="mt-4 w-[80px] shrink-0 md:mt-0 md:w-1/3 xl:w-1/4"><a class="image-hover-effect" href="/article/improving-kenyas-carbon-market-to-support-health-and-climate"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1787683175/tgh/SAUMUB_1/SAUMUB_1.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1787683175/tgh/SAUMUB_1/SAUMUB_1.jpg 650w" alt="Young mother standing holding a baby at Gazi dispensary, with white head wrap. Saumu Bakari, from a neighboring Zero Zero village that is yet to have its own dispensary, receives maternal and child health services at Gazi dispensary. The Mikoko Pamoja project continues to support the dispensary." width="3264" height="2448" class="size-max h-[80px] w-full object-cover md:h-auto"/></a></div><div class="hidden w-[15%] xl:block"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-2">Environment</h5></a></div></div>
13<div class="border-separator mt-6 mb-2 flex w-full flex-row justify-between gap-4 border-b-1 pb-1 last-of-type:border-b-0 md:flex-row-reverse md:justify-end md:gap-8 md:pb-8"><div class="flex flex-col items-start justify-start xl:w-[40%]"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-2 block lg:mb-4 xl:hidden">Environment</h5></a><a class="no-underline" href="/article/irans-black-rain-and-the-health-shadow-of-oil-wars"><h3 class="title-color-effect text-list-title md:text-list-title-md lg:text-list-title-lg mb-2 leading-[1.25] lg:mb-4">Iran's Black Rain and the Health Shadow of Oil Wars</h3></a><div class="font-dm-sans-bold text-body-text text-sm tracking-[0.01em]">by<!-- --> <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/abraham-marshall-nunbogu">Abraham Marshall Nunbogu</a>, <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/rohit-ramchandani">Rohit Ramchandani</a>, <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/mehreen-shami">Mehreen Shami</a>, <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/wania-khan">Wania Khan</a>, <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/kaveh-madani">Kaveh Madani</a></div><a class="hidden no-underline md:block" href="/article/irans-black-rain-and-the-health-shadow-of-oil-wars"><article class="max-w-none">The environment is a casualty of the Iran war, as "black rain" creates toxic damage that typically endures</article></a></div><div class="mt-4 w-[80px] shrink-0 md:mt-0 md:w-1/3 xl:w-1/4"><a class="image-hover-effect" href="/article/irans-black-rain-and-the-health-shadow-of-oil-wars"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1775756423/tgh/2026-03-11T133359Z_1153692873_RC2M1KAKFPYH_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS/2026-03-11T133359Z_1153692873_RC2M1KAKFPYH_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1775756423/tgh/2026-03-11T133359Z_1153692873_RC2M1KAKFPYH_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS/2026-03-11T133359Z_1153692873_RC2M1KAKFPYH_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.jpg 650w" alt="Black soot after reported black rain following a strike on fuel tanks, in Tehran, Iran, on March 10, 2026." width="5128" height="3419" class="size-max h-[80px] w-full object-cover md:h-auto"/></a></div><div class="hidden w-[15%] xl:block"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-2">Environment</h5></a></div></div><div class="border-separator mt-6 mb-2 flex w-full flex-row justify-between gap-4 border-b-1 pb-1 last-of-type:border-b-0 md:flex-row-reverse md:justify-end md:gap-8 md:pb-8"><div class="flex flex-col items-start justify-start xl:w-[40%]"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-2 block lg:mb-4 xl:hidden">Environment</h5></a><a class="no-underline" href="/article/small-island-nations-remain-sidelined-at-climate-conferences"><h3 class="title-color-effect text-list-title md:text-list-title-md lg:text-list-title-lg mb-2 leading-[1.25] lg:mb-4">Small Island Nations Remain Sidelined at Climate Conferences</h3></a><div class="font-dm-sans-bold text-body-text text-sm tracking-[0.01em]">by<!-- --> <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/sushree-nibedita-panda">Sushree Nibedita Panda</a>, <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/manish-barik">Manish Barik</a></div><a class="hidden no-underline md:block" href="/article/small-island-nations-remain-sidelined-at-climate-conferences"><article class="max-w-none">The lack of diversity behind climate decision-making has direct consequences for how the world responds to the crisis</article></a></div><div class="mt-4 w-[80px] shrink-0 md:mt-0 md:w-1/3 xl:w-1/4"><a class="image-hover-effect" href="/article/small-island-nations-remain-sidelined-at-climate-conferences"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1763061189/tgh/2013-06-13T120000Z_1580139326_LM2E96A14G101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE/2013-06-13T120000Z_1580139326_LM2E96A14G101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1763061189/tgh/2013-06-13T120000Z_1580139326_LM2E96A14G101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE/2013-06-13T120000Z_1580139326_LM2E96A14G101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE.jpg 650w" alt="Binata Pinata scales a fish her husband caught, as she sits in the sea just off Bikeman islet, located off South Tarawa, in the central Pacific island nation of Kiribati, on May 25, 2013." width="3500" height="2267" class="size-max h-[80px] w-full object-cover md:h-auto"/></a></div><div class="hidden w-[15%] xl:block"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-2">Environment</h5></a></div></div>
13<div class="border-separator mt-6 mb-2 flex w-full flex-row justify-between gap-4 border-b-1 pb-1 last-of-type:border-b-0 md:flex-row-reverse md:justify-end md:gap-8 md:pb-8"><div class="flex flex-col items-start justify-start xl:w-[40%]"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-2 block lg:mb-4 xl:hidden">Environment</h5></a><a class="no-underline" href="/article/why-mountain-nations-matter-at-the-cop30-climate-summit"><h3 class="title-color-effect text-list-title md:text-list-title-md lg:text-list-title-lg mb-2 leading-[1.25] lg:mb-4">Why Mountain Nations Matter at the COP30 Climate Summit</h3></a><div class="font-dm-sans-bold text-body-text text-sm tracking-[0.01em]">by<!-- --> <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/samuel-s-han">Samuel S. Han</a>, <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/saule-chalbasova">Saule Chalbasova</a>, <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/christopher-j-gerry">Christopher J. Gerry</a></div><a class="hidden no-underline md:block" href="/article/why-mountain-nations-matter-at-the-cop30-climate-summit"><article class="max-w-none">Central Asia's experience highlights that climate change is inseparable from health equity</article></a></div><div class="mt-4 w-[80px] shrink-0 md:mt-0 md:w-1/3 xl:w-1/4"><a class="image-hover-effect" href="/article/why-mountain-nations-matter-at-the-cop30-climate-summit"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1762973168/tgh/2015-07-26T120000Z_286519172_GF10000170350_RTRMADP_3_KYRGYZSTAN-SOCIETY/2015-07-26T120000Z_286519172_GF10000170350_RTRMADP_3_KYRGYZSTAN-SOCIETY.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1762973168/tgh/2015-07-26T120000Z_286519172_GF10000170350_RTRMADP_3_KYRGYZSTAN-SOCIETY/2015-07-26T120000Z_286519172_GF10000170350_RTRMADP_3_KYRGYZSTAN-SOCIETY.jpg 650w" alt="People gather before the Kyrgyz national horse games and festival, near the Tulpar-Kul lake, in the Chon Alai mountain range, in the Osh region of Kyrgyzstan, on July 25, 2015." width="5184" height="3456" class="size-max h-[80px] w-full object-cover md:h-auto"/></a></div><div class="hidden w-[15%] xl:block"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-2">Environment</h5></a></div></div><div class="border-separator mt-6 mb-2 flex w-full flex-row justify-between gap-4 border-b-1 pb-1 last-of-type:border-b-0 md:flex-row-reverse md:justify-end md:gap-8 md:pb-8"><div class="flex flex-col items-start justify-start xl:w-[40%]"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-2 block lg:mb-4 xl:hidden">Environment</h5></a><a class="no-underline" href="/article/cop30-and-the-climate-consequences-of-ignoring-sanitation"><h3 class="title-color-effect text-list-title md:text-list-title-md lg:text-list-title-lg mb-2 leading-[1.25] lg:mb-4">COP30 and the Climate Consequences of Ignoring Sanitation</h3></a><div class="font-dm-sans-bold text-body-text text-sm tracking-[0.01em]">by<!-- --> <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/r-mullo-jos-costa-ata-des">Rômullo José Costa Ataídes</a></div><a class="hidden no-underline md:block" href="/article/cop30-and-the-climate-consequences-of-ignoring-sanitation"><article class="max-w-none">The Belém Health Action Plan offers a blueprint for bridging climate and sanitation</article></a></div><div class="mt-4 w-[80px] shrink-0 md:mt-0 md:w-1/3 xl:w-1/4"><a class="image-hover-effect" href="/article/cop30-and-the-climate-consequences-of-ignoring-sanitation"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1762540378/tgh/2019-11-29T080230Z_390805395_RC2WKD9SM4EJ_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-SAFRICA-DROUGHT/2019-11-29T080230Z_390805395_RC2WKD9SM4EJ_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-SAFRICA-DROUGHT.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v176254
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class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-2 block lg:mb-4 xl:hidden">Environment</h5></a><a class="no-underline" href="/article/why-yellow-fever-demands-a-seat-at-cop30s-climate-negotiations"><h3 class="title-color-effect text-list-title md:text-list-title-md lg:text-list-title-lg mb-2 leading-[1.25] lg:mb-4">Why Yellow Fever Demands a Seat at COP30's Climate Negotiations</h3></a><div class="font-dm-sans-bold text-body-text text-sm tracking-[0.01em]">by<!-- --> <a class="hover:text-navigation-red" href="/author/r-mullo-jos-costa-ata-des">Rômullo José Costa Ataídes</a></div><a class="hidden no-underline md:block" href="/article/why-yellow-fever-demands-a-seat-at-cop30s-climate-negotiations"><article class="max-w-none">In November, leaders will gather in the heart of the Amazon, a living symbol for climate-driven epidemics</article></a></div><div class="mt-4 w-[80px] shrink-0 md:mt-0 md:w-1/3 xl:w-1/4"><a class="image-hover-effect" href="/article/why-yellow-fever-demands-a-seat-at-cop30s-climate-negotiations"><img src="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1760905315/tgh/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT.jpg" srcSet="https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_650x650_3_2/v1760905315/tgh/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT.jpg 650w" alt="Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are seen inside Oxitec laboratory in Campinas, Brazil, on February 2, 2016." width="2754" height="2046" class="size-max h-[80px] w-full object-cover md:h-auto"/></a></div><div class="hidden w-[15%] xl:block"><a class="no-underline" href="/topic/environment"><h5 class="text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] 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All rights reserved.\",\" \",[\"$\",\"$L6\",null,{\"className\":\"font-dm-sans text-center text-white\",\"href\":\"/privacy-policy\",\"children\":\"Privacy Policy\"}],\" \",\"and\",\" \",[\"$\",\"$L6\",null,{\"className\":\"font-dm-sans text-center text-white\",\"href\":\"/terms-use\",\"children\":\"Terms of Use.\"}]]}]}]\n17:[[\"$\",\"meta\",\"0\",{\"charSet\":\"utf-8\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"1\",{\"name\":\"viewport\",\"content\":\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\"}]]\n15:null\n19:[[\"$\",\"title\",\"0\",{\"children\":\"Environment | Think Global Health\"}],[\"$\",\"link\",\"1\",{\"rel\":\"canonical\",\"href\":\"https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/topic/environment\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"2\",{\"property\":\"fb:app_id\",\"content\":\"541141566738419\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"3\",{\"property\":\"og:title\",\"content\":\"Environment | Think Global Health\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"4\",{\"property\":\"og:description\",\"content\":\"The global health effects of climate change are not well quantified today and are likely to increase in the future, with lower-income countries bearing the brunt of greater food insecurity, increased rates of chronic respiratory illnesses, and shifts in vector-borne diseases. This section explores the global health nexus between climate change and pollution and the possibilities for a more coherent policy approach to these issues\\n\\n\\n\\n\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"5\",{\"property\":\"og:url\",\"content\":\"https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/topic/environment\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"6\",{\"property\":\"og:site_name\",\"content\":\"Think Global Health\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"7\",{\"property\":\"og:image\",\"content\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Environment-RTR3EL55-HERO-SIXTEEN-NINE_0.jpg\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"8\",{\"property\":\"og:image:alt\",\"content\":\"An elderly man exercises in the morning as he faces chimneys emitting smoke behind buildings across the Songhua river in Jilin, Jilin province, February 24, 2013.\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"9\",{\"property\":\"og:type\",\"content\":\"article\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"10\",{\"name\":\"twitter:card\",\"content\":\"summary_large_image\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"11\",{\"name\":\"twitter:site\",\"content\":\"@cfr_org\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"12\",{\"name\":\"twitter:creator\",\"content\":\"@CFR_org\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"13\",{\"name\":\"twitter:title\",\"content\":\"Environment | Think Global Health\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"14\",{\"name\":\"twitter:description\",\"content\":\"The global health effects of climate change are not well quantified today and are likely to increase in the future, with lower-income countries bearing the brunt of greater food insecurity, increased rates of chronic respiratory illnesses, and shifts in vector-borne diseases. This section explores the global health nexus between climate change and pollution and the possibilities for a more coherent policy approach to these issues\\n\\n\\n\\n\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"15\",{\"name\":\"twitter:image\",\"content\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Environment-RTR3EL55-HERO-SIXTEEN-NINE_0.jpg\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"16\",{\"name\":\"twitter:image:alt\",\"content\":\"An elderly man exercises in the morning as he faces chimneys emitting smoke behind buildings across the Songhua river in Jilin, Jilin province, February 24, 2013.\"}]]\n27:I[70199,[\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/2og7q_rzw9p5z.js\",\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/2qv15or9jtjh1.js\",\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/2nze2deeedje9.js\",\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/2nbyq3ljmjkc3.js\",\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/32cfr2bbs4en7.js\",\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/1mkrmt0zgzr7j.js\"],\"CategoryHeader\"]\n28:I[62222,[\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/2og7q_rzw9p5z.js\",\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/2qv15or9jtjh1.js\",\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/2nze2deeedje9.js\",\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/2nbyq3ljmjkc3.js\",\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/32cfr2bbs4en7.js\",\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/1mkrmt0zgzr7j.js\"],\"default\"]\n:HL[\"https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_2600x2600/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Environment-RTR3EL55-HERO-SIXTEEN-NINE_0.jpg\",\"image\",{\"imageSrcSet\":\"https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_2600x2600/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Environment-RTR3EL55-HERO-SIXTEEN-NINE_0.jpg 2600w\"}]\n29:T455a,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eT\u003cem\u003ehis week marks three months since a July 4 torrent of rain and floods swept through Central Texas, killing at least \u003ca href=\"https://www.texastribune.org/2025/07/11/texas-hill-country-floods-what-we-know/\"\u003e130 people\u003c/a\u003e, including 27 girls and counselors from the century-old Camp Mystic. Some parents \u003ca href=\"https://www.click2houston.com/news/local/2025/09/26/families-demand-answers-as-search-continues-for-missing-camp-mystic-girl/\"\u003econtinue to search\u003c/a\u003e for the bodies of loved one
13s; others urge the camp \u003ca href=\"https://www.texastribune.org/2025/09/23/camp-mystic-flood-reopening-cypress-lake-2026/\"\u003enot to reopen\u003c/a\u003e. A new state law bans camp cabins from being in floodways.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAs Atlantic hurricane season moves through its peak period of September and October, vulnerable U.S. states and territories are reflecting over natural disasters from earlier this year and mulling \u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.govexec.com/management/2025/06/states-fear-critical-funding-fema-may-be-drying/406374/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ewhat their responses\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e and \u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/trump-administration-wants-shrink-federal-governments-role-disaster-management-do-states\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003e\u003cem\u003erecoveries\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e could resemble with \u003ca href=\"https://www.governing.com/resilience/emergency-managers-regroup-as-fema-pulls-back-support\"\u003eless federal support\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eIn the wake of the tragic July 4 flash floods along the Guadalupe River in Texas, President Donald Trump and \u003ca href=\"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/tx/south-texas-el-paso/politics/2025/07/15/gov--greg-abbott-calls-flood-blame-casting--loser--behavior\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/tx/south-texas-el-paso/politics/2025/07/15/gov--greg-abbott-calls-flood-blame-casting--loser--behavior\"\u003eTexas Governor Greg Abbott \u003c/a\u003edismissed questions from reporters about how the disaster could have been prevented, and who was to blame. \"Only an evil person would ask a question like that,\" Trump \u003ca href=\"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-heads-texas-after-catastrophic-flooding-avoiding-criticism/story?id=123650032\"\u003etold a reporter\u003c/a\u003e during a July 11 roundtable event in Kerrville, Texas.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eYet these questions become more relevant as climate change worsens the frequency and intensity of extreme weather disasters, says Alice Hill, the David M. Rubenstein senior fellow for energy and the environment at the Council on Foreign Relations. While serving as senior counsel to the secretary of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Hill led the creation of the department's first climate adaptation plan. Run by DHS, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has faced funding cuts and staffing reductions as the administration realigns the agency's priorities, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2025/06/26/nx-s1-5430469/faq-fema-elimination\"\u003ecould include dismantling\u003c/a\u003e its operations. Hill also served as special assistant to President Barack Obama and senior director for resilience policy on the National Security Council.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDisaster preparedness and resiliency \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/fema-delay-disaster-response-st-louis-1152f03c?st=6FF1Ah\u0026amp;reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink\"\u003eare under threat\u003c/a\u003e as the federal government backs away from its traditional role in assisting states with emergency relief, Hill says. The Trump administration's budget cuts further reduce the capacity of federal agencies to assist states and local communities when disaster strikes. Think Global Health interviewed Hill about the key takeaways from the Texas floods and her top concerns about the changing nature of disaster preparedness in the United States. \u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e□\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; □\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; □\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; □\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; □\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; □\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; □\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; □\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; □\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; □\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; □\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; □\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; □\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; □\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; □\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThink Global Health:\u003c/strong\u003e You specialize in the risk, consequences, and responses associated with climate change. Did what happened with the flash floods in Texas epitomize the intersection of those issues in some way?\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHill:\u003c/strong\u003e This is a place that's had a history of many floods, but this event was consistent with climate-worsened flooding. The ferocity of the floods surprised people. People had built to what they thought was safe, considering what would have happened in the past. But with climate change, the past is no longer a reliable indicator for the future. Unfortunately, the terrible tragedy in Texas fits that pattern of greater damage and potential loss of life as a result of worsening events. It could be a flood, or it could be a wildfire, drought, heat, or storm surge from sea level rise. We should expect to be surprised, and we will have more and more surprising events.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThink Global Health:\u003c/strong\u003e When it comes to natural disasters in general, how have powers and responsibilities between federal and state authorities traditionally been divi
13ded? Does that seem to be changing under the current administration?\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eResponses to natural disasters in the United States are locally executed and state managed\u003c/p\u003e\u003ccite\u003eAlice Hill, Council on Foreign Relations\u003c/cite\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHill:\u003c/strong\u003e Responses to natural disasters in the United States are locally executed and state managed. When an event is too big for those entities to handle, it receives federal support. That's the model that has been developed over the last five decades.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eMore recently, involvement of the federal government in natural disaster relief has been huge. Now the Trump administration is attempting to roll that back to the states so that they are taking on more of the onus of the response. It's a political debate as to who should own that responsibility.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eWhat is concerning about the Trump administration's approach, though, is the speed with which it's doing this. It's happening so quickly that states aren't prepared to be able to respond. They've been expecting the federal cavalry to arrive, and now the federal cavalry is saying, \"We're not coming.\" So these state and local emergency managers are looking right and left, asking, \"Who's going to help us?\"\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAn additional challenge for them is that a lot of their emergency response funding comes from the federal government. Something like 90% of Texas's budget for emergency management has come from the federal government; Wyoming's has been 80%. If that is unplugged, then who's going to fund the local firefighters, who's going to drive the fire truck? We're in a moment when we may have some big events that are worsened by climate change, but we'll have a less robust response by the federal government yet the states and local communities aren't ready to fill that void yet.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/2022-05-12T000000Z_1698477571_RC2Q5U9LNSH1_RTRMADP_3_USA-WILDFIRE-CALIFORNIA/2022-05-12T000000Z_1698477571_RC2Q5U9LNSH1_RTRMADP_3_USA-WILDFIRE-CALIFORNIA.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1759177425/tgh/2022-05-12T000000Z_1698477571_RC2Q5U9LNSH1_RTRMADP_3_USA-WILDFIRE-CALIFORNIA/2022-05-12T000000Z_1698477571_RC2Q5U9LNSH1_RTRMADP_3_USA-WILDFIRE-CALIFORNIA.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-post-96258 wp-image-96267\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1759177425\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1759177425/tgh/2022-05-12T000000Z_1698477571_RC2Q5U9LNSH1_RTRMADP_3_USA-WILDFIRE-CALIFORNIA/2022-05-12T000000Z_1698477571_RC2Q5U9LNSH1_RTRMADP_3_USA-WILDFIRE-CALIFORNIA.jpg?_i=AA 8192w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1759177425/tgh/2022-05-12T000000Z_1698477571_RC2Q5U9LNSH1_RTRMADP_3_USA-WILDFIRE-CALIFORNIA/2022-05-12T000000Z_1698477571_RC2Q5U9LNSH1_RTRMADP_3_USA-WILDFIRE-CALIFORNIA.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1759177425/tgh/2022-05-12T000000Z_1698477571_RC2Q5U9LNSH1_RTRMADP_3_USA-WILDFIRE-CALIFORNIA/2022-05-12T000000Z_1698477571_RC2Q5U9LNSH1_RTRMADP_3_USA-WILDFIRE-CALIFORNIA.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1759177425/tgh/2022-05-12T000000Z_1698477571_RC2Q5U9LNSH1_RTRMADP_3_USA-WILDFIRE-CALIFORNIA/2022-05-12T000000Z_1698477571_RC2Q5U9LNSH1_RTRMADP_3_USA-WILDFIRE-CALIFORNIA.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1759177425/tgh/2022-05-12T000000Z_1698477571_RC2Q5U9LNSH1_RTRMADP_3_USA-WILDFIRE-CALIFORNIA/2022-05-12T000000Z_1698477571_RC2Q5U9LNSH1_RTRMADP_3_USA-WILDFIRE-CALIFORNIA.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1759177425/tgh/2022-05-12T000000Z_1698477571_RC2Q5U9LNSH1_RTRMADP_3_USA-WILDFIRE-CALIFORNIA/2022-05-12T000000Z_1698477571_RC2Q5U9LNSH1_RTRMADP_3_USA-WILDFIRE-CALIFORNIA.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eSmoke from a fast-moving, wind-driven wildfire rises above a residential area, in Laguna Niguel,  California, on May 12, 2022. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Mike Blake\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThink Global Health:\u003c/strong\u003e Will these changes affect disaster communication, reaching people with emergency warnings? How has that traditionally been handled?\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHill:\u003c/strong\u003e Communication is a multilayered structure. The weather forecasts typically have come from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Those are then disseminated by state and local emergency managers and officials. The best practice is to have many ways of getting warnings out. You don't want to rely on one system, because, as the flooding in Texas made clear, people might be asleep and have their phones turned off. That's why it's desirable, perhaps, to have sirens or people deployed to go door to door.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eFor all of this, though, you need to have accurate forecasts. That's come under challenge because so many meteorologists have left NOAA because of the proposed budget cuts by the Trump administration.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThink Global Health:\u003c/strong\u003e How do communities typically prepare for an anticipated disaster, and again, whose responsibility is that?\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHill:\u003c/strong\u003e So again, it goes up the line: local, state, federal. The local community or state could stockpile resources and can also have mass shelter capabilities. On the other hand, when people need to have shelter immediately, the federal government can bring that.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIf a major event occurs, the federal government should be able to get to that area within 72 hours to provide some real assistance. Having different depositories ensures that the aid can get out faster.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe tragedy in Texas also revealed another area of preparation that needs work to make sure people are safe: where buildings are situated.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf a major event occurs, the federal government should be able to get to that area within 72 hours to provide some real assistance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ccite\u003eAlice Hill, Council on Foreign Relations\u003c/cite\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIt's reported that Camp Mystic had argued that its buildings were not in harm's way from flooding typical of that area. FEMA issues flood maps, but they are not designed to be hazard-risk maps. The United States does not have a federal agency producing hazard-risk maps across the nation for all hazards. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eFEMA's flood maps are designed for flood insurance but end up being used as hazard-risk maps, leaving communities and individuals to fight FEMA on whether their property is in or out of a flood area. The reason they do that is the mandatory requirement for flood insurance if you have a mortgage and you live in a designated flood area. So we have buildings in areas that were at risk of flooding.  \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eMany of those flood maps, by the way, are out of date, and many do not include river rain or stream flooding, which can contribute to the fact that flash flooding comes as a surprise.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThink Global Health:\u003c/strong\u003e Based on what happened in Texas, do you have any expectations or worries for this year's hurricane season, or for the general outlook for natural disaster preparedness and relief moving forward?\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHill:\u003c/strong\u003e If there's any lesson here, it is that we should learn from these events and incorporate those lessons to best practices so we continually improve. Switzerland, for example, looks at every disaster and learns from that what worked and what didn't. Here in the United States, the federal government does After Action Reports, but they're not generally viewed as particularly helpful.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn my experience working at [DHS], it took quite a while for the report to be created after the event occurred, and there was sometimes concern that you don't want to embarrass any particular leader who may not look so good. So the reports did not get a lot of play.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn general, we don't look at disasters systematically to understand why they occurred and to make sure we don't make the same mistakes again. It's much needed that we have honest discussions about what went wrong and how we 
13can improve, and then have some kind of requirement to improve. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"681\" data-public-id=\"tgh/2012-10-31T120000Z_833188859_GM1E8B1095U01_RTRMADP_3_STORM-SANDY-HURRICANE/2012-10-31T120000Z_833188859_GM1E8B1095U01_RTRMADP_3_STORM-SANDY-HURRICANE.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_681,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1759177008/tgh/2012-10-31T120000Z_833188859_GM1E8B1095U01_RTRMADP_3_STORM-SANDY-HURRICANE/2012-10-31T120000Z_833188859_GM1E8B1095U01_RTRMADP_3_STORM-SANDY-HURRICANE.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Beach homes smolder after fires from open gas lines burned a city block following Hurricane Sandy in Lavallette, New Jersey October 31, 2012. The U.S. Northeast began an arduous slog back to normal on Wednesday after historic monster storm Sandy crippled transportation, knocked out power for millions and killed at least 64 people with a massive storm surge that caused epic flooding. REUTERS/Steve Nesius (UNITED STATES - Tags: ENVIRONMENT DISASTER)\" class=\"wp-post-96258 wp-image-96262\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1759177008\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1759177008/tgh/2012-10-31T120000Z_833188859_GM1E8B1095U01_RTRMADP_3_STORM-SANDY-HURRICANE/2012-10-31T120000Z_833188859_GM1E8B1095U01_RTRMADP_3_STORM-SANDY-HURRICANE.jpg?_i=AA 3500w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1759177008/tgh/2012-10-31T120000Z_833188859_GM1E8B1095U01_RTRMADP_3_STORM-SANDY-HURRICANE/2012-10-31T120000Z_833188859_GM1E8B1095U01_RTRMADP_3_STORM-SANDY-HURRICANE.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1759177008/tgh/2012-10-31T120000Z_833188859_GM1E8B1095U01_RTRMADP_3_STORM-SANDY-HURRICANE/2012-10-31T120000Z_833188859_GM1E8B1095U01_RTRMADP_3_STORM-SANDY-HURRICANE.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1759177008/tgh/2012-10-31T120000Z_833188859_GM1E8B1095U01_RTRMADP_3_STORM-SANDY-HURRICANE/2012-10-31T120000Z_833188859_GM1E8B1095U01_RTRMADP_3_STORM-SANDY-HURRICANE.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1759177008/tgh/2012-10-31T120000Z_833188859_GM1E8B1095U01_RTRMADP_3_STORM-SANDY-HURRICANE/2012-10-31T120000Z_833188859_GM1E8B1095U01_RTRMADP_3_STORM-SANDY-HURRICANE.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1759177008/tgh/2012-10-31T120000Z_833188859_GM1E8B1095U01_RTRMADP_3_STORM-SANDY-HURRICANE/2012-10-31T120000Z_833188859_GM1E8B1095U01_RTRMADP_3_STORM-SANDY-HURRICANE.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eBeach homes smolder after fires from open gas lines burned a city block following Hurricane Sandy, in Lavallette, New Jersey, on October 31, 2012. DISASTER) \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Steve Nesius\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n2a:T2ea0,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eIn December 2022, \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/apr/03/woman-87-died-from-hypothermia-for-fear-of-high-energy-bills-inquest-hears\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eBarbara Bolton\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e, an 87-year-old woman in Greater Manchester, England, was found slumped over her kitchen table with a body temperature of just 82°F (28°C).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eDespite her family's pleas to her to turn on the heat, Bolton refused, fearing the high energy bill. She was taken to nearby Fairfield Hospital, where she passed away from pneumonia brought on by severe hypothermia.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eAs global temperatures rise, Bolton's story is a stark reminder that the risks of cold-related deaths persist, particularly among vulnerable groups like the elderly. Emergency experts \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/extreme-cold-will-still-occur-in-northern-europe-although-less-often-risking-decreasing-preparedness-and-higher-vulnerability/\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003epredict\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e the extra warm days could make people less prepared for cold weather, and, counterintuitively, higher temperatures in the Arctic \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01720-0\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003ecould drive extreme snowstorms\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e into Asia, Europe, and the United States.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eRising energy prices and fears of unaffordable heating bills can endanger many older adults, especially those on fixed incomes. As Carole Easton, chief executive at the Center for Ageing Better, \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ageing-better.org.uk/news/tragedy-barbara-boltons-death-will-sadly-not-be-last-winter\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eremarked\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e, \"This is a terrible tragedy for Ms. Bolton and her family, but unfortunately it will not be the only one of its kind to occur in England over this winter. . . . We as a country were simply not prepared for the huge spike in the cost of energy.\"\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAs weather patterns continue to shift, countries can avoid unnecessary deaths by being proactive in raising public awareness about cold-related risks and strengthening social safety nets for vulnerable populations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eWhy Cold Hurts More When You're Old\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe aging process diminishes the body's ability to retain heat given the loss of muscle and fat—two of the body's natural insulators. Additionally, older adults are more likely to have chronic health conditions that can be exacerbated by cold temperatures. Hypothermia, which can begin at temperatures as high as 60°F (16°C) for elderly individuals, can lead to heart and respiratory failure if untreated.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-tgh-aligned-iframe tgh-aligned-iframe tgh-aligned-iframe--small\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"tgh-aligned-iframe--content\"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"min-height:603px\" id=\"datawrapper-vis-PQFrI\"\u003e\u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\" defer=\"\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/PQFrI/embed.js\" charset=\"utf-8\" data-target=\"#datawrapper-vis-PQFrI\"\u003e\u003c/script\u003e\u003cnoscript\u003e\u003cfigure\u003e\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/PQFrI/full.png\" alt=\"\" //\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003c/noscript\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eAlthough hypothermia itself often causes minor and treatable injuries, \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/winter-weather/prevention/index.html\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003ea combination\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e of low temperatures, high wind chill, and immersion in water can lead to serious injury or death in minutes. Hypothermia can occur during extreme cold, but also in \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/visit/know-before-you-go/hypothermia\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003emoderately chilled conditions\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e, underscoring the subtle dangers of even mild winter temperatures.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eCompounding this issue is the prevalence of indoor cold exposure, as an estimated 20% of cold-related injuries occurring in the United States happen inside the home. To stay warm, people need to take \u
13003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/safety/cold-weather-safety-older-adults\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003epreventative measures\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e such as proper insulation, sealing windows and doors, and dressing warmly even when inside.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eEqually crucial is having a strong social safety net, especially for older adults who live alone. This includes financial assistance for heating, access to home health-care services, and community outreach programs that can help identify and support those at risk before hypothermia sets in. In the United States, \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/03/10/older-people-are-more-likely-to-live-alone-in-the-u-s-than-elsewhere-in-the-world/\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e43% of adults\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e over 75 live by themselves, a strikingly high proportion relative to other countries. Many do not have access to regular home health care, which is critical for preventing injuries during cold weather.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eBy expanding affordable health-care services and providing heating assistance programs, countries can significantly reduce the number of indoor hypothermia cases and help independent seniors live safely.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCold Risks for the Youths\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eEven though older adults face the greatest risks, younger people are not immune to the dangers of chilly or icy weather, especially when alcohol is involved. Alcohol consumption is a \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5308a2.htm#:~:text=Use%20of%20alcohol%20or%20other,increases%20heat%20loss%20through%20radiation.\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003ecommon factor\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e in cold-related deaths because it dilates blood vessels and creates a false sensation of warmth while drawing heat away from the body's core. This physiological response can mask the onset of hypothermia, leading to tragic outcomes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-create-block-tgh-data-point-block alignleft tgh-data-point-block\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"tgh-data-point-block__data\"\u003e20,000\u003c/span\u003e\u003cp class=\"tgh-data-point-block__description\"\u003eEvery year, approximately 20,000 people die from hypothermia and cold-related injuries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eIn January 2021, \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://iowastatedaily.com/281184/news-student-life/olivias-legacy/\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eOlivia Chutich\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e, a 21-year-old college student at Iowa State University, attempted to walk home alone while intoxicated after a night out at the bars. She was found unresponsive the next morning in her sorority house's parking lot. The autopsy confirmed that her death was caused by a combination of alcohol intoxication and hypothermia. Chutich's story illustrates that cold spells and injuries can affect young adults and is a reminder that alcohol significantly heightens the risk of hypothermia.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003eBolton's and Chutich's cases are not isolated. Every year, approximately 20,000 people die from hypothermia and cold-related injuries, according to a Global Burden of Disease study. Raising public awareness about the risks, especially concerning alcohol use in cold weather, is a crucial step in prevention.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003ePolicymakers need to play a proactive role by funding heating assistance programs and supporting home modifications for better insulation. Community check-ins during cold spells, particularly for elderly residents, could help prevent isolated incidents like Bolton's. Wearing proper weather attire and university safe ride programs might have also prevented the tragic outcome for Chutich. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-tgh-aligned-iframe tgh-aligned-iframe tgh-aligned-iframe--small\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"tgh-aligned-iframe--content\"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"min-height:489px\" id=\"datawrapper-vis-LJUho\"\u003e\u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\" defer=\"\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/LJUho/embed.js\" charset=\"utf-8\" data-target=\"#datawrapper-vis-LJUho\"\u003e\u003c/script\u003e\u003cnoscript\u003e\u003cfigure\u003e\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/LJUho/full.png\" alt=\"\" //\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003c/noscript\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eThe relationship between climate change and cold-related deaths is complex and global. Climate change has brought milder winters to some regions and contributed to more \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_SYR_LongerReport.pdf\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003esevere and unpredictable\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e weather patterns elsewhere. In Mongolia, the once-rare intense winter storms known as \u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003edzuds\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e now occur almost every year largely due to shifting jet streams influenced by Arctic warming. This has devastated livestock populations, leaving many people without resources. A \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/mongolia-dzud-cl
13imate-change\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003erecent \u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003edzud\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e in 2024 claimed the lives of up to 15 million livestock—nearly a quarter of Mongolia's livestock population—plunging rural communities into a struggle for survival.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eVulnerable populations, including the elderly and economically disadvantaged, are most likely to suffer from these shifting weather patterns.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eAs we navigate the challenges of a changing climate, it is essential to acknowledge that extreme cold will continue to pose a serious threat. By implementing proactive measures—both individual actions and comprehensive government policies—countries can reduce the global burden of cold-related deaths and injuries and better protect the most vulnerable populations.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignfull\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"701\" data-public-id=\"tgh/2002-12-09T000000Z_1990072788_RP3DRHXUUYAD_RTRMADP_3_CHINA/2002-12-09T000000Z_1990072788_RP3DRHXUUYAD_RTRMADP_3_CHINA.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_701,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789676198/tgh/2002-12-09T000000Z_1990072788_RP3DRHXUUYAD_RTRMADP_3_CHINA/2002-12-09T000000Z_1990072788_RP3DRHXUUYAD_RTRMADP_3_CHINA.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"An elderly Chinese man, bundled up for freezing temperatures, walks past an old building, in Beijing, China, on December 9, 2002.\" class=\"wp-post-82439 wp-image-15280\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789676198\" data-seo=\"1\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    An elderly Chinese man, bundled up for freezing temperatures, walks past an old building, in Beijing, China, on December 9, 2002.\n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Wilson Chu\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n2b:T36ad,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eWhen historic rains in April and May washed over Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil's southernmost state, many of its residents lost everything.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eLeft to be evacuated in boats and on jet skis by emergency services, they hadn't expected the water overflowing from the region's intricate web of rivers to rise so quickly or so high, sweeping away their homes, their businesses, and everything inside they had collected over the years.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eAccording to a \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/climate-change-made-the-floods-in-southern-brazil-twice-as-likely/\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003estudy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e from World Weather Attribution (WWA), three factors played a role in causing the floods and exacerbating their impacts: climate change, El Niño, and a failure to put policies in place to prepare for what experts had for years \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/cd18p5zpp0no\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003ewarned\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e would result in devastation. Climate change, it notes, made the floods twice as likely and nearly 10% more intense.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eAlthough environmental protection laws in Brazil protect waterways from construction and limit land-use changes, they are not consistently applied or enforced, increasing people's and infrastru
13cture's exposure to flood risks.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\"Changes in land use have contributed directly to the widespread floods by eliminating natural protection and can exacerbate climate change by increasing emissions,\" Regina Rodrigues, a researcher at the Federal University of Santa Catarina in Florianopolis, who took part in the WWA study, told the \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.climatecentre.org/13873/climate-change-made-historic-floods-in-southern-brazil-twice-as-likely-study/\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eIFRC's Climate Centre\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-create-block-tgh-data-point-block alignleft tgh-data-point-block\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"tgh-data-point-block__data\"\u003e10%\u003c/span\u003e\u003cp class=\"tgh-data-point-block__description\"\u003eClimate change made the floods twice as likely and nearly 10% more intense\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eIn the state's capital city, Porto Alegre, the lack of a significant extreme flood event until recently led investments and maintenance in its flood-protection system to be reduced, leaving it to reportedly fail at 4.5 meters of flooding, a far cry from its stated capacity of 6 meters.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eRio Grande do Sul's governor, Eduardo Leite, has been criticized since the record-breaking floods for \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2024/05/04/eduardo-leite-cortou-ou-alterou-quase-500-pontos-do-codigo-ambiental-do-rs-em-2019\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003ecutting or altering\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e 480 items of the state's Environment Code in 2019, the first year of his first mandate. Its budget to \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://reporterbrasil.org.br/2024/05/orcamento-contra-desastres-naturais-no-rs-e-so-9-do-anunciado-por-governo-diz-oposicao/\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003ecombat natural disasters\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e was just 9% of what was initially promised, and by the end of April it had used 5% of what was available.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eWhere the Floods Strained Health and Health Care\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eAs residents tried to survive on donations arriving from across the country and around the world, they slept in emergency shelters set up in everything from soccer stadiums and shopping malls to schools and churches—and contemplated where they would be able to restart their lives now that not only their homes, but also much of the infrastructure of their towns and cities was gone.\u003c/span\u003e \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eHospitals and health centers transferred patients and closed their doors as the water rose. By mid-May, more than 4,000 health-care workers in Porto Alegre were \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/saude/noticia/2024/05/mais-de-4-mil-funcionarios-de-instituicoes-de-saude-de-porto-alegre-estao-impossibilitados-de-trabalhar-devido-as-enchentes-clw5awu59005c014etejjbc4y.html\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eunable to work\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e because of the floods, and several hospitals that were able to keep their doors open suspended elective procedures in order to focus on the emergency situation.\u003c/span\u003e \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eEventually, the close quarters people were living in at shelters and the stagnant water surrounding them would result in the spread of a variety of communicable, vector-borne, and contact- and contamination-related diseases that would put even more pressure on the struggling public health-care system.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"683\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-05-17T110338Z_1553207740_RC27R7AVRVOO_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-RAINS-REFUGEES.JPG\" alt=\"Jhony Leconte stands at a shelter after his house was destroyed by floods.\" class=\"wp-post-82350 wp-image-14883\"/\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    Jhony Leconte stands at a shelter after his house was destroyed by floods, in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, on May 15, 2024.   \n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Adriano Machado\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eAs of the end of June, 43 people in Rio Grande do Sul \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/saude/noticia/2024/07/em-seis-meses-2024-bate-recorde-anual-de-casos-e-mortes-por-leptospirose-no-rs-na-ultima-decada-cly3ifcrg00e10120rszsnwcy.html\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003edied of leptospirosis\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e, a bacteria-based disease spread by contact with contaminated animal urine and common in the aftermath of floods. The state registered 737 confirmed cases of the illness, which often infects people when contaminated water contacts the \u
13003c/span\u003eeyes, nose, mouth, or broken skin—causing\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e flu-like symptoms, including fever, red eyes, muscle aches, and vomiting.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eExperts \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://g1.globo.com/saude/noticia/2024/05/18/tragedia-do-rs-o-que-fazer-para-evitar-ou-diminuir-o-impacto-das-doencas.ghtml\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003ewarned\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e that the loss of basic sanitation due to the floods could lead to an increased number of cases of illnesses related to the consumption of contaminated food and water, including Hepatitis A, typhoid fever, gastrointestinal viruses, and bacterial infections.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eThe rising flood waters, which sat stagnant across the state for days before beginning to drain, created ideal conditions for the propagation of insects, including the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e mosquito, which can transmit diseases such as Zika, chikungunya, and dengue, which Brazil is already suffering \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2024/03/04/1235795657/dengue-brazil-state-of-emergency-vaccine\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003erecord-breaking epidemics\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eVenomous animals such as snakes, spiders, and scorpions have become more of a concern as they've been pushed out of their habitats and homes by the flood waters, as have mammals that could transmit rabies.\u003c/span\u003e \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eClose quarters in shelters have upped the chances of the spread of respiratory illnesses, including flu and COVID-19, leaving experts to reiterate the importance of vaccinating against both diseases as well as others with an increased chance of transmission due to the conditions residents of Rio Grande do Sul were left to live in following the disaster.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe lack of preparedness for climate-related flooding and its public health consequences is what has left experts baffled\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eBrazil's federal, state, and municipal governments have attempted to keep up with the health-care necessities of the population since heavy rains affected \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/nacional/chuvas-no-rs-quase-80-das-cidades-gauchas-foram-afetadas-veja-lista/\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003ealmost 95%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e of the state's cities and \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.uol.com.br/ecoa/ultimas-noticias/2024/05/18/numero-de-desalojados-no-rs-e-82-dos-deslocamentos-no-brasil-em-2023.htm\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003edisplaced 615,000 people\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e. Its Ministry of Health sent Rio Grande do Sul an \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://g1.globo.com/saude/noticia/2024/05/18/tragedia-do-rs-o-que-fazer-para-evitar-ou-diminuir-o-impacto-das-doencas.ghtml\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eextra 300,000 doses\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e of vaccines against tetanus, diphtheria, Hepatitis A and B, whooping cough, meningitis, rotavirus, measles, mumps, rubella and rabies. The lack of preparedness for climate-related flooding and its public health consequences is what has left experts baffled.\u
13003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\"The devastating impact on human systems from such extreme events can only be minimized with sufficient adaptation, including well-maintained flood protection infrastructure and appropriate urban planning,\" Rodrigues said.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eMissed Forecast\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eForecasts and warnings of the floods were available nearly a week before they occurred, but neither reached all those at risk nor conveyed the severity of the situation. During a June 2022 municipal public hearing in Pelotas, a town in Rio Grande do Sul, ecologist \u003c/span\u003eMarcelo Dutra da Silva, a professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande, warned that \"entire cities in Rio Grande do Sul will have to be moved\" because of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/cd18p5zpp0no\"\u003estate's lack of preparation\u003c/a\u003e for the heavy rains and flooding he knew would come as a result of a study he conducted based on data dating back to 2013.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\"At some point, we're going to start seeing [flooding] in areas where water didn't reach as often before and we're going to remember what we're talking about here,\" he told the BBC. \"We can't prevent climate events from happening, because they will happen. But can we be more resilient to them? Yes. Maybe we can move people from the highest risk areas. It is possible to know where events will be most serious first.\"\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eBrazil's Congress and Senate have been \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/c2894jkwy2eo\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eblamed for the tragedy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e in Rio Grande do Sul and others expected to come as members vote to do away with conservation areas and Indigenous territories, both currently protected from extractive industries under federal law, as well as the environmental licensing law, which oversees these activities in areas that permit them.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eFailure in both creating and implementing policies to prepare for climate-related flooding and other disasters have occurred at all levels of Brazil's government, keeping the consequences that follow, including the many related to public health, off the table. If the cause isn't addressed, the effects won't ever be on the agenda.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"576\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-05-13T155438Z_848456404_RC2OP7AQFANW_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-RAINS.JPG\" alt=\"A drone view shows cars under water at a courtyard of the State Traffic Department during floods.\" class=\"wp-post-82350 wp-image-14884\"/\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    A drone view shows cars under water at a courtyard of the State Traffic Department during floods, in Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, on May 13, 2024. \n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Amanda Perobelli\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n2c:T3a63,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eOn a humid January night, mothers softly recited Buddhist prayers by their children's beds at the Infectious Disease hospital (IDH) in Colombo, Sri Lanka.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eTheir appeals floated through the open-air dengue ward—and were twofold. The mothers wished not only for swift recoveries from the mosquito-borne disease, but also for their children to ace their A-level exams, being held the next day in the hospital. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eDengue seasons can last for months, and January falls in the middle of one of two such periods in Sri Lanka. The government creates a special examination center at the hospital so children suffering from this viral illness don't miss their exams.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThis scene is one of the many understated facets of dengue in countries like mine—where education, work, sport, play, and life itself come to a grinding halt during an outbreak. Sri Lanka is not alone. \u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-65356495\"\u003eArgentina\u003c/a\u003e. \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/rising-temperatures-longer-monsoon-drive-bangladeshs-worst-dengue-outbreak-2023-11-13/\"\u003eBangladesh\u003c/a\u003e. \u003ca href=\"https://oglobo.globo.com/saude/noticia/2023/11/23/dengue-apos-recorde-em-2022-brasil-bate-mil-mortes-novamente-em-2023.ghtml\"\u003eBrazil\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/dengue-fever-kills-hundreds-burkina-faso-cases-spike-2023-10-19/\"\u003eBurkina Faso\u003c/a\u003e. \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jtm/article/30/7/taad112/7243041\"\u003eNepal\u003c/a\u003e. \u003ca href=\"https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/bengali/dengue-asia-record-infections-08072023151754.html\"\u003eMalaysia\u003c/a\u003e. \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(23)00229-3/fulltext\"\u003ePeru\u003c/a\u003e. The list goes on of countries that experienced crippling dengue epidemics in the past year, and it is growing because of climate change.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe COVID-19 pandemic taught the world how crucial it is to build out the regional capacity for vaccines, diagnostic tests, and treatments. This research can and should come from dengue-endemic countries that have \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(23)00362-5/fulltext\"\u003ethe ability\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;Very little of the available dengue research funding, however, has reached these countries.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignwide\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"732\" data-public-id=\"tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-106/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-106.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_732,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1758105672/tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-106/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-106.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A mother prays next to her son in the learner's ward, with his study books on both sides of the bed.\" class=\"wp-post-82279 wp-image-14539\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1758105672\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758105672/tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-106/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-106.jpg?_i=AA 1300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758105672/tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-106/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-106.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758105672/tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-106/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-106.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758105672/tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-106/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-106.jpg?_i=AA 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    A mother prays next to her son in the learner's ward, with his study books on both sides of the bed, in Sri Lanka.\n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eDNDi/Xavier Vahed\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eCOVID-19 also revealed what happens when the needs of lower-income countries are not prioritized and the fruits of medical innovation are not made available to all. High-income countries hoarded vaccines and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.c
13om/2021/12/01/opinion/omicron-covid-drugs-pfizer-antiviral.html\"\u003etreatments\u003c/a\u003e—even today COVID antivirals are not widely available in many low-income countries. Low- and middle-income countries such as Sri Lanka had to fend for ourselves.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eDengue-endemic countries are taking matters into their own hands. The Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi)—where I head up the dengue program—launched in 2022 the \u003ca href=\"https://dndi.org/global-networks/dengue-alliance/\"\u003eDengue Alliance\u003c/a\u003e, a global partnership of research partners from dengue-endemic countries such as Brazil, India, Malaysia, and Thailand. Together we will be advancing clinical trials for potential dengue treatments in our countries, getting a head start on developing treatments for patients at home first.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eDengue's Expansion Could Consume Resources\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eDengue is one of the most \"climate-sensitive\" diseases. Longer rainy seasons, erratic rainfall patterns, and flooding leave behind clean standing water, perfect breeding grounds for the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that transmit the disease. An increase in global temperatures is shortening the time it takes for their larvae to hatch and mature.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe few cases of dengue in Europe and the United States have made \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/24/health/what-is-dengue-fever.html\"\u003eheadlines\u003c/a\u003e, but those of us living in dengue-endemic countries have been dealing with this for decades.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eWhen I first started 21 years ago as a clinical researcher in Sri Lanka, medical practitioners did not know how to properly manage dengue cases, nor did any country experiencing widespread outbreaks. The memories of some young patients dying in the pediatric ward remain vivid to this day.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-create-block-tgh-data-point-block alignleft tgh-data-point-block\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"tgh-data-point-block__data\"\u003e0.08%\u003c/span\u003e\u003cp class=\"tgh-data-point-block__description\"\u003eSri Lanka and other dengue-endemic countries brought the mortality rate of dengue down to less than 0.08%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eOver the years, Sri Lanka and other dengue-endemic countries brought the mortality rate of dengue down to less than 0.08% but only through the blood, sweat, and tears of health workers. The disease still has no cure.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eInstead, doctors and nurses work around the clock to monitor patient's vital signs to keep them from slipping into severe dengue. Although most infected individuals only have mild illness, patients can develop severe dengue when plasma leaks out of their blood capillaries, leading to shock, bleeding, organ dysfunction, and death. This condition with plasma or vascular leakage is known as dengue hemorrhagic fever. Doctors must replace the leaked plasma with intravenous (IV) fluids or a blood transfusion in a timely manner to maintain blood pressure and stabilize other vitals.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAlthough therapy only lasts three to four days, the sheer number of infections leads to extreme overcrowding in hospitals during dengue season. Patients spill out into the hallways. Hospital stays can be long for severe cases, and after discharge, they are unable to work for three to four weeks. This loss of work—especially for the vast majority of the population, who are daily wage earners—\u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30641201/\"\u003ehas a significant impact on the economy\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;
13Some estimates put \u003ca href=\"https://www.indiatoday.in/health/story/how-rising-dengue-burden-is-costing-india-and-sri-lanka-billions-2516716-2024-03-19\"\u003emonetary losses in the billions\u003c/a\u003e for countries such as India and Sri Lanka.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignwide\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"731\" data-public-id=\"tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-127/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-127.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_731,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1758105663/tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-127/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-127.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Nurses work around the clock to monitor patients during a dengue outbreak.\" class=\"wp-post-82279 wp-image-14540\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1758105663\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758105663/tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-127/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-127.jpg?_i=AA 1300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758105663/tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-127/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-127.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758105663/tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-127/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-127.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758105663/tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-127/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-127.jpg?_i=AA 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    Nurses work around the clock to monitor patients during a dengue outbreak in Sri Lanka.\n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eDNDi/Xavier Vahed\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eResearch in Dengue\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eMy team at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura in Colombo, where I have worked in clinical research for 21 years, collaborates with the IDH Hospital (also known as the National Institute of Infectious Diseases). Conducting research in the middle of crippling dengue epidemics is challenging. Despite the extremely limited funding available to carry out research in Sri Lanka, our group has identified several potential mediators that cause vascular leakage during dengue and that we have \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35648794/\"\u003etranslated into clinical trials\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eI am proud of what we have achieved in Sri Lanka, but much more remains to be done.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eThe global incidence of dengue has risen significantly in the past 50 years, and every projection shows dengue increasing in the next 50\u003c/p\u003e\n  \n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe global incidence of dengue has risen significantly in the past 50 years, and every projection shows \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01859-7\"\u003edengue increasing in the next 50\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;Despite an estimated 390 million cases a year, dengue is still a \"neglected\" disease, meaning it suffers from a relative lack of research and development funding. For the past 30 years, most funding has been directed toward reducing mosquito populations, but this has been largely unsuccessful despite promising efforts to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/09/29/health/mosquitoes-wolbachia-disease-viruses.html\"\u003einfect mosquitos with Wolbachia bacteria\u003c/a\u003e so that the insects no longer transmit dengue. A few \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d44151-023-00085-1\"\u003evaccines are available\u003c/a\u003e, including a \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news/item/05-10-2023-message-by-the-director-of-the-department-of-immunization--vaccines-and-biologicals-at-who---september-2023\"\u003enew option by Takeda called QDENGA\u003c/a\u003e, which can significantly reduce hospital
13izations in those who have already been previously infected with dengue.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe dengue vaccines \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9071282/#:~:text=In%20this%20timeframe%2C%202%20doses,participants%20seronegative%20prior%20to%20immunization.\"\u003edeveloped so far do not prevent infection\u003c/a\u003e, however, and immunity appears to wane with time.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eTargeted investments need to be made in several areas: developing treatments that can be given to patients at an early stage of dengue infection to prevent them for developing severe disease, providing reliable and cheaper point of care diagnostics for identifying patients with dengue, and creating biomarkers to spot those at risk of severe disease before they deteriorate. Unfortunately, despite causing a huge burden for several decades, researchers have limited knowledge regarding how dengue influences the body relative to, for example, COVID-19. This is simply due to lack of funding.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eWhen I walk our dengue wards and see children taking their examinations with an IV in their arm, I am reminded that children often suffer the most from pandemics—and from climate change. World leaders need to act quickly to address this public health crisis and provide political and financial support so that countries at the frontlines of climate-sensitive diseases can secure a better future for their populations.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignfull\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"731\" data-public-id=\"tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-265/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-265.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_731,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1758105650/tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-265/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-265.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Neelika Malavige with her team at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura\" class=\"wp-post-82279 wp-image-14541\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1758105650\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758105650/tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-265/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-265.jpg?_i=AA 2600w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758105650/tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-265/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-265.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758105650/tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-265/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-265.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758105650/tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-265/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-265.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758105650/tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-265/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-265.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758105650/tgh/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-265/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-265.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    Neelika Malavige with her team at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, in Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.\n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eDNDi/Xavier Vahed\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n2d:T3024,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn February of 2021, an unprecedented \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/great-texas-freeze-february-2021\"\u003ewinter storm swept across Texas\u003c/a\u003e, bringing record cold temperatures. Wind, snow, and ice led to extended power outages, affecting millions of citizens whose homes were not equipped for such conditions and killing hundreds. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eTo keep themselves, their families, and their homes warm, many people turned to alternate sources for cooking and heating, including bringing charcoal grills into their homes or operating portable generators indoors. As a result, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-winter-storms-2021/2
13021/02/18/969050038/a-disaster-within-a-disaster-carbon-monoxide-poisoning-cases-are-surging-in-texa\"\u003eat least seventeen people\u003c/a\u003e died of carbon monoxide poisoning, and 1,400 more were treated for the condition. At the time, Texas was one of the few states in the United States with \u003ca href=\"https://www.texastribune.org/2021/09/03/texas-winter-storm-carbon-monoxide-disasters/\"\u003eno law mandating\u003c/a\u003e carbon monoxide alarm installation in residences.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe 2021 winter storm and ensuing carbon monoxide poisoning epidemic in Texas received substantial local and national media attention, but it was not an isolated event. Similar incidents occur every day around the world, often linked to cold temperatures, disasters, and power outages. The most recent iteration of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/gbd\"\u003eGlobal Burden of Disease\u003c/a\u003e study estimated that more than forty thousand people die of unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning annually and that nearly one million are injured. However, these figures represent all accidental carbon monoxide poisonings; researchers don't know how many of those are linked to disasters. The totals are likely an underestimate given the challenges with accurately reporting cases of carbon monoxide poisoning.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-create-block-tgh-data-point-block alignleft tgh-data-point-block\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"tgh-data-point-block__data\"\u003e40,0000\u003c/span\u003e\u003cp class=\"tgh-data-point-block__description\"\u003eMore than 40,000 people die of unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning annually and nearly one million are injured \u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eAn Invisible Enemy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eCarbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas, making it undetectable by human senses. Milder cases of carbon monoxide poisoning have nondescript symptoms such as nausea and headache, which does not always prompt people to seek help if they are not aware of the warning signs for poisoning. More severe cases can quickly lead to serious neurological and cardiological presentations, including seizure or heart failure. As seen in Texas, power outages create circumstances in which people are more likely to die of carbon monoxide poisoning. In Vietnam, a \u003ca href=\"https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/family-of-6-killed-by-carbon-monoxide-from-generator-4491854.html\"\u003efamily of six died \u003c/a\u003ewhile their power was out: they were operating a generator indoors. Recently, carbon monoxide poisonings have spiked in South Africa amid rolling blackouts known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.citizen.co.za/news/woman-dies-allegedly-carbon-monoxide/\"\u003eload shedding\u003c/a\u003e, and at least one person was reported to have died.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eCarbon monoxide poisoning poses a threat in most countries. For example, a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhakatribune.com/africa/2023/01/11/17-die-of-carbon-monoxide-poisoning-in-algeria\"\u003enews report from Algeria\u003c/a\u003e noted that seven people died in a single night from carbon monoxide poisoning as temperatures dropped dangerously low. In the wake of typhoons in \u003ca href=\"https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1121873\"\u003ethe Philippines in 2020\u003c/a\u003e, three people died and another ten were poisoned. A study from 2019 found that the \u003ca href=\"https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/pmc/articles/PMC6603328/%22%20/l%20%22:~:text=Conclusion,of%20earthquake%E2%80%90related%20CO%20poisoning.\"\u003eGreat East Japan Earthquake\u003c/a\u003e in 2011 caused a significant increase in the number of persons poisoned by carbon monoxide in the disaster area in the thirty days following the event; a study from France in 2017 found that carbon monoxide poisonings \u003ca href=\"https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_SPUB_176_0803--outbreak-of-carbon-monoxide-poisoning.htm\"\u003espiked after severe flooding in 2016\u003c/a\u003e. Between 2012 and 2020, carbon monoxide poisoning was one of the top three causes of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/disaster-medicine-and-public-health-preparedness/article/tracking-hurricanerelated-deaths-in-the-contiguous-united-states-using-media-reports-from-2012-to-2020/532948606C43FF89F32170C86F3CF219\"\u003ehurricane-related deaths in the United States\u003c/a\u003e. Although everyone is or can be affected by carbon monoxide poisoning, marginalized populations are often disproportionately at risk given socioeconomic factors as well as language barr
13iers, which tend to be exacerbated in disaster-related scenarios. In 2017, migrants at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/02/03/death-and-despair-lesbos\"\u003eMoria refugee camp\u003c/a\u003e in Greece died of carbon monoxide poisoning while trying to keep warm in tents.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-tgh-aligned-iframe tgh-aligned-iframe tgh-aligned-iframe--small\"\u003e\u003ch3 class=\"tgh-aligned-iframe--title\"\u003eGlobal Disasters Over the Past 50 Years\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp class=\"tgh-aligned-iframe--subtitle\"\u003eDisasters include: droughts, earthquakes, extreme temperature events, floods, landslides, storms, volcanic activity, and wildfires\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"tgh-aligned-iframe--content\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"Global disasters over the past 50 years\" aria-label=\"Column Chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-zYr5B\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/zYr5B/2/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"background:transparent; width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"650\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"\u003e!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var e in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var t=document.getElementById(\"datawrapper-chart-\"+e)||document.querySelector(\"iframe[src*='\"+e+\"']\");t\u0026\u0026(t.style.height=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][e]+\"px\")}})}();\u003c/script\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\t\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003ePreventing Loss of Life\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eBoth the frequency and severity of extreme weather events and certain types of disasters on the increase \u003ca href=\"https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/09/1098662\"\u003ebecause of climate change\u003c/a\u003e can lead to both catastrophic health losses and economic losses. High winds, flooding, and abnormal temperatures that accompany such events create a setting for unchecked carbon monoxide poisoning incidents that will continue to threaten human lives. Given that no antidote for carbon monoxide poisoning is currently known, proper prevention measures are essential. First and foremost, technological improvements are necessary to reduce carbon monoxide poisoning at the source. This includes low-emission generators and safe shelters for displaced persons after disasters. However, because having the latest technology is not always feasible – particularly for populations most at risk — public education about the sources and risks of carbon monoxide poisoning is imperative. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3072908/\"\u003estudy in the United States\u003c/a\u003e demonstrated that more than one-half of participants were unsure or incorrect about proper safety measures for operating generators. A number of studies and news reports have found portable generators to be one of the main culprits for carbon monoxide poisoning, particularly in disaster-related scenarios, underscoring the need for better education about safe generator usage. This education includes never operating generators indoors or in enclosed spaces (even when windows or doors are open), including basements or attached garages. Additionally, in disaster-related scenarios when power outages are common and typical methods of communication are unavailable (such as TV or internet), alternative methods for reaching citizens are necessary for warnings or support. Predisaster communication also becomes essential to properly disseminate warnings about both the disaster itself as well as related carbon monoxide safety measures. This communication should include messaging in multiple languages and the use of pictograms, both in the media as well as for safety labels on potential sources of carbon monoxide, such as generators or charcoal bags. Carbon monoxide alarms should also be installed in the home, on every floor, and in garages and rooms where furnaces or carbon monoxide-emitting appliances are present. Battery-powered alarms can remain functional even in cases where the power has gone out, alerting residents to dangerous levels of carbon monoxide. Proper installation and maintenance of home heating and cooking appliances is also essential to reduce the emission of carbon monoxide, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00494.x\"\u003eadequate ventilation\u003c/a\u003e to reduce potential exposure. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003ePublic education about the sources and risks of carbon monoxide poisoning is imperative\u003c/p\u003e\n  \n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eJust a few months ago, in February 2023, a devastating \u003ca href=\"https://turkishminute.com/2023/03/04/score-died-due-alleged-negligence-after-turkeys-earthquakes-report/\"\u003eearthquake struck Turkey\u003c/a\u003e, matching the highest magnitude earthquake ever recorded in the country. In the aftermath, multiple news reports detailed outbreaks of carbon monoxide poisoning among people displaced from their homes, including those in tent camps set up as part of relief efforts as well as people who had been camping out in greenhouses because not enough tents were available. Because of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/feb/13/weather-tracker-cold-snap-adds-to-woes-of-turkey-syria-quake-survivors\"\u003ebelow-normal temperatures\u003c/a\u003e, any means necessary were required to stay warm—resulting in many preventable losses of human life. Amid climate change, carbon monoxide poisoning poses a silent threat to human lives and is something that people should anticipate to mitigate recurrent and devastating ramifications. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignfull\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/RTX9LP7U_0/RTX9LP7U_0.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789673221/tgh/RTX9LP7U_0/RTX9LP7U_0.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Extension cords run into a house from a portable generator on the porch after winter weather caused electricity blackouts and \u0026quot;boil water\u0026quot; notices in Fort Worth, Texas, U.S., February 20, 2021.\" class=\"wp-post-82157 wp-image-13895\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789673221\" data-seo=\"1\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    Extension cords run into a house from a portable generator on the porch after winter weather caused electricity blackouts and \"boil water\" notices in Fort Worth, Texas, U.S., February 20, 2021.\n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eEDITOR'S NOTE: The author is employed by the University of Washington's Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). IHME collaborates with the Council on Foreign Relations on Think Global Health. All statements and views expressed in this article are solely those of the individual author and are not necessarily shared by their institution.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS: The author would like to thank IHME colleagues Jaimie Steinmetz, Liane Ong, Katrin Burkart, and Katherine Leach-Kemon for providing feedback during the writing process, and Jing Lee for fact-checking assistance.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n2e:T4013,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThailand is one of the top agricultural producers in the world, with crops ranging from rice and tapioca to pineapples and sugar. But this high production comes at a cost to human health. Agricultural burning—the use of fire to clear land for planting and removal of excess biomass—is common in Thailand and in 2019, it accounted for approximately \u003ca href=\"https://www.sei.org/publications/air-quality-thailand-regulatory-context/\"\u003e32,200 premature deaths.\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eFires from agricultural burning are the world's \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/toxic-blaze-true-cost-crop-bur
13ning\"\u003elargest source of black carbon\u003c/a\u003e, which threatens both human and environmental health in many ways. Known legally and colloquially in Southeast Asia as \"haze,\" chronic air pollution blankets Thailand's national capital of Bangkok from November to February each year, largely to the detriment of low-income households and outdoor workers who cannot insulate themselves in purified indoor settings. By contrast, northern Thailand experiences the worst effects of agricultural burning between February and April,\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016718520301299\"\u003e disrupting agricultural and tourism livelihoods, and adversely affecting community health\u003c/a\u003e. The seasonal and uneven spatial dispersal of air pollutants within Thailand creates hidden health impacts that disproportionately affect already vulnerable groups in Thai society. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eResearch suggests that severe air pollution \u003ca href=\"https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/special-reports/1796019/the-pollution-paralysis-thailands-structural-inability-to-clean-up-its-air\"\u003ereduces average life expectancy by two years\u003c/a\u003e in Thailand. But the country's air pollution problem extends well beyond its national borders to affect people in neighboring Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar, and vice versa. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-create-block-tgh-data-point-block alignleft tgh-data-point-block\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"tgh-data-point-block__data\"\u003eTwo Years\u003c/span\u003e\u003cp class=\"tgh-data-point-block__description\"\u003eResearch suggests that severe air pollution reduces average life expectancy by two years in Thailand\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eUsing Thailand as a case study on the political and economic causes of agricultural burning, as well as an example of the difficulties involved in ending it, in this piece, I examine the burning of three crops: sugarcane, rice, and maize (corn).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sugarcane production in Thailand shows why agricultural burning persists despite its detrimental effects. Thailand's sugarcane industry, which relies on biomass burning to accelerate harvesting, creates more than 1.5 million jobs nationwide and generates revenues of about $6 billion annually. Thailand exports around 70–75 percent of its sugar to low-tariff Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-09/sugar-bulls-face-hurdle-as-thai-crop-rebound-may-bring-glut-back\"\u003eand ranks second globally\u003c/a\u003e, behind Brazil, in the export of sugar. Industry competition is institutionalized by the \u003ca href=\"https://sugaralliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Meriot-Thai-Subsidy-062015.pdf\"\u003eCane and Sugar Act\u003c/a\u003e, which legislates a quota system and distribution mechanisms between growers and millers. With wealthy owners of sugar companies holding the balance of power in this industry, the Thai government, as a Thai financial sector consultant \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1976\"\u003easserted\u003c/a\u003e, has taken \"a kid gloves\" approach to environmental governance since \"setting back billionaire families is not exactly this government's priority.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eSugarcane Bane\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe environmental consequences of sugarcane production for air quality are severe. Sugarcane burning accounts for between \u003ca href=\"https://thailandcan.org/Clean_Air_Blue_Paper_EN.pdf\"\u003e60-67 percent of production\u003c/a\u003e, and incomplete combustion emits toxic black carbon into the air. In past years, because crop burning takes place during the cooler, high-pressure months of November to April, there is little wind to disperse the smoke, resulting in chronic haze pollution over Thailand's northeast and central provinces where sugarcane is grown.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignwide\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/RTS2Z7VL/RTS2Z7VL.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789669530/tgh/RTS2Z7VL/RTS2Z7VL.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A sugarcane farmer works on a burnt field, a practice which authorities banned to avoid smog, Suphan Buri province, north of Bangkok, Thailand, on January 21, 2020\" class=\"wp-post-81772 wp-image-11952\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789669530\" data-seo=\"1\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    A sugarcane farmer works on a burnt field in Suphan Buri province, north of Bangkok, Thailand, on January 21, 2020\n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Chalinee Thirasupa\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eBecause the Thai government neither provides any financing or other mechanisms to encourage non-burning methods of disposing of agricultural waste nor does it stipulate a minimum wage for cane cutters, smallholders with fluctuating incomes and ongoing production costs are forced to \u003ca href=\"https://southeastasiaglobe.com/thailand-sugarcane-burning/\"\u003epollute their own homelands\u003c/a\u003e. Rather than offer sustainable livelihood alternatives, such as subsidizing the use of machinery to clear excess biomass, the government tends to comply with the requests of agribusiness companies and farmer groups to relax the percentage of burnt sugarcane that they can then legally sell.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eFarmers say burning is cheaper, faster, and requires less labor than mechanized harvesting machines, which are used less than \u003ca href=\"https://bonsucro.com/white-paper-thai-sugarcane-industry-sustainability-released/\"\u003e10 percent of the time\u003c/a\u003e. As an Agricultural Promotion Department officer explained to me, \"The [harvesting] machine is very expensive. Most farmers are poor. They w
13on't use it.\" Many hired cutters refuse to work if they are unable to harvest using burning methods because they are paid by output rather than hourly wages. Farmers locked into contract farming schemes also feel pressured to deliver sugarcane on time to the millers. For these reasons, even after the Ministry of Agriculture imposed a burning ban in 2019, numerous sugarcane farmers have \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.05.011\"\u003ecircumvented it by burning their fields at night\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eBurning Rice\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAnother major contributor to Thailand's air pollution is the rice industry. Thailand is one of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/agriculture/112521-thailand-in-tight-race-with-vietnam-to-be-2021s-second-largest-global-rice-exporter\"\u003etop three global rice producers\u003c/a\u003e and the sector employs \u003ca href=\"https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/agricultural-practices-in-thailand-maximise-rice-production-and-cultivation/89275/\"\u003earound 3.7 million farmer\u003c/a\u003e households to cultivate 10 million hectares (more than 38,000 square miles), and burns over 4 million tons of rice straw annually, with the emissions dispersed throughout the central, lower northern, and north-eastern provinces. A Ministry of Environment and Natural Resource officer \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1976\"\u003estated\u003c/a\u003e that farmers \"grow rice three times per year. Every time they burn waste, it causes air pollution in Bangkok.\" Lacking time and machinery to clear their lands between growing cycles, farmers resort to burning as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sei.org/publications/air-quality-thailand-regulatory-context/\"\u003efastest method\u003c/a\u003e to remove excess biomass and kill pests and weeds.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eBurning is cheaper, faster, and requires less labor than mechanized harvesting machines, which are used less than 10 percent of the time\u003c/p\u003e\n  \n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eCutting Corners for Corn\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn maize production, too, contract farmers frequently circumvent government bans on agricultural burning to meet production targets set by private agribusinesses. This constitutes a form of slow violence as it jeopardizes the health of contract farmers while reinforcing unequal power relations to their long-term detriment as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.greenpeace.org/southeastasia/publication/4117/maize-land-use-change-and-transboundary-haze-pollution/\"\u003eshort-term strategy to avoid indebtedness\u003c/a\u003e. Smallholder farmers with limited access to agricultural lands have also become increasingly indebted to large agribusinesses since 2012 due to falling global commodity prices, \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.05.011\"\u003ecombined with fluctuating yields and reduced government subsidies\u003c/a\u003e. Consequently, they are under continual pressure to produce high-yielding crops to repay debts instead of investing in sustainable technologies and mechanized methods of clearing land that do not rely on the use of fire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAt the transnational scale, Thailand's northern and northeastern provinces in particular suffer from the impacts of transboundary haze from agricultural burning in neighboring countries, especially the burning of maize. A Bangkok-based environmental science professor \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1976\"\u003eestimated\u003c/a\u003e that the majority of maize-burning hot spots \"are located outside Thailand, about 70 percent. They are all in our neighboring countries.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAll maize-producing countries in mainland Southeast Asia, including Thailand, have sought to accelerate national production in recent years to meet growing regional demand, especially from China, which \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.af2s.2019.06.003\"\u003euses maize to feed livestock for meat consumption\u003c/a\u003e. Thai agribusiness conglomerates that profit from this boom in maize exports have been protected from liability by successive Thai governments. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.tni.org/en/publication/cp-maize-contract-farming-in-shan-state-myanmar-a-regional-case-of-a-place-based\"\u003emaize became the main cash crop in Myanmar\u003c/a\u003e due to industrial maize contract farming schemes promoted by Charoen Pokphand (CP), Thailand's largest private company, to supply China's chicken-feed market. In the sugar industry, Thailand's major producers, Mitr Phol Sugar, and Khon Kaen Sugar Industry, have both expanded into \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2019.1666705\"\u003eCambodia and Laos with plantation-style operations\u003c/a\u003e spanning tens of thousands of hectares. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignwide\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/RTSD2T4/RTSD2T4.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789669522/tgh/RTSD2T4/RTSD2T4.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Two truck drivers wait to deliver the sugarcane harvest at a sugar mill in Pakchong district in Ratchaburi province, Thailand, on March 22, 2016.\" class=\"wp-post-81772 wp-image-11953\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789669522\" data-seo=\"1\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    Two truck drivers wait to deliver the sugarcane harvest at a sugar mill in Pakchong district in Ratchaburi province, Thailand, on March 22, 2016.\n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Jorge Silva\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eTo date, there have been virtually n
13o public campaigns to boycott maize, sugar, or sugarcane, or discussions to penalize transgressions of sustainable industry standards by these corporations. Instead, indebted smallholder farmers, who themselves must bear the heavy costs of agricultural pollution and other forms of air pollution, continue to be cast as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.thaipbsworld.com/thai-farmers-to-be-told-to-stop-burning-farm-waste-or-face-legal-action/\"\u003eprimary perpetrators and threatened with legal action\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eAir Pollution Inroads\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eFortunately, during the current growing season, which began in November, air pollution in major Thai cities, such as Bangkok and Chiang Mai, has been less severe. As \u003ca href=\"https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/map/#d:24hrs;@33.6,1.5,4z\"\u003esatellite data show\u003c/a\u003e, reduced agricultural burning in recent months has contributed to this. One reason for the decrease is that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ifpri.org/publication/monitoring-agri-food-system-myanmar-maize-farmers-%E2%80%93-monsoon-season-phone-surveys\"\u003eMyanmar military operations and transportation restrictions\u003c/a\u003e in Shan State have disrupted agricultural production and in turn reduced burning. Another likely possibility is that export of maize and other crops from Laos and Myanmar to China \u003ca href=\"https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/border-01062022185820.html\"\u003ehas been adversely affected by COVID restrictions and border controls\u003c/a\u003e. Within Thailand, there have been some efforts by both the central and local governments to run a managed burn program using satellite data. However, according to a number of experts, the major cause of reduced PM2.5—fine particulate matter—levels is that recent rainfall levels have been unusually high due to La Nina and other weather factors. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eThere have been virtually no public campaigns to boycott maize, sugar, or sugarcane, or discussions to penalize transgressions of sustainable industry\u003c/p\u003e\n  \n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eSo, reduced air pollution levels are likely more a blip than a long-term trend. What is needed in the longterm is new legislation. In particular, the Clean Air Act \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/posts/thailand-clean-air-network_its-official-the-first-citizen-driven-activity-6890849851672801280-LJTW/\"\u003esubmitted by the Thailand Clean Air Network\u003c/a\u003e, a group of volunteers, and which garnered over 26,000 signatures, seeks to reduce air pollution by addressing these underlying structural issues of burning. This \u003ca href=\"https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/2244079/thai-public-must-back-bill-for-clean-air\"\u003ecitizen-driven bill also addresses transboundary air pollution\u003c/a\u003e: it has a penalty clause for Thai entities who contribute to transboundary haze.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eWhile legislation will not entirely solve the problem, it would provide a foundation for a formal recognition of air quality as a vital human right, thereby improving protection from and fairer compensation for unhealthy exposures to air pollution. What is also needed is a higher minimum wage, government investment in alternative crops, and financing schemes and training programs to enable farmers to adopt non-burning harvesting methods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignfull\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/RTS2Z4OO/RTS2Z4OO.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789669512/tgh/RTS2Z4OO/RTS2Z4OO.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A sugarcane field is engulfed in flames at dusk as local growers try to avoid arrest by authorities who banned on the practice to curb smog in Suphan Buri province, Thailand, on January, 20, 2020.\" class=\"wp-post-81772 wp-image-11954\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789669512\" data-seo=\"1\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    A sugarcane field is engulfed in flames at dusk as local growers try to avoid arrest by authorities who banned the practice to curb smog in Suphan Buri province, Thailand, on January, 20, 2020. \n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Chalinee Thirasupa\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n2f:T5476,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIncarceration and climate change are often examined separately, but increasing evidence suggests policy makers and academics 
13should address their combined negative effect on health. Both incarceration and climate are associated with poor health outcomes. Both disproportionately impact marginalized communities including Black, Latino, Asian, and Indigenous communities, as well as people living in poverty, and people with disabilities. However, until recently, the two phenomena were considered in isolation, instead of mutually overlapping challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIncarceration and climate change are problems deeply rooted in historical and current structural policy choices—the results of political, economic, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750\"\u003eracial injustices\u003c/a\u003e that shape \u003ca href=\"https://satcherinstitute.org/priorities/political-determinants-of-health/\"\u003epolitical determinants of health\u003c/a\u003e. For example, the United States, while constituting only 5 percent of the global population, produces \u003ca href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions#citation\"\u003e25 percent\u003c/a\u003e of the world's CO2 emissions and boasts \u003ca href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prison-population-rate?country=USA~DEU~England+and+Wales~FRA~PRT~BRA~JPN~IDN~AUT~AUS~ITA\"\u003e25 percent\u003c/a\u003e of the world's incarcerated population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-create-block-tgh-data-point-block alignleft tgh-data-point-block\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"tgh-data-point-block__data\"\u003e16 Percent\u003c/span\u003e\u003cp class=\"tgh-data-point-block__description\"\u003eAbout 1,700 U.S. prisons and 3,000 jails hold 1.8 million people, a 16 percent decrease from 2019, largely due to COVID\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eBut First, the Global Climate Crisis\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eOn a global scale, the climate crisis is the twenty-first century's greatest health threat. Climate change and extreme weather contributed globally to a \u003ca href=\"https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/weather-related-disasters-increase-over-past-50-years-causing-more-damage-fewer\"\u003efivefold increase\u003c/a\u003e in disasters over the past 50 years,\u0026nbsp;and it will incur further rising temperatures, increasing in severity, frequency, duration, and unpredictability. In 2021 alone, twenty weather and climate disaster events in the U.S. caused \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/beyond-data/2021-us-billion-dollar-weather-and-climate-disasters-historical\"\u003e688 fatalities\u003c/a\u003e and over $1 billion in losses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eHeat, for example, is the leading cause of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-021-00523-2\"\u003eweather-related mortality\u003c/a\u003e—though it is difficult to precisely track how heat influences many illnesses. Longer, stronger, and more frequent extreme heat events will escalate climate-driven \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7611104/\"\u003eheat-related\u003c/a\u003e health incidences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eIncarceration in the United States\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eApproximately \u003ca href=\"https://www.vera.org/publications/people-in-jail-and-prison-in-spring-2021\"\u003e1,700 prisons and 3,000 \u003c/a\u003ejails hold 1.8 million people in the United States. While this represents a 16 percent decrease from 2019, largely due to limited prison admissions during COVID-19, the U.S. is still a global leader in incarceration rates per capita. \"\u003ca href=\"https://squareonejustice.org/paper/anewframeworkforachievingdecarceration\"\u003eDecarceration\u003c/a\u003e\" efforts—which seek to reduce the number of people in prisons, jails, and detention centers nationally—have not reduced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2022/01/11/bjs_update/\"\u003eracial inequities\u003c/a\u003e of mass incarceration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003ePeople involved with the criminal legal system also \u003ca href=\"https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2019/01/mass-incarceration-threatens-health-equity-in-america.html\"\u003edisproportionately face\u003c/a\u003e significant health challenges before, during, and after incarceration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignwide\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"696\" data-public-id=\"tgh/nncc_2703_Big20Jeff-1/nncc_2703_Big20Jeff-1.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_696,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789678265/tgh/nncc_2703_Big20Jeff-1/nncc_2703_Big20Jeff-1.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A prisoner named \u0026quot;Big Jeff\u0026quot; was at the Northern Nevada Correctional Institute near Reno. He helped the older guys with weights in the workout yard. He was scheduled to be released the following day.\" class=\"wp-post-81838 wp-image-17567\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789678265\" data-seo=\"1\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    A prisoner named \"Big Jeff\" is pictured at the Northern Nevada Correctional Institute near Reno. \n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003ePhoto by Ron Levine/Prisoners of Age\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eWhen Climate Change and Incarceration Converge\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eClimate change and incarceration occur in contexts in which government authority and power is concentrated, and where individual power to enact change—including mitigation, adaptation, planning, and management efforts—is limited or out of reach. This often leads to unmet basic needs among incarcerated people, including climate vulnerability. For example, during extreme heat events, individuals who are not incarcerated could adapt by visiting a local cooling center. People outside of prison systems can also stockpile medications in advance of a severe weather event, but these same acts are legally prohibited for incarcerated people.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003ePeople in prison may be \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wmh3.382\"\u003edisproportionately susceptible\u003c/a\u003e to climate-driven extreme temperatures, disasters, diseases, and displacement. Incarcerated older adults and those with mental health and neurological conditions are particularly vulnerable; people with more than one medical condition or disease, and those with limited mobility, are especially \u003ca href=\"https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305453\"\u003evulnerable\u003c/a\u003e to extreme temperatures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eCertain health conditions and prescription medications, including psychotropics, interfere with \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26073686/\"\u003etemperature regulation\u003c/a\u003e. \u003ca href=\"https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/medical-problems-state-and-federal-prisoners-and-jail-inmates-2011-12\"\u003eApproximately 43 percent\u003c/a\u003e of people in prison reported a previous mental health diagnosis and 66 percent reported taking prescription medication. What's more, \u003ca href=\"https://health2016.globalchange.gov/temperature-related-death-and-illness\"\u003eevidence\u003c/a\u003e suggests \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7125937/\"\u003emortality risk\u003c/a\u003e, including \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32829741/\"\u003esuicide\u003c/a\u003e, increases with higher temperatures. \u003ca href=\"https://www.vera.org/publications/safe-alternatives-segregation-initiative-findings-recommendations\"\u003eThe Vera Institute of Justice\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;identified increases in self-harm, aggression, and conflict coinciding with higher heat indexes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eGiven the high rates of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3464842/\"\u003ecomorbid conditions\u003c/a\u003e and accelerated aging within prison populations, addressing how health conditions and medications may increase health risks associated with extreme temperature exposure is critical. Incarcerated populations have higher rates of certain chronic diseases and mental health diagnoses, which are exclusively treated by (often inadequate) \u003ca href=\"https://www.themarshallproject.org/2021/07/01/prisons-have-a-health-care-issue-and-it-starts-at-the-top-critics-say\"\u003eprison and jail health care\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/nylr84\u0026amp;div=35\u0026amp;id=\u0026amp;page=\"\u003eEighth Amendment\u003c/a\u003e to the U.S. Constitution protects incarcerated people from \"cruel and unusual punishment.\"\u0026nbsp; That constitutional protection, according to the U.S. Supreme Court, requires that prisons, jails, and detention centers provide medical and mental health care and protect incarcerated people from serious physical and psychological harm. Despite this constitutional guarantee, there is a lack of standardization, transparency, \u003ca href=\"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024445\"\u003eoversight, and accountability \u003c/a\u003ewhen it comes to regulating American prisons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThis failure is deadly. Heat index temperatures have been logged at \u003ca href=\"https://www.themarshallproject.org/2017
13/10/11/cooking-them-to-death-the-lethal-toll-of-hot-prisons\"\u003ehigher than 150°F\u003c/a\u003e inside prisons. People in solitary confinement, forced outdoors, coerced to work, and in transit to court or prison may be at increased risk, as well.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eNo national data exists, but as of 2019, \u003ca href=\"https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2019/06/18/air-conditioning/\"\u003ethirteen states in the hottest regions\u003c/a\u003e of the country do not provide universal air conditioning in state prisons, including Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia. Although the Bureau of Prisons has adopted operational \u003ca href=\"https://www.bop.gov/policy/progstat/4200.12.pdf\"\u003eguidelines\u003c/a\u003e for federal prisons of 76°F for cooling and 68°F for heating, there are no other national or federal temperature regulation standards or requirements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignwide\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"685\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/angola_0630_1tz.jpg\" alt=\"The dog trainer was at Angola. He had trained dozens of animals while there. The three crosses were out of about twenty dogs that died since he was working at the prison.\" class=\"wp-post-81838 wp-image-12317\" srcset=\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/angola_0630_1tz.jpg 1300w, https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/angola_0630_1tz.jpg?resize=300,201 300w, https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/angola_0630_1tz.jpg?resize=768,514 768w, https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/angola_0630_1tz.jpg?resize=1024,685 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    A dog trainer at Angola prison, who trained dozens of animals while there. Three crosses out of about twenty are for the dogs that died during his time at the prison. \n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003ePhoto by Ron Levine/Prisoners of Age\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eMarcia Powell's Story\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn May 2009, Marcia Powell, a 48-year-old woman serving a two-year sentence in Arizona for sex work related charges, was kept in an uncovered chain-linked outdoor cell for at least four hours while temperatures hovered above 107°F. Arizona prison policy limits this type of confinement to two hours. Powell, like many, would have benefited more from social services or other alternatives to incarceration. The medical examiner documented a core temperature of 108°F; first and second-degree burns on her face and body; dehydration; metabolic acidosis (when too much acid is produced by the body) with coagulopathy (a blood coagulation disorder); rhabdomyolysis (a life-threatening condition where the muscle breaks down); and acute kidney failure. Death as \"a result of complications of hyperthermia due to environmental heat exposure\" was reported. Yet, the manner of death was ruled an \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pF9qGn4wwGECdFswBPhL9oyOiY20CGHi/view?usp=sharing\"\u003eaccident\u003c/a\u003e. No one was held accountable for Powell's painful, unnecessary death, despite the fact that in the United States, incarcerated people constitute the only group with a constitutional guarantee to health care and protection from physical and psychological harm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003ePowell's toxicology report includes positive tests for benztropine for Parkinson's disease; the antipsychotic medication Haloperidol; the mood-stabilizing drug valproic acid for depression and epilepsy; and lidocaine, a local anesthetic. Some of these drugs were psychotropic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003ePowell exemplifies what \u003ca href=\"https://www.courtinnovation.org/publications/homer-venters\"\u003e Homer Venters\u003c/a\u003e, a former chief medical officer at Rikers Island jail in New York, terms a \"jail or prison attributable injury, illness, or death\"—one that would not have occurred without incarceration. Powell was incarcerated, exposed to extreme heat, and left to die despite constitutional protections. Given \u003ca href=\"https://www.coalitionforpublicsafety.org/\"\u003ebipartisan consensus\u003c/a\u003e on prioritizing decarceration, drug-policy reform, and alternatives to incarceration, protecting people like Marcia Powell from injury, illness, and death due to prison or jail exposure is paramount.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eMarcia is not alone. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-death-of-timothy-souders/\"\u003eTimothy Souders\u003c/a\u003e, died at the age of 21 while lying in his own urine shackled to a concrete slab in solitary confinement in Southern Michigan Correctional Center amidst temperatures above 107°F during an August 2006 heat wave. Souders was incarcerated for resisting arrest and destroying police property. Souders, who lived with mental illness, was disciplined and placed in four-points restraints in a small cell without windows or water for \u003ca href=\"https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2009/mar/15/36-million-settlement-in-michigan-prisoners-segregation-cell-death/\"\u003edisobeying orders\u003c/a\u003e. Surveillance video reveals his mental and physical deterioration over the course of four days of being shackled. The autopsy attributes the cause of death to hyperthermia with dehydration, yet his death was ruled an accident. Federal Judge Richard Enslen concluded the conditions surrounding Souder's death amounted to torture and ordered an immediate ban on punitive restraints in three Michigan prisons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eWhat It Means to Be Vulnerable to Climate Change\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eFactors compounded by social, structural, and political determinants of health, including age, race, gender, poverty, disability, and poor health, increase climate vulnerability and lower the adaptive capacity to climate risks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14693062.2007.9685639\"\u003eContextual vulnerability\u003c/a\u003e, an emerging concept within disaster and climate change policy, considers the social and economic circumstances of specific disasters that intensify their harmful effects for groups that are already marginalized. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7413658/\"\u003eEmploying the concept\u003c/a\u003e of contextual vulnerability to account for these interactions between societies and changing environments, aids in evaluating how they exp
13ose specific groups to greater harm, and allows for targeted, more effective responses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eLonger, stronger, and more frequent extreme heat events will escalate climate-driven heat-related health incidences\u003c/p\u003e\n  \n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eDifferences in human vulnerability stem from a range of social, economic, historical, and political factors. Attention to political determinants of health and contextual vulnerability exposes how human health can be affected by climate change in several ways. History and geography may influence uneven health effects. Resources and environments shape health outcomes. Power and relationships influence health inequities. And multiple systems and scales may produce unfair and unavoidable differences in health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003ePeople who are incarcerated often experience intersectional inequities, which exacerbate discrimination and exclusion from systems for climate governance and disaster prevention, mitigation, and recovery planning. The differential vulnerability of incarcerated people to disaster is a consequence of structural inequality, power relations, and the \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210127-the-invisible-impact-of-slow-violence\"\u003eslow violence\u003c/a\u003e\" that climate injustices gradually unleash on vulnerable populations over time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eResponding to the Contextual Vulnerability of Incarcerated People to Climate Change\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIncarcerated people have responded to extreme temperature and insufficient mitigation measures with \u003ca href=\"https://time.com/6094884/attica-anniversary-prisoners-protest/\"\u003eprotest\u003c/a\u003e, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2010/07/heat-wave-kills-prison-inmates/\"\u003ehunger strikes\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2018/jun/29/litigation-heats-over-extreme-temperatures-prisons-jails/\"\u003elitigation\u003c/a\u003e. Between 1980 and 2019, more than 1,200 U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305453\"\u003ecourt cases\u003c/a\u003e challenging temperature conditions in prisons and jails were brought under the Eighth Amendment's prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment. \u003ca href=\"https://www.themarshallproject.org/2017/10/11/cooking-them-to-death-the-lethal-toll-of-hot-prisons\"\u003eTemperature regulation court cases\u003c/a\u003e in states, including Arizona, Mississippi and Wisconsin, have decided in favor of incarcerated people.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eClimate adaptation planning and management efforts involving correctional institutions remain inadequate, though. Despite constitutional protections from harm and health-care guarantees, incarcerated people are considered wards of the state with limited influence. A proposed \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2592/text?q=%257B%2522search%2522:%255B%2522Correctional+Facility+Disaster+Preparedness+Act+of+2021%2522,%2522Correctional%2522,%2522Facility%2522,%2522Disaster%2522,%2522Preparedness%2522,%2522Act%2522,%2522of%2522,%25222021%2522%255D%257D\u0026amp;r=1\u0026amp;s=1\"\u003ebill\u003c/a\u003e requires the Bureau of Prisons to report related outcomes for prisons and incarcerated people and incentivizes early-release and home confinement to decrease staff responsibilities and harm to incarcerated people. The state has \u003ca href=\"https://satcherinstitute.org/priorities/political-determinants-of-health/\"\u003ehistorically struggled\u003c/a\u003e in \"aligning the constitutional notions of equal protection and general welfare to our laws and policies.\" Special consideration to proactively protect people within prisons and jails, given their increased vulnerability, is necessary. Decarbonization and decarceration are needed upstream interventions in the \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)01787-6/fulltext\"\u003ecode red for a healthy future\u003c/a\u003e\"\u0026nbsp;posed by climate change and mass incarceration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignfull\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"683\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/angola_1172_crew.jpg\" alt=\"Jimmy Jackson (front), 63, with a work crew at Angola prison. \" class=\"wp-post-81838 wp-image-12318\" srcset=\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/angola_1172_crew.jpg 2600w, https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/angola_1172_crew.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/angola_1172_crew.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/angola_1172_crew.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/angola_1172_crew.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/angola_1172_crew.jpg?resize=2048,1365 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    Jimmy Jackson (front) with a work crew at Angola prison. \n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003ePhoto by Ron Levine/Prisoners of Age\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAUTHORS' NOTE: We thank Julie Skarha for her considerable insights and expertise in this area. We are grateful to\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.tishmancenter.org/\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe New School Tishman Environment and Design Center for the Award for Excellence in Climate, Environmental Justice, and Sustainability and to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health Policy Research Scholars Program and Interdisciplinary Research Leaders Program. We also thank Daniel E. Dawes, Maisha Standifer, Christian Amador, and Shaneeta Johnson in wel
13coming our contribution to a forthcoming book on climate change and health justice published by\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eJohn Hopkins University Press with\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eMorehouse School of Medicine's Satcher Health Leadership Institute.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n30:T3f4d,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eWhile smoking, alcohol, obesity, and diet are widely understood to be linked to poor health, it is only recently that the staggering impact of air pollution on global health has been recognized. In 2019 alone, outdoor air pollution was linked to \u003ca href=\"https://www.stateofglobalair.org/\"\u003emore than 4 million deaths\u003c/a\u003e, killing more people \u003ca href=\"https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/\"\u003ethan road traffic collisions, malaria, or alcohol use\u003c/a\u003e. Even though air pollution is preventable, it has worsened in many places over the past 20 years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-create-block-tgh-data-point-block alignleft tgh-data-point-block\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"tgh-data-point-block__data\"\u003e4 Million\u003c/span\u003e\u003cp class=\"tgh-data-point-block__description\"\u003eIn 2019, outdoor air pollution was linked to more than 4 million deaths\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eAir Pollution Cuts Lives Short\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAir pollution reduces average global life expectancy by approximately one full year, with reductions of nearly two years in some countries. Every day, billions of people breathe in air that is so polluted that it can harm their health. These elevated levels of air pollution have been linked to many of the leading causes of death in the world—heart attacks and stroke, chronic lung disease (COPD), lung cancer, type 2 diabetes, viral and bacterial respiratory infections and \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6\"\u003edementia\u003c/a\u003e, along with \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003718\"\u003elow birthweight and pre-term babies\u003c/a\u003e and the development of \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00255-2\"\u003easthma in children\u003c/a\u003e. Increasingly, evidence is emerging that air pollution impacts nearly \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2018.10.042\"\u003eall organ systems\u003c/a\u003e. With \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30677-2/fulltext\"\u003ean aging\u003c/a\u003e global population, and a warmer climate driving health-damaging episodes of \u003ca href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%252FMCP.0000000000000552\"\u003ewildfire smoke\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi9386\"\u003esummer smog\u003c/a\u003e, air quality is likely to remain a challenge without a concerted global effort.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignwide\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"690\" data-public-id=\"tgh/dancerrs20in20smog/dancerrs20in20smog.jpeg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_690,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1758102683/tgh/dancerrs20in20smog/dancerrs20in20smog.jpeg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Pairs of masked dancers glide through heavy smog on a polluted day in Fuyang, Anhui province, China, on January 3, 2017.\" class=\"wp-post-81769 wp-image-11936\" data-format=\"jpeg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1758102683\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758102683/tgh/dancerrs20in20smog/dancerrs20in20smog.jpeg?_i=AA 1300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758102683/tgh/dancerrs20in20smog/dancerrs20in20smog.jpeg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758102683/tgh/dancerrs20in20smog/dancerrs20in20smog.jpeg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758102683/tgh/dancerrs20in20smog/dancerrs20in20smog.jpeg?_i=AA 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    Masked dancers glide through heavy smog on a polluted day in Fuyang, Anhui province, China, on January 3, 2017. \n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eChina Daily/via REUTERS\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn response to these concerning trends, the World Health Organization (WHO) released revised \u003ca href=\"https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/345329\"\u003eGlobal Air Quality Guidelines\u003c/a\u003e in 2021. These guidelines identify air quality targets for countries to achieve on the path toward cleaner, healthier air, but the current status is sobering. Nearly the entire global population lives in areas above the \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health\"\u003eWHO guideline levels\u003c/a\u003e for airborne particulate matter pollution (PM2.5), the most health-damaging \u003ca href=\"https://share.streamlit.io/nigel1998/urbanaq/master/UrbanAQ.py\"\u003eair pollutant\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp; Levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) air pollution, a key indicator of motor vehicle exhaust, exceeded WHO guideline levels in 78 percent of urban areas across the globe.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eThe Biggest Air Polluters\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eSo, where are air pollution levels highest, what are the sources of this pollution, and what do trends indicate? More than half (59 percent) of deaths attributable to air pollution occur in China and India due to their high populations and relatively high levels of air pollution. Adjusting for population size reveals high death rates from PM2.5 exposure throughout Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eMore than half of deaths linked to air pollution occur in China and India\u003c/p\u003e\n  \n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eTwo recent papers leveraging the global coverage and spatial detail available from satellite data also shed new light on levels in cities—home to \u003ca href=\"https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS\"\u003e56 percent of the world's population\u003c/a\u003e. For PM2.5, average urban pollution levels are \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00350-8\"\u003ethree times higher\u003c/a\u003e in South-East Asia than they are in the Americas and Europe. Yet, most American and European cities still have levels that are higher than the WHO guidelines. In contrast, average urban NO2 levels \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00350-8\"\u003eare\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00255-2\"\u003emuch\u003c/a\u003e more similar across regions worldwide, with levels in high-income cities even exceeding concentrations in South, Southeast, and East Asia, though not by much.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eScientists are gaining a better understanding of air pollution around the world as more data are being collected and shared publicly. While many cities in the world lack \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100040\"\u003eair quality monitoring altogether\u003c/a\u003e or do not \u003ca href=\"https://openaq.org/assets/files/2020_OpenData_StateofPlay.pdf\"\u003emake data openly available\u003c/a\u003e, new data sources have emerged to support action at local levels including \u003ca href=\"https://openaq.org/#/\"\u003eglobal data platforms\u003c/a\u003e, monitoring networks established at \u003ca href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/international/us-embassies-and-consulates/\"\u003eU.S. embassies and consulates\u003c/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"https://map.purpleair.com/\"\u003enetworks of low-cost sensors\u003c/a\u003e. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00350-8\"\u003eSatellite-based estimates of air pollution levels\u003c/a\u003e are available globally in increasingly fine detail, while low-cost sensors and \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalcleanair.org/innovative-air-quality-monitoring/hyperlocal-monitoring/\"\u003emobile monitoring programs\u003c/a\u003e can provide local communities with detailed neighborhood-level information. Building from pilot programs in Oakland, Houston, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.breathelondon.org/\"\u003eLondon\u003c/a\u003e, neighborhood monitoring programs are now being \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalcleanair.org/blueprint/\"\u003escaled up to more than 100 cities\u003c/a\u003e around the globe.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignwide\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"685\" data-public-id=\"tgh/pup20with20mask/pup20with20mask.jpeg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_685,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1758102671/tgh/pup20with20mask/pup20with20mask.jpeg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Hari, a one-and-a-half-year-old Korean Jindo dog, wears a dog mask on a poor air quality day in Incheon, South Korea, March 15, 2019.\" class=\"wp-post-81769 wp-image-11937\" data-format=\"jpeg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1758102671\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758102671/tgh/pup20with20mask/pup20with20mask.jpeg?_i=AA 1300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758102671/tgh/pup20with20mask/pup20with20mask.jpeg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758102671/tgh/pup20with20mask/pup20with20mask.jpeg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758102671/tgh/pup20with20mask/pup20with20mask.jpeg?_i=AA 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    Hari, a Korean Jindo dog, wears a dog mask on a poor air quality day in Incheon, South Korea, on March 15, 2019. \n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Hyun Young Yi \u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eOnce locations of poor air quality have been identified, information on the key sources contributing to pollution is needed to target actions. Air pollution sources are diverse and vary widely from location to location. Increasingly, it's possible to access information on the major sources of air pollution—including a recent evaluation of how much PM2.5 air pollution comes from each major source sector and fuel type in \u003ca href=\"https://gbdmaps.med.ubc.ca/\"\u003e204 countries and 200 major metropolitan areas\u003c/a\u003e. Globally, the largest contributing source is from the residential energy sector, responsible for nearly 20 percent of total air pollution—especially the use of polluting fuels such as wood, coal, and crop waste for cooking and heating in mainly rural areas of low-income countries. This \"\u003ca href=\"https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e455c0a25dcf4b92a859f5d38a26ce27\"\u003ehousehold air pollution\u003c/a\u003e\" is itself a significant health risk for \u003ca href=\"https://www.stateofglobalair.org/sites/default/files/documents/2020-10/soga-2020-report-10-26_0.pdf\"\u003e3.8 billion people, nearly half the global population\u003c/a\u003e. Other major sources contributing to PM2.5 air pollution were industrial emissions and energy generation, each responsible for roughly 10 percent of air pollution. Overall, nearly 30 percent of this form of air pollution is due to fossil fuel combustion, with nearly half from coal. Action directed toward improving access to clean energy for the residential sector in rural areas of low-income countries and eliminating fossil fuel combustion would reduce deaths from air pollution by almost half. These same sources are also important targets in the transition to a net-zero carbon economy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eReducing fuel combustion for electricity generation, transportation, and industrial production can lead to cleaner air\u003c/p\u003e\n  \n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eThe Art of Air Quality Management\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eDespite the discouraging global patterns, there are some positive trends. For example, in North America, concentrations of PM2.5 have decreased steadily over the past 30 years. These improvements resulting from air quality management, pollution control, new technologies and other actions have resulted in large \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201907-538CME\"\u003eimprovements in health\u003c/a\u003e. In Europe, the situation is somewhat more mixed, with clear improvements in PM2.5 but levels still generally well \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(21)00350-8/fulltext\"\u003eabove those in North America\u003c/a\u003e, while \u003ca href=\"https://share.streamlit.io/nigel1998/urbanaq/master/UrbanAQ.py\"\u003eNO2 levels in urban areas remain high\u003c/a\u003e. And while China is a large country with very high levels of air pollution, the situation has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.stateofglobalair.org/\"\u003eimproving for the past 10 years\u003c/a\u003e. As China's population increasingly ages, which increases the number of people who are sensitive to the health impacts of air pollution, it's important that air pollution continues to decline. In South Asia where urban areas are the most polluted in the world, \u003ca href=\"https://share.streamlit.io/nigel1998/urbanaq/master/UrbanAQ.py\"\u003elevels are\u003c/a\u003e stagnant and, in some cases, worsening.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eMuch attention is also focused on air pollution in rapidly developing economies and growing megacities in Africa such as Lagos, Kinshasa, Accra and Addis Ababa. At present, air pollution concentrations are moderately high. There is little evidence of air pollution rising as socioeconomic development increases. Locations in Western sub-Saharan Africa such as Niger, Chad, Senegal and Nigeria can be heavily impacted by Saharan dust—with high concentrations that can fluctuate dramatically from year to year.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn a global health context, air pollution remains a pernicious and underappreciated threat. A framework of monitoring, technology-focused regulations, and enforcement can effectively lead to improvements with subsequent health benefits. Given the near-ubiquitous exposure to air pollution and the absence of any clear safe levels, reducing exposures is one of the more effective approaches to improve overall population health. Since the major sources of air pollution are also responsible for heat-trapping greenhouse gases, reducing fuel combustion for electricity generation, transportation, industrial production, and other purposes can clean the air, improve population health, and help reduce climate change.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignfull\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/Exxon20plant20in20baton20rouge/Exxon20plant20in20baton20rouge.jpeg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1758102661/tgh/Exxon20plant20in20baton20rouge/Exxon20plant20in20baton20rouge.jpeg?_i=AA\" alt=\"An ExxonMobil refinery, pumping out clouds of soot, is silhouetted against the setting sun in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on May 15, 2021.\" class=\"wp-post-81769 wp-image-11938\" data-format=\"jpeg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1758102661\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758102661/tgh/Exxon20plant20in20baton20rouge/Exxon20plant20in20baton20rouge.jpeg?_i=AA 2600w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images
13/f_auto,q_auto/v1758102661/tgh/Exxon20plant20in20baton20rouge/Exxon20plant20in20baton20rouge.jpeg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758102661/tgh/Exxon20plant20in20baton20rouge/Exxon20plant20in20baton20rouge.jpeg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758102661/tgh/Exxon20plant20in20baton20rouge/Exxon20plant20in20baton20rouge.jpeg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758102661/tgh/Exxon20plant20in20baton20rouge/Exxon20plant20in20baton20rouge.jpeg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758102661/tgh/Exxon20plant20in20baton20rouge/Exxon20plant20in20baton20rouge.jpeg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    An ExxonMobil refinery, pumping out clouds of soot, is silhouetted against a golden sky in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on May 15, 2021. \n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Kathleen Flynn\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eEDITOR'S NOTE: Professor Michael Brauer is employed by the University of Washington's Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), which leads the Global Burden of Disease study described in this article. IHME collaborates with the Council on Foreign Relations on Think Global Health. All statements and views expressed in this article are solely those of the individual authors and are not necessarily shared by their institution.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Rebecca Sirull\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e for her assistance with fact checking.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n31:T6774,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn February 2021, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-disaster-graphic/disaster-in-the-himalayas-how-a-rare-february-landslide-left-more-than-200-dead-idUSKBN2AQ0SN\"\u003elandslide\u003c/a\u003e on the mountain Nanda Devi in the northern Himalayas caused flooding in the\u0026nbsp; Chamoli district in Uttarakhand, India, about 40 kilometers away. The flooding in this district took 58 lives and displaced more than 150 people. \u003ca href=\"https://www.icimod.org/article/understanding-the-chamoli-flood-cause-process-impacts-and-context-of-rapid-infrastructure-development/https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2328/warming-seas-and-melting-ice-sheets/\"\u003eThinning ice sheets\u003c/a\u003e, like the one involved in the Chamoli flood, are an established consequence of global warming. The recent event amplifies the dangers of landslides and floods in an already seismically active area. In addition,\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://countercurrents.org/2021/04/chamoli-and-climate-change/\"\u003erampant deforestation\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;and rapid infrastructural development of such fragile areas also make the region vulnerable to avalanches.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIndia is grappling with climate change and its direct and indirect consequences on human health, so health needs to be at the center of discussion about climate change in the country. The health consequences of climate change are a result of various \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health\"\u003eexposure pathways\u003c/a\u003e, including temperature, air quality, vector ecology, food security, and water quality and quantity.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignwide\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/India20Flood20Climate20Change20Bengaluru/India20Flood20Climate20Change20Bengaluru.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1758103241/tgh/India20Flood20Climate20Change20Bengaluru/India20Flood20Climate20Change20Bengaluru.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"People wade through a waterlogged road after heavy rainfall in Mumbai, India, September 23, 2020.\" class=\"wp-post-81833 wp-image-12278\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1758103241\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758103241/tgh/India20Flood20Climate20Change20Bengaluru/India20Flood20Climate20Change20Bengaluru.jpg?_i=AA 1300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758103241/tgh/India20Flood20Climate20Change20Bengaluru/India20Flood20Climate20Change20Bengaluru.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758103241/tgh/India20Flood20Climate20Change20Bengaluru/India20Flood20Climate20Change20Bengaluru.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758103241/tgh/India20Flood20Climate20Change20Bengaluru/India20Flood20Climate20Change20Bengaluru.jpg?_i=AA 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    People wade through a waterlogged road after heavy rainfall in Mumbai, India, on September 23, 2020. \n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Francis Mascarenhas\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eExtreme heat, droughts, floods and storms, ultraviolet radiation, ozone exposure, and air pollution all have direct consequences for human health. \u003ca href=\"https://ncdc.gov.in/WriteReadData/l892s/27505481411548674558.pdf\"\u003eI\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ncdc.gov.in/WriteReadData/l892s/27505481411548674558.pdf\"\u003endirect consequences\u003c/a\u003e include airborne diseases, cardio-respiratory diseases, vector-borne diseases, food and waterborne diseases, zoonotic diseases, malnutrition, and mental health issues. To comprehensively understand the consequences of climate change on human health, policymakers need to focus on the climate change vulnerability of India, health indicators for climate change impact, health system preparedness, and national and state health adaptation plans. \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/impacts.pdf\"\u003eAdaptation\u003c/a\u003e involves the actions taken to help communities and ecosystems counter the actual and potential effects of climate change.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndia's Most Climate Change-Vulnerable Regions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIndia is a vast country with diverse geographical and climatic conditions so its vulnerability to climate change events varies by location—different parts of the country experience different climate-related diseases. Climate change will also further exacerbate existing problems such as poor sanitation, inadequate infrastru
13cture, water scarcity, and inaccessibility to health services in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3114809/\"\u003erural areas\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3114809/\"\u003e,\u003c/a\u003e rendering those areas even more vulnerable to climate-sensitive diseases. For this reason, climate-related diseases need to be addressed in a decentralized manner.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAccording to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceew.in/sites/default/files/ceew-study-on-climate-change-vulnerability-index-and-district-level-risk-assessment.pdf\"\u003edistrict-level vulnerability assessment report\u003c/a\u003e, the regions of Assam, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra rank highest on an overall vulnerability index score, which is based on exposure to climate change events, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity in the region. Districts including Puri, Nayagarh, Khorda, Ganjam, Gajapati in Odisha state, and\u0026nbsp;Darbhanga in the state of Bihar\u0026nbsp;are vulnerable to all three types of hydro-meteorological disasters: floods, droughts, and cyclones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-tgh-aligned-iframe tgh-aligned-iframe tgh-aligned-iframe--small\"\u003e\u003ch3 class=\"tgh-aligned-iframe--title\"\u003eThe 20 Indian States Most Vulnerable to Climate Change\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp class=\"tgh-aligned-iframe--subtitle\"\u003eVulnerability Index Score\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"tgh-aligned-iframe--content\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"20 Most Climate-Vulnerable States in India\" aria-label=\"Map\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-ScXsd\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/ScXsd/2/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"background:transparent; width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"754\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"\u003e!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var e in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var t=document.getElementById(\"datawrapper-chart-\"+e)||document.querySelector(\"iframe[src*='\"+e+\"']\");t\u0026\u0026(t.style.height=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][e]+\"px\")}})}();\u003c/script\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\t\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eHealth and Climate Change\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThree health indicators—air pollution, non-optimal heat-related illnesses, and vector-borne diseases such as dengue, which spreads via the bite of infected mosquitos—best demonstrate the consequences of climate change's effects on human health in India. According to a 2019 Global Burden of Diseases study, while overall deaths in India attributed to air pollution have been declining steadily from 134.44 deaths per 100,000 people in 2000 to 119.89 deaths per 100,000 in 2019, deaths attributable to ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) are rising at an alarming rate—at almost a twofold increase over the past two decades. India is also one of the largest contributors to global consumption-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2809%2960935-1\"\u003eCO\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2809%2960935-1\"\u003e2\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2809%2960935-1\"\u003e and PM\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2809%2960935-1\"\u003e2.5\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2809%2960935-1\"\u003e emissions\u003c/a\u003e (7 percent and 16 percent, respectively). Although India has made some strides to switch to renewable sources of energy, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceew.in/blogs/challenges-and-way-forward-for-transitioning-indias-coal-economy\"\u003ecoal\u003c/a\u003e remains a key source of power generation which leads to immense contributions to \u003ca href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/india\"\u003eCO\u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/india\"\u003e2 \u003c/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/india\"\u003e emissions\u003c/a\u003e in the country.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-tgh-aligned-iframe tgh-aligned-iframe tgh-aligned-iframe--small\"\u003e\u003ch3 class=\"tgh-aligned-iframe--title\"\u003eDeaths Attributable to Air Pollution in India\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp class=\"tgh-aligned-iframe--subtitle\"\u003eDeaths per 100,000 population, All Ages, Both Sexes\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"tgh-aligned-iframe--content\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"Deaths attributable to Air Pollution and Ambient Particulate Matter Pollution in India\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-79DXL\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/
1379DXL/3/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"background:transparent; width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"346\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"\u003e!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var e in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var t=document.getElementById(\"datawrapper-chart-\"+e)||document.querySelector(\"iframe[src*='\"+e+\"']\");t\u0026\u0026(t.style.height=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][e]+\"px\")}})}();\u003c/script\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eClimate change is known to worsen \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081007073928.htm\"\u003esome infectious diseases\u003c/a\u003e, including avian influenza, Ebola, tuberculosis, parasitic infections, mosquito and tick-borne diseases, and cholera. Global mobility and urbanization are major drivers of the increase in dengue virus infections. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe2107325\"\u003eDengue cases\u003c/a\u003e have doubled globally every decade since 1990. Aside from an increase in the number of cases and the severity, its geographical range has also expanded significantly. Dengue was previously limited to urban areas, but it has now spread to rural parts of India and to new regions, including Orissa, Arunachal Pradesh, and Mizoram.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-tgh-aligned-iframe tgh-aligned-iframe tgh-aligned-iframe--small\"\u003e\u003ch3 class=\"tgh-aligned-iframe--title\"\u003eAnnual Percentage Change in New Dengue Cases from 2000 to 2019 in India\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"tgh-aligned-iframe--content\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"Annual Percentage Change in New Dengue Cases from 2000 to 2019 in India\" aria-label=\"Map\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-U3r3M\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/U3r3M/1/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"background:transparent; width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"776\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"\u003e!function(){\"use strict\";window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var e in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var t=document.getElementById(\"datawrapper-chart-\"+e)||document.querySelector(\"iframe[src*='\"+e+\"']\");t\u0026\u0026(t.style.height=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][e]+\"px\")}})}();\u003c/script\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIndia and Brazil had the biggest absolute increase in \u003ca href=\"https://www.lancetcountdown.org/data-platform/climate-change-impacts-exposures-and-vulnerability/1-1-health-and-heat/1-1-6-heat-related-mortality\"\u003eheat-related mortality\u003c/a\u003e between 2018 and 2019. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.drought.gov/about/drought-early-warning\"\u003eDrought Early Warning System\u003c/a\u003e, 21.06 percent of \u003ca href=\"https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/drought-scare-looms-large-over-a-fifth-of-india-78606\"\u003eIndia's land area\u003c/a\u003e is facing drought-like conditions. Drought has been linked to an increase in \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41885-018-0023-8\"\u003esuicides\u003c/a\u003e among farmers, and is most pronounced in agricultural states that experience frequent droughts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAccording to the Global Climate Risk Index, India is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.germanwatch.org/sites/default/files/Global%20Climate%20Risk%20Index%202021_2.pdf\"\u003eseventh most vulnerable country\u003c/a\u003e to climate change effects. India could \u003ca href=\"https://odi.org/en/publications/the-costs-of-climate-change-in-india-a-review-of-the-climate-related-risks-facing-india-and-their-economic-and-social-costs/\"\u003esuffer\u003c/a\u003e around a 2.6 percent dip in GDP by 2100 and see a 3.5 percent increase in poverty by 2040, even if the average temperature rise is less than 2 degrees Celsius.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-tgh-aligned-iframe tgh-aligned-iframe tgh-aligned-iframe--small\"\u003e\u003ch3 class=\"tgh-aligned-iframe--title\"\u003ePercent of Total Annual Deaths Attributable to Extreme Heat in India\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp class=\"tgh-aligned-iframe--subtitle\"\u003eBoth Sexes, Age Standardized\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"tgh-aligned-iframe--content\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"Percent of Total Annual Deaths attributable to Extreme Heat in India\" aria-label=\"Interactive line chart\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-gR7Yd\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/gR7Yd/1/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"background:transparent; width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"400\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"\u003e!function(){\"use strict\";
13window.addEventListener(\"message\",function(a){if(void 0!==a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"])for(var e in a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"]){var t=document.getElementById(\"datawrapper-chart-\"+e)||document.querySelector(\"iframe[src*='\"+e+\"']\");t\u0026\u0026(t.style.height=a.data[\"datawrapper-height\"][e]+\"px\")}})}();\u003c/script\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\t\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eHealth System Preparedness\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eClimate change threatens not only health, but India's health-care system by weakening the country's already troubled health-care delivery. In India, the health sector \u003ca href=\"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab19e1/pdf\"\u003econtributes\u003c/a\u003e 5 percent of the national carbon footprint. A survey conducted at \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/gha.v5i0.10964\"\u003eprimary health care centers\u003c/a\u003e in five rural areas in the Jagatsinghpur district of Orissa revealed that these facilities are not adequately prepared to cope with floods despite the annual occurrence of flooding in the district. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/IndiaHealthReport.pdf\"\u003eAhmedabad\u003c/a\u003e, the health-care system was found to be ill-equipped to deal with heat-related illnesses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIndia lacks a national and sub-national level assessment of its health facilities' resilience in the face of climate change. Health-care planning, capacity building, and building a climate-resilient health infrastructure should be priorities. India along with other South-East Asian members of the World Health Organization (WHO) has adopted the \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/southeastasia/news/detail/07-09-2017-who-south-east-asia-region-commits-to-building-health-systems-resilience-to-climate-change\"\u003eMalé Declaration\u003c/a\u003e that commits to building green, climate-resilient health systems that can anticipate, prepare, and mitigate the effects of climate change. Considering the vulnerabilities, health indicators, and health sector preparedness, the need for a comprehensive, decentralized, and customized health adaptation plan to cope with this accrescent public health challenge is urgent.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignwide\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/India20Climate20Change20Heat20Air20Conditioner/India20Climate20Change20Heat20Air20Conditioner.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1758103187/tgh/India20Climate20Change20Heat20Air20Conditioner/India20Climate20Change20Heat20Air20Conditioner.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A man transports slabs of ice near an air cooler market on a hot summer day, in New Delhi, India, April 11, 2022\" class=\"wp-post-81833 wp-image-12279\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1758103187\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758103187/tgh/India20Climate20Change20Heat20Air20Conditioner/India20Climate20Change20Heat20Air20Conditioner.jpg?_i=AA 1300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758103187/tgh/India20Climate20Change20Heat20Air20Conditioner/India20Climate20Change20Heat20Air20Conditioner.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758103187/tgh/India20Climate20Change20Heat20Air20Conditioner/India20Climate20Change20Heat20Air20Conditioner.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758103187/tgh/India20Climate20Change20Heat20Air20Conditioner/India20Climate20Change20Heat20Air20Conditioner.jpg?_i=AA 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    A man transports slabs of ice near an air cooler market on a hot summer day in New Delhi, India, on April 11, 2022. \n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Anushree Fadnavis\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eIndia's National Climate Adaptation Plan\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)—a climate action plan to cut emissions and adapt to changes in climate—submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2016, India submitted a \"National Action Plan for Climate Change and Human Health\" (\u003ca href=\"https://ncdc.gov.in/WriteReadData/l892s/27505481411548674558.pdf\"\u003eNAPCCHH\u003c/a\u003e), under the National Health Mission (NHM). The NAPCCHH envisions protecting citizens from climate-sensitive risks and illnesses. India also aims to build the research capacity needed to fill the evidence gap on the consequences of climate change on human health. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eRaising awareness through existing programs for disease control is important. The Government of India (GoI) \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhp.gov.in/health-and-climate-change_pg\"\u003eacknowledges \u003c/a\u003ethe interdependence between health issues and environmental factors. Therefore, collaborative actions from different ministries are warranted. Various climate-sensitive diseases are dealt with through specific vertical programs or missions focusing on resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. For instance, the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture, National Water Mission, and National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change are consulted for foodborne and malnutrition-related diseases.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eIndia is the 7th most vulnerable country to the effects of climate change\u003c/p\u003e\n  \n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eThe government has proposed that the states design their own State Action Plans for Climate Change and Human Health (\u003ca href=\"https://ncdc.gov.in/index1.php?page=3\u0026amp;ipp=10\u0026amp;lang=1\u0026amp;level=3\u0026amp;sublinkid=959\u0026amp;lid=717\"\u003eSAPCCHHs\u003c/a\u003e) based on the burden of climate-sensitive diseases and climate vulnerability in their districts. This is aimed to design more detailed adaptation strategies in collaboration with the local actors, integrating climate-sensitive health concerns with state programs. In addition, the government has recommended that health departments initiate programs for the \"greening of the health sector.\" For example, adopting environmentally friendly technologies and using energy efficie
13nt services.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eTwenty-nine out of thirty-six Indian states and union territories have submitted regional plans to the National Centre for Disease Control (\u003ca href=\"https://ncdc.gov.in/index1.php?page=3\u0026amp;ipp=10\u0026amp;lang=1\u0026amp;level=3\u0026amp;sublinkid=959\u0026amp;lid=717\"\u003eNCDC\u003c/a\u003e). Only the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Daman and Diu, Delhi, Lakshadweep, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Rajasthan, and Telangana do not have a SAPCCHH. Although most states have identified pertinent climate-sensitive diseases and have laid out standard adaptation plans, strategies for reporting, monitoring, and evaluation are not implementation-ready.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ncdc.gov.in/showfile.php?lid=718\"\u003eAndhra Pradesh\u003c/a\u003e is arguably the only state with a comprehensive adaptation plan based on evidence and prioritization of climate-sensitive health risks in the region. The occurrence of the mysterious disease outbreak in Eluru, the current prevalence of vector-borne diseases, and excess mortality and morbidity due to heatwaves have led the \u003ca href=\"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/ap-sets-out-to-fight-climate-change-induced-ailments/articleshow/81278804.cms\"\u003estate government of Andhra Pradesh\u003c/a\u003e to constitute a task force to conduct a vulnerability assessment and risk mapping of climate-sensitive diseases in the state and consequently devise a health adaptation plan accordingly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignwide\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"698\" data-public-id=\"tgh/RTX7JPHX_0/RTX7JPHX_0.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_698,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789669824/tgh/RTX7JPHX_0/RTX7JPHX_0.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A mother drapes an orange sari over her baby to protect him from the heat in Ahmedabad, India, May 20, 2020.\" class=\"wp-post-81833 wp-image-12280\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789669824\" data-seo=\"1\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    A mother drapes her sari over her baby to protect him from the heat in Ahmedabad, India, on May 20, 2020.\n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Amit Dave\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\t\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003ePolicy Gaps and the Way Forward\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eClimate change is the biggest public health challenge of this century and India could suffer devastating consequences if it doesn't take action. Inaction could \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2809%2960935-1\"\u003eundermine other efforts\u003c/a\u003e to reduce the burden of various diseases. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAt the 26th UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) in Glasgow last fall, India committed to \u003ca href=\"https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/national-statement-by-pm-at-cop26-summit-in-glasgow/\"\u003efive goals\u003c/a\u003e to limit temperature rise, including an increase in non-fossil capacity by 500 gigawatts (GW) by 2030, meeting 50 percent of the energy requirement from renewable energy by 2030, reducing total projected carbon emissions by one billion tons from now till 2030, reducing carbon intensity in the economy by less than 45 percent by 2030, and achieving net-zero by 2070.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eThe targets are ambitious and need to be accompanied by an assessment of the health benefits of mitigation. Although India is rated highly in the \u003ca href=\"https://ccpi.org/wp-content/uploads/CCPI-2022-Results_neu.pdf\"\u003eClimate Change Performance Index\u003c/a\u003e for greenhouse gases, renewable energy, and climate policy, there is very little or no mention of health in these \u003ca href=\"https://climate-laws.org/legislation_and_policies?from_geography_page=India\u0026amp;geography%5B%5D=78\u0026amp;type%5B%5D=legislative\"\u003epolicies\u003c/a\u003e. India has yet to submit an updated version of its NDC to UNFCCC. The need for India to strengthen the NDC by including \u003ca href=\"https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/330656/9789240000674-eng.pdf\"\u003ehealth-centered\u003c/a\u003e climate targets and policies is vital. Also, India is not included among countries that have committed to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news/item/09-11-2021-countries-commit-to-develop-climate-smart-health-care-at-cop26-un-climate-conference\"\u003eCOP26 health program,\u003c/a\u003e which involves developing a low-carbon and climate-resilient health system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAccording to the 2021\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240038509\"\u003eWHO climate change and health survey\u003c/a\u003e, India has a health surveillance system in place for all climate-sensitive illnesses. But it's unclear whether it includes meteorological information, a climate-informed early warning system, and a response plan for all except heat-related illnesses, and air-borne and respiratory illnesses. The GoI and states need to develop comprehensive action plans and detailed proposals to procure more\u003ca href=\"https://www.opml.co.uk/files/Publications/corporate-publications/briefing-notes/id-state-action-plan-climate-india.pdf?noredirect=1\"\u003e funding \u003c/a\u003efrom national and international sources for the implementation of targeted adaptation plans.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eClimate change-related health policies have the potential to be well-received by ministries, politicians, industry, organizations, and citizens in India when the public health impact of climate change is explicitly stated. While the GoI has initiated several strategies to mitigate the health effects of climate change, massive targeted improvements are urgently needed. India needs to prioritize climate change and health while formulating programs and policies that provide a sustainable and healthy future for all.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large alignfull\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"672\" data-public-id=\"tgh/RTS2JLCT/RTS2JLCT.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_672,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789669815/tgh/RTS2JLCT/RTS2JLCT.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Residents gather to fill empty containers with water from a municipal tanker during a period of extreme drought in Chennai, India, June 25, 2019.\" class=\"wp-post-81833 wp-image-12281\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789669815\" data-seo=\"1\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003e\n    Residents gather to fill empty containers with water from a municipal tanker during a period of extreme drought in Chennai, India, June 25, 2019. \n    \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/P. Ravikumar\u003c/span\u003e\n  \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n32:T32bd,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eMicroplastics. They're in \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/06/1091246691/microplastics-found-in-human-lungs\"\u003eour air\u003c/a\u003e, they're in \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/whats-your-bathroom-hidden-plastics-your-beauty-products\"\u003eour hair\u003c/a\u003e, they're \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01143-3\"\u003eeverywhere\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;But in all seriousness, microplastics, or small pieces of plastic less than 0.2 inches (0.5 centimeters) in length, are increasingly a health hazard for oceans, animals, and people. First described \u003ca href=\"http://www.gesamp.org/site/assets/files/172
130/24472_gesamp_leaflet_pq.pdf\"\u003ein the 1970s\u003c/a\u003e, microplastics have continued to wash up along shorelines, find their way into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935120305703#!\"\u003efood we consume\u003c/a\u003e, and permeate our organs. Since they were first discovered, the amount of microplastics in the surface ocean—from zero to 330 feet below the ocean's surface—has \u003ca href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/microplastics-in-ocean\"\u003erisen exponentially\u003c/a\u003e, from 4,700 tons in 1970 to 584,000 tons in 2020. As reports discussing the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068600/\"\u003enegative\u003c/a\u003e health implications of these tiny plastics continue to make headlines, more people and companies are working to reduce their consumption of\u0026nbsp;single-use plastics—a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/microplastics/#:~:text=Single%2Duse%20plastics%E2%80%94plastic%20items,and%20even%20in%20drinking%20water.\"\u003emajor contributor\u003c/a\u003e to microplastics—and to clean plastics from the ocean. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" lang=\"EN-US\"\u003eOur slideshow highlights microplastics and some of the positive strides society is making toward reducing their prevalence in the environment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" lang=\"EN-US\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"\u003e\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\n\u003cimg width=\"160\" height=\"160\" data-public-id=\"tgh/RTX5LPWR_0/RTX5LPWR_0.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-id=\"12298\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_160,h_160,c_fill,g_auto/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610229/tgh/RTX5LPWR_0/RTX5LPWR_0.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Tourists and local residents disembark from a boat onto a trash-polluted shore, in Sanur, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia\" class=\"wp-post-81835 wp-image-12298\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1758610229\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610229/tgh/RTX5LPWR_0/RTX5LPWR_0.jpg?_i=AA 160w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610229/tgh/RTX5LPWR_0/RTX5LPWR_0.jpg?_i=AA 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\" /\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eBali, Indonesia\n\nIndonesia is home to the \"Coral Triangle,\" an area containing more than 75 percent of the world's coral species and 37 percent of the world's coral reef fish species. It's also the world's second-largest plastic polluter, dumping close to 700,000 tons of plastic into the ocean each year.\n\n\u0026nbsp;\n\nPeople are seen on a trash-polluted shore, in Bali, Indonesia, on April 10, 2018. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Johannes P. Christo\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\n\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/sites/default/files/styles/max_2600x2600_16_9/public/2022-04/Microplastic%20Indonesia%20Sign.jpg?h=a22ca4d8\u0026amp;itok=-9Kpf9i0\" alt=\"a placard that reads \" brantas=\"\" river=\"\" polluted=\"\" with=\"\" microplastics,\"=\"\" is=\"\" seen=\"\" among=\"\" plastic=\"\" bags=\"\" displayed=\"\" at=\"\" the=\"\" museum=\"\" constructed=\"\" by=\"\" indonesia's=\"\" environmental=\"\" activist=\"\" group=\"\" ecological=\"\" observation=\"\" and=\"\" wetlands=\"\" conservation\"=\"\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eSurabaya, Indonesia\n\nA placard that reads \"Brantas river polluted with microplastics,\" is posted among plastic bags displayed at the plastic museum constructed by Indonesia's environmental activist group Ecological Observation and Wetlands Conservation (ECOTON) in Gresik Regency, near Surabaya, East Java Province, Indonesia, on September 28, 2021.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\n\u003cimg width=\"160\" height=\"160\" data-public-id=\"tgh/RTXBNPQU_0/RTXBNPQU_0.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-id=\"12300\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_160,h_160,c_fill,g_auto/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610227/tgh/RTXBNPQU_0/RTXBNPQU_0.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Kiama, Australia\u0026nbsp;\" class=\"wp-post-81835 wp-image-12300\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1758610227\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610227/tgh/RTXBNPQU_0/RTXBNPQU_0.jpg?_i=AA 160w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610227/tgh/RTXBNPQU_0/RTXBNPQU_0.jpg?_i=AA 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 160px) 100v
13w, 160px\" /\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eKiama, Australia\u0026nbsp;\n\nIn 2021, Australian academics enlisted amateur scientists to help study microplastics on beaches.\u0026nbsp;\n\n\u0026nbsp;\n\nHere, a group of scientists search for microplastics on Surf Beach, in Kiama, Australia, on March 30, 2021. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/James Redmayne\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\n\u003cimg width=\"160\" height=\"160\" data-public-id=\"tgh/Panama_0/Panama_0.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-id=\"12301\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_160,h_160,c_fill,g_auto/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610225/tgh/Panama_0/Panama_0.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Panama City, Panama In 2019, Panama became the first country in Central America to ban all single-use plastics in a bid to curb pollution on its beaches.\u0026nbsp; Plastic waste is seen on the shore of a beach in Panama City, Panama, on July 19, 2019.\u0026nbsp;\" class=\"wp-post-81835 wp-image-12301\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1758610225\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610225/tgh/Panama_0/Panama_0.jpg?_i=AA 160w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610225/tgh/Panama_0/Panama_0.jpg?_i=AA 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\" /\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003ePanama City, Panama\n\nIn 2019, Panama became the first country in Central America to ban all single-use plastics in a bid to curb pollution on its beaches.\u0026nbsp;\n\n\u0026nbsp;\n\nPlastic waste on the shore of a beach in Panama City, Panama, on July 19, 2019. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Erick Marciscano\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\n\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/sites/default/files/styles/max_2600x2600_16_9/public/2022-04/Plastic%20Greece_0.jpg?h=00b88f2b\u0026amp;itok=PV5pEr3m\" alt=\"Andros, Greece Toursim, one of Greece's largest industries, is also one of the worst for its environment. One study revealed that in 2018, each tourist left behind approximately four-and-a-half pounds (two kilograms) of waste. A large portion of which is single use-plastics that often end up in the ocean.    A plastic bag is seen at the bottom of the sea, off the island of Andros, Greece, on July 20, 2019.\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eAndros, Greece\n\nTourism, one of Greece's largest industries, is also one of the worst for its environment. One study revealed that in 2018, each tourist left behind approximately four-and-a-half pounds (two kilograms) of waste. A large portion was single use-plastics that often end up in the ocean.\n\n\u0026nbsp;\n\nA plastic bag at the bottom of the sea, off the island of Andros, Greece, on July 20, 2019.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\n\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/sites/default/files/styles/max_2600x2600_16_9/public/2022-04/Gray%20Mullet.JPG?h=ecdabbda\u0026amp;itok=oB_4l52p\" alt=\"A gray mullet found to have contained microplastics by Greenpeace is displayed alongside its microplastics, at a news conference\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eHong Kong, China\n\nMicroplastics in fish are a growing problem. Studies from 2010-2013 found that 15 percent of sampled fish contained plastic; studies from 2017-2019 found that more than\u0026nbsp;30 percent of fish contained plastic, more than double from previous years.\n\n\u0026nbsp;\n\nA gray mullet found to have contained microplastics by Greenpeace is displayed alongside its microplastics, at a news conference in Hong Kong, China, on April 23, 2018.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\n\u003cimg width=\"160\" height=\"160\" data-public-id=\"tgh/RTS6CU4L/RTS6CU4L.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-id=\"12304\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_160,h_160,c_fill,g_auto/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610222/tgh/RTS6CU4L/RTS6CU4L.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A man walks by plastic waste at a polluted beach on the banks of Guanabara Bay, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on March 16, 2022.\" class=\"wp-post-81835 wp-image-12304\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1758610222\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610222/tgh/RTS6CU4L/RTS6CU4L.jpg?_i=AA 160w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610222/tgh/RTS6CU4L/RTS6CU4L.jpg?_i=AA 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 160px) 100v
13w, 160px\" /\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eRio de Janeiro, Brazil\n\nBrazil has a big plastics problem. As the fourth-largest plastic polluter in the world, the South American country recycles\u0026nbsp;only 1.28 percent of the 11.4 million tons of plastic waste it generates, annually.\u0026nbsp;\n\n\u0026nbsp;\n\nA man walks by plastic waste at a polluted beach on the banks of Guanabara Bay, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on March 16, 2022. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Ricardo Moraes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\n\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/sites/default/files/styles/max_2600x2600_16_9/public/2022-04/RTXCSTSZ%281%29.jpg?h=4f282314\u0026amp;itok=BHRfNiHT\" alt=\"Brazilian artist Eduardo Srur recreates famous paintings out of plastic bags as part of his new series, \" plastic=\"\" nature.\"=\"\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eSão Paulo, Brazil\n\nBrazilians are getting more creative with how they reduce waste from single-use plastics and prevent it from ending up in their oceans.\n\n\u0026nbsp;\n\nBrazilian artist Eduardo Srur recreates famous paintings out of plastic bags as part of his series, \"Plastic Nature.\"\u0026nbsp; Srur is pictured recreating Japanese artist Hokusai's \"The Great Wave Off Kanagawa,\" in his studio, in São Paulo, Brazil, on May 27, 2021.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\n\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-public-id=\"tgh/RTXDE22W/RTXDE22W.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-id=\"12297\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_576,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610231/tgh/RTXDE22W/RTXDE22W.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"members of the ethnic instrumental music band Fungistanbul, perform with instruments made out of materials collected from landfills, at a recycling depot in Istanbul\" class=\"wp-post-81835 wp-image-12297\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1758610231\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610231/tgh/RTXDE22W/RTXDE22W.jpg?_i=AA 2600w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610231/tgh/RTXDE22W/RTXDE22W.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610231/tgh/RTXDE22W/RTXDE22W.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610231/tgh/RTXDE22W/RTXDE22W.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610231/tgh/RTXDE22W/RTXDE22W.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1758610231/tgh/RTXDE22W/RTXDE22W.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eIstanbul, Turkey\n\nIn 2020, almost 35 percent—31.7 million tons—of all waste exported by European Union countries went to Turkey. In 2021, Turkey announced it would ban all\u0026nbsp;polyethylene plastics, the most common packaging plastic and the majority of its imported waste.\u0026nbsp;\n\n\u0026nbsp;\n\nMusicians perform with instruments made out of materials collected from landfills, at a recycling depot in Istanbul, Turkey, on June 17, 2021. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Umit Bektas\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n12:[\"$\",\"main\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"script\",null,{\"type\":\"application/ld+json\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"{\\\"@context\\\":\\\"https://schema.org\\\",\\\"@type\\\":\\\"CollectionPage\\\",\\\"@id\\\":\\\"https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/topic/environment#collectionpage\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/topic/environment\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Environment | Think Global Health\\\",\\\"description\\\":\\\"Articles and analysis on Environment from Think Global Health.\\\",\\\"publisher\\\":{\\\"@id\\\":\\\"https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/#organization\\\"},\\\"about\\\":{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"Thing\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Environment\\\",\\\"description\\\":\\\"The global health effects of climate change are not well quantified today and are likely to increase in the future, with lower-income countries bearing the brun\\\"},\\\"inLanguage\\\":\\\"en-US\\\",\\\"breadcrumb\\\":{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"BreadcrumbList\\\",\\\"itemListElement\\\":[{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"ListItem\\\",\\\"position\\\":1,\\\"name\\\":\\\"Home\\\",\\\"item\\\":\\\"https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/\\\"},{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"ListItem\\\",\\\"position\\\":2,\\\"name\\\":\\\"Topic\\\",\\\"item\\\":\\\"https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/topic\\\"},{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"ListItem\\\",\\\"position\\\":3,\\\"name\\\":\\\"Environment\\\",\\\"item\\\":\\\"https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/topic/environment\\\"}]}}\"}}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mx-auto mb-12 flex h-screen flex-col items-center justify-between\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"absolute top-0 -z-1 h-full w-full\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"absolute h-full w-full bg-[#111111]\"}],[\"$\",\"img\",null,{\"src\":\"https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_2600x2600/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Environment-RTR3EL55-HERO-SIXTEEN-NINE_0.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://assets.cfr.org/image/fetch/t_tgh-max_2600x2600/https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Environment-RTR3EL55-HERO-SIXTEEN-NINE_0.jpg 2600w\",\"alt\":\"Environment-RTR3EL55-HERO-SIXTEEN-NINE_0\",\"width\":977,\"height\"
13:550,\"className\":\"absolute h-full w-full object-cover opacity-20 grayscale-100\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"$L27\",null,{\"className\":\"w-full\",\"colorVariant\":0,\"rootMargin\":\"100%\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"text-center text-white\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"h1\",null,{\"className\":\"hero-title xl:text-12xl lg:text-10xl text-4xl text-white! md:text-8xl\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"Environment\"}}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mx-auto mt-6 text-[1.1875rem] leading-[1.25] md:w-2/3 md:text-[1.4rem] md:leading-[1.3] lg:text-2xl\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe global health effects of climate change are not well quantified today and are likely to increase in the future, with lower-income countries bearing the brunt of greater food insecurity, increased rates of chronic respiratory illnesses, and shifts in vector-borne diseases. This section explores the global health nexus between climate change and pollution and the possibilities for a more coherent policy approach to these issues\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\u003cp class=\\\"wp-block-paragraph\\\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"}}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"h-4\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"$L28\",null,{\"title\":\"Environment\",\"dataPoints\":[{\"id\":97468,\"title\":\"72 Hours\",\"data\":\"72 Hours\",\"description\":\"If a major weather event occurs, the federal government should be able to provide assistance within 72 hours\",\"article_id\":96258,\"slug\":\"72-hours\",\"article\":{\"id\":96258,\"title\":\"Climate Disasters and U.S. Federalism\",\"content\":\"$29\",\"slug\":\"climate-disasters-and-u-s-federalism\",\"date\":\"2025-09-30T07:00:00\",\"dateGmt\":\"2025-09-30T11:00:00\",\"modifiedGmt\":\"2026-01-02T18:24:54\",\"category\":{\"id\":25,\"name\":\"Environment\",\"slug\":\"environment\"},\"subheadline\":\" Climate resilience specialist Alice Hill discusses the changing nature of disaster preparedness in the United States\",\"immersive_header\":\"immersive\",\"header_color\":\"yellow\",\"header_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1759177219/tgh/2025-07-12T005912Z_1078006488_RC2GKFAD68N6_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER-TEXAS-FLOODING/2025-07-12T005912Z_1078006488_RC2GKFAD68N6_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER-TEXAS-FLOODING.jpg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"Aftermath of deadly flooding in Kerr County, Texas\",\"altText\":\"A person watches as machinery is used to clear debris along the banks of the Guadalupe River after catastrophic floods in Center Point, Texas, U.S., July 11, 2025. REUTERS/Sergio Flores TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY\",\"caption\":\"A person watches as machinery is used to clear debris along the banks of the Guadalupe River after catastrophic floods, in Center Point, Texas, on July 11, 2025. \",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":6048,\"height\":4024,\"credit\":\"REUTERS/Sergio Flores \"},\"affiliation\":\"\",\"recirculation_copy\":\" Climate resilience specialist Alice Hill discusses the changing nature of disaster preparedness in the United States\",\"recirculation_image_center_crop\":false,\"thumbnail_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1759177219/tgh/2025-07-12T005912Z_1078006488_RC2GKFAD68N6_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER-TEXAS-FLOODING/2025-07-12T005912Z_1078006488_RC2GKFAD68N6_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER-TEXAS-FLOODING.jpg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"Aftermath of deadly flooding in Kerr County, Texas\",\"altText\":\"A person watches as machinery is used to clear debris along the banks of the Guadalupe River after catastrophic floods in Center Point, Texas, U.S., July 11, 2025. REUTERS/Sergio Flores TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY\",\"caption\":\"A person watches as machinery is used to clear debris along the banks of the Guadalupe River after catastrophic floods, in Center Point, Texas, on July 11, 2025. \",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":6048,\"height\":4024,\"credit\":\"REUTERS/Sergio Flores \"},\"social_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1759177219/tgh/2025-07-12T005912Z_1078006488_RC2GKFAD68N6_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER-TEXAS-FLOODING/2025-07-12T005912Z_1078006488_RC2GKFAD68N6_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER-TEXAS-FLOODING.jpg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"Aftermath of deadly flooding in Kerr County, Texas\",\"altText\":\"A person watches as machinery is used to clear debris along the banks of the Guadalupe River after catastrophic floods in Center Point, Texas, U.S., July 11, 2025. REUTERS/Sergio Flores TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY\",\"caption\":\"A person watches as machinery is used to clear debris along the banks of the Guadalupe River after catastrophic floods, in Center Point, Texas, on July 11, 2025. \",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":6048,\"height\"
13:4024,\"credit\":\"REUTERS/Sergio Flores \"},\"author_bio\":[{\"id\":80915,\"name\":\"Rachel Nuwer\",\"slug\":\"rachel-nuwer\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003eRachel Nuwer is a freelance science journalist and author who regularly contributes to the New York Times, Scientific American, Nature and more.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\"}],\"tags\":[{\"id\":9,\"name\":\"Climate Change\",\"slug\":\"climate-change\"},{\"id\":506,\"name\":\"Emergency Reponses\",\"slug\":\"emergency-reponses\"},{\"id\":57,\"name\":\"Flooding\",\"slug\":\"flooding\"},{\"id\":725,\"name\":\"Journalism\",\"slug\":\"journalism\"},{\"id\":443,\"name\":\"Natural Disasters\",\"slug\":\"natural-disasters\"},{\"id\":6,\"name\":\"United States\",\"slug\":\"united-states\"},{\"id\":811,\"name\":\"Wildfires\",\"slug\":\"wildfires\"}],\"related_post_ids\":[],\"hasNewsletterPlaceholder\":false}},{\"id\":82786,\"title\":\"Out Cold: The Most Common Wintertime Injuries in a Warming World\",\"data\":\"20,000\",\"description\":\"Every year, approximately 20,000 people die from hypothermia and cold-related injuries\",\"article_id\":82439,\"slug\":\"out-cold-the-most-common-wintertime-injuries-in-a-warming-world\",\"article\":{\"id\":82439,\"title\":\"Out Cold: The Most Common Wintertime Injuries in a Warming World\",\"content\":\"$2a\",\"slug\":\"out-cold-most-common-wintertime-injuries-warming-world\",\"date\":\"2024-12-02T12:00:10\",\"dateGmt\":\"2024-12-02T12:00:10\",\"modifiedGmt\":\"2025-09-24T08:40:33\",\"category\":{\"id\":25,\"name\":\"Environment\",\"slug\":\"environment\"},\"subheadline\":\"Shifting weather and rising heating costs create wintertime threats, namely among the elderly and other at-risk groups \",\"immersive_header\":\"immersive\",\"header_color\":\"orange\",\"header_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2023-11-22T000000Z_1935318063_RC26I4APRBDN_RTRMADP_3_UKRAINE-CRISIS-WEATHER.jpg\",\"title\":\"2023-11-22T000000Z_1935318063_RC26I4APRBDN_RTRMADP_3_UKRAINE-CRISIS-WEATHER\",\"altText\":\"A woman walks in a snow covered park during a first snowfall, amid Russia's attack in Ukraine, in Kyiv, Ukraine November 22, 2023. \",\"caption\":\"A woman walks in a snow covered park during a first snowfall, in Kyiv, Ukraine, on November 22, 2023.\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":4617,\"height\":3078,\"credit\":\"REUTERS/Valentyn Ogirenko\"},\"affiliation\":\"ihme\",\"recirculation_copy\":\"Shifting weather and rising heating costs create wintertime threats, namely among the elderly and other at-risk groups\",\"recirculation_image_center_crop\":true,\"thumbnail_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Wintertime-injuries_recirc-01_1.png\",\"title\":\"Wintertime20injuries_recirc-01_1\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"width\":3334,\"height\":3334,\"credit\":\"\"},\"social_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Wintertime-injuries_recirc-01_1.png\",\"title\":\"Wintertime20injuries_recirc-01_1\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"width\":3334,\"height\":3334,\"credit\":\"\"},\"author_bio\":[{\"id\":81096,\"name\":\"Caroline Wilkerson\",\"slug\":\"caroline-wilkerson\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\\\"EN-US\\\"\u003eCaroline Wilkerson is a researcher at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, where she works on injuries for the Global Burden of Disease Study.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\"},{\"id\":81097,\"name\":\"Andrew Nakamura\",\"slug\":\"andrew-nakamura\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\\\"EN-US\\\"\u003eAndrew Nakamura is a researcher at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, where he works on injuries and chronic respiratory diseases for the Global Burden of Disease Study.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\"},{\"id\":80836,\"name\":\"Madeline Moberg\",\"slug\":\"madeline-moberg\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003eMadeline Moberg is a researcher at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, where she works on injuries for the Global Burden of Disease Study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\"},{\"id\":81034,\"name\":\"Hailey Lenox\",\"slug\":\"hailey-lenox\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHailey Lenox is a research manager at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\"},{\"id\":80542,\"name\":\"Liane Ong\",\"slug\":\"liane-ong\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003eLiane Ong is a lead research scientist at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, where she leads the Brain, Back Pain and Other MSKs, Injuries, Renal, Respiratory, Diabetes, Drugs, and Sensory team. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\"}],\"tags\":[{\"id\":9,\"name\":\"Climate Change\",\"slug\":\"climate-change\"},{\"id\":288,\"name\":\"Extreme Weather\",\"slug\":\"extreme-weather\"},{\"id\":198,\"name\":\"Noncommunicable Diseases\",\"slug\":\"noncommunicable-diseases\"},{\"id\":147,\"name\":\"Weather\",\"slug\":\"weather\"}],\"related_post_ids\":[],\"hasNewsletterPlaceholder\":false}},{\"id\":82787,\"title\":\"Brazil\u0026#039;s Deadly Floods Expose Shortfalls in Disaster Preparedness\",\"data\":\"10%\",\"description\":\"In Brazil, climate change has made the floods twice as likely and nearly 10% more 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13sive_header\":\"immersive\",\"header_color\":\"blue\",\"header_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-05-23T202007Z_210745154_RC2GW7A95UGQ_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-RAINS.jpg\",\"title\":\"2024-05-23T202007Z_210745154_RC2GW7A95UGQ_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-RAINS\",\"altText\":\"People walk in a flooded area in the Cavalhada neighborhood after heavy rains.\",\"caption\":\"People walk in a flooded area in the Cavalhada neighborhood after heavy rains, in Porto Alegre, Brazil, on May 23, 2024.   \",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":0,\"height\":0,\"credit\":\"REUTERS/Diego Vara\"},\"affiliation\":\"\",\"recirculation_copy\":\"A failure to create and implement policies for climate-related disasters left Brazil unprepared\",\"recirculation_image_center_crop\":false,\"thumbnail_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-05-23T202007Z_210745154_RC2GW7A95UGQ_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-RAINS_0.jpg\",\"title\":\"2024-05-23T202007Z_210745154_RC2GW7A95UGQ_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-RAINS_0\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":0,\"height\":0,\"credit\":\"\"},\"social_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-05-23T202007Z_210745154_RC2GW7A95UGQ_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-RAINS_0.jpg\",\"title\":\"2024-05-23T202007Z_210745154_RC2GW7A95UGQ_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-RAINS_0\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":0,\"height\":0,\"credit\":\"\"},\"author_bio\":[{\"id\":80884,\"name\":\"Jill Langlois\",\"slug\":\"jill-langlois\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003eJill Langlois is an independent journalist based in São Paulo, Brazil. Her work focuses on human rights, health, the environment and the impact of socioeconomic issues on people’s lives.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\"}],\"tags\":[{\"id\":86,\"name\":\"Brazil\",\"slug\":\"brazil\"},{\"id\":9,\"name\":\"Climate Change\",\"slug\":\"climate-change\"},{\"id\":57,\"name\":\"Flooding\",\"slug\":\"flooding\"},{\"id\":734,\"name\":\"Health Care\",\"slug\":\"health-care\"},{\"id\":725,\"name\":\"Journalism\",\"slug\":\"journalism\"}],\"related_post_ids\":[82260],\"hasNewsletterPlaceholder\":false}},{\"id\":82761,\"title\":\"Why Nations Need to Prepare for Climate-Fueled Dengue\",\"data\":\"0.08%\",\"description\":\"Sri Lanka and other dengue-endemic countries brought the mortality rate of dengue down to less than 0.08%\",\"article_id\":82279,\"slug\":\"why-nations-need-to-prepare-for-climate-fueled-dengue\",\"article\":{\"id\":82279,\"title\":\"Why Nations Need to Prepare for Climate-Fueled Dengue\",\"content\":\"$2c\",\"slug\":\"why-nations-need-prepare-climate-fueled-dengue\",\"date\":\"2024-04-19T11:00:16\",\"dateGmt\":\"2024-04-19T11:00:16\",\"modifiedGmt\":\"2025-09-24T08:40:03\",\"category\":{\"id\":25,\"name\":\"Environment\",\"slug\":\"environment\"},\"subheadline\":\"World leaders should act quickly to support countries on the frontlines of climate-sensitive diseases\",\"immersive_header\":\"immersive\",\"header_color\":\"blue\",\"header_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-295.jpg\",\"title\":\"DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-295\",\"altText\":\"A man fogs the Siddhartha Road neighborhood\",\"caption\":\"A man fogs the Siddhartha Road neighborhood, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":6388,\"height\":4563,\"credit\":\"DNDi/Xavier Vahed\"},\"affiliation\":false,\"recirculation_copy\":\"World leaders should act quickly to support countries on the frontlines of climate-sensitive diseases\",\"recirculation_image_center_crop\":false,\"thumbnail_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-295-1.jpg\",\"title\":\"DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-29520(1)\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":600,\"height\"
13:429,\"credit\":\"\"},\"social_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-295-1.jpg\",\"title\":\"DNDi20-SriLanka-202302-29520(1)\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":600,\"height\":429,\"credit\":\"\"},\"author_bio\":[{\"id\":80962,\"name\":\"Neelika Malavige\",\"slug\":\"neelika-malavige\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003eNeelika Malavige is the head of the Global Dengue Program at the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative and professor at the Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\"}],\"tags\":[{\"id\":9,\"name\":\"Climate Change\",\"slug\":\"climate-change\"},{\"id\":99,\"name\":\"Dengue\",\"slug\":\"dengue\"},{\"id\":534,\"name\":\"Infectious Disease\",\"slug\":\"infectious-disease\"},{\"id\":341,\"name\":\"Sri Lanka\",\"slug\":\"sri-lanka\"}],\"related_post_ids\":[],\"hasNewsletterPlaceholder\":false}},{\"id\":82763,\"title\":\"Preventing Carbon Monoxide Poisoning When Disasters Hit\",\"data\":\"40,000\",\"description\":\"More than 40,000 people die of unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning annually\",\"article_id\":82157,\"slug\":\"preventing-carbon-monoxide-poisoning-when-disasters-hit\",\"article\":{\"id\":82157,\"title\":\"Preventing Carbon Monoxide Poisoning When Disasters Hit\",\"content\":\"$2d\",\"slug\":\"preventing-carbon-monoxide-poisoning-when-disasters-hit\",\"date\":\"2023-09-25T12:44:45\",\"dateGmt\":\"2023-09-25T12:44:45\",\"modifiedGmt\":\"2025-09-24T08:39:41\",\"category\":{\"id\":25,\"name\":\"Environment\",\"slug\":\"environment\"},\"subheadline\":\"As extreme weather events and disasters increase amid climate change, here are ways to stop needless deaths \",\"immersive_header\":\"immersive\",\"header_color\":\"light-blue\",\"header_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/RTSJ1BJB.jpg\",\"title\":\"RTSJ1BJB\",\"altText\":\"An aerial view shows a damaged building in Antakya's historical city center, the worst hit in an earthquake which killed more than 50,000 people in Turkey and leaving millions homeless, in Hatay province, Turkey May 5, 2023.\",\"caption\":\"An aerial view shows a damaged building in Antakya\u0026#039;s historical city center, the worst hit in an earthquake in Hatay province, Turkey, May 5, 2023.\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":5464,\"height\":3640,\"credit\"
13:\"REUTERS/Umit Bektas\"},\"affiliation\":\"ihme\",\"recirculation_copy\":\"As extreme weather events and disasters increase amid climate change, here are ways to stop needless deaths \",\"recirculation_image_center_crop\":false,\"thumbnail_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/RTSJ1BJB-sized.jpg\",\"title\":\"RTSJ1BJB20sized\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":5464,\"height\":3640,\"credit\":\"\"},\"social_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/RTSJ1BJB-sized.jpg\",\"title\":\"RTSJ1BJB20sized\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":5464,\"height\":3640,\"credit\":\"\"},\"author_bio\":[{\"id\":80836,\"name\":\"Madeline Moberg\",\"slug\":\"madeline-moberg\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003eMadeline Moberg is a researcher at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, where she works on injuries for the Global Burden of Disease Study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\"}],\"tags\":[{\"id\":9,\"name\":\"Climate Change\",\"slug\":\"climate-change\"},{\"id\":391,\"name\":\"IHME\",\"slug\":\"ihme\"}],\"related_post_ids\":[],\"hasNewsletterPlaceholder\":false}},{\"id\":82738,\"title\":\"Deaths related to the use of fire to clear land\",\"data\":\"32,200\",\"description\":\"Agricultural burning accounted for approximately 32,200 premature deaths in 2019\",\"article_id\":81772,\"slug\":\"deaths-related-to-the-use-of-fire-to-clear-land\",\"article\":{\"id\":81772,\"title\":\"The Tangled Problem of Sugarcane Burning in Thailand\",\"content\":\"$2e\",\"slug\":\"tangled-problem-sugarcane-burning-thailand\",\"date\":\"2022-02-03T18:02:58\",\"dateGmt\":\"2022-02-03T18:02:58\",\"modifiedGmt\":\"2025-09-23T06:24:43\",\"category\":{\"id\":25,\"name\":\"Environment\",\"slug\":\"environment\"},\"subheadline\":\"Agricultural burning is causing dangerously high air pollution levels, but stopping it is complicated \",\"immersive_header\":\"immersive\",\"header_color\":\"black\",\"header_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Sugar20Cane20burning.jpg\",\"title\":\"Sugar20Cane20burning\",\"altText\":\"man walks in a field of burning sugar cane \",\"caption\":\"A farmer burns a sugarcane field at night in Suphan Buri province, Thailand, on January 20, 2020. Local growers try to avoid arrest by authorities, who banned the practice to curb smog.\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":2600,\"height\":1462,\"credit\":\"REUTERS/Chalinee Thirasupa\"},\"affiliation\":false,\"recirculation_copy\":\"Agricultural burning is causing dangerously high air pollution levels, but stopping it is complicated \",\"recirculation_image_center_crop\":false,\"thumbnail_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Sugar-Cane-burning_0.jpg\",\"title\":\"Sugar20Cane20burning_0\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":5568,\"height\":3712,\"credit\":\"\"},\"social_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Sugar-Cane-burning_0.jpg\",\"title\":\"Sugar20Cane20burning_0\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":5568,\"height\":3712,\"credit\":\"\"},\"author_bio\":[{\"id\":80559,\"name\":\"Danny Marks\",\"slug\":\"danny-marks\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003eDanny\u0026nbsp;Marks, PhD, is an assistant professor of environmental politics and policy in the School of Law and Government of Dublin City University, in Dublin, Ireland.\u003c/p\u003e\"}],\"tags\":[{\"id\":115,\"name\":\"Environmental Health\",\"slug\":\"environmental-health\"},{\"id\":166,\"name\":\"Pollution\",\"slug\":\"pollution\"},{\"id\":68,\"name\":\"Thailand\",\"slug\":\"thailand\"}],\"related_post_ids\":[],\"hasNewsletterPlaceholder\":false}},{\"id\":82729,\"title\":\"The United States and CO2 emissions\",\"data\":\"25 Percent\",\"description\":\"The U.S. makes up 5 percent of the global population, but produces 25 percent of the world's CO2 emissions\",\"article_id\":81838,\"slug\":\"the-united-states-and-co2-emissions\",\"article\":{\"id\":81838,\"title\":\"Climate Change and Incarceration\",\"content\":\"$2f\",\"slug\":\"climate-change-and-incarceration\",\"date\":\"2022-04-29T04:08:03\",\"dateGmt\":\"2022-04-29T04:08:03\",\"modifiedGmt\":\"2025-09-24T08:38:41\",\"category\":{\"id\":25,\"name\":\"Environment\",\"slug\":\"environment\"},\"subheadline\":\"People in prison are vulnerable to extreme temperatures, diseases, and displacement\",\"immer
13sive_header\":\"immersive\",\"header_color\":\"blue\",\"header_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/angola_0037_Jackson.jpg\",\"title\":\"angola_0037_Jackson\",\"altText\":\"Jimmy Jackson, age 63, at the front of the group in the Pecan Field at Angola. \",\"caption\":\"Jimmy Jackson (front), 63, in the Pecan Field at Angola, a notorious maximum-security prison near St. Francisville, Louisiana. \",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":3600,\"height\":2482,\"credit\":\"Photo by Ron Levine/Prisoners of Age\"},\"affiliation\":false,\"recirculation_copy\":\"People in prison are vulnerable to extreme temperatures, diseases, and displacement\",\"recirculation_image_center_crop\":false,\"thumbnail_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/angola_0037_Jackson_0.jpg\",\"title\":\"angola_0037_Jackson_0\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":1324,\"credit\":\"\"},\"social_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/angola_0037_Jackson_0.jpg\",\"title\":\"angola_0037_Jackson_0\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":1324,\"credit\":\"\"},\"author_bio\":[{\"id\":80259,\"name\":\"Cynthia Golembeski\",\"slug\":\"cynthia-golembeski\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003eCynthia Golembeski, MPH, is a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health Policy Research Scholar affiliated with the Institute on Race, Power, and Political Economy at The New School where she is completing doctoral studies. She was a Fulbright grantee and USAID Research and Innovation fellow in South Africa.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\"},{\"id\":80606,\"name\":\"Andrea Armstrong\",\"slug\":\"andrea-armstrong\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003eAndrea Armstrong, MPA, JD, is a professor at Loyola University, New Orleans, College of Law.\u003c/p\u003e\"},{\"id\":80258,\"name\":\"Ans Irfan\",\"slug\":\"ans-irfan\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003eAns Irfan, MD, EdD, DrPH, MPH, is a faculty member at George Washington University, director of Climate and Health Equity Practice Fellowship, an inducted member of the Harvard Climate Entrepreneur's Circle, and a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health Policy Research Scholar.\u003c/p\u003e\"},{\"id\":80607,\"name\":\"Michael Méndez\",\"slug\":\"michael-m-ndez\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003eMichael Méndez, PhD, is assistant professor of environmental planning and policy at the University of California at Irvine, and a visiting scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR).\u003c/p\u003e\"},{\"id\":80608,\"name\":\"Nicholas Shapiro\",\"slug\":\"nicholas-shapiro\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003eNicholas Shapiro, DPhil, is an assistant professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, Institute for Society and Genetics, and director at Carceral Ecologies.\u003c/p\u003e\"}],\"tags\":[{\"id\":9,\"name\":\"Climate Change\",\"slug\":\"climate-change\"},{\"id\":349,\"name\":\"Health Disparities\",\"slug\":\"health-disparities\"},{\"id\":570,\"name\":\"Heat\",\"slug\":\"heat\"}],\"related_post_ids\":[81568],\"hasNewsletterPlaceholder\":false}},{\"id\":82739,\"title\":\"Air pollution-linked deaths\",\"data\":\"4 Million\",\"description\":\"In 2019, outdoor air pollution was linked to more than 4 million deaths\",\"article_id\":81769,\"slug\":\"air-pollution-linked-deaths\",\"article\":{\"id\":81769,\"title\":\"Every Breath We Take\",\"content\":\"$30\",\"slug\":\"every-breath-we-take\",\"date\":\"2022-01-27T06:45:02\",\"dateGmt\":\"2022-01-27T06:45:02\",\"modifiedGmt\":\"2025-09-23T06:24:42\",\"category\":{\"id\":25,\"name\":\"Environment\",\"slug\":\"environment\"},\"subheadline\":\"Air pollution is a pernicious threat linked to millions of deaths each year\",\"immer
13sive_header\":\"immersive\",\"header_color\":\"black\",\"header_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/exercising20in20polluted20park_0.jpeg\",\"title\":\"exercising20in20polluted20park_0\",\"altText\":\"A man exercises in a park on a smoggy morning in New Delhi, India, on November 9, 2017. \",\"caption\":\"A man exercises in a park on a smoggy morning in New Delhi, India, on November 9, 2017.\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":3500,\"height\":2442,\"credit\":\"REUTERS/Saumya Khandelwal\"},\"affiliation\":\"ihme\",\"recirculation_copy\":\"Air pollution is a pernicious threat linked to millions of deaths each year\",\"recirculation_image_center_crop\":false,\"thumbnail_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/exercising-in-polluted-park.jpeg\",\"title\":\"exercising20in20polluted20park\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":3500,\"height\":2442,\"credit\":\"\"},\"social_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/exercising-in-polluted-park.jpeg\",\"title\":\"exercising20in20polluted20park\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":3500,\"height\":2442,\"credit\":\"\"},\"author_bio\":[{\"id\":80145,\"name\":\"Michael Brauer\",\"slug\":\"michael-brauer\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\\\"EN-US\\\"\u003eMichael Brauer is a professor in the University of British Columbia's School of Population and Public Health and an affiliate professor at the University of Washington's Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\"},{\"id\":80551,\"name\":\"Susan Anenberg\",\"slug\":\"susan-anenberg\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003eSusan\u0026nbsp;Anenberg\u0026nbsp;is an Associate Professor of Environmental and Occupational Health and of Global Health at the George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health. She is also the Director of the GW Climate and Health Institute.\u003c/p\u003e\"}],\"tags\":[{\"id\":237,\"name\":\"Asthma\",\"slug\":\"asthma\"},{\"id\":9,\"name\":\"Climate Change\",\"slug\":\"climate-change\"},{\"id\":120,\"name\":\"Health Policy\",\"slug\":\"health-policy\"},{\"id\":146,\"name\":\"Lung Disease\",\"slug\":\"lung-disease\"},{\"id\":166,\"name\":\"Pollution\",\"slug\":\"pollution\"}],\"related_post_ids\":[],\"hasNewsletterPlaceholder\":false}},{\"id\":82737,\"title\":\"Carbon footprint of India\u0026#039;s health-care industry\",\"data\":\"5 Percent\",\"description\":\"In India, health care contributes to 5 percent of the national carbon footprint\",\"article_id\":81833,\"slug\":\"carbon-footprint-of-indias-health-care-industry\",\"article\":{\"id\":81833,\"title\":\"Heat, Dust, Fever\",\"content\":\"$31\",\"slug\":\"heat-dust-fever\",\"date\":\"2022-04-20T19:43:00\",\"dateGmt\":\"2022-04-20T19:43:00\",\"modifiedGmt\":\"2025-09-23T06:24:56\",\"category\":{\"id\":25,\"name\":\"Environment\",\"slug\":\"environment\"},\"subheadline\":\"India\u0026#039;s climate adaptation plan for health should reflect regional and national needs\",\"immersive_header\":\"immersive\",\"header_color\":\"orange\",\"header_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/India20Climate20Change20Air20Pollution2028129.jpg\",\"title\":\"India20Climate20Change20Air20Pollution20(1)\",\"altText\":\"A Sadhu or a Hindu holy man robed in pink and orange adjusts a cloth on his face as he walks across a highway on a smoggy morning in New Delhi, India, November 18, 2021\",\"caption\":\"A Sadhu, or a Hindu holy man, adjusts a cloth on his face as he walks across a highway on a smoggy morning in New Delhi, India, on November 18, 2021.\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":800,\"height\":800,\"credit\":\"REUTERS/Anushree Fadnavis\"},\"affiliation\":false,\"recirculation_copy\":\"India\u0026#039;s climate adaptation plan for health should reflect regional and national needs\",\"recirculation_image_center_crop\":false,\"thumbnail_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/India-Climate-Change-Air-Pollution_0.jpg\",\"title\":\"India20Climate20Change20Air20Pollution_0\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":4819,\"height\"
13:3561,\"credit\":\"\"},\"social_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/India-Climate-Change-Air-Pollution_0.jpg\",\"title\":\"India20Climate20Change20Air20Pollution_0\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":4819,\"height\":3561,\"credit\":\"\"},\"author_bio\":[{\"id\":80666,\"name\":\"Aatmika Nair\",\"slug\":\"aatmika-nair\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003eAatmika Nair is a medical officer at the District Tuberculosis Centre under the Mumbai District TB Control Society, in Maharashtra, India. She is a researcher at the Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR), a non-governmental, not-for-profit think tank and advocacy group in Pune, Maharashtra, India.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\"},{\"id\":80601,\"name\":\"Anwesha Maharana\",\"slug\":\"anwesha-maharana\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003eAnwesh Maharana is a graduate student at KU Leuven, Belgium pursuing her research in astrophysics, specializing in solar physics and space weather.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\"},{\"id\":80602,\"name\":\"Avanti Andhale\",\"slug\":\"avanti-andhale\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003eAvanti Andhale is a medical graduate currently pursuing her Masters of Research in Translational Cancer Medicine at King's College London, UK.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\"},{\"id\":80436,\"name\":\"Siddhesh Zadey\",\"slug\":\"siddhesh-zadey\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003eSiddhesh Zadey is a researcher in the department of surgery at Duke University's School of Medicine in Durham, North Carolina, and a co-founder of the\u0026nbsp;Association for Socially Applicable Research.\u003c/p\u003e\"}],\"tags\":[{\"id\":9,\"name\":\"Climate Change\",\"slug\":\"climate-change\"},{\"id\":99,\"name\":\"Dengue\",\"slug\":\"dengue\"},{\"id\":570,\"name\":\"Heat\",\"slug\":\"heat\"},{\"id\":54,\"name\":\"India\",\"slug\":\"india\"},{\"id\":166,\"name\":\"Pollution\",\"slug\":\"pollution\"}],\"related_post_ids\":[81625,81826,81831,81783],\"hasNewsletterPlaceholder\":false}},{\"id\":82730,\"title\":\"Indonesia and plastic waste\",\"data\":\"700,000\",\"description\":\"Indonesia dumps close to 700,000 tons of plastic into the ocean each year\",\"article_id\":81835,\"slug\":\"indonesia-and-plastic-waste\",\"article\":{\"id\":81835,\"title\":\"Life in Plastic\",\"content\":\"$32\",\"slug\":\"life-plastic\",\"date\":\"2022-04-21T23:56:48\",\"dateGmt\":\"2022-04-21T23:56:48\",\"modifiedGmt\":\"2025-09-23T06:24:56\",\"category\":{\"id\":25,\"name\":\"Environment\",\"slug\":\"environment\"},\"subheadline\":\"A look at how microplastics are infiltrating our oceans, air, and bodies\",\"immersive_header\":\"immersive\",\"header_color\":\"light-blue\",\"header_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Plastics20Header.jpg\",\"title\":\"Plastics20Header\",\"altText\":\"A cat is seen among rubbish at a shoreline in Jakarta, Indonesia, June 21, 2019.\",\"caption\":\"A cat is seen among plastic waste at a shoreline in Jakarta, Indonesia, on June 21, 2019.\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":4960,\"height\":3306,\"credit\":\"REUTERS/Willy Kurniawan\"},\"affiliation\":false,\"recirculation_copy\":\"A look at how microplastics are infiltrating our oceans, air, and bodies\",\"recirculation_image_center_crop\":false,\"thumbnail_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Plastics-Header_0.jpg\",\"title\":\"Plastics20Header_0\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":1280,\"credit\"
13:\"\"},\"social_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://build.thinkglobalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Plastics-Header_0.jpg\",\"title\":\"Plastics20Header_0\",\"altText\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":1280,\"credit\":\"\"},\"author_bio\":[{\"id\":80070,\"name\":\"Caroline Kantis\",\"slug\":\"caroline-kantis\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCaroline Kantis is associate editor for Think Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\"}],\"tags\":[{\"id\":166,\"name\":\"Pollution\",\"slug\":\"pollution\"}],\"related_post_ids\":[],\"hasNewsletterPlaceholder\":false}}]}],\"$L33\",\"$L34\"]}]\n3c:I[69891,[\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/2og7q_rzw9p5z.js\",\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/2qv15or9jtjh1.js\",\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/2nze2deeedje9.js\",\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/2nbyq3ljmjkc3.js\",\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/32cfr2bbs4en7.js\",\"https://static.thinkglobalhealth.org/5915c2c/_next/static/chunks/1mkrmt0zgzr7j.js\"],\"PagedArticleList\"]\n:HL[\"https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_1300x1300_3_2/v1784660356/tgh/2023-08-07T140158Z_714458773_RC25B2AXQA8Q_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER/2023-08-07T140158Z_714458773_RC25B2AXQA8Q_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER.jpg\",\"image\",{\"imageSrcSet\":\"https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_1300x1300_3_2/v1784660356/tgh/2023-08-07T140158Z_714458773_RC25B2AXQA8Q_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER/2023-08-07T140158Z_714458773_RC25B2AXQA8Q_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER.jpg 1300w\"}]\n33:[\"$\",\"section\",null,{\"className\":\"mb-6 pb-14\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"font-gtamerica text-body-text border-t-2 border-black pb-8 tracking-[-0.015em]\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"h2\",null,{\"className\":\"pt-2 text-[1.375rem] font-bold\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"Featured\"}}]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"before:bg-transparent lg:before:bg-featured-backdrop before:absolute before:top-18 before:bottom-0 before:left-[50%] before:-z-1 before:ml-[-50vw] before:w-screen relative\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"flex gap-4 pb-12 xl:gap-8 flex-col lg:flex-row before:content-[\\\"\\\"] before:border-b-1 before:border-l-1 before:border-separator before:align-stretch\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"-order-1 flex-1 lg:flex-1/2\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"flex flex-col gap-0\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L6\",null,{\"href\":\"/topic/environment\",\"className\":\"no-underline\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"h5\",null,{\"className\":\"text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mb-1 hidden md:block\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"Environment\"}}]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"w-full\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L6\",null,{\"href\":\"/article/as-temperatures-climb-so-do-overdose-risks\",\"className\":\"image-hover-effect\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"img\",null,{\"src\":\"https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_1300x1300_3_2/v1784660356/tgh/2023-08-07T140158Z_714458773_RC25B2AXQA8Q_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER/2023-08-07T140158Z_714458773_RC25B2AXQA8Q_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://assets.cfr.org/images/t_tgh-max_1300x1300_3_2/v1784660356/tgh/2023-08-07T140158Z_714458773_RC25B2AXQA8Q_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER/2023-08-07T140158Z_714458773_RC25B2AXQA8Q_RTRMADP_3_USA-WEATHER.jpg 1300w\",\"alt\":\"A man walks on a trail during a 27 days long heat wave with temperatures over 110 degrees Fahrenheit (43 degrees Celsius), in Phoenix, Arizona, on July 26, 2023.\",\"width\":3200,\"height\":2400,\"className\":\"aspect-3/2 w-full object-cover\"}]}]}],[\"$\",\"$L6\",null,{\"href\":\"/topic/environment\",\"className\":\"no-u
13nderline\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"h5\",null,{\"className\":\"text-navigation-red font-dm-sans text-[0.6875rem] leading-[1.4] tracking-[0.07em] uppercase subpixel-antialiased hover:text-black md:text-[0.71875rem] mt-4 mb-0 block md:hidden\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"Environment\"}}]}],[\"$\",\"$L6\",null,{\"href\":\"/article/as-temperatures-climb-so-do-overdose-risks\",\"className\":\"no-underline\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"h3\",null,{\"className\":\"text-body-text title-color-effect font-gtamerica-compressed text-[2.25rem] tracking-[-0.015em] md:text-[3.125rem] lg:text-6xl leading-[1] mt-0 md:mt-2\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"As Temperatures Climb, So Do Overdose Risks\"}}]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"font-dm-sans-bold text-body-text text-sm tracking-[0.01em] mt-2\",\"children\":[\"by\",\" \",[[\"$\",\"$1\",\"sam-nichols\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L6\",null,{\"href\":\"/author/sam-nichols\",\"className\":\"hover:text-navigation-red\",\"children\":\"Sam Nichols\"}],false,false]}]]]}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"From Chicago to Phoenix, heat waves and other extreme weather events are worsening drug harms in the United States\"},\"className\":\"mt-2\"}]]}]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"flex-1 lg:flex-1/2\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"flex flex-col gap-4 md:flex-row xl:gap-8 before:content-[\\\"\\\"] before:border-b-1 before:border-l-1 before:border-separator before:align-stretch\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",\"gold-prices-reach-record-high-poisoning-ghanas-land\",{\"className\":\"@container flex-1 first:-order-1 lg:flex-1/2\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"flex w-full flex-row justify-between gap-4 pb-1 md:flex-col-reverse md:justify-end md:gap-1\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"flex flex-col items-start justify-start\",\"children\":[\"$L35\",\"$L36\",\"$L37\",\"$L38\"]}],\"$L39\",\"$L3a\"]}]}],\"$L3b\"]}]}]]}]}]]}]\n3d:T3f25,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eSusmita Pandey, a health assistant at the Timure health post in northern Nepal, is one of more than 6,000 missing people following the country's deadly flash floods in late August. Eight months pregnant and mother of a 2‑year‑old, Pandey has not been heard from since August 26.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eTimure was swept away by the flood that originated from the mountain range on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.thexylom.com/post/nepal-tibet-floods-glacier-early-warning-system\"\u003eChina-Nepal border after a rock-ice avalanche\u003c/a\u003e, labeled a \"Himalayan Tsunami\" and caught on CCTV camera for the world to witness. Scientists say human-induced climate change likely intensified the cascading impact of the flood. \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/rapid-warming-in-the-himalaya-exacerbates-geohazard-cascades-beyond-adaptation-limits/\"\u003eAn analysis\u003c/a\u003e by World Weather Attribution noted that rapidly rising temperatures, driven by fossil-fuel emissions, destabilized the rock and ice. Per the latest data, \u003ca href=\"https://ndrrma.gov.np/en/rasuwa/situation\"\u003ethe death toll has risen\u003c/a\u003e to 1,451.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eRekaha Adhikari, Pandey's sister‑in‑law, is using social media to appeal for the search and rescue of flood-affected health-care workers like Pandey.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\"We don't know anything about [where she is],\" Adhikari told Think Global Health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003ePrerana Tamang's family is doing the same. Tamang, a staff nurse at Trishuli Hospital, has also been missing since the flood. Her photo, information, and family contact details were hanging on the wall of the Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital in Kathmandu, as were those of so many other missing people.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eWhile search and relief efforts continue, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2026/09/04/nx-s1-5954050/nepal-flood-waters-physical-mental-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003ehealth care has emerged\u003c/a\u003e as one of Nepal's most heavily affected sectors. The devastation has come at a time when the country's health system is over capacity, facing postdisaster public-health concerns. Meanwhile, the funding needed to rebuild remains scarce.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-tgh-aligned-iframe tgh-aligned-iframe tgh-aligned-iframe--small\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"tgh-aligned-iframe--content\"\u003e\u003ciframe title=\"Areas and Health Facilities in Nepal Affected by the August 26 Flood\" aria-label=\"Locator map\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-upjjn\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/upjjn/5/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;\" height=\"778\" data-external=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"\u003e(function(){function e(){window.addEventListener(`message`,function(e){if(e.data[`datawrapper-height`]!==void 0){var t=document.querySelectorAll(`iframe`);for(var n in e.data[`datawrapper-height`])for(var r=0,i;i=t[r];r++)if(i.contentWindow===e.source){var a=e.data[`datawrapper-height`][n]+`px`;i.style.height=a}}})}e()})();\u003c/script\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eHealth Centers Under the Mud\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAlongside missing health-care workers, critical infrastru
13cture was also damaged. Floodwater carrying boulders, debris, and mud swallowed everything in its way in downstream settlements in the Bhote Koshi and Trishuli river corridor in Rasuwa, Nuwakot, and Dhading districts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAt least \u003ca href=\"https://heoc.mohp.gov.np/flashflood/rasuwa-flash-flood-2026\"\u003eseven health facilities\u003c/a\u003e, including primary health-care centers, health posts, and community health centers, were fully or partially damaged. These facilities provide primary health care to locals and are the most accessible way to get treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIt is still unclear how many health-care professionals have been affected, straining the already struggling rural health-care system in the region. Nepal's rural areas have \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11308952/\"\u003efewer health-care facilities\u003c/a\u003e, providers including doctors and nurses, medical equipment, and medicines than urban areas like Kathmandu. Rugged mountains and hilly terrain in these areas also add barriers to supplying necessary aid.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is still unclear how many health-care professionals have been affected, straining the already struggling rural health-care system in the region\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAccording to the \u003ca href=\"https://dohs.gov.np/\"\u003eDepartment of Health Services\u003c/a\u003e, at least 12 health workers are missing in the affected region. The surviving staff are deeply traumatized, having witnessed the raging flood that swallowed their colleagues and friends.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\"The [rescued health workers] were so disoriented and confused, for the first 72 hours they were unable to speak or make any decisions,\" said Prakash Gyawali, deputy health administrator at the Department of Health Services.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eHealth-care officials could not even reach the affected areas for 72 hours after the flood stormed through.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\"When we finally got there, it seemed as if there was nothing there, all gone. The health centers and people are all gone,\" said Gyawali.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe flood not only tore apart health centers but also disrupted access to and services of two major hospitals in the region: Dhading and Trishuli Hospitals. These hospitals lost road connectivity to Kathmandu.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAccording to the Nepal government's rapid \u003ca href=\"https://ndrrma.gov.np/np/news/239\"\u003edamage and needs assessment\u003c/a\u003e of the flood, 69 kilometers (43 miles) of roads were damaged, cutting a lifeline to needed health-care services to flood‑affected areas and nearby communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\"After the flood, medicines and vaccines have been delivered to the area via helicopters and drones. This is an interim measure. But helicopter‑based delivery of medicines has now significantly decreased, and we only have limited stocks of basic medicines,\" said Niradhwaj Gharti Magar, chief of the public health office in Rasuwa.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/09_Nepal-flood/09_Nepal-flood.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1790627074/tgh/09_Nepal-flood/09_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Following the flood, community health centers near the affected areas were the primary health providers to affected people. Relief workers transport medical supplies, including oxygen cylinders, to Jibjibe Community Hospital in the Kalika Rural Municipality, Rasuwa, near Betrawati, on September 3, 2026.\" class=\"wp-post-101515 wp-image-101530\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1790627074\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790627074/tgh/09_Nepal-flood/09_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 3984w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790627074/tgh/09_Nepal-flood/09_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790627074/tgh/09_Nepal-flood/09_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790627074/tgh/09_Nepal-flood/09_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790627074/tgh/09_Nepal-flood/09_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790627074/tgh/09_Nepal-flood/09_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eFollowing the flood, community health centers near the affected areas were the primary health providers to affected people. Relief workers transport medical supplies, including oxygen cylinders, to Jibjibe Community Hospital in the Kalika Rural Municipality, Rasuwa, near Betrawati, on September 3, 2026. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003ePhoto courtesy of Manish Aryal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\"Providing health-care services in these areas will be challenging if road connectivity is not restored soon,\" he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eNepal's government estimated that the \u003ca href=\"https://ndrrma.gov.np/np/news/239\"\u003eeconomic loss and damage\u003c/a\u003e from the flood is more than $2.70 billion, and recovery and reconstruction of the infrastru
13cture, including public-health facilities and road connections to the affected villages, will require more than $4.77 billion. Nepal requested $20 million from the UN fund for loss and damage, and it is also appealing for support from the international community through government-run relief funds, which have collected about $100 million. On September 22, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesman/2026/09/united-states-to-provide-additional-31-million-to-support-nepals-flood-recovery-efforts/\"\u003eUnited States added\u003c/a\u003e a total of $36 million to flood response. Assistance has still fallen short of the billions needed for recovery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eMounting Public-Health Concern After the Floods\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn collaboration with local government and health and humanitarian organizations, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/nepal/emergencies/2026-rasuwa-flash-floods\"\u003eWorld Health Organization\u003c/a\u003e (WHO), the UN Population Fund, and the Red Cross, the government has established temporary health clinics in the affected areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\"We are aware that in this situation [postdisaster], there is a high possibility of infectious diseases, insect‑borne diseases, [and] water‑borne diseases. Chlorine and disinfectants have to be applied in [health facilities, holding centers, and villages],\" Gyawali added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/02_Nepal-flood/02_Nepal-flood.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1790615229/tgh/02_Nepal-flood/02_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"While the search and relief efforts are ongoing, three weeks after flooding wrecked the communities, the house that the flood tore through shows clear signs of destruction, with debris and mud throughout, on August 29, 2026.\" class=\"wp-post-101515 wp-image-101519\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1790615229\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790615229/tgh/02_Nepal-flood/02_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 6000w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790615229/tgh/02_Nepal-flood/02_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790615229/tgh/02_Nepal-flood/02_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790615229/tgh/02_Nepal-flood/02_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790615229/tgh/02_Nepal-flood/02_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790615229/tgh/02_Nepal-flood/02_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eWhile the search and relief efforts are ongoing, three weeks after flooding wrecked the communities, the house that the flood tore through shows clear signs of destruction, with debris and mud throughout, on August 29, 2026. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003ePhoto courtesy of Manish Aryal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAnother concern is the smell of rotten food and livestock coming from the affected areas to the temporary shelters where survivors, including children and people with preexisting health issues, are staying. Health professionals are testing the affected people for fever, cold, and other symptoms at the holding center.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIt's not possible to provide all health services through the temporary health camps. \"However, regular services [need to] be resumed, even if from a temporary facility,\" said public-health expert Sharad Wanta.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://heoc.mohp.gov.np/flashflood/rasuwa-flash-flood-2026\"\u003eA situation report\u003c/a\u003e on the health-sector response to the flood says fever and diarrheal cases are being managed by local governments in collaboration with the health teams on the ground, and further investigation and monitoring are ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eHealth workers also say there are growing signs of postdisaster psychological issues, including among health-care workers. After returning from the affected area, Gyawali shared a case where one health worker was distraught after losing his sister and brother‑in‑law.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\"After that incident, he started screaming and crying; it was as if he had lost consciousness. Now, he is being rescued and is being treated.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe flood directly affected more than 84,000 people in the region; among them, more than 32,000 are children, and 541 are still separated from their families.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAround \u003ca href=\"https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/over-1
137000-flood-affected-children-nepal-need-urgent-mental-health-and-psychosocial\"\u003e17,000 children\u003c/a\u003e need urgent mental health and psychological support to recover from the distress and trauma caused by the disaster they endured, according to the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eSameer Kumar Adhikari, joint spokesperson and senior health administrator at the Ministry of Health and Food Safety, says Nepal's priority is providing psychological counseling, vaccinations, regular medication for patients who have chronic conditions, and safe-delivery services to pregnant mothers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/01_Nepal-flood/01_Nepal-flood.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1790615258/tgh/01_Nepal-flood/01_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Aftermath of the flood at Betrawati in the Rasuwa district. Only a few homes are standing amid piles of mud and debris. The flood tore through almost everything in its way, including health centers in the region, on August 29, 2026.\" class=\"wp-post-101515 wp-image-101520\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1790615258\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790615258/tgh/01_Nepal-flood/01_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 4442w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790615258/tgh/01_Nepal-flood/01_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790615258/tgh/01_Nepal-flood/01_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790615258/tgh/01_Nepal-flood/01_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790615258/tgh/01_Nepal-flood/01_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790615258/tgh/01_Nepal-flood/01_Nepal-flood.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eAftermath of the flood at Betrawati in the Rasuwa district. Only a few homes are standing amid piles of mud and debris. The flood tore through almost everything in its way, including health centers in the region, on August 29, 2026. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003ePhoto courtesy of Manish Aryal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n3e:T4e43,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAs leaders gather in New York City for Climate Week and the UN General Assembly, they will discuss climate action, adaptation finance, and a \"just transition.\" But one question should be at the center of those conversations: who is visible in the data used to decide who gets protected?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn India, surveys often miss Dalit sanitation workers, the people who clean sewers and septic tanks by hand, frequently in extreme heat and amid toxic gases. Although India banned \"manual scavenging,\" the practice of physically removing human excreta, India still has \u003ca href=\"https://studentreview.hks.harvard.edu/statistical-invisibility-and-the-plight-of-indias-sanitation-workers-a-policy-perspective/\"\u003emillions of sanitation workers\u003c/a\u003e. The country's supreme court accused \u003ca href=\"https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/supreme-court-issues-contempt-notices-to-15-states-for-non-compliance-with-manual-scavenging-eradication-orders\"\u003e15 states of contempt of court\u003c/a\u003e for failing to enforce the bans in July 2026.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eManual scavenging is a hazardous job that killed roughly \u003ca href=\"https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/265/AU1096_V1fqD9.pdf?source=pqars\"\u003e400 workers\u003c/a\u003e [PDF] from 2019 to 2023, according to a report published by the Indian government, and it is made even more dangerous by extreme heat. Toxic gases that accumulate in sewers, including \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9810969/\"\u003ehydrogen sulfide and methane\u003c/a\u003e, can cause poisoning and suffocation in closed spaces. These gases form when wastewater sits in warm, oxygen-poor pipes and tanks, exactly the kinds of conditions that are \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6985316/\"\u003ebecoming more common in hotter summers\u003c/a\u003e. \u003ca href=\"https://wmo.int/themes/extreme-heat\"\u003eAs heatwaves intensify\u003c/a\u003e and a \u003ca href=\"https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/wmo-prepare-el-nino\"\u003edeveloping El Niño\u003c/a\u003e is expected to raise the risk of further extreme heat and disrupt rainfall patterns, governments, city officials, and donors in India are under pressure to protect people, yet the country's current climate response frequently omits the very people doing the most dangerous jobs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eMany of India's \u003ca href=\"https://epaper.thehindu.com/ccidist-ws/th/th_international/issues/169365/OPS/GONFGAG
13UK.1+GP7FHM1QR.1.html\"\u003esanitation workers\u003c/a\u003e still belong to Dalit communities: groups pushed for generations into jobs labeled \"unclean,\" such as handling garbage and human waste, because of caste rules about purity and pollution. According to one study, marginalized caste groups face 25% to 150% \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39918922/\"\u003ehigher occupational heat exposure\u003c/a\u003e than dominant-caste groups, even when education, income, and location are similar. The Dalit community is among India's most vulnerable groups, yet the country's climate action plans do not track caste, thereby failing to channel resources to the most marginalized people in Indian society.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to one study, marginalized caste groups face 25% to 150% higher occupational heat exposure than dominant-caste groups, even when education, income, and location are similar.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe caste system in India is a graded form of inequality enforced through centuries of occupational segregation and spatial exclusion, determining who stands in the sun, who breathes toxic air, and who can afford to stop working when their body fails. Dalits have historically been denied land, education, and safe work; even when laws prohibit discrimination, these patterns persist. The practice of manual scavenging continues because enforcement of the ban is weak, local governments rely on informal labor, and caste norms still mark Dalits as the people who have always done this work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eEmpirical data now shows just how large those caste-based differences in exposure actually are.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eGovernment Systems Are Missing Marginalized Castes\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eTo decide where to channel scarce resources such as early warning systems, health investments, and cooling centers, policymakers and donors rely on risk scorecards: tools that rank every district in a country by how \"vulnerable\" it is to climate harm. But these risk scorecards do not track caste. In India, for example, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ceew.in/sites/default/files/ceew-how-extreme-heat-is-impacting-india-final-web-file.pdf\"\u003ethink tank has assessed\u003c/a\u003e [PDF] all 734 districts using 35 indicators spanning temperature exposure trends, population density, and access to health-care, producing a heat-risk ranking that policymakers and planners use to guide direct adaptation decisions. It is one of the most comprehensive tools of its kind. A district can score \"moderately vulnerable\" on a scorecard and still be home to thousands of Dalit sanitation workers cleaning open sewers in extreme heat, people who will never appear as a distinct, high-risk group because the scorecard was never designed to ask about caste, occupation, or historical exclusion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIndia's \u003ca href=\"https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/Full%20Report%20%281%29.pdf\"\u003eclimate-health vulnerability assessments\u003c/a\u003e [PDF], tools that shape where health and adaptation resources go, include a national framework developed by a consortium of Indian science institutions for the Department of Science and Technology. The framework maps vulnerability across every state and union territory using socioeconomic indicators such as income, health-care availability, and access to infrastructure. Although these are sensible proxies, they are constructed as population averages, which effectively treat poor households as interchangeable units and leave unexamined the structural reasons why particular communities are poor, live where they do, or perform specific kinds of work. When a heat action plan describes its target population as \"informal workers\" or \"slum dwellers,\" it is being evasive. In much of India, caste determines who becomes an informal worker.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"701\" data-public-id=\"tgh/2008-01-23T120000Z_1633832702_GM1DXCHGAVAA_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-DALIT
13S/2008-01-23T120000Z_1633832702_GM1DXCHGAVAA_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-DALITS.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_701,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789667784/tgh/2008-01-23T120000Z_1633832702_GM1DXCHGAVAA_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-DALITS/2008-01-23T120000Z_1633832702_GM1DXCHGAVAA_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-DALITS.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Dalit women work outside, in Lucknow, India, on January 16, 2008.\" class=\"wp-post-101309 wp-image-101316\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789667784\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789667784/tgh/2008-01-23T120000Z_1633832702_GM1DXCHGAVAA_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-DALITS/2008-01-23T120000Z_1633832702_GM1DXCHGAVAA_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-DALITS.jpg?_i=AA 2200w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789667784/tgh/2008-01-23T120000Z_1633832702_GM1DXCHGAVAA_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-DALITS/2008-01-23T120000Z_1633832702_GM1DXCHGAVAA_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-DALITS.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789667784/tgh/2008-01-23T120000Z_1633832702_GM1DXCHGAVAA_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-DALITS/2008-01-23T120000Z_1633832702_GM1DXCHGAVAA_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-DALITS.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789667784/tgh/2008-01-23T120000Z_1633832702_GM1DXCHGAVAA_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-DALITS/2008-01-23T120000Z_1633832702_GM1DXCHGAVAA_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-DALITS.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789667784/tgh/2008-01-23T120000Z_1633832702_GM1DXCHGAVAA_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-DALITS/2008-01-23T120000Z_1633832702_GM1DXCHGAVAA_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-DALITS.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789667784/tgh/2008-01-23T120000Z_1633832702_GM1DXCHGAVAA_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-DALITS/2008-01-23T120000Z_1633832702_GM1DXCHGAVAA_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-DALITS.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eDalit women work outside, in Lucknow, India, on January 16, 2008. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Pawan Kumar\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eA Different Kind of Measurement\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThere is a reasonable concern that official measurement can harden the very caste labels India should ultimately leave behind. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/16/india/india-census-caste-counting-intl-hnk-dst\"\u003eCritics of a caste census\u003c/a\u003e argue that the state should move beyond caste classification, and that public policy should focus on income or socioeconomic disadvantage instead of inherited social identity. India stopped counting caste in its national census after independence, partly in the hope that these distinctions would fade. However, caste continues to shape work, housing, education, health, and access to public services. What would it mean to build vulnerability metrics that name caste instead of erase it?\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThree principles follow from both the evidence and the demands of structural justice. First, caste should be an explicit variable instead of a proxy, residual, or implication in climate policies and state climate action plans. \u003ca href=\"https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2255461\u0026amp;reg=48\u0026amp;lang=2\"\u003eThe Indian caste census now underway\u003c/a\u003e, the first in nearly a century, gives the country a chance to use detailed caste data to see which communities face the greatest climate and health risks, and then channel adaptation money and support directly to them instead of relying on caste-neutral averages. If India seizes this opportunity to direct climate finance based on verified caste-based exposure gaps, it would set a precedent no other Global South country has attempted. This would matter not only for India but also for other societies with entrenched caste and castelike hierarchies from Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka in \u003ca href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25764189\"\u003eSouth Asia\u003c/a\u003e to caste-structured communities in parts of \u003ca href=\"https://globalforumcdwd.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Global-Overview-of-Caste-Based-Discrimination.pdf\"\u003eWest\u
13003c/a\u003e [PDF] and \u003ca href=\"https://www.hrw.org/news/2001/08/29/global-caste-discrimination\"\u003eEast Africa\u003c/a\u003e, where climate risks also fall hardest on those relegated to \"low-status\" work and land.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eSecond, researchers and policymakers need to examine the gaps between groups, not just overall averages. Instead of measuring health-care access as a district-level average, we should track caste gaps in health-care access. For example, hypothetically, these differences could look like 80% of dominant-caste households in a district being able to reach a clinic within 30 minutes, but only 40% of Dalit households able do the same. That kind of measure shows the difference between groups in the same geography instead of hiding it behind a single number.\u0026nbsp; It asks not just \"who is vulnerable?\" but \"who made them vulnerable, and how?\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThird, the people living with heat everyday need to help shape how governments measure it. Dalit sanitation workers are working inside systems where \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30981977/\"\u003egas levels fluctuate with the diurnal flow pattern of sewers\u003c/a\u003e, spiking when \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135423004827\"\u003eflow drops and bacteria‑coated pipe walls are exposed to the air\u003c/a\u003e, when the fumes get strongest, and how often they are forced to work through warning signs like \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_dialogue/@sector/documents/publication/wcms_728054.pdf\"\u003edizziness\u003c/a\u003e [PDF] or \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26612148/\"\u003echest pain\u003c/a\u003e. They also know when \u003ca href=\"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/parliamentary-panel-flags-slow-rollout-of-safety-gear-health-benefits-under-namaste-sanitation-scheme/articleshow/123431783.cms\"\u003egovernment schemes fail\u003c/a\u003e them, for example when \u003ca href=\"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/parliamentary-panel-flags-slow-rollout-of-safety-gear-health-benefits-under-namaste-sanitation-scheme/articleshow/123431783.cms\"\u003eprotective gear\u003c/a\u003e is promised on paper but never reaches them. Building their experiences into climate-health assessments is the only way to ensure that the numbers match what is actually happening on the ground instead of relying only on paperwork and statistics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eDalit people's \u003ca href=\"https://www.georgeinstitute.org/our-impact/policy-statements-and-recommendations/health-and-well-being-of-waste-workers-in-india\"\u003eexperiences of health inequity\u003c/a\u003e are shaped by intersectional vulnerabilities, the way caste, class, gender, informality, and region of origin stack together to make people more exposed and less protected. These layered risks cannot be understood from top-down numbers alone but require participatory research methodologies that start with workers' own accounts and community-level knowledge. For example, this information could be gathered via workshops where sanitation workers map the hottest parts of their routes, keep diaries of symptoms during heatwaves, and help design simple changes like shaded rest points and safer shift timings.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-tgh-newsletter-block\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"newsletter-block\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eWhat Global Health Institutions Should Do\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe implications reach well beyond India. Across the Global South, multidimensional poverty tools built in and for the Global North are being layered onto societies organized by social hierarchies, including caste, indigeneity, ethnicity, and gender, that these tools \u003ca href=\"https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/2021mpireporten.pdf\"\u003ewere never designed\u003c/a\u003e [PDF] to see. The coloniality embedded in global climate finance, what Farhana Sultana, a professor of geography at Syracuse University, terms \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S096262982200052X\"\u003eclimate coloniality\u003c/a\u003e\"—the persistence of colonial-era hierarchies of race, power, and knowledge in institutions and systems long after formal colonial rule has ended—shows up in how big climate funds decide who gets money and on what terms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eMost major climate adaptation funds still \u003ca href=\"https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/gfsr/2023/october/english/ch3.pdf\"\u003erely on high-level risk and investment metrics like national credit ratings and project bankability\u003c/a\u003e [PDF], factors that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change confirms are \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FOD_Chapter15.pdf\"\u003estrongly correlated with climate finance flows\u003c/a\u003e [PDF], instead of detailed data on which social groups are actually bearing the heat and health burden. That means adaptation dollars often \u003ca href=\"https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20240150-2023-joint-report-on-multilateral-development-banks-climate-finance\"\u003eflow to large infrastru
13cture projects in capital cities or to middle-income countries\u003c/a\u003e that can issue \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatechange/brief/what-are-green-bonds\"\u003egreen bonds\u003c/a\u003e—loans that investors buy on the condition that the money raised is spent only on environmental or climate projects—whereas grassroots communities receive little direct support. \u003ca href=\"https://www.iied.org/10178iied\"\u003eLess than 10%\u003c/a\u003e of global climate finance explicitly reaches projects led at the local level, and 46 least developed countries have received \u003ca href=\"https://www.iied.org/least-developed-countries-get-less-3-money-needed-transform-face-climate-change\"\u003eless than 3%\u003c/a\u003e of the adaptation funding they need to cope with climate change, even though they face some of the most intense climate impacts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eGlobal health institutions, from the World Health Organization to bilateral donors designing adaptation programs, should move beyond classifying groups by income alone. They should insist that climate-health assessments identify and look at the real-world conditions that make some groups more at risk than others. They should be willing to name social hierarchies explicitly, understanding that the language of neutrality itself is a political choice that we should avoid.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eWhen our vulnerability maps treat all poor households as interchangeable, they stop being neutral tools and begin reinforcing the very hierarchies they meant to challenge. When those differences are invisible in the data, adaptation money and disaster support tend to flow to communities that already have more voice and access, whereas those at the sharpest edge of exposure remain undercounted and under-resourced. Rigorous measurement in India, in conditions of structural inequality, requires tracking caste.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"700\" data-public-id=\"tgh/2012-01-26T120000Z_16340125_GM1E81Q15QK01_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-ELECTION/2012-01-26T120000Z_16340125_GM1E81Q15QK01_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-ELECTION.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_700,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789667749/tgh/2012-01-26T120000Z_16340125_GM1E81Q15QK01_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-ELECTION/2012-01-26T120000Z_16340125_GM1E81Q15QK01_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-ELECTION.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A woman looks out from her house, in the Dalit village of Bhaddi Kheda, in Uttar Pradesh, India, on January 15, 2012.\" class=\"wp-post-101309 wp-image-101317\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789667749\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789667749/tgh/2012-01-26T120000Z_16340125_GM1E81Q15QK01_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-ELECTION/2012-01-26T120000Z_16340125_GM1E81Q15QK01_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-ELECTION.jpg?_i=AA 3200w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789667749/tgh/2012-01-26T120000Z_16340125_GM1E81Q15QK01_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-ELECTION/2012-01-26T120000Z_16340125_GM1E81Q15QK01_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-ELECTION.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789667749/tgh/2012-01-26T120000Z_16340125_GM1E81Q15QK01_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-ELECTION/2012-01-26T120000Z_16340125_GM1E81Q15QK01_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-ELECTION.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789667749/tgh/2012-01-26T120000Z_16340125_GM1E81Q15QK01_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-ELECTION/2012-01-26T120000Z_16340125_GM1E81Q15QK01_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-ELECTION.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789667749/tgh/2012-01-26T120000Z_16340125_GM1E81Q15QK01_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-ELECTION/2012-01-26T120000Z_16340125_GM1E81Q15QK01_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-ELECTION.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789667749/tgh/2012-01-26T120000Z_16340125_GM1E81Q15QK01_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-ELECTION/2012-01-26T120000Z_16340125_GM1E81Q15QK01_RTRMADP_3_INDIA-ELECTION.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA woman looks out from her house, in the Dalit village of Bhaddi Kheda, in Uttar Pradesh, India, on January 15, 2012. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Adnan Abidi \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n3f:T6d46,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn Bangladesh's coastal districts of Khulna and Satkhira, where the air smells of brine and the earth has turned chalky white, water is an enemy. The salty tides ruin the rice crops, the fruit trees, and the fresh wells. Deeper inside the microscopic world of the village ponds, the water is doing something sinister: training bacteria to kill\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eOn a bright sunny morning in early March, 2026, 60-year-old Sobhan Mia pushed his boat through the shifting tides of a coastal belt river he had been navigating for three decades. During the rainy summer season, the water becomes saltier. \"Ten years ago, saltwater entered the river around two months later, but nowadays it comes earlier,\" he said. Bangladesh's salinity \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-025-14667-2\"\u003erises steadily\u003c/a\u003e from October (postmonsoon) to late May (premonsoon). \"Now water is salty everywhere—ponds, tubewells, and cropland are all salty. We now have to buy drinking water.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eBangladesh's coastal zone is one of the world's fastest-salinizing landscapes, as tidal flooding, cyclone
13s, and sea-level rise move saltwater farther inland, \u003ca href=\"https://cch.icddrb.org/salinity-drinking-water\"\u003eaffecting millions\u003c/a\u003e of people and farms. The coming El Niño weather event, which could be the \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/el-nio-likely-strengthen-further-persist-into-2027-wmo-says-2026-09-03/\"\u003estrongest on record\u003c/a\u003e, could \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/longform/413558/el-ni%C3%B1o-2026-what-it-could-mean-for-bangladesh\"\u003eforce salty water\u003c/a\u003e even farther inland following reduced freshwater flows.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe salinity along the Bay of Bengal raises a global concern: antimicrobial resistance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe salinity along the Bay of Bengal raises a global concern: antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The link between salt and antibiotic resistance lies in how bacteria handle stress. When waterborne microbes such as \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eVibrio\u003c/em\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/doi/10.1093/femsre/fuaf020/8133896\"\u003eare exposed\u003c/a\u003e to high salinity, they don't always die. Instead, they adapt. This environmental pressure \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/7/1710\"\u003ecan trigger stress responses\u003c/a\u003e that share genetic pathways with antibiotic resistance. Bacteria that \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1444781/full\"\u003elearn to survive\u003c/a\u003e in saltier water may also become better at surviving a dose of \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9582543/\"\u003eciprofloxacin\u003c/a\u003e, which farmers use to manage bacterial infections in fish and shrimp.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe World Health Organization (WHO) lists AMR among the \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance\"\u003etop-10\u003c/a\u003e public health threats worldwide, and by 2050, drug-resistant infections could claim \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01867-1/fulltext\"\u003e10 million\u003c/a\u003e lives annually. South Asia is singled out as one of the most vulnerable regions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\"If current environmental and aquaculture practices continue, coastal Bangladesh is likely to experience a significant increase in antibiotic-resistant infections over the next 10 to 20 years,\" said M. Sohidullah, assistant professor in the Department of Microbiology and Public Health at Khulna Agricultural University, \"leading to reduced effectiveness of commonly used antibiotics, increased reliance on last-resort drugs, and greater difficulty in treating even routine infections.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eBangladesh serves as an early warning, but similar salinity‑driven microbial shifts \u003ca href=\"https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article/21/4/1640/111493/Operational-implications-of-dry-season-salinity\"\u003eare occurring in Vietnam's Mekong Delta\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/2/215\"\u003ealong the low‑lying coasts of Florida\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/a-ZHC_3387/a-ZHC_3387.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151352/tgh/a-ZHC_3387/a-ZHC_3387.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Farmers prepare a shrimp pond for the next cycle in Koyra, Khulna, where the dried up bed is treated with feed and medicine before restocking. Photo taken on March 2, 2026, in Koyra subdistrict, Khulna district.\" class=\"wp-post-101263 wp-image-101267\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789151352\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151352/tgh/a-ZHC_3387/a-ZHC_3387.jpg?_i=AA 5040w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151352/tgh/a-ZHC_3387/a-ZHC_3387.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151352/tgh/a-ZHC_3387/a-ZHC_3387.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151352/tgh/a-ZHC_3387/a-ZHC_3387.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151352/tgh/a-ZHC_3387/a-ZHC_3387.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151352/tgh/a-ZHC_3387/a-ZHC_3387.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eFarmers prepare a shrimp pond for the next cycle in Koyra, Khulna, where the dried up bed is treated with feed and medicine before restocking. Photo taken on March 2, 2026, in Koyra subdistrict, Khulna district. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003ePhoto courtesy of Zakir Hossain Chowdhur
13y\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/a-DSC05107/a-DSC05107.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151225/tgh/a-DSC05107/a-DSC05107.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A laborer throws feed into a shrimp pond, scattering food across the water for the growing stock. Photo taken on April 18, 2026, in Koyra subdistrict, Khulna district.\" class=\"wp-post-101263 wp-image-101269\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789151225\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151225/tgh/a-DSC05107/a-DSC05107.jpg?_i=AA 5574w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151225/tgh/a-DSC05107/a-DSC05107.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151225/tgh/a-DSC05107/a-DSC05107.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151225/tgh/a-DSC05107/a-DSC05107.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151225/tgh/a-DSC05107/a-DSC05107.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151225/tgh/a-DSC05107/a-DSC05107.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA laborer throws feed into a shrimp pond, scattering food across the water for the growing stock. Photo taken on April 18, 2026, in Koyra subdistrict, Khulna district. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003ePhoto courtesy of Zakir Hossain Chowdhury\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eAn Epidemic in the Ponds\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn the mud of Bangladesh's shrimp ponds, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X25000274\"\u003e2025 study\u003c/a\u003e published in the \u003cem\u003eJournal of Food Protection\u003c/em\u003e found something alarming: bacteria are changing. The authors tested sediment from 27 ponds in southern Bangladesh and found that more than half the bacterial samples were multidrug-resistant, meaning they carry mutations that defeat common antibiotics such as tetracycline. A \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2023/6255586\"\u003e2023 study\u003c/a\u003e confirmed that pond sediment is a major reservoir for these resistant genes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThis adaptation against some of the strongest medicines is fueled by human practices, according to Md. Faisal, dean of the Faculty of Fisheries, and professor and head at Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\"In fisheries, there are no trained doctors—farmers rely on shopkeepers who guess at antibiotic doses. Instead of 2 milligrams, they may apply 20, and the excess settles in pond sediments where bacteria adapt and become resistant.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\"Floods and natural calamities wash antibiotic residues straight into rivers, where they settle in coastal sediments. The bacteria exposed there gradually adapt, and over the next decade or two they may become resistant,\" he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"718\" data-public-id=\"tgh/a-DSC05063/a-DSC05063.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_718,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151246/tgh/a-DSC05063/a-DSC05063.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A fisherman packs fresh fish for sale at the wholesale market in Khulna, where daily catches move quickly from river to market stalls. Photo taken on April 17, 2026, from a wholesale market in subdistrict Koyra, in the district of Khulna.\" class=\"wp-post-101263 wp-image-101272\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789151246\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151246/tgh/a-DSC05063/a-DSC05063.jpg?_i=AA 4952w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151246/tgh/a-DSC05063/a-DSC05063.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151246/tgh/a-DSC05063/a-DSC05063.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151246/tgh/a-DSC05063/a-DSC05063.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151246/tgh/a-DSC05063/a-DSC05063.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151246/tgh/a-DSC05063/a-DSC05063.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA fisherman packs fresh fish for sale at the wholesale market in Khulna, where daily catches move quickly from river to market stalls. Photo taken on April 17, 2026, from a wholesale market in subdistrict Koyra, in the district of Khulna. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003ePhoto courtesy of Zakir Hossain Chowdhur
13y\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/a-DSC05082/a-DSC05082.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151297/tgh/a-DSC05082/a-DSC05082.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A laborer mixes feed and medicine to prepare food for shrimp in a pond. Photo taken on April 18, 2026, in subdistrict Koyra, Khulna district.\" class=\"wp-post-101263 wp-image-101270\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789151297\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151297/tgh/a-DSC05082/a-DSC05082.jpg?_i=AA 6000w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151297/tgh/a-DSC05082/a-DSC05082.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151297/tgh/a-DSC05082/a-DSC05082.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151297/tgh/a-DSC05082/a-DSC05082.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151297/tgh/a-DSC05082/a-DSC05082.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151297/tgh/a-DSC05082/a-DSC05082.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA laborer mixes feed and medicine to prepare food for shrimp in a pond. Photo taken on April 18, 2026, in subdistrict Koyra, Khulna district. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003ePhoto courtesy of Zakir Hossain Chowdhury\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eBangladesh's shrimp industry earned more than \u003ca href=\"https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/trade-commodities/khulnas-white-gold-farmers-eye-tk-226b-export-goal-1758216802\"\u003e$200 million\u003c/a\u003e in fiscal year 2024–25 from Khulna, the country's third-largest city. But antibiotic resistance is a hidden cost, made worse by climate change.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAs temperatures rise and saltwater pushes farther inland, coastal waters are turning warmer and more saline, perfect conditions for aquatic pathogens to multiply. This shift allows microbes to spread beyond ponds into shared drinking water and food supplies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eMd. Jannat Hossain, a PhD researcher at Gifu University, Japan, said, \"Climate change is creating conditions where bacteria like \u003cem\u003eVibrio cholerae\u003c/em\u003e can survive and spread more easily through water, food, and the wider environment.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eThe Cost of Adaptation\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThis transformation did not happen overnight. Since the 1980s, the saline‑affected area in Bangladesh has expanded dramatically, now covering more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-025-05447-1\"\u003e1 million\u003c/a\u003e hectares of land. What was once a seasonal nuisance has become a permanent feature of the coastal landscape.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn Khulna and Satkhira, the shift from rice agriculture to aquaculture was promoted as a climate adaptation strategy—if rice fails in salty soils, shrimp might thrive instead. Farmers converted paddies into ponds, encouraged by export demand and \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290797820_Community-based_climate_change_adaptation_strategies_for_integrated_prawn-fish-rice_farming_in_Bangladesh_to_promote_social-ecological_resilience\"\u003eadaptation narratives\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003ePonds are part of a massive, interconnected network of canals and rivers that crisscross the southwest delta. During monsoon floods, or when embankments collapse caused by \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/chapter/chapter-11/#11.7\"\u003estronger and wetter cyclone
13s\u003c/a\u003e, salty water mixed with antibiotic residues from aquaculture \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54446-6\"\u003espills into\u003c/a\u003e surrounding water systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/a-ZHC_0625/a-ZHC_0625.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151320/tgh/a-ZHC_0625/a-ZHC_0625.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"An embankment collapsed during tidal surges in coastal Bangladesh in 2022, exposing villages to flooding and saltwater intrusion. Photo taken on August 13, 2022, in Koyra subdistrict, Khulna district.\" class=\"wp-post-101263 wp-image-101268\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789151320\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151320/tgh/a-ZHC_0625/a-ZHC_0625.jpg?_i=AA 6269w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151320/tgh/a-ZHC_0625/a-ZHC_0625.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151320/tgh/a-ZHC_0625/a-ZHC_0625.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151320/tgh/a-ZHC_0625/a-ZHC_0625.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151320/tgh/a-ZHC_0625/a-ZHC_0625.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151320/tgh/a-ZHC_0625/a-ZHC_0625.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eAn embankment collapsed during tidal surges in coastal Bangladesh in 2022, exposing villages to flooding and saltwater intrusion. Photo taken on August 13, 2022, in Koyra subdistrict, Khulna district. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003ePhoto courtesy of Zakir Hossain Chowdhury\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/a-ZHC_3985/a-ZHC_3985.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151375/tgh/a-ZHC_3985/a-ZHC_3985.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A woman, Suvodra Shena, leads her cattle to graze beside shrimp ponds in coastal Bangladesh, where livestock and aquaculture share the same fragile landscape. Photo taken on March 3, 2026, in Koyra subdistrict, Khulna district.\" class=\"wp-post-101263 wp-image-101266\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789151375\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151375/tgh/a-ZHC_3985/a-ZHC_3985.jpg?_i=AA 4809w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151375/tgh/a-ZHC_3985/a-ZHC_3985.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151375/tgh/a-ZHC_3985/a-ZHC_3985.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151375/tgh/a-ZHC_3985/a-ZHC_3985.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151375/tgh/a-ZHC_3985/a-ZHC_3985.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151375/tgh/a-ZHC_3985/a-ZHC_3985.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA woman, Suvodra Shena, leads her cattle to graze beside shrimp ponds in coastal Bangladesh, where livestock and aquaculture share the same fragile landscape. Photo taken on March 3, 2026, in Koyra subdistrict, Khulna district. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003ePhoto courtesy of Zakir Hossain Chowdhury\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eHasanul Islam, a researcher and professor in geography and environmental science at Nasirabad University College in Mymensingh, said, \"Our findings suggest that rising salinity levels in Khulna and Satkhira create conditions where antibiotic-resistant genes can spread more easily, posing a serious public health risk.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThis scientific concern is already filtering into the everyday lives of \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10772640/\"\u003e35 million\u003c/a\u003e people living in Bangladesh's coastal zone. Doctors at Koyra Upazila Health Complex in Khulna are reporting a rise in drug-resistant infections. Sudeep Paul, a government-appointed physician, said, \"We see patients who have cycled through three different types of antibiotics for a simple respiratory or skin infection, and none have worked.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003ePatients often buy one or tw
13o tablets from local village doctors or medicine sellers without a full prescription. When patients buy only a few antibiotic tablets instead of completing the full course, the drug lingers in their body at low levels. That weak exposure gives bacteria the chance to adapt and become resistant. Those resistant bacteria are then passed out in human waste, which enters the sewage system and spreads into the wider environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/a-DSC05072/a-DSC05072.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151270/tgh/a-DSC05072/a-DSC05072.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A laborer mixes feed for a shrimp pond in Koyra, Khulna, preparing the daily ration for the growing stock. Photo taken on April 18, 2026, from subdistrict Koyra, in the district of Khulna.\" class=\"wp-post-101263 wp-image-101271\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789151270\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151270/tgh/a-DSC05072/a-DSC05072.jpg?_i=AA 6000w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151270/tgh/a-DSC05072/a-DSC05072.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151270/tgh/a-DSC05072/a-DSC05072.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151270/tgh/a-DSC05072/a-DSC05072.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151270/tgh/a-DSC05072/a-DSC05072.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151270/tgh/a-DSC05072/a-DSC05072.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA laborer mixes feed for a shrimp pond in Koyra, Khulna, preparing the daily ration for the growing stock. Photo taken on April 18, 2026, from subdistrict Koyra, in the district of Khulna. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003ePhoto courtesy of Zakir Hossain Chowdhury\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThis widespread misuse was also reported by a \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10329962/\"\u003e2023 study\u003c/a\u003e finding that unqualified village practitioners and pharmacy shopkeepers frequently dispense antibiotics without proper guidance; combined with an environment saturated with resistant genes, this creates a dangerous feedback loop in which misuse fuels resistance, and contaminated water spreads it farther.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2949824425001570\"\u003e2025 study\u003c/a\u003e shows that waterborne \u003cem\u003eVibrio cholerae\u003c/em\u003e in Khulna's food sources had high resistance to two antibiotics commonly taken by humans. The germs were 73% resistant to ampicillin and 69% to tetracycline.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eFor families along the coast, the harms manifest as rising medical bills and infections that refuse to heal. The trends suggest that climate stress and antibiotic misuse are converging.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eWomen in coastal Bangladesh face higher exposure to this environmental stress because they are responsible for water collection and spend hours wading through saline water. The \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hsr2.72101\"\u003egender disparity affects\u003c/a\u003e their health, including reproductive complications and menstrual problems linked to brackish water exposure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eSuvodra Shena, a 28-year-old mother from Khulna, explains: \"I walk two hours to collect drinking water. The nearby pond's water tastes salty; drinking this salty water made my children sick. I am the one caring for them. The medicine costs drown us.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-tgh-newsletter-block\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"newsletter-block\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eThe Need for Regulation\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eBangladesh's shrimp sector, weakened by debt, has also been battered by repeated disease outbreaks, including white spot disease, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/396697/bangladesh%E2%80%99s-shrimp-sector-eyes-5b-boost-with\"\u003eviral infection\u003c/a\u003e that can wipe out entire ponds in days. These diseases have left farmers struggling to survive. Regulators and stakeholders are now aim
13ing to grow to $5 billion in exports by 2030 through a shift to Vannamei shrimp.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eVannamei farming is highly intensive, and its dense stocking in ponds heightens bacterial risks. Historically, antibiotics have been widely used to control outbreaks in aquaculture practice, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389425021727\"\u003estudies confirm\u003c/a\u003e critical control points where rains carry resistant genes into surrounding waters. At the same time, probiotics—live, beneficial microbes added to feed or water—are increasingly promoted as alternatives to antibiotics, showing promise in reducing antibiotic dependence by boosting shrimp health and survival. \u003ca href=\"https://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.16/March-2023/26.html\"\u003eStudies show\u003c/a\u003e that probiotics can cut disease losses and reduce the need for antibiotics, but uptake among farmers is uneven: some adopt them quickly, others stick to old habits. Smallholder farmers in Bangladesh and Southeast Asia have limited access to reliable probiotic products, and probiotics are sometimes more expensive than antibiotics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eA.M. Shahabuddin, an aquaculture scientist and professor at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University in Dhaka, said, \"In Vannamei shrimp farming, probiotics are used to enrich the culture, creating natural food and boosting production. This shrimp yields high output in small areas, meets strong market demand, and can help Bangladesh reach its export targets.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eBangladesh's shrimp industry faces two conflicting pressures: efforts to expand exports through intensive shrimp farming, and the growing risk of stricter restrictions from European regulators due to antibiotic residues.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThis dual reality raises the risk of antibiotic residues in export products—a problem that has triggered \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13657300802679186\"\u003eEuropean Union bans\u003c/a\u003e on Bangladeshi shrimp. If European regulators tighten residue standards further, Bangladesh could face severe trade restrictions. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sgs.com/en-bd/news/2025/11/managing-antibiotic-residues-in-aquaculture-products-for-eu-compliance\"\u003eRecent warnings\u003c/a\u003e from the European Union about drug residues in seafood indicate that regulators are watching the issue closely, so if Bangladesh does not address antibiotic resistance, tougher bans may come.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/a-ZHC_6329/a-ZHC_6329.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151679/tgh/a-ZHC_6329/a-ZHC_6329.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A man, Sobhan Mia, sits beside his land in coastal Bangladesh, flooded with saltwater after an embankment collapsed during Tropical Cyclone Yaas in 2021. Photo taken on May 27, 2021, in Koyra subdistrict, Khulna district.\" class=\"wp-post-101263 wp-image-101273\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1789151679\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151679/tgh/a-ZHC_6329/a-ZHC_6329.jpg?_i=AA 5040w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151679/tgh/a-ZHC_6329/a-ZHC_6329.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151679/tgh/a-ZHC_6329/a-ZHC_6329.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151679/tgh/a-ZHC_6329/a-ZHC_6329.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151679/tgh/a-ZHC_6329/a-ZHC_6329.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151679/tgh/a-ZHC_6329/a-ZHC_6329.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA man, Sobhan Mia, sits beside his land in coastal Bangladesh, flooded with saltwater after an embankment collapsed during Tropical Cyclone Yaas in 2021. Photo taken on May 27, 2021, in Koyra subdistrict, Khulna district. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003ePhoto courtesy of Zakir Hossain Chowdhur
13y\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n40:T4d1a,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eClimate change is damaging human health worldwide by intensifying environmental hazards, leading to a projected \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health\"\u003e250,000 additional deaths\u003c/a\u003e annually between 2030 and 2050 from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea, and heat stress. East Africa is particularly at risk of extreme heat and flooding, especially as a record El Niño year starting in October \u003ca href=\"https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/eastern-africa-el-nino-preparedness-alert-august-2026\"\u003ethreatens to intensify\u003c/a\u003e weather events and outbreaks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn a bid to secure financing for climate projects and improve community health, Kenya is developing \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/carbon-credits-caps-kenya-paris-agreement-cc9833a1431cfb77086d1b2c06c4a20d\"\u003eone of Africa's most robust carbon markets\u003c/a\u003e, which places a price on greenhouse gas emissions by turning pollution into a cost, incentivizing emission reductions and low-carbon investments. In such a market, one credit represents one ton of \u003ca href=\"https://goldstandardhelp.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/44001989683-what-is-a-carbon-credit-\"\u003ecarbon dioxide (CO₂)\u003c/a\u003e either prevented from entering the atmosphere or removed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn re
13cent years, Kenya has worked to strengthen regulation around its carbon market, to address concerns around weak oversight and attract foreign investment. Mikoko Pamoja, Kenya's pioneering blue carbon project—one that captures carbon dioxide in marine environments—proves that when properly designed, carbon-trading initiatives can have significant public health and socioeconomic benefits.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eMany local challenges—spanning health, sanitation, and food—have been addressed through the project\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAccording to projects coordinator Kassim Juma, \"The Mikoko Pamoja project, or Swahili for Mangroves Together, started in 2013 in Gazi Bay, Southern Kenya, as the world's first community-based project to restore and protect mangroves through the sale of carbon credit towards the direct benefit of the community.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThis \u003ca href=\"https://mikokopamoja.org/\"\u003eblue carbon project\u003c/a\u003e supports 1,350 families across two villages, Gazi and Makongeni. It conserves 117 hectares of Gazi Mangrove Forest, sequestering 3,000 metric tons of carbon annually. One ton is sold for $25.30 at the voluntary carbon market where companies, individuals, and governments buy and sell credits. Mikoko Pamoja considers blue forests, those composed of coastal mangroves, to be \"blue gold,\" as they store up to 10 times \u003ca href=\"https://coast.noaa.gov/states/fast-facts/blue-carbon.html\"\u003emore carbon\u003c/a\u003e per acre than forest on land. About one-third of carbon sales go to community development, and another third to restoration. The remainder is spent on community wages, administration, and office expenses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe funds are received in February each year, and shortly after, the Mikoko Pamoja project convenes a village meeting to collectively agree on the community development project in line with the residents' most pressing problems. Many local challenges—spanning health, sanitation, and food—have been addressed through the project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eCommunity Development Through Carbon Markets\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eJuma, 32 years old, was born in Gazi village amid \"multiple, competing problems. As many as 6,000 residents in Gazi Bay area relied on one village borehole. Women and children queued until nightfall for a jerrican of water. Garbage was discarded in open spaces and waste swept into the Indian Ocean. Fish, our livelihood, was choking on plastic.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eWhen the project started, he said, more than half the households were not using proper toilets, exposing residents to diarrheal diseases such as cholera and typhoid. Despite snakes being rampant in the area, many residents had no alternative but to relieve themselves in the bushes, day and night.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn response, the project built four public toilets strategically placed in the villages. In 2013, the project brought tap water for the first time into Gazi village. Today, residents have unlimited access to clean water. The villages, including open public spaces, are clean and free of litter. The project has also donated less-polluting, energy-saving cooking stoves in Gazi Bay.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eZuwena Khalfan Hemed, a resident of Gazi and a youth advisory champion for health, says that in 2012, the village came together to petition the government to open a village dispensary. The government built the structure and provided one medical doctor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe Mikoko Pamoja project provided medical supplies and furniture during the first year of Gazi dispensary's operations in 2013 and continues to partner with the dispensary in line with the needs of the community. The support is much needed, as Kenya only allocates approximately \u003ca href=\"https://parliament.go.ke/node/24054\"\u003e3.2%\u003c/a\u003e of its budget to health, far short of \u003ca href=\"https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/32894-file-2001-abuja-declaration.pdf\"\u003ethe African Union's Abuja declaration's\u003c/a\u003e [PDF] recommendation of 15%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eVillage dispensaries are critical. Saumu Bakari, from the neighboring Zero Zero village, receives maternal and child health services at Gazi dispensary. She says that without the dispensary, women would deliver at home or travel on \u003cem\u003eboda boda\u003c/em\u003e, or motorcycle taxi, the only means of transport within villages in Gazi Bay, to a public health facility several kilometers away.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-public-id=\"tgh/IN2013_1/IN2013_1.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_768,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1787682015/tgh/IN2013_1/IN2013_1.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"In 2013, funds from the sale of carbon brought the very first tap water to Gazi village. Today, residents have unlimited access to clean water. The villages, including open public spaces, are clean and free of litter.\" class=\"wp-post-101108 wp-image-101109\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1787682015\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1787682015/tgh/IN2013_1/IN2013_1.jpg?_i=AA 3264w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1787682015/tgh/IN2013_1/IN2013_1.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1787682015/tgh/IN2013_1/IN2013_1.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1787682015/tgh/IN2013_1/IN2013_1.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1787682015/tgh/IN2013_1/IN2013_1.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1787682015/tgh/IN2013_1/IN2013_1.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eIn 2013, funds from the sale of carbon brought the very first tap water to Gazi village. Today, residents have unlimited access to clean water. The villages, including open public spaces, are clean and free of litter. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003ePhoto courtesy of Joyce Chimbi\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe Mikoko Pamoja project supported more than \u003ca href=\"https://mikokopamoja.org/beyond-conservation-covid-19-rapid-support-for-local-communities-2/\"\u003e158 households in five villages\u003c/a\u003e during the COVID-19 pandemic with food donations and protective gear amid a crumbling fish market. Hemed says the onset of the pandemic promoted a social scourge: sex for fish.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\"Men fish and sell the produce to the women fishmongers. Money was not circulating during the pandemic and the women were desperate and vulnerable, until the project came to their aid,\" she says.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eThe Push to Regulate\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eDespite the positive outcomes from Mikoko Pamoja, human rights activists, organizations, and nonprofit watchdogs such as the Carbon Market Watch have expressed concerns that carbon markets overall can promote land-grabbing and other \u003ca href=\"https://www.survivalinternational.org/news/14519\"\u003ehuman rights violations\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAlthough these violations have not taken place at Mikoko Pamoja, they \u003ca href=\"https://www.trtafrika.com/english/article/16783834\"\u003ehave been reported\u003c/a\u003e largely in connection to green carbon projects, which involve land where Indigenous peoples and rural farmers live and derive their livelihoods. \u003ca href=\"https://tmg-thinktank.com/initiatives/carbon-markets-and-community-land-rights\"\u003eWeak ownership laws\u003c/a\u003e are common in regions targeted for green carbon projects, allowing governments or foreign investors to easily claim customary lands.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn Kenya, Indigenous and pastoralist communities including the Samburu, Maasai, and Ogiek have experienced \u003ca href=\"https://www.survivalinternational.org/news/13787\"\u003eviolent evictions\u003c/a\u003e, dispossession and loss of access to their ancestral lands, and severe restrictions on traditional grazing fields to pave way for carbon projects. The Kenya Human Rights Commission and Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations also published an investigation in November 2023 exposing \u003ca href=\"https://www.somo.nl/systemic-sexual-abuse-at-celebrated-carbon-offset-project-in-kenya/\"\u003esystemic sexual abuse\u003c/a\u003e and exploitation of women by senior male staff at the Kasigau Corri
13dor REDD+ carbon offset project in Kenya.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eCritics such as Power Shift Africa, a climate and energy think tank, also call carbon markets a \u003ca href=\"https://www.powershiftafrica.org/publications/the-africa-carbon-markets-initiative-a-wolf-in-sheeps-clothing\"\u003epay-to-pollute\u003c/a\u003e scheme, since a polluting company or nation pays for a project, such as planting trees, that supposedly reduces carbon elsewhere. Instead of cutting fossil fuel use in their countries, the polluter keeps emitting and uses the purchased credit in another country to claim a \"net-zero\" balance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAluga J. Owino, an official at the Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Forestry, says carbon markets' popularity declined after \u003ca href=\"https://www.ief.org/news/how-can-we-strengthen-the-carbon-market\"\u003epeaking in 2021\u003c/a\u003e because of intense scrutiny, despite steady demand.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\"The market has put in place strict measures to weed out projects that overestimated their emission reduction. Only high-quality carbon units that are verified by independent auditors using recognized global standards are attracting investors or buyers,\" Owino said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eNow, Kenya's judicial system is expanding to comprehensively address emerging frontiers in environmental law and is actively intervening to protect local communities. In 2025, a landmark \u003ca href=\"https://www.survivalinternational.org/news/14121\"\u003eEnvironment and Land Court ruling\u003c/a\u003e halted parts of a major Northern Kenya rangeland carbon project following determination that local conservancies were established without proper public participation in line with the Kenyan constitution. Subsequently, international certifiers suspended credits for review under this project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eToward the end of 2023, Kenya amended its Climate Change Act 2016 to provide a direct legal foundation overseeing carbon trading. This was followed by the \u003ca href=\"https://climate-laws.org/document/climate-change-carbon-markets-regulations-2024_9890\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eClimate Change (Carbon Markets) Regulations, 2024\u003c/a\u003e, which developed procedures for carbon projects' approval, monitoring, and reporting. Launched in February 2026, the Kenya National Carbon Registry tracks emission reductions, prevents double-counting, and provides transparency for international investors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eKenya's legal framework is such that mandatory benefit-sharing thresholds require land-based projects to allocate at least 40% of net earnings to local communities and 25% to technology-based projects, aiming to resolve historical equity issues. In August 2026, Kenya \u003ca href=\"https://www.kenyaengineer.co.ke/kenya-caps-international-carbon-credit-sales-as-new-rules-prioritise-engineering-projects/\"\u003efurther strengthened\u003c/a\u003e its carbon market rules by introducing a strict operational rule book.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eExperts like Owino and Juma emphasize that the carbon market today is on an upward trajectory and experiencing a structural transition. The change is marked by a slowdown in low-quality credits alongside rising demand and prices for high-integrity removals such as Mikoko Pamoja. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/state-and-trends-of-carbon-pricing\"\u003e2026 report\u003c/a\u003e from the World Bank\u0026nbsp;Group confirms that carbon markets are expanding in size and use, and that overall carbon credit issuances rose 8% globally from 2024 to 2025.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-tgh-newsletter-block\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"newsletter-block\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eGlobal standards are also working to tackle \u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/greenwashing\"\u003egreenwashing\u003c/a\u003e, which occurs when companies use carbon credits to falsely project an eco-friendly image but do not actually reduce their own greenhouse gas emissions. Greenwashing projects involve purchasing low-quality, unverified carbon units without taking substantive climate action.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAlthough greenwashing is not fully eliminated in Kenya or Africa at large, it faces growing pressure from new regulations, watchdog rulings, and vigilant public scrutiny. Deceptive environmental claims are becoming harder to maintain. To deter greenwashing, a growing number of African governments, including Kenya's, treat misleading eco-claims as \u003ca href=\"https://mmsadvocates.co.ke/the-kenyan-frontier-of-environmental-social-and-governance-esg-excellence-a-multi-dimensional-analysis-of-legal-mandates-corporate-strategy-and-office-practice-for-2026/\"\u003eillegal practices\u003c/a\u003e. In Kenya today, company directors and chief executive officers face prosecution for faking environmental records or misrepresenting sustainability targets. Unauthorized carbon trading or providing false data attracts large fines or up to 10 years in prison.\u
13003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eThe Future of Kenya's Carbon Market\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eOwino says the new regulatory developments are timely, as buyers have shown a strong preference for community-led projects with visible, tangible, direct socioeconomic benefits to the community. A well-regulated project such as Mikoko Pamoja is a \"triple win,\" where a single coastal conservation or restoration project simultaneously delivers climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and tangible improvement of local livelihoods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eJuma says the Mikoko Pamoja project has been out of stock for the past five years, meaning they sold all their carbon credits, \"as the demand is much higher than supply. Our stock is carbon. We capture 3,000 tons per year and need 15,000 tons to meet the current demand.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThis progress came despite the project rejecting buyers who release more than 30% of the global greenhouse gas emissions, to weed out high polluters not taking tangible steps to reduce their carbon footprint. The project also reserves 25% of the total stock in an emergency fund so that if the villages face emergencies such as wildfires, they can quickly sell it for rapid response.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eOwino says prices are expected to rise in the next few years, \"certainly before 2030 to settle on a range of $50 to $100 per one ton of carbon.\" To meet the demand, Kenya has built several other projects on the success of Mikoko Pamoja.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe Vanga Blue Forest (VBF) project conserves 460 hectares of mangrove forest. Launched in 2019 on the southeast coast of Kenya, it supports the livelihoods of nearly 9,000 people through the sale of 5,347 to 8,700 tons of carbon dioxide annually at $25.30 per ton.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eVanga Blue Forest is also at capacity for carbon stock. The project has improved access to health, sanitation, and clean water across three adjacent villages in Vanga, Jimbo, and Kiwegu. The \u003ca href=\"https://mikokopamoja.org/beyond-conservation-covid-19-rapid-support-for-local-communities-2/\"\u003eVanga and Gazi\u003c/a\u003e carbon offset projects established a community fund for a rapid COVID-19 response spanning five villages.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAs an expansion of Mikoko Pamoja and Vanga blue carbon projects, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/technical-highlight/scaling-mangrove-conservation-kenya\"\u003eLamu Blue Carbon Project\u003c/a\u003e was launched in 2023 and is expected to begin trading within the year. Meanwhile, plans are underway to launch Kenya's dedicated national \u003ca href=\"https://econews.co.ke/2026/07/08/kenya-carbon-exchange-launch/\"\u003ecarbon-credit trading exchange\u003c/a\u003e by the end of March 2027 to centralize local environmental finance and emissions trading. This will continue to improve pricing transparency by creating a centralized marketplace rather than fragmented bilateral trading deals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-public-id=\"tgh/FATUMA_1/FATUMA_1.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_768,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1787682066/tgh/FATUMA_1/FATUMA_1.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\") Fatuma Kassim is waiting for services with her newborn baby, born at Kiwegu dispensary. The clinic has ongoing partnerships with the Vanga Blue Forest project, including furniture donated by the project.\" class=\"wp-post-101108 wp-image-101110\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1787682066\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1787682066/tgh/FATUMA_1/FATUMA_1.jpg?_i=AA 3264w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1787682066/tgh/FATUMA_1/FATUMA_1.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1787682066/tgh/FATUMA_1/FATUMA_1.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1787682066/tgh/FATUMA_1/FATUMA_1.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1787682066/tgh/FATUMA_1/FATUMA_1.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1787682066/tgh/FATUMA_1/FATUMA_1.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eFatuma Kassim is waiting for services with her newborn baby, born at Kiwegu dispensary. The clinic has ongoing partnerships with the Vanga Blue Forest project, including furniture donated by the project. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003ePhoto courtesy of Joyce Chimbi\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n41:T5676,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eOn \u003ca href=\"https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-evening-special-report-march-7-2026/#:~:text=on%20March%207.-,The%20IDF%20struck%20two%20oil%20refineries%20and%20two%20oil%20storage,frequent%20electricity%20shortages%20and%20
13outages.\"\u003eMarch 7, 2026\u003c/a\u003e, Israel struck four fuel-storage and oil-refinery depots across Tehran, Iran's capital, and the adjacent city of Karaj. The airstrikes ignited large fires that sent dense plumes of smoke into the atmosphere of a metropolitan area that is home to \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101731\"\u003emore than 15 million people\u003c/a\u003e. When rain fell hours later, it scavenged pollutants from the smoke, producing an unusual phenomenon that \u003ca href=\"https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167106\"\u003eresidents described\u003c/a\u003e as \"black rain.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eDuring major oil fires, soot and airborne particles (aerosols) from incomplete combustion act as condensation seeds around which raindrops form. As the precipitation falls through polluted air, it collects these particles and deposits them onto people's skin and land, water, and urban infrastructure. Although the World Health Organization issued immediate warnings about the health risks of the resulting air pollution, the most serious health consequences could unfold over the coming months and years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat appears today as a side effect of conflict could therefore mark the beginning of a prolonged health crisis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eEnvironmental damage has long accompanied armed conflict. But when petroleum infrastructure burns, the resulting emissions can rival those produced by major industrial disasters, such as the \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.451\"\u003e2020 Beirut ammonium nitrate explosion\u003c/a\u003e and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fabig.com/industrial-accidents/buncefield-uk/\"\u003e2005 Buncefield fire at a UK oil terminal\u003c/a\u003e. Smoke from oil fires contains a mixture of toxic pollutants, including fine particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, heavy metals, and \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102208\"\u003epolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe impacts of such environmental destruction are unlikely to remain localized, and signs of this regional conflict are evolving into a generationally inherited, transboundary environmental crisis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAlthough the cascading war is under a fragile ceasefire, energy sites, including oil refineries, remain \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/world/us-israel-iran-attack-maps\"\u003espoken targets\u003c/a\u003e in nine nations across the Middle East. What appears today as a side effect of conflict could therefore mark the beginning of a \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-023-01078-x\"\u003eprolonged health crisis\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eImmediate Health Risks\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe most immediate health consequences of oil-fire smoke arise from inhalation of heavily polluted air, as well as exposure to contaminated rain. Short-term exposure to elevated particulate pollution is associated with symptoms that include headache, coughing, wheezing, eye and skin irritation, and shortness of breath. Severe exposure can worsen asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, particularly among children, older adults, pregnant women, and individuals with preexisting conditions. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/tehrans-toxic-skies-when-war-begins-to-resemble-chemical-warfare-11263473\"\u003eMedia reports\u003c/a\u003e citing IQAir data indicate that airborne particulate matter (PM 2.5) concentrations in Tehran were approximately 20.2 micrograms per cubic meter following the refinery strikes, four times the \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240034228\"\u003eWorld Health Organization's annual limit\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAlthough Iran has one of the \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9652489/\"\u003emore advanced health systems\u003c/a\u003e in the Middle East and West Asia region, \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-024-01084-2\"\u003eexternal pressures\u003c/a\u003e and war conditions can complicate immediate responses to large-scale environmental destruction through workforce strain and restricted access to vital resources. Whereas acute symptoms are often the first visible manifestation, this could mark just the beginning of a broader regional public-health challenge. Furthermore, the health warnings issued by Iranian authorities urging residents to remain indoors and avoid open spaces offers little protection for residents whose windows, or even homes, were destroyed in the strikes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003ePublic-health advisories from organizations such as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241598149\"\u003eWorld Health Organization\u003c/a\u003e, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the CDC's \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/default.html\"\u003eNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health\u003c/a\u003e indicate that during acute petrochemical smoke- and contamination events like those observed in Iran, frontline health systems benefit from a defined set of response capabilities to mitigate immediate health risks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/2026-03-30T101122Z_151665729_RC2YEKA6VMQM_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS-ISRAEL-HAIFA/2026-03-30T101122Z_151665729_RC2YEKA6VMQM_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS-ISRAEL-HAIFA.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1775784324/tgh/2026-03-30T101122Z_151665729_RC2YEKA6VMQM_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS-ISRAEL-HAIFA/2026-03-30T101122Z_151665729_RC2YEKA6VMQM_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS-ISRAEL-HAIFA.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A blaze after Israel\u0026#039;s Fire and Rescue Service said that an industrial building and a fuel tanker at Israel\u0026#039;s Oil Refineries were hit by debris from an intercepted Iranian missile, amid the U.S.-Israel conflict with Iran, in Haifa, Israel, on March 30, 2026.\" class=\"wp-post-99491 wp-image-99508\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1775784324\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775784324/tgh/2026-03-30T101122Z_151665729_RC2YEKA6VMQM_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS-ISRAEL-HAIFA/2026-03-30T101122Z_151665729_RC2YEKA6VMQM_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS-ISRAEL-HAIFA.jpg?_i=AA 8256w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775784324/tgh/2026-03-30T101122Z_151665729_RC2YEKA6VMQM_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS-ISRAEL-HAIFA/2026-03-30T101122Z_151665729_RC2YEKA6VMQM_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS-ISRAEL-HAIFA.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775784324/tgh/2026-03-30T101122Z_151665729_RC2YEKA6VMQM_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS-ISRAEL-HAIFA/2026-03-30T101122Z_151665729_RC2YEKA6VMQM_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS-ISRAEL-HAIFA.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775784324/tgh/2026-03-30T101122Z_151665729_RC2YEKA6VMQM_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS-ISRAEL-HAIFA/2026-03-30T101122Z_151665729_RC2YEKA6VMQM_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS-ISRAEL-HAIFA.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775784324/tgh/2026-03-30T101122Z_151665729_RC2YEKA6VMQM_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS-ISRAEL-HAIFA/2026-03-30T101122Z_151665729_RC2YEKA6VMQM_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS-ISRAEL-HAIFA.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775784324/tgh/2026-03-30T101122Z_151665729_RC2YEKA6VMQM_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS-ISRAEL-HAIFA/2026-03-30T101122Z_151665729_RC2YEKA6VMQM_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS-ISRAEL-HAIFA.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA blaze after Israel's Fire and Rescue Service said that an industrial building and a fuel tanker at Israel's Oil Refineries were hit by debris from an intercepted Iranian missile, amid the U.S.-Israel conflict with Iran, in Haifa, Israel, on March 30, 2026. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Rami Shlush\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThese include access to appropriate respiratory protection (ranging from particulate respirators to self-contained breathing apparatus in high-exposure settings), basic decontamination capacity to reduce secondary exposure, and real-time exposure assessment tools such as particulate-matter and carbon monoxide monitoring. Clinical management capacity is also emp
13hasized, including oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, airway support, and diagnostic tools such as CO-oximetry to detect toxic inhalation. In parallel, guidelines highlight the importance of environmental exposure reduction, such as establishing cleaner-air spaces, and clear risk communication to affected populations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eCollectively, these measures reflect established best practices for managing complex smoke environments, where mixtures of fine particulates and toxic gases can pose sustained risks to both patients and health workers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eLong-Term Disease Risks\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eEvidence from the 1990–91 Gulf War offers critical insight into longer-term risks. Epidemiological studies found higher rates of respiratory symptoms, including bronchitis and asthma, among individuals \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12417486/\"\u003eexposed to smoke from the Kuwaiti oil fires\u003c/a\u003e. More recent research suggests that the effects may extend beyond the lungs. A \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-025-10013-7\"\u003e2025 cohort study of Gulf War\u003c/a\u003e veterans found that those exposed to oil-well fire smoke for 7 to 30 days had nearly three times the odds of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, \u003ca href=\"https://www.heart.org/en/professional/quality-improvement/ascvd\"\u003ea condition\u003c/a\u003e caused by plaque buildup in the arterial walls, compared with those who were not exposed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eRespirable fine particulate matter is small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, which may trigger systemic inflammation, increasing the risk of \u003ca href=\"https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/S0735-1097%2822%2902169-6\"\u003ecardiovascular\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2022.967174\"\u003eneurological disease\u003c/a\u003e, stroke, \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102208\"\u003ehypertension\u003c/a\u003e, pulmonary fibrosis, infertility, cancer, and immunomodulation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThese chronic health risks have important implications for health-care systems. Elevated long-term rates of cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, and immune-related diseases among exposed populations are likely to translate to increased demand for outpatient care, long-term pharmacological management, specialist services, and hospital admissions. Conditions such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, chronic pulmonary disorders, and cancer typically require lifelong monitoring and treatment, placing sustained pressure on health-care resources and budgets. In addition, heightened prevalence of multimorbidity may complicate clinical management and increase care-coordination needs, particularly within primary-care health systems. These burdens could contribute to higher health-care expenditures, reduced workforce productivity, and the need for expanded surveillance, prevention, and early-intervention strategies to mitigate downstream health and economic costs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eEnvironmental Damage Beyond the Air\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe environmental fallout of war extends beyond immediate landscapes, affecting ecological stability, \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115314\"\u003ebiodiversity\u003c/a\u003e, and human health. Emissions from the Kuwait oil fires \u003ca href=\"https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/18/13673/2018/\"\u003eproduced a measurable spike\u003c/a\u003e in black carbon deposition as far away as the northern Tibetan Plateau, more than 1,800 miles from the source, accelerating snow and ice melt. In the Iranian context, however, many pollutants could \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/digest/iran-war-black-rain-water\"\u003eremain trapped in the local soil\u003c/a\u003e, water, and environment because of significant rainfall following the airstrikes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/2025-11-14T153051Z_588705799_RC2FWHAS8FAX_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-DROUGHT/2025-11-14T153051Z_588705799_RC2FWHAS8FAX_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-DROUGHT.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1775762308/tgh/2025-11-14T153051Z_588705799_RC2FWHAS8FAX_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-DROUGHT/2025-11-14T153051Z_588705799_RC2FWHAS8FAX_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-DROUGHT.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A man fills a water tank following a drought crisis in Tehran, Iran, on November 14, 2025.\" class=\"wp-post-99491 wp-image-99485\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1775762308\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775762308/tgh/2025-11-14T153051Z_588705799_RC2FWHAS8FAX_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-DROUGHT/2025-11-14T153051Z_588705799_RC2FWHAS8FAX_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-DROUGHT.jpg?_i=AA 5472w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775762308/tgh/2025-11-14T153051Z_588705799_RC2FWHAS8FAX_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-DROUGHT/2025-11-14T153051Z_588705799_RC2FWHAS8FAX_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-DROUGHT.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775762308/tgh/2025-11-14T153051Z_588705799_RC2FWHAS8FAX_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-DROUGHT/2025-11-14T153051Z_588705799_RC2FWHAS8FAX_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-DROUGHT.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775762308/tgh/2025-11-14T153051Z_588705799_RC2FWHAS8FAX_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-DROUGHT/2025-11-14T153051Z_588705799_RC2FWHAS8FAX_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-DROUGHT.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775762308/tgh/2025-11-14T153051Z_588705799_RC2FWHAS8FAX_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-DROUGHT/2025-11-14T153051Z_588705799_RC2FWHAS8FAX_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-DROUGHT.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775762308/tgh/2025-11-14T153051Z_588705799_RC2FWHAS8FAX_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-DROUGHT/2025-11-14T153051Z_588705799_RC2FWHAS8FAX_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-DROUGHT.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA man fills a water tank following a drought crisis in Tehran, Iran, on November 14, 2025. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eMajid Asgaripour/West Asia News Agency via REUTERS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6457-4\"\u003eWater and soil pollution\u003c/a\u003e are among the most consequential concerns. Tehran's drainage networks are likely to carry oily runoff into surrounding water storage facilities, potentially threatening shallow groundwater reserves and agricultural lands that \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374901563_Decline_in_Iran%27s_groundwater_recharge\"\u003emillions of civilians\u003c/a\u003e, in addition to animals and ecosystems, rely on. Concerns about exacerbating water challenges in a city \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/irans-water-bankruptcy-problem-is-nothing-new-says-un-expert-9.6978257\"\u003ealready facing water bankruptcy\u003c/a\u003e are rising. Once hydrocarbons infiltrate soil and aquifers, they can persist for decades. Pollutants, heavy metals, pathogens, and other chemical contaminants entering water systems can disrupt aquatic food chains and enter drinking water, further amplifying ecological damage and public-health risks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/3/1257\"\u003eWomen\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/children-environmental-health#tab=tab_1\"\u003echildren\u003c/a\u003e face a disproportionate toll from contamination due to a combination of biological susceptibility, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/7/2538\"\u003eintergenerational transfer\u003c/a\u003e, and the generational persistence of contaminants in the environment. In Fallujah, Iraq, for example, an area heavily bombarded during the 2003 invasion, researchers reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/7/7/2828\"\u003ea 12-fold increase\u003c/a\u003e in childhood cancer and a \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3464374/#:~:text=Abstract,for%20at-risk%20Iraqi%20populations.\"\u003e17-fold increase\u003c/a\u003e in congenital anomalies in the years that followed. Similar concerns have been raised \u003ca href=\"https://cureus.com/articles/355265-childhood-leukemia-clusters-in-yemen-the-dual-impact-of-environmental-carcinogens-and-healthcare-collapse-in-conflict-zones\"\u003ein Yemen\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186698\"\u003eGaza\u003c/a\u003e, where studies have documented elevated heavy-metal burdens in mothers and newborns living in conflict-affected environments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eHuman-Centric Calculus\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn war, survival eclipses everything else. Environmental health risks rarely register as immediate priorities. Families flee burning neighborhoods, hospitals scramble to treat the injured, and civilians search for shelter, water, and food. Few have the luxury of worrying about the invisible pollutants drifting through the air, settling silently onto fields and into their water systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eYet the environmental consequences of conflict do not wait for peace. History shows that toxins released during war form a second w
13ave of harm, emerging slowly through chronic disease and ecological disruption, affecting children who breathe polluted air, communities that rely on contaminated water, and health systems already strained by war.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-tgh-newsletter-block\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"newsletter-block\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eModern warfare is purported to be built on precision and intelligence, yet the environmental and public-health consequences of those operations are not always systematically integrated into decision-making. Considering the timing of strikes, and based on weather forecasts, how pollutants will disperse, and where they may ultimately settle, is predictable. In the case of Iran's \"black rain,\" these factors may not have been fully considered or prioritized. Rainfall following the strikes likely limited atmospheric dispersion and instead deposited pollutants into soil and water systems, amplifying long-term harm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAttacking \u003ca href=\"https://www.icc-cpi.int/publications/core-legal-texts/rome-statute-international-criminal-court\"\u003epublic infrastructure\u003c/a\u003e that \u003ca href=\"https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/api-1977/article-52?activeTab=\"\u003eserves civilians\u003c/a\u003e is considered a \u003ca href=\"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-03-25/middle-east-water-facilities-at-risk/106493590\"\u003ewar crime\u003c/a\u003e. But even when a party to a war considers attacking a target to be justified, expanding the calculus of military planning to more explicitly account for these environmental pathways is essential to reducing preventable, long-term damage to human health and ecosystems during conflict.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAlthough the \"black rain\" may have fallen only briefly, the consequences of war are measured not only in casualties but also in the invisible exposures that shape health—long after the fires burn out and the headlines fade.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1775756403/tgh/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"People record smoke rising after a reported strike on Shahran fuel tanks, in Tehran, Iran, on March 8, 2026.\" class=\"wp-post-99491 wp-image-99480\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1775756403\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775756403/tgh/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.jpg?_i=AA 5360w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775756403/tgh/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775756403/tgh/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775756403/tgh/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775756403/tgh/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775756403/tgh/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003ePeople record smoke rising after a reported strike on Shahran fuel tanks, in Tehran, Iran, on March 8, 2026. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eMajid Asgaripour/West Asia News Agency via REUTERS \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n42:T3dfc,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAs representatives from nearly 200 countries gather in Belém, Brazil, for the thirtieth Conference of the Parties (COP30), climate and health leadership has reached a moment of truth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://bmjleader.bmj.com/content/early/2025/04/30/leader-2024-001146\"\u003e2025 review\u003c/a\u003e of 13 influential international climate committees—including technical advisory bodies, research funders' panels, and global alliances—reveals a widespread imbalance of countries represented in decision-making. Of the 226 members analyzed in the study, 72% are based in high-income countries and 74% are experts in Group of Seven (G7) nations. Only 5% of committee members represent the 10 countries most \u003ca href=\"https://www.germanwatch.org/en/19777\"\u003evulnerable to climate change\u003c/a\u003e. Even fewer representatives come from \u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/ohrlls/content/about-small-island-developing-states\"\u003esmall island developing states\u003c/a\u003e (SIDS), a group of 39 island nations facing environmental and socioeconomic challenges from rising sea levels, extreme weather, and loss of livelihoods. SIDS representatives account for just 2% of global committees on climate and health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe lack of diversity behind climate decision-making has direct consequences for how the world responds to the crisis. Policies often overlook the realities of those most affected, leading to ineffective solutions and missed opportunities to incorporate local and indigenous knowledge. This leaves vulnerable populations bearing the brunt of climate impacts and decision-making power concentrated in high-income countries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eWhy Homogeneity Undermines Our Response\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eClimate change does not strike evenly. The countries least responsible for historic emissions are the ones \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/social-
13dimensions-of-climate-change\"\u003efacing the heaviest costs\u003c/a\u003e: extreme weather, food insecurity, and rising disease outbreaks. Yet the leadership bodies shaping global responses remain dominated by high-income institutions. This imbalance reflects long-standing structural inequities in global governance and research funding. High-income countries control most international health and climate institutions and decision-making platforms, giving them disproportionate influence over agendas and representation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eDecisions made without lived experience risk being impractical, irrelevant, or even harmful\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003ePacific Island nations have long used community-driven coastal monitoring to protect marine ecosystems, yet these approaches were largely excluded from global marine adaptation frameworks until \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/chapter/chapter-15/\"\u003erecently\u003c/a\u003e. Similarly, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fao.org/4/y3649e/y3649e07.htm\"\u003eEast African pastoralists' understanding\u003c/a\u003e of shifting rainfall patterns could sharpen predictive models for vector-borne diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eDecisions made without lived experience risk being impractical, irrelevant, or even harmful. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-heat-and-health\"\u003eglobal heat-health guidelines\u003c/a\u003e often assume widespread access to cooling infrastructure and reliable electricity, but in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), many households and health facilities lack both \u003ca href=\"https://www.unicef.org/innocenti/cooling-dilemma-amid-climate-change\"\u003ereliable power and effective cooling\u003c/a\u003e. Similarly, coastal protection projects in SIDS regions promoted large concrete sea walls without consulting local communities. Although meant to prevent erosion, these structures \u003ca href=\"https://rgsq.org.au/News/10229116?\"\u003edisrupted traditional fishing grounds\u003c/a\u003e, blocked access to beaches, and accelerated sand loss downstream.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eBarriers Are Real and Removable\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eExperts from SIDS face additional and \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/cc_sids.pdf?\"\u003edistinct barriers\u003c/a\u003e [PDF] beyond those affecting other LMICs. Limited national budgets and small research institutions restrict opportunities for international representation and sustained engagement in global committees. Geographic isolation further raises travel costs and logistical challenges in participation in global meetings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eA few SIDS-specific bodies exist, such as the Commission of Small Island 
13States on Climate Change and International Law (\u003ca href=\"https://www.cosis-ccil.org/\"\u003eCOSIS\u003c/a\u003e) and the Small Island Developing States Liaison Committee under the International Science Council (\u003ca href=\"https://council.science/about-us/governance/committees/small-island-developing-states-liaison-committee/\"\u003eISC\u003c/a\u003e), but their mandates differ from those of the global climate-health committees. COSIS focuses on advancing international legal accountability for climate-related harm, and the ISC committee aims to strengthen the participation of SIDS researchers within the scientific community. Neither body serves as a global technical or advisory mechanism for health and climate governance. Despite these important SIDS-led efforts, representation within major global decision-making platforms on climate and health remains limited.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThese obstacles are not insurmountable. With intentional reforms, inclusivity can become the rule rather than the exception. Committees should prioritize representatives from SIDS for their expertise, which includes lived experience, contextual knowledge, and collaborative leadership.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"681\" data-public-id=\"tgh/2013-06-13T120000Z_2091316650_LM2E96A14D101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE/2013-06-13T120000Z_2091316650_LM2E96A14D101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_681,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1763059634/tgh/2013-06-13T120000Z_2091316650_LM2E96A14D101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE/2013-06-13T120000Z_2091316650_LM2E96A14D101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"An abandoned house that is affected by seawater during high-tides stands next to a small lagoon, near the village of Tangintebu, on South Tarawa, in the central Pacific island nation of Kiribati, on May 25, 2013.\" class=\"wp-post-97134 wp-image-97136\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1763059634\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1763059634/tgh/2013-06-13T120000Z_2091316650_LM2E96A14D101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE/2013-06-13T120000Z_2091316650_LM2E96A14D101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE.jpg?_i=AA 3500w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1763059634/tgh/2013-06-13T120000Z_2091316650_LM2E96A14D101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE/2013-06-13T120000Z_2091316650_LM2E96A14D101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1763059634/tgh/2013-06-13T120000Z_2091316650_LM2E96A14D101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE/2013-06-13T120000Z_2091316650_LM2E96A14D101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1763059634/tgh/2013-06-13T120000Z_2091316650_LM2E96A14D101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE/2013-06-13T120000Z_2091316650_LM2E96A14D101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1763059634/tgh/2013-06-13T120000Z_2091316650_LM2E96A14D101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE/2013-06-13T120000Z_2091316650_LM2E96A14D101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1763059634/tgh/2013-06-13T120000Z_2091316650_LM2E96A14D101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE/2013-06-13T120000Z_2091316650_LM2E96A14D101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eAn abandoned house that is affected by seawater during high-tides stands next to a small lagoon, near the village of Tangintebu, on South Tarawa, in the central Pacific island nation of Kiribati, on May 25, 2013. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/David Gray \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eSix Steps Toward Inclusive Leadership\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePublish diversity audits\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e. Committees should release annual reports showing membership by income group, climate vulnerability, gender (including indigenous and nonbinary identities), and region. Transparency drives accountability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSet binding representation targets\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e. Quotas for LMICs, SIDS, and climate-vulnerable nations should be enforced by global committees on climate and health. Committees should go beyond tokenism, showing disciplinary diversity across climate science, public health, indigenous knowledge, civil society, and lived experience. Structural inclusion is not only necessary but also actively demanded by those on the frontlines of climate risk. Recently, the \u003ca href=\"https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/2024-05/SIDS%20Civil%20Society%20Action%20Plan%20and%20Roadmap%2029%20May%202024.pdf?\"\u003eSIDS Civil Society Action Plan and Roadmap (2024–2034)\u003c/a\u003e [PDF] set out clear measures to advance equitable participation and leadership of island nations across global climate goals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRotate leadership\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e. Chairs and cochairs should alternate between high- and low-income countries, balancing agenda-setting power.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eInvest in inclusion\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e. Committees should allocate dedicated equity or participation funds within existing program budgets to cover travel, honoraria, translation, and digital infrastru
13cture so that participation does not depend on personal privilege. Even amid global funding cuts, reallocating a small share of administrative or coordination budgets can make committees representative. Partnerships with multilateral agencies, philanthropic foundations, and regional development banks can also cofinance these costs as part of broader commitments to equitable governance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eValue epistemic pluralism\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e. Committees should integrate indigenous and community-based knowledge alongside traditional science. Innovation often lies in blending diverse ways of knowing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrack progress over time\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e. Committees should take responsibility for publishing annual diversity data, creating a time series that tracks whether representation is improving, declining, or stagnating. Continuous reporting would make progress transparent, guide accountability, and help identify where inclusion efforts are succeeding or falling behind.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-tgh-newsletter-block\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"newsletter-block\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eA Call to Action\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe latest \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/\"\u003eIPCC report\u003c/a\u003e warns that the world is close to overshooting the 1.5°C (2.7°F) threshold. \u003ca href=\"https://cop30.br/en/about-cop30\"\u003eCOP30\u003c/a\u003e is an opportunity given that health is now central to climate negotiations, highlighted by the launch of the \u003ca href=\"https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/climate-change/en---belem-action-plan.pdf\"\u003eBelém Health Action Plan\u003c/a\u003e [PDF], which emphasizes integrating health systems, equity, and community participation into climate policy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe plan's cross-cutting principles call for enhancing health equity and climate justice, ensuring adaptation measures fairly allocate burdens and benefits across individuals, nations, and generations. Inclusive participation, recognition of diverse cultures, and robust engagement are essential. The plan also highlights that leadership and governance need to follow accountability, transparency, and oversight, and to include bottom-up approaches to ensure representatives of the most affected communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAs climate agendas slip across high-income countries, COP30 is a critical opportunity to reinvigorate the global conversation and put these principles into practice. Global climate and health committees and funders should prioritize diversity and inclusion, and media and civil society should highlight who holds power and whose voices are missing. This year, SIDS face rising food insecurity, climate-sensitive health risks, and vulnerability to extreme events, making their full participation crucial for policies that are effective, equitable, and grounded in lived experience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-public-id=\"tgh/2022-08-09T191204Z_767310876_RC2FBV9BTY18_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-FIJI-FISHERWOMEN/2022-08-09T191204Z_767310876_RC2FBV9BTY18_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-FIJI-FISHERWOMEN.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_768,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1763059646/tgh/2022-08-09T191204Z_767310876_RC2FBV9BTY18_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-FIJI-FISHERWOMEN/2022-08-09T191204Z_767310876_RC2FBV9BTY18_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-FIJI-FISHERWOMEN.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Fijian fisherwomen gather near a boat after returning from harvesting sea grapes at sea, near Namuaimada village, Viti Levu, Fiji, on July 14, 2022.\" class=\"wp-post-97134 wp-image-97137\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1763059646\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1763059646/tgh/2022-08-09T191204Z_767310876_RC2FBV9BTY18_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-FIJI-FISHERWOMEN/2022-08-09T191204Z_767310876_RC2FBV9BTY18_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-FIJI-FISHERWOMEN.jpg?_i=AA 4000w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1763059646/tgh/2022-08-09T191204Z_767310876_RC2FBV9BTY18_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-FIJI-FISHERWOMEN/2022-08-09T191204Z_767310876_RC2FBV9BTY18_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-FIJI-FISHERWOMEN.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1763059646/tgh/2022-08-09T191204Z_767310876_RC2FBV9BTY18_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-FIJI-FISHERWOMEN/2022-08-09T191204Z_767310876_RC2FBV9BTY18_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-FIJI-FISHERWOMEN.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1763059646/tgh/2022-08-09T191204Z_767310876_RC2FBV9BTY18_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-FIJI-FISHERWOMEN/2022-08-09T191204Z_767310876_RC2FBV9BTY18_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-FIJI-FISHERWOMEN.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1763059646/tgh/2022-08-09T191204Z_767310876_RC2FBV9BTY18_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-FIJI-FISHERWOMEN/2022-08-09T191204Z_767310876_RC2FBV9BTY18_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-FIJI-FISHERWOMEN.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1763059646/tgh/2022-08-09T191204Z_767310876_RC2FBV9BTY18_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-FIJI-FISHERWOMEN/2022-08-09T191204Z_767310876_RC2FBV9BTY18_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-FIJI-FISHERWOMEN.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eFijian fisherwomen gather near a boat after returning from harvesting sea grapes at sea, near Namuaimada village, Viti Levu, Fiji, on July 14, 2022. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Jill Gralow\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n43:T44ba,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eKyrgyzstan, a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia, illustrates the severity of climate threats and the challenges of building resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAt last year's UN climate summit (COP29) held in Baku, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyz President Sadyr Japarov emphasized that Kyrgyzstan's glaciers—the source of much of its fresh water—have shrunk 16% over the past 70 years and noted projections suggesting a possible loss of \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/KYRGYZSTAN_cop29cmp19cma6_HLS_ENG.pdf\"\u003emore than 50% by 2100\u003c/a\u003e [PDF]. The implications are dire: Glacial melt fuels rivers \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/tajikistans-melting-glaciers-put-water-resources-under-stress-unep\"\u003ethat millions\u003c/a\u003e across Central Asia rely on, meaning accelerated loss directly translates to water scarcity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe combination of shrinking foreign aid, weak infrastru
13cture, and incomplete data collection leaves the country ill prepared to manage climate-related outbreaks, nutrition shortfalls, and heat waves. By introducing inclusive targets, equitable financing, and recognition that protecting health is central to building \u003ca href=\"https://kyrgyzstan.un.org/en/279975-pre-cop29-regional-conference-%E2%80%9Cadaptation-planning-and-financing-central-asia-road-cop29%E2%80%9D\"\u003eclimate resilience\u003c/a\u003e, this week's COP30 conference in Belém, Brazil, offers an opportunity to ensure that mountain communities are not sidelined.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eKyrgyzstan's unique mountainous geography renders it highly hazard prone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn April 2025, Bishkek hosted the Global Mountain Dialogue for Sustainable Development, drawing more than 200 delegates from 50 countries. The meeting amplified the message that mountain communities, despite being highly vulnerable, remain marginalized in climate and health planning. Such global forums have helped make these challenges more visible and have revealed the pressing need to bridge climate action and public health measures in Central Asia. Building on its role in convening global forums, Kyrgyzstan could emerge as a leader on climate and health by expanding environmental health programs and making health a pillar in its National Adaptation Plan (NAP).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eClimate Hazards and Health Threats\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eKyrgyzstan's unique mountainous geography renders it highly hazard prone. The \u003ca href=\"https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/15814-WB_Kyrgyz%20Republic%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf\"\u003eWorld Bank\u003c/a\u003e [PDF] estimates that the country experiences from 3,000 to 5,000 earthquakes annually and is subject to recurrent floods, avalanches, and landslides. Such shocks destroy infrastructure and displace communities and disrupt water and sanitation systems, creating conditions for infectious disease outbreaks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eApart from disasters, slow‑onset \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/puh2.22\"\u003eenvironmental risks\u003c/a\u003e impose heavy health burdens. Air pollution in Bishkek averages around 38 micrograms of particulate matter 2.5 (PM 2.5) per cubic meter of air—far above the World Health Organization guideline—and in Kyrgyzstan, about \u003ca href=\"https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/country-profiles/environmental-health/environmental-health-kgz-2024.pdf\"\u003e32% of deaths\u003c/a\u003e [PDF] from stroke and ischemic heart disease were linked to air pollution in 2019. As glaciers retreat and droughts intensify, floods and runoff increasingly contaminate rivers and wells, which many are forced to rely on. Water insecurity compounds health problems: \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/immersive-story/2024/09/26/building-a-water-secure-future-in-central-asia\"\u003eWorld Bank\u003c/a\u003e assessments estimate that roughly one‑third of rural Kyrgyzstan lacks access to safe drinking water and note that poor water quality drives high rates of hepatitis and diarrhea.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"693\" data-public-id=\"tgh/2020-11-02T060056Z_285060187_RC2UUJ9O02O9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-RUSSIA-KYRGYZSTAN/2020-11-02T060056Z_285060187_RC2UUJ9O02O9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-RUSSIA-KYRGYZSTAN.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_693,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1762972626/tgh/2020-11-02T060056Z_285060187_RC2UUJ9O02O9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-RUSSIA-KYRGYZSTAN/2020-11-02T060056Z_285060187_RC2UUJ9O02O9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-RUSSIA-KYRGYZSTAN.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Rakya Kudaiberdiyeva, a 75-year-old pensioner, uses a samovar to boil water outside her family\u0026#039;s rented house, in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, on October 13, 2020.\" class=\"wp-post-97108 wp-image-97111\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1762972626\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762972626/tgh/2020-11-02T060056Z_285060187_RC2UUJ9O02O9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-RUSSIA-KYRGYZSTAN/2020-11-02T060056Z_285060187_RC2UUJ9O02O9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-RUSSIA-KYRGYZSTAN.jpg?_i=AA 5868w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762972626/tgh/2020-11-02T060056Z_285060187_RC2UUJ9O02O9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-RUSSIA-KYRGYZSTAN/2020-11-02T060056Z_285060187_RC2UUJ9O02O9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-RUSSIA-KYRGYZSTAN.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762972626/tgh/2020-11-02T060056Z_285060187_RC2UUJ9O02O9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-RUSSIA-KYRGYZSTAN/2020-11-02T060056Z_285060187_RC2UUJ9O02O9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-RUSSIA-KYRGYZSTAN.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762972626/tgh/2020-11-02T060056Z_285060187_RC2UUJ9O02O9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-RUSSIA-KYRGYZSTAN/2020-11-02T060056Z_285060187_RC2UUJ9O02O9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-RUSSIA-KYRGYZSTAN.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762972626/tgh/2020-11-02T060056Z_285060187_RC2UUJ9O02O9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-RUSSIA-KYRGYZSTAN/2020-11-02T060056Z_285060187_RC2UUJ9O02O9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-RUSSIA-KYRGYZSTAN.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762972626/tgh/2020-11-02T060056Z_285060187_RC2UUJ9O02O9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-RUSSIA-KYRGYZSTAN/2020-11-02T060056Z_285060187_RC2UUJ9O02O9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-RUSSIA-KYRGYZSTAN.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eRakya Kudaiberdiyeva, a 75-year-old pensioner, uses a samovar to boil water outside her family's rented house, in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, on October 13, 2020. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Mariya Gordeyeva\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe result is a layered climate-health challenge in which acute hazards collide with chronic environmental pressures. Extreme heat waves and cold already endanger vulnerable populations. Research shows that each degree Celsius increase in temperature \u003ca href=\"https://journals.lww.com/epidem/abstract/2009/09000/extreme_high_temperatures_and_hospital_admissions.21.aspx\"\u003eraises hospital admissions\u003c/a\u003e by about 2.5%, that heavy precipitation can contaminate drinking‑water supplies, and that drought reduces water availability. Viral hepatitis, acute intestinal infections, and tick-borne illnesses are \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/8/6/219\"\u003eexpected to increase\u003c/a\u003e as warmer temperatures and more frequent floods create favorable conditions for waterborne and vector‑borne pathogens.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe Children's Climate Risk Index from the UN Children's Fund (\u003ca href=\"https://www.unicef.org/kyrgyzstan/press-releases/children-kyrgyzstan-high-risk-impacts-climate-crisis-unicef\"\u003eUNICEF\u003c/a\u003e) ranks Kyrgyzstan 94 out of 163 countries and reports that more than 1 million children live in areas highly exposed to disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and avalanches. The same assessment warns that Bishkek's deteriorating air quality is already driving higher rates of childhood asthma and respiratory illness and that more than 300,000 children are affected by respiratory diseases related to air pollution. Climate-driven temperature shifts and prolonged winter inversions trap fine particles in the valleys, and wildfire smoke and dust from glacier retreat persist. UNICEF stresses the importance of strengthening child‑focused social services, including health, nutrition, and sanitation, to buffer these escalating climate impacts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eAid Cuts, System Gaps\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eEven as awareness of climate-health challenges grows, international support is shrinking. In January 2025, the United States froze new development assistance to Central Asia: Kyrgyzstan lost \u003ca href=\"https://www.cgdev.org/blog/usaid-cuts-new-estimates-country-level\"\u003eabout 78%\u003c/a\u003e of its programs funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Tajikistan lost 69%, and several programs in other Central Asian countries were suspended. The aid withdrawal coincided with shifting Western \u003ca href=\"https://www.cgdev.org/blog/charting-fallout-
13aid-cuts\"\u003edonor priorities\u003c/a\u003e. Suspended initiatives \u003ca href=\"https://akipress.com/news:817099:Number_of_USAID_projects_suspended_in_Kyrgyzstan_after_Trump_s_inauguration/\"\u003eincluded\u003c/a\u003e hospital renovations, school safety programs, rural clinic repairs, and community water filtration projects. Emergency medical training and rural health infrastructure investments were canceled as aid was redirected to other crises.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThese cuts came at a precarious moment for Kyrgyzstan, a \u003ca href=\"https://data.who.int/countries/417\"\u003elower-middle-income\u003c/a\u003e country where the structurally fragmented health system already faces low funding, high out‑of‑pocket spending, unequal access, and shortages of medical personnel and hospital beds.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-tgh-newsletter-block\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"newsletter-block\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eFrom Plan to Practice\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eDespite these challenges, \u003ca href=\"https://www.undp.org/kyrgyzstan/press-releases/kyrgyzstan-has-presented-key-plan-adaptation-climate-change\"\u003eKyrgyzstan\u003c/a\u003e is still making progress on climate and health. In March 2025, the government released its NAP developed with support from the UN Development Program (UNDP). The plan identifies six priority sectors—agriculture and irrigation, health, emergency management, biodiversity conservation, energy, and climate‑resilient cities—and emphasizes strengthening disease surveillance, building heat wave preparedness, and ensuring hospitals have resilient water and energy supplies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe country has worked to elevate the profile of mountain-related issues in global forums, including the July 2025 environmental summit in Russia's Altai region, where Prime Minister Adylbek Kasymaliev announced new glacier monitoring systems across the \u003ca href=\"https://caspianpost.com/kyrgyzstan/kyrgyzstan-sets-goal-to-cut-greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-16-by-2030\"\u003eTien Shan and Pamir ranges\u003c/a\u003e. Kasymaliev reaffirmed voluntary targets to cut greenhouse‑gas emissions by 16% by 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Kyrgyzstan has championed the UN resolution on Sustainable Mountain Development and \u003ca href=\"https://mountains.gov.kg/news/1a7eee06-42ce-42f3-a4b6-d2ff0bbaa7ac/\"\u003eannounced\u003c/a\u003e that it will host a second Global Mountain Summit, titled Bishkek+25, in 2027. The University of Central Asia's \u003ca href=\"https://smd.ucentralasia.org/\"\u003eSustainable Mountain Development Program\u003c/a\u003e supported this effort and will host the upcoming International Climate and Health Conference in Bishkek next year.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eDomestically, the government has made efforts to link environmental action to public health outcomes. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.packaging-gateway.com/news/kyrgyzstan-revises-restrictions-single-use-plastics/\"\u003elaw enacted in 2025\u003c/a\u003e will implement a nationwide ban on single-use nonrecyclable plastics from 2027, aiming to protect fragile mountain ecosystems and water sources such as Lake Issyk‑Kul. President Japarov's \u003ca href=\"https://mnr.gov.kg/en/page/kampaniya-zasyl-muras\"\u003eZhashyl Muras\u003c/a\u003e (Green Legacy) campaign has planted more than 29 million trees since 2022 and aims to plant more than 70 million seedlings to reduce urban heat and preserve water flows. In addition, Kyrgyzstan expanded air-quality monitoring and launched a $50 million \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/11/29/world-bank-supports-air-quality-improvement-in-the-kyrgyz-republic\"\u003eAir Quality Improvement Project\u003c/a\u003e running from 2024 to 2030, financed by the World Bank, to promote clean heating and modernize city planning.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eLooking Ahead at COP30: Make Health Explicit\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAs countries gather in Belém for COP30, Central Asia's experience highlights that climate change is inseparable from health equity. In Kyrgyzstan, melting glaciers, worsening air pollution, and unsafe water disproportionately affect the poorest and most marginalized mountain communities, including children. Neglecting these links risks reversing progress in disease control, nutrition, and child health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eTo sustain momentum, COP30 leaders need to ensure all national plans embed measurable health-adaptation indicators and secure dedicated finance for mou
13ntain-region resilience. Although traditional aid flows have declined, new support could come through regional climate funds, blended financing, and partnerships with multilateral development banks. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eInternational donors and multilateral institutions need to address the aid gap by supporting Kyrgyzstan's adaptation plan and reinstating \u003ca href=\"https://thediplomat.com/2025/03/usaid-cuts-devastating-to-central-asia-programs/\"\u003ecommunity-based programs\u003c/a\u003e for health, water, and sanitation in Central Asia. At the same time, national and local authorities need to invest in climate‑sensitive health data, integrating \u003ca href=\"https://eurohealthobservatory.who.int/publications/i/health-systems-in-action-kyrgyzstan-2024\"\u003eindicators\u003c/a\u003e into health records, and expanding resilient infrastructure for clinics, laboratories, and emergency networks. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAs long as health remains excluded from climate policy, adaptation will fall short and hard-won health gains will be undermined. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"655\" data-public-id=\"tgh/2021-05-29T130059Z_1268419742_RC22PN9Y9QIV_RTRMADP_3_CENTERRA-GOLD-KYRGYZSTAN/2021-05-29T130059Z_1268419742_RC22PN9Y9QIV_RTRMADP_3_CENTERRA-GOLD-KYRGYZSTAN.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_655,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1762972363/tgh/2021-05-29T130059Z_1268419742_RC22PN9Y9QIV_RTRMADP_3_CENTERRA-GOLD-KYRGYZSTAN/2021-05-29T130059Z_1268419742_RC22PN9Y9QIV_RTRMADP_3_CENTERRA-GOLD-KYRGYZSTAN.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A general view shows the lake near the Petrov glacier, in the Tien Shan mountains, Kyrgyzstan, on May 28, 2021.\" class=\"wp-post-97108 wp-image-97110\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1762972363\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762972363/tgh/2021-05-29T130059Z_1268419742_RC22PN9Y9QIV_RTRMADP_3_CENTERRA-GOLD-KYRGYZSTAN/2021-05-29T130059Z_1268419742_RC22PN9Y9QIV_RTRMADP_3_CENTERRA-GOLD-KYRGYZSTAN.jpg?_i=AA 6639w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762972363/tgh/2021-05-29T130059Z_1268419742_RC22PN9Y9QIV_RTRMADP_3_CENTERRA-GOLD-KYRGYZSTAN/2021-05-29T130059Z_1268419742_RC22PN9Y9QIV_RTRMADP_3_CENTERRA-GOLD-KYRGYZSTAN.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762972363/tgh/2021-05-29T130059Z_1268419742_RC22PN9Y9QIV_RTRMADP_3_CENTERRA-GOLD-KYRGYZSTAN/2021-05-29T130059Z_1268419742_RC22PN9Y9QIV_RTRMADP_3_CENTERRA-GOLD-KYRGYZSTAN.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762972363/tgh/2021-05-29T130059Z_1268419742_RC22PN9Y9QIV_RTRMADP_3_CENTERRA-GOLD-KYRGYZSTAN/2021-05-29T130059Z_1268419742_RC22PN9Y9QIV_RTRMADP_3_CENTERRA-GOLD-KYRGYZSTAN.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762972363/tgh/2021-05-29T130059Z_1268419742_RC22PN9Y9QIV_RTRMADP_3_CENTERRA-GOLD-KYRGYZSTAN/2021-05-29T130059Z_1268419742_RC22PN9Y9QIV_RTRMADP_3_CENTERRA-GOLD-KYRGYZSTAN.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762972363/tgh/2021-05-29T130059Z_1268419742_RC22PN9Y9QIV_RTRMADP_3_CENTERRA-GOLD-KYRGYZSTAN/2021-05-29T130059Z_1268419742_RC22PN9Y9QIV_RTRMADP_3_CENTERRA-GOLD-KYRGYZSTAN.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA general view shows the lake near the Petrov glacier, in the Tien Shan mountains, Kyrgyzstan, on May 28, 2021. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Vladimir Pirogov\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n44:T4777,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eEvery year on November 19, the United Nations commemorates World Toilet Day to recognize that sanitation protects people from diseases and keeps the environment clean. This year's event, \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/en/observances/toilet-day\"\u003esanitation in a changing world\u003c/a\u003e,\" carries particular weight given that it overlaps with the thirtieth Conference of the Parties (COP30). As leaders convene in Belém, Brazil, home to the Amazon's water abundance but also sanitation scarcity, they have an opportunity to bridge discussions of waste and climate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eCOP30 presents a unique opportunity for countries to incorporate resilience to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) into their nationally determined contributions and national adaptation plans. Nearly half of the world's        population—\u003ca href=\"https://washdata.org/\"\u003e3.4 billion people\u003c/a\u003e—lack safely managed sanitation services. Alongside policy reform, climate finance should be explicitly earmarked for WASH adaptation and resilience. The
13se funds should be transparent, accountable, and tracked within national adaptation portfolios.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eGovernance, service delivery systems, and ongoing maintenance should also be at the core of financing strategies to ensure sanitation services survive and recover from economic shocks. This ploy requires scaling up proven climate-appropriate technologies—such as floating latrines, decentralized waste treatment, and bio-toilets—tailored to diverse geographies and risk profiles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/climate-change/en---belem-action-plan.pdf\"\u003eBelém Health Action Plan\u003c/a\u003e [PDF], adopted in the lead-up to COP30, offers a framework for building climate-resilient health systems through innovation, evidence, and inclusive governance. Yet the plan only gestures at water, sanitation, and hygiene and fails to provide concrete strategies for improving access to clean water—despite its foundational role in disease prevention, health equity, and resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eWhere Climate and Sanitation Intersect\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eClimate change and sanitation have a \u003ca href=\"https://iwaponline.com/jwh/article/23/9/1004/109356/Climate-adaptation-in-water-sanitation-and-hygiene\"\u003ebidirectional relationship\u003c/a\u003e. Climate hazards \u003ca href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025AWIES..74..405A/abstract\"\u003edestroy infrastructure\u003c/a\u003e. Floods can damage sewage infrastructures such as pit latrines, and droughts make water-based toilets unusable. Rising sea levels endanger coastal treatment plants. For example, in \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00403\"\u003esouthern Malawi\u003c/a\u003e, more than 1 in 5 households experienced wastewater disruption during climate shocks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eThat is why safe toilets are not optional amenities but core climate infrastructure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eMeanwhile, mismanaged waste contributes to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2020/05/SROCC_FAQs.pdf\"\u003emethane emissions\u003c/a\u003e [PDF], further warming the atmosphere and accelerating glacier melt and sea-level rise. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cli2.70014\"\u003eIn Nepal\u003c/a\u003e, a hotspot for ice eradication, 76% of rural water supply systems show very low to medium climate resilience. Experts have identified \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11027-024-10177-7\"\u003e25 design features\u003c/a\u003e that can make sanitation systems \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11027-024-10177-7\"\u003emore climate-resilient\u003c/a\u003e, from mitigating exposure to hazards to facilitating rapid recovery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn Brazil, Pará Governor Helder Barbalho emphasizes the impact of climate change on poverty, stating that without adaptation, the man-made phenomenon becomes a \u003ca href=\"https://cop30.br/pt-br/noticias-da-cop30/sem-adaptacao-mudanca-do-clima-torna-se-multiplicador-da-pobreza-afirma-presidente-da-cop30-em-nova-carta\"\u003emultiplier of poverty\u003c/a\u003e. That is why safe toilets are not optional amenities but core climate infrastructure: They must be planned, financed, and built to stay functional during floods, droughts, heatwaves, and storm surge—and to recover quickly when shocks occur. The scale of unmet need underscores the urgency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eToday, \u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/en/observances/toilet-day\"\u003e354 million people\u003c/a\u003e worldwide lack access to toilets and are forced to defecate in the open, often in dangerous and undignified conditions worldwide. In India, \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12180355/\"\u003e12.5% of households\u003c/a\u003e—approximately 162 million people—lacked access to a toilet in 2022 and 2023; many of these people live in urban slums or rural villages. Along Bangladesh's vulnerable coastline, where climate change already brings saltwater intrusion and devastating floods, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001706X25002633?via%3Dihub\"\u003e43.3% of households\u003c/a\u003e lack improved sanitation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAcross Brazil, coverage has improved but remains uneven. The \u003ca href=\"https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/39237-censo-2022-rede-de-esgoto-alcanca-62-5-da-populacao-mas-desigualdades-regionais-e-por-cor-e-raca-persistem\"\u003e2022 census\u003c/a\u003e found that 62.5% of residents lived in homes connected to a sewer network; 24.3% (49 million people) still relied on precarious sewage solutions; 0.6% lived in homes without a bathroom. The northern region remains the least served, reflecting deep regional disparities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn Belém, COP30's host city, reports indicate that \u003ca href=\"https://imdsbrasil.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/ImdsNT003-2024-BasicSanitationBrazilianMunicipalities.pdf\"\u003eonly 19.9%\u003c/a\u003e [PDF] of the population have access to sewer services—relative to the statewide average of 8.7%—leaving 80% of residents without sewage collection. The Instituto Água e Saneamento also emp
13hasizes flood risks—\u003ca href=\"https://www.aguaesaneamento.org.br/municipios-e-saneamento/pa/belem\"\u003e4.2% of households face inundation\u003c/a\u003e—and notes the lack of local risk maps and hydrological alert systems. Those factors highlight the need for proper sanitation planning and financing as climate infrastructure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe cost of poor sanitation is devastating. Approximately \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsestwater.2c00303\"\u003e800,000 people die every year\u003c/a\u003e from preventable deaths linked to inadequate sanitation, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240075610\"\u003e1,000 children under the age of 5\u003c/a\u003e every day. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109792\"\u003eClimate change exacerbates this issue\u003c/a\u003e: Compound drought and heatwave events increase the risk of childhood diarrhea by 40%. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(25)01919-1/fulltext\"\u003e2025 \u003cem\u003eLancet\u003c/em\u003e Countdown\u003c/a\u003e, nearly half of the global land area experienced extreme drought in 2023, and climate-induced health risks are increasing across all demographics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"685\" data-public-id=\"tgh/2020-11-10T100139Z_1262431090_RC2A0K9JFPNI_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-KENYA/2020-11-10T100139Z_1262431090_RC2A0K9JFPNI_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-KENYA.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_685,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1762539346/tgh/2020-11-10T100139Z_1262431090_RC2A0K9JFPNI_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-KENYA/2020-11-10T100139Z_1262431090_RC2A0K9JFPNI_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-KENYA.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A toilet block is submerged after the water levels at Lake Naivasha bulged to record high, pushing hundreds of people from surrounding farms, around Naivasha town, within Nakuru county, Kenya, on November 8, 2020.\" class=\"wp-post-97048 wp-image-97050\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1762539346\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762539346/tgh/2020-11-10T100139Z_1262431090_RC2A0K9JFPNI_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-KENYA/2020-11-10T100139Z_1262431090_RC2A0K9JFPNI_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-KENYA.jpg?_i=AA 4444w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762539346/tgh/2020-11-10T100139Z_1262431090_RC2A0K9JFPNI_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-KENYA/2020-11-10T100139Z_1262431090_RC2A0K9JFPNI_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-KENYA.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762539346/tgh/2020-11-10T100139Z_1262431090_RC2A0K9JFPNI_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-KENYA/2020-11-10T100139Z_1262431090_RC2A0K9JFPNI_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-KENYA.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762539346/tgh/2020-11-10T100139Z_1262431090_RC2A0K9JFPNI_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-KENYA/2020-11-10T100139Z_1262431090_RC2A0K9JFPNI_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-KENYA.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762539346/tgh/2020-11-10T100139Z_1262431090_RC2A0K9JFPNI_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-KENYA/2020-11-10T100139Z_1262431090_RC2A0K9JFPNI_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-KENYA.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762539346/tgh/2020-11-10T100139Z_1262431090_RC2A0K9JFPNI_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-KENYA/2020-11-10T100139Z_1262431090_RC2A0K9JFPNI_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-CHANGE-KENYA.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA toilet block is submerged after the water levels at Lake Naivasha bulged to record high, pushing hundreds of people from surrounding farms, around Naivasha town, within Nakuru county, Kenya, on November 8, 2020. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Monicah Mwangi\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.dovepress.com/cholera-crisis-in-somalia-a-call-for-comprehe
13nsive-and-sustained-globa-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGM\"\u003eSomalia's 2023 cholera outbreak\u003c/a\u003e—18,300 cases and 46 deaths—illustrates this deadly intersection of sanitation gaps, displacement, and climate-driven droughts. Yet the economic case for investing in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions is overwhelming: Every dollar spent on sanitation returns \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/6/536\"\u003e$5.50 in economic benefits\u003c/a\u003e. Conversely, inadequate sanitation contributes \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.202300358\"\u003e6.2 million tons of nitrogen pollution annually\u003c/a\u003e and incurs significant financial costs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eBuilding Resilience Through Innovation\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eDespite these challenges, remarkable innovations are emerging and can serve as a model to other nations. In Indonesia's Pulau Sembilan island chain, coastal communities developed \u003ca href=\"https://journal.umtas.ac.id/index.php/ABDIMAS/article/view/3003\"\u003ecost-effective floating latrines\u003c/a\u003e that adapt to their unique environment. In India's urban slums, \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/climate-action/momentum-for-change/activity-database/bio-toilets-sustainable-solution-for-impoverished-urbanites\"\u003ebio-toilets\u003c/a\u003e offer safe sanitation while mitigating gender-based safety risks. \u003ca href=\"https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/bitacora/article/view/113545/93370\"\u003eEcological sanitation systems\u003c/a\u003e are recovering nutrients and energy from human waste, transforming disposal problems into resource recovery opportunities in several countries, among them Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and South Africa.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eCommunity-led approaches are especially effective. \u003ca href=\"https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/ijg/article/view/98692\"\u003eBangladesh's participatory training programs\u003c/a\u003e resulted in a 25 percentage point increase in knowledge about hygienic latrines. Along the country's climate-vulnerable coast, \u003ca href=\"https://sanitationlearninghub.org/resource/a-participatory-assessment-for-climate-induced-wash-vulnerabilities-in-bangladesh/\"\u003eparticipatory assessments\u003c/a\u003e lead to locally driven adaptation planning. In \u003ca href=\"https://iwaponline.com/jwh/article/23/3/301/107337/WASH-for-everyone-everywhere-marketplaces-as-a\"\u003eVanuatu's marketplaces\u003c/a\u003e, where 93% of vendors are women, researchers identified markets as key leverage points for inclusive WASH access. Because women and girls are disproportionately exposed to unsafe or inaccessible sanitation—and face greater safety and health risks when services fail—focusing on them in these community hubs turns upgrades into drivers of equitable, climate-resilient WASH.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIndonesian cities are coproducing \u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23998083221098740\"\u003eclimate-resilient sanitation plans\u003c/a\u003e through collaborative processes that build governance capacity for long-term sustainability. In Tanzania, \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2025.322\"\u003eDar es Salaam's unplanned areas\u003c/a\u003e, improvements in manual emptying safety, and decentralized treatment show that progress is possible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-tgh-newsletter-block\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"newsletter-block\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eCOP 30: A Critical Moment\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAll countries should take part in solutions for climate change and sanitation. Sanitation policies should prioritize those most at risk—women, girls, people with disabilities, and displaced populations—with dedicated funding and indicators to track progress. Reliable and climate-sensitive data systems are urgently needed to inform investments, prevent duplication, and ensure maximum impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe Belém Plan's commitment to developing climate-health metrics should include sanitation-specific indicators, such as the percentage of safely managed sanitation coverage, climate-related disruption days of sanitation service per 10,000 people, and the sanitation greenhouse-gas footprint in CO₂ emissions per capita. Without metrics, progress will remain challenging to evaluate and difficult to finance or sustain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eTo entice country participation, public opinion needs to be taken into consideration. COP30 is moving toward that, and will feature a \u003ca href=\"https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/the-cop30-green-zone-will-be-open-to-the-public-no-accreditation-will-be-required\"\u003epublic Green Zone\u003c/a\u003e—an unprecedented opportunity for civil society, researchers, and sanitation champions of all ages—even those without accreditation—to engage. This platform should be used to elevate sanitation from a silent crisis to a shared global priority.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe government should support communities to codesign solutions. Examples from Bangladesh, India, and Vanuatu show that local leadership multiplies impact. The global health security argument is compelling: Disease outbreaks don't respect borders. Somalia's cholera crisis is affecting regional stability and could spread internationally.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe Belém Health Action Plan offers a blueprint for bridging climate and sanitation—but it will only succeed if sanitation is clearly defined within its targets, finance, and monitoring systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/2015-11-16T120000Z_1827700147_GF20000060621_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-TOILETS-WIDERIMAGE/2015-11-16T120000Z_1827700147_GF20000060621_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-TOILETS-WIDERIMAGE.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1762539621/tgh/2015-11-16T120000Z_1827700147_GF20000060621_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-TOILETS-WIDERIMAGE/2015-11-16T120000Z_1827700147_GF20000060621_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-TOILETS-WIDERIMAGE.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A dog runs past a bar toilet in the Turano slum, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on October 1, 2015.\" class=\"wp-post-97048 wp-image-97051\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1762539621\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762539621/tgh/2015-11-16T120000Z_1827700147_GF20000060621_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-TOILETS-WIDERIMAGE/2015-11-16T120000Z_1827700147_GF20000060621_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-TOILETS-WIDERIMAGE.jpg?_i=AA 5184w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762539621/tgh/2015-11-16T120000Z_1827700147_GF20000060621_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-TOILETS-WIDERIMAGE/2015-11-16T120000Z_1827700147_GF20000060621_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-TOILETS-WIDERIMAGE.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762539621/tgh/2015-11-16T120000Z_1827700147_GF20000060621_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-TOILETS-WIDERIMAGE/2015-11-16T120000Z_1827700147_GF20000060621_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-TOILETS-WIDERIMAGE.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762539621/tgh/2015-11-16T120000Z_1827700147_GF20000060621_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-TOILETS-WIDERIMAGE/2015-11-16T120000Z_1827700147_GF20000060621_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-TOILETS-WIDERIMAGE.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762539621/tgh/2015-11-16T120000Z_1827700147_GF20000060621_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-TOILETS-WIDERIMAGE/2015-11-16T120000Z_1827700147_GF20000060621_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-TOILETS-WIDERIMAGE.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1762539621/tgh/2015-11-16T120000Z_1827700147_GF20000060621_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-TOILETS-WIDERIMAGE/2015-11-16T120000Z_1827700147_GF20000060621_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-TOILETS-WIDERIMAGE.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA dog runs past a bar toilet in the Turano slum, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on October 1, 2015. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Sergio Moraes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n45:T6a26,\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eYellow fever is surging across the Amazon basin. From January to August 2025, health officials from Central and South America \u003ca href=\"https://shiny.paho-phe.org/yellowfever/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003econfirmed 270 human cases and 108 deaths\u003c/a\u003e—a 65-fold increase over the same period in 2024. Exacerbated by climate change, deforestation, shrinking vaccine coverage, and a more mobile population, the resurgence of this mosquito-borne disease coincides with the thirtieth United Nations Climate Change Conference (\u003ca href=\"https://cop30.br/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eCOP30\u003c/a\u003e), in Belém, Brazil.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eCOP30 offers a pivotal opportunity for leaders to address the intersection of climate change and health, nowhere more urgently than in the fight against yellow fever and other climate-sensitive diseases. The \u003ca href=\"https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/climate-change/en---belem-action-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eBelém Health Action Plan\u003c/a\u003e [PDF], developed by Brazil's health ministry and the World Health Organization (WHO), proposes building climate-resilient health systems and prioritizing infectious disease prevention. But beyond rhetoric and to fully deliver on its promise, the plan must include yellow fever. Integrating health into the plans at the heart of the Paris Agreement—n
13ationally determined contributions (NDCs)—and unlocking climate finance for immunization campaigns and surveillance could curb a resurging threat and protect millions from future climate-driven epidemics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAs leaders gather in the heart of the Amazon, home to one of the world's largest carbon sinks, they will find themselves in a hotspot for disease emergence. Policymakers can either confront yellow fever and the health consequences of ecological collapse or continue to treat climate and disease as separate crises. The price of inaction will be measured in lives lost, livelihoods disrupted, and communities destabilized.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eA Perfect Storm in the Amazon Basin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eOn March 26, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) issued an \u003ca href=\"https://www.paho.org/en/news/31-3-2025-paho-issues-new-epidemiological-alert-amid-rising-yellow-fever-cases-americas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eepidemiological alert\u003c/a\u003e [PDF] over a surge in yellow fever cases across the Americas. The first quarter of 2025 alone saw \u003ca href=\"https://www.paho.org/en/documents/lets-talk-about-health-ep-2-yellow-fever-resurging-danger\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003e131 cases and 53 deaths\u003c/a\u003e, more than double the 2024 total. Brazil and Colombia \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1198743X25003234\"\u003ehave reported infections\u003c/a\u003e in areas where city expansion meets rural and forested zones, such as São Paulo and Tolima—regions traditionally outside the yellow fever risk zone. This encroachment raises the risk of the virus reestablishing its urban transmission cycle through mosquitoes, something not seen \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12314251/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003ein more than 70 years\u003c/a\u003e. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeforestation and climate change accelerate and expand the virus's spread\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eYellow fever, caused by a \u003cem\u003eFlavivirus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-fever/php/transmission/index.html\"\u003etransmitted by mosquitoes\u003c/a\u003e such as \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eHaemagogus\u003c/em\u003e, circulates in a sylvatic (jungle) cycle where the blood-sucking bugs living in forest canopies bite monkeys who carry the virus. The mosquitoes then spread the virus to other monkeys and potentially to humans. Although this cycle—and the virus—are normally confined to forests such as the Amazon, the pathogen becomes a threat to humans when it spreads into urban areas, typically from infected travelers moving through forested areas.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470425/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eSymptoms\u003c/a\u003e range from high fever, muscle pain, and nausea in the early stages to a secondary toxic phase characterized by liver failure, jaundice, and bleeding. In severe cases, death occurs in 30% to 50% of patients. Without antiviral treatment, patient survival depends on supportive care and hydration—something that is rarely accessible in rural Amazonian communities.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eDeforestation and climate change accelerate and expand the virus's spread. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06970-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eThe clearing of forests in the Amazon\u003c/a\u003e reduces canopy cover, fragments ecosystems, and forces wildlife—such as monkeys and mosquitoes—into closer contact with human settlements. These land-use activities \u003ca href=\"https://healthpolicy-watch.news/yellow-fever-spillover-from-animals-in-amazon-basin-is-fueling-cases-in-the-americas/\"\u003eincrease the risk\u003c/a\u003e of yellow fever virus spillover from animals to people. Studies show that high forest edge densities and intermediate forest cover \u
13003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34341668/\"\u003esignificantly increase\u003c/a\u003e yellow fever events among humans and nonhuman primates.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eResearch on landscape structure in São Paulo likewise finds that forest-urban edges lower ecological resistance and accelerate viral spread. Recent reviews of mosquito-borne viruses in the Amazon \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/3/650?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"\u003ehighlight how\u003c/a\u003e deforestation, land-use change, and fragmented vegetation near settlements increase contact between sylvatic cycles and human populations. Entomological surveys in Brazil further show that mosquito abundance is highest \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/12/410?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"\u003enear forest fragments\u003c/a\u003e, underscoring the risks at these interfaces.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-public-id=\"tgh/2024-08-07T171301Z_1711263459_RC2YA9AMEDUH_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-ENVIRONMENT/2024-08-07T171301Z_1711263459_RC2YA9AMEDUH_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-ENVIRONMENT.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_683,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1760641239/tgh/2024-08-07T171301Z_1711263459_RC2YA9AMEDUH_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-ENVIRONMENT/2024-08-07T171301Z_1711263459_RC2YA9AMEDUH_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-ENVIRONMENT.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"A drone view shows a deforested plot of Brazil's Amazon rainforest, in the municipality of Humaita, Amazonas state, Brazil, on August 7, 2024.\" class=\"wp-post-96617 wp-image-96620\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1760641239\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760641239/tgh/2024-08-07T171301Z_1711263459_RC2YA9AMEDUH_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-ENVIRONMENT/2024-08-07T171301Z_1711263459_RC2YA9AMEDUH_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-ENVIRONMENT.jpg?_i=AA 5472w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760641239/tgh/2024-08-07T171301Z_1711263459_RC2YA9AMEDUH_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-ENVIRONMENT/2024-08-07T171301Z_1711263459_RC2YA9AMEDUH_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-ENVIRONMENT.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760641239/tgh/2024-08-07T171301Z_1711263459_RC2YA9AMEDUH_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-ENVIRONMENT/2024-08-07T171301Z_1711263459_RC2YA9AMEDUH_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-ENVIRONMENT.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760641239/tgh/2024-08-07T171301Z_1711263459_RC2YA9AMEDUH_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-ENVIRONMENT/2024-08-07T171301Z_1711263459_RC2YA9AMEDUH_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-ENVIRONMENT.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760641239/tgh/2024-08-07T171301Z_1711263459_RC2YA9AMEDUH_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-ENVIRONMENT/2024-08-07T171301Z_1711263459_RC2YA9AMEDUH_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-ENVIRONMENT.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760641239/tgh/2024-08-07T171301Z_1711263459_RC2YA9AMEDUH_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-ENVIRONMENT/2024-08-07T171301Z_1711263459_RC2YA9AMEDUH_RTRMADP_3_BRAZIL-ENVIRONMENT.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA drone view shows a deforested plot of Brazil's Amazon rainforest, in the municipality of Humaita, Amazonas state, Brazil, on August 7, 2024. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Adriano Machado\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAlthough direct evidence is limited for specific interventions, established vector-control measures—such as eliminating breeding sites, improving drainage, waste management, and maintaining green belts—remain critical components of urban resilience strategies that integrate disease prevention by design.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eRising temperatures and erratic rainfall patterns expand the range of mosquitoes and speed up their reproductive cycles. A \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.06942\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003e2024 study\u003c/a\u003e projects that South America's yellow fever and dengue risk zone could grow 7% by 2050 due to warming and changing precipitation. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.25.640139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eAnother study\u003c/a\u003e found that droughts in the Amazon are driving primates and mosquitoes into human-populated areas in search of water, dramatically increasing contact rates.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThis geographic convergence \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-58609-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eincreases the chances\u003c/a\u003e that populations already battling dengue or Zika could also face renewed outbreaks of yellow fever.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003ePrevention Starts Before the First Case\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003ePrevention remains the best defense against yellow fever. \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/initiatives/eye-strategy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eThe EYE Strategy (Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics)\u003c/a\u003e, launched in 2017 by the WHO, UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund), and Gavi, seeks to \u003ca href=\"https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/nearly-one-billion-
13people-africa-be-protected-against-yellow-fever-2026?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eprotect 1 billion people\u003c/a\u003e—mostly in Africa and the Americas—through stronger surveillance as well as mass and routine vaccination. \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news/item/08-11-2023-who--unicef--and-gavi--the-vaccine-alliance-pass-the-mid-point-of-the-global-10-year-strategy-to-eliminate-yellow-fever-epidemics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eYet midterm evaluations\u003c/a\u003e from the WHO warn that uneven coverage, limited surveillance, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/improving-yellow-fever-diagnostic-testing-more-efficient-effective-and-equitable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003efunding gaps\u003c/a\u003e threaten progress. Although Gavi has committed more than $400 million for vaccination through 2025, diagnostic efforts received just $8 million between 2019 and 2022, creating major delays in outbreak confirmation. National budgets often deprioritize yellow fever, leaving dangerous gaps in preparedness.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThrough the \u003ca href=\"https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/belem-health-action-plan-proposes-climate-response-with-a-focus-on-justice-and-equity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eBelém Health Action Plan (BHAP)\u003c/a\u003e—a strategic initiative within \u003ca href=\"https://cop30.br/en/action-agenda\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eCOP30's Action Agenda\u003c/a\u003e—Brazil aims to strengthen public health systems, advance equity, and promote climate justice. The initiative signals a broader recognition of the link between protecting ecosystems and preventing disease. It also calls for increased climate funding to boost vaccine production, epidemic surveillance, and rapid-response capacity across low- and middle-income countries.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"761\" data-public-id=\"tgh/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_761,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1760905315/tgh/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are seen inside Oxitec laboratory in Campinas, Brazil, on February 2, 2016.\" class=\"wp-post-96617 wp-image-96639\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1760905315\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760905315/tgh/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT.jpg?_i=AA 2754w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760905315/tgh/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760905315/tgh/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760905315/tgh/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760905315/tgh/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760905315/tgh/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT/2016-02-04T120000Z_879003356_GF10000295264_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-ZIKA-BRAZIL-TREATMENT.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eAedes aegypti mosquitoes are seen inside Oxitec laboratory in Campinas, Brazil, on February 2, 2016. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Paulo Whitaker\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://www.paho.org/en/yellow-fever-vaccine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003e17D vaccine\u003c/a\u003e for yellow fever, developed in the 1930s, provides lifelong immunity with a single dose in more than 95% of recipients. Yet vaccination coverage remains dangerously low. In Brazil, \u003ca href=\"https://immunizationdata.who.int/dashboard/regions/region-of-the-americas/BRA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eless than 75% of the population is immunized\u003c/a\u003e—far below the 95% threshold needed to prevent outbreaks. The COVID-19 pandemic \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35398300/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003edisrupted rout
13ine immunization\u003c/a\u003e, strained public health resources, and worsened hesitancy. At the same time, vaccine production remains limited to a handful of manufacturers and still relies on slow, egg-based techniques.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eCOP30 delegates now have an opportunity to turn plans into action—particularly by supporting scalable vaccine production technologies such as \u003ca href=\"https://ovagen.ie/author/peg-connor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003egerm-free egg and cell-culture platforms\u003c/a\u003e. These advances could enable countries to build regional vaccine stockpiles, improve health resilience, and respond more quickly as climate-driven outbreaks become more frequent. In doing so, they would fulfill Objective 16 of the COP30 Action Agenda: making health systems more adaptive, prepared, and regionally responsive.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAcross Latin America, creative local approaches are showing what climate-adapted prevention looks like in practice. In Colombia, outreach teams are using \u003ca href=\"https://www.paho.org/en/stories/yellow-fever-southern-colombia-strategy-dispelled-myths-and-boosted-vaccination\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eempathy-based communication\u003c/a\u003e and motivational interviewing to reduce vaccine hesitancy. In Peru, PAHO and local health authorities have developed \u003ca href=\"https://www.paho.org/en/news/18-7-2025-knowledge-dialogues-paho-contributes-positioning-intercultural-health-peru\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eintercultural health initiatives\u003c/a\u003e to reach Indigenous populations, including outreach efforts that adapt health materials to cultural contexts. In some regions, those efforts complement or substitute for traditional fixed health services. These approaches embody the inclusive, community-driven strategies that climate-health policy aims to scale—strengthening resilience from the ground up.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-tgh-newsletter-block\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"newsletter-block\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eIn Brazil, federal authorities and conservation agencies have run joint \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.br/mma/pt-br/noticias/noticia-acom-2018-01-2814\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003ecampaigns urging people to protect primates\u003c/a\u003e—key hosts in the yellow fever jungle cycle—explicitly tying prevention and conservation messaging to vaccination and early warning. Partnerships between nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), universities, and research institutes—including the Golden Lion Tamarin Association, Fiocruz Bio-Manguinhos, UENF, and ICMBio—led to \u003ca href=\"https://fiocruz.br/en/noticia/2025/02/article-vaccinating-monkeys-against-yellow-fever-published-vaccine\"\u003ethe first vaccination\u003c/a\u003e of endangered golden lion tamarins in the Atlantic Forest, a milestone that joined wildlife protection with disease prevention. At the same time, forecasting models and locally led monitoring efforts are helping Brazil anticipate outbreaks and respond faster. These efforts demonstrate how environmental data and community knowledge can work together to prevent disease before it spreads.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eBy bridging health, conservation, and climate, these interdisciplinary strategies offer a model for the Belém Health Action Plan to build on. Delegates can incorporate them into NDCs, secure climate financing for vaccination and surveillance, and accelerate innovation in vaccine production to strengthen regional preparedness.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eTech, Data, and Diplomacy: Strengthening Regional Health Resilience\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eInnovation is also transforming how scientists detect and contain outbreaks. In 2024, Brazil unveiled a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-74020-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003enew diagnostic test\u003c/a\u003e that can reliably detect the yellow fever virus in nonhuman primates within approximately 40 minutes. It functions like a portable lab, using a simple heating process rather than complex machines, making it faster and easier to use in the field. Although the pilot focused on monkeys, testing materials were designed with human-circulating strains in mind. Such tools could enable earlier detection of virus circulation in wildlife, improving the chances of acting before human outbreaks escalate. This kind of diagnostic advance directly supports Brazil's climate-health priorities by strengthening early warning at the forest frontier.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"\u003e\u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eTogether, advances in portable diagnostics, predictive modeling, and cross-border cooperation are shaping a new model for regional health resilience\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eTechnology is also reshaping preparedness through \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GH000870?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eenvironmental forecasting\u003c/a\u003e. Brazilian research teams have developed predictive models that use meteorological, ecohydrological, and historical yellow fever data to forecast outbreaks weeks in advance and identify high-risk municipalities long before cases appear. Although most models project up to three months ahead, they demonstrate how investment in data infrastru
13cture can strengthen early warning networks across the region. These tools reflect the BHAP's call for climate-informed surveillance and exemplify how integrated data strategies can help deliver on COP30's vision of resilient health systems.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAdditionally, regional collaboration is advancing. Countries sharing the Amazon basin have already begun coordinating health responses across borders. In 2025, \u003ca href=\"https://dpi.gov.gy/guyana-brazil-and-paho-launch-cross-border-vaccination-programme/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003ein Brazil's Roraima region\u003c/a\u003e, mobile health units are working to reach transient populations along both sides of the border. \u003ca href=\"https://www.paho.org/en/news/20-5-2025-colombia-strengthens-yellow-fever-surveillance-territorial-approach-putumayo?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eIn Colombia's Putumayo region\u003c/a\u003e, health teams worked with Brazil's Ministry of Health and PAHO to strengthen yellow fever surveillance, including primate and vector monitoring. Community-based surveillance models pioneered in Colombia are now being shared with Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Paraguay under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.paho.org/en/news/1-7-2024-paho-and-world-bank-launch-protect-project-strengthen-pandemic-response-south\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003ePROTECT project\u003c/a\u003e, and Fiocruz Amazônia and partners are piloting the \u003ca href=\"https://fiocruz.br/en/noticia/2023/06/fiocruz-amazonia-develops-project-strengthen-health-triple-border\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eINSIGHT initiative\u003c/a\u003e in the Triple Frontier of Brazil, Peru, and Colombia to build joint surveillance capacity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eTogether, advances in portable diagnostics, predictive modeling, and cross-border cooperation are shaping a new model for regional health resilience. As COP30 unfolds, investing in these tools could transform early detection into one of the Amazon's strongest shields against future epidemics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eThe Takeaway on COP30 and Yellow Fever\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h4\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eThe deeper lesson is that outbreaks emerge when the natural order frays. When forests are destroyed, mosquitoes and monkeys move closer to people. If rivers run dry or rainfall patterns change, vectors find new breeding grounds. When temperatures rise, viruses replicate faster. Pathogens once regulated by their environments now slip across ecological and political boundaries with ease.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003eAs delegates gather in Belém, they are not just negotiating emission targets—they are negotiating the health of the planet itself. COP30 offers a chance to treat health and climate as inseparable, to translate decades of scientific warning into coordinated global action. History will ask whether this was the summit at which leaders finally closed the gap between environmental development and human survival—or the summit they fell too short.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg width=\"1024\" height=\"681\" data-public-id=\"tgh/2025-10-13T150742Z_1843220446_RC21BHA26W33_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-COP30-BRAZIL/2025-10-13T150742Z_1843220446_RC21BHA26W33_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-COP30-BRAZIL.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/w_1024,h_681,c_scale/f_auto,q_auto/v1760640492/tgh/2025-10-13T150742Z_1843220446_RC21BHA26W33_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-COP30-BRAZIL/2025-10-13T150742Z_1843220446_RC21BHA26W33_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-COP30-BRAZIL.jpg?_i=AA\" alt=\"Brazil\u0026#039;s Finance Minister Fernando Haddad speaks next to Simon Stiell, Executive Secretary of UN Climate Change (UNFCCC), and Brazil\u0026#039;s COP30 President Andre Correa do Lago during the ministerial preparatory meeting ahead of the COP30 Climate Summit, in Brasilia, Brazil, on October 13, 2025.\" class=\"wp-post-96617 wp-image-96619\" data-format=\"jpg\" data-transformations=\"f_auto,q_auto\" data-version=\"1760640492\" data-seo=\"1\" srcset=\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760640492/tgh/2025-10-13T150742Z_1843220446_RC21BHA26W33_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-COP30-BRAZIL/2025-10-13T150742Z_1843220446_RC21BHA26W33_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-COP30-BRAZIL.jpg?_i=AA 5328w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760640492/tgh/2025-10-13T150742Z_1843220446_RC21BHA26W33_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-COP30-BRAZIL/2025-10-13T150742Z_1843220446_RC21BHA26W33_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-COP30-BRAZIL.jpg?_i=AA 300w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760640492/tgh/2025-10-13T150742Z_1843220446_RC21BHA26W33_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-COP30-BRAZIL/2025-10-13T150742Z_1843220446_RC21BHA26W33_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-COP30-BRAZIL.jpg?_i=AA 768w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760640492/tgh/2025-10-13T150742Z_1843220446_RC21BHA26W33_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-COP30-BRAZIL/2025-10-13T150742Z_1843220446_RC21BHA26W33_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-COP30-BRAZIL.jpg?_i=AA 1024w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760640492/tgh/2025-10-13T150742Z_1843220446_RC21BHA26W33_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-COP30-BRAZIL/2025-10-13T150742Z_1843220446_RC21BHA26W33_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-COP30-BRAZIL.jpg?_i=AA 1536w, https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1760640492/tgh/2025-10-13T150742Z_1843220446_RC21BHA26W33_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-COP30-BRAZIL/2025-10-13T150742Z_1843220446_RC21BHA26W33_RTRMADP_3_CLIMATE-COP30-BRAZIL.jpg?_i=AA 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eBrazil's Finance Minister Fernando Haddad speaks next to Simon Stiell, Executive Secretary of UN Climate Change and Brazil's COP30 President Andre Correa do Lago during the ministerial preparatory meeting ahead of the COP30 Climate Summit, in Brasilia, Brazil, on October 13, 2025. \u003cspan class=\"credit\"\u003eREUTERS/Mateus Bonomi\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n34:[\"$\",\"$L3c\",null,{\"jsonEndpoint\"
13:\"/topic/json/?categoryId=25\",\"initialArticles\":[{\"id\":101515,\"title\":\"Trauma, Destruction, Disruption: Nepal's Health Workers Struggle in Aftermath of Floods\",\"content\":\"$3d\",\"slug\":\"trauma-destruction-disruption-nepals-health-workers-struggle-in-aftermath-of-floods\",\"date\":\"2026-09-29T07:00:00\",\"dateGmt\":\"2026-09-29T11:00:00\",\"modifiedGmt\":\"2026-09-28T20:36:05\",\"category\":{\"id\":25,\"name\":\"Environment\",\"slug\":\"environment\"},\"subheadline\":\"Funding to rebuild remains scarce as Nepal's overburdened health system works to address postdisaster public health threats\",\"immersive_header\":\"immersive\",\"header_color\":\"green\",\"header_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790615218/tgh/07_Nepal-flood/07_Nepal-flood.jpeg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"default\",\"altText\":\"Aerial view of flood-ravaged Betrawati in Rasuwa; many houses are buried beneath the mud, on August 29, 2026.\",\"caption\":\"Aerial view of flood-ravaged Betrawati in Rasuwa; many houses are buried beneath the mud, on August 29, 2026. \",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":4032,\"height\":2268,\"credit\":\"Photo courtesy of Manish Aryal\"},\"affiliation\":\"\",\"recirculation_copy\":\"Funding to rebuild remains scarce as Nepal's overburdened health system works to address postdisaster public health threats\",\"recirculation_image_center_crop\":false,\"thumbnail_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790615218/tgh/07_Nepal-flood/07_Nepal-flood.jpeg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"default\",\"altText\":\"Aerial view of flood-ravaged Betrawati in Rasuwa; many houses are buried beneath the mud, on August 29, 2026.\",\"caption\":\"Aerial view of flood-ravaged Betrawati in Rasuwa; many houses are buried beneath the mud, on August 29, 2026. \",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":4032,\"height\":2268,\"credit\":\"Photo courtesy of Manish Aryal\"},\"social_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1790615218/tgh/07_Nepal-flood/07_Nepal-flood.jpeg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"default\",\"altText\":\"Aerial view of flood-ravaged Betrawati in Rasuwa; many houses are buried beneath the mud, on August 29, 2026.\",\"caption\":\"Aerial view of flood-ravaged Betrawati in Rasuwa; many houses are buried beneath the mud, on August 29, 2026. \",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":4032,\"height\":2268,\"credit\":\"Photo courtesy of Manish Aryal\"},\"author_bio\":[{\"id\":81080,\"name\":\"Tanka Dhakal\",\"slug\":\"tanka-dhakal\",\"teaser\":\"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan lang=\\\"EN-US\\\"\u003eTanka Dhakal is an independent journalist based in Kathmandu, Nepal.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\"},{\"id\":101522,\"name\":\"Bhagirathi Pandit\",\"slug\":\"bhagirathi-pandit\",\"teaser\":\"Bhagirathi Pandit is an independent journalist based in Nepal.\"}],\"tags\":[{\"id\":9,\"name\":\"Climate Change\",\"slug\":\"climate-change\"},{\"id\":57,\"name\":\"Flooding\",\"slug\":\"flooding\"},{\"id\":534,\"name\":\"Infectious Disease\",\"slug\":\"infectious-disease\"},{\"id\":443,\"name\":\"Natural Disasters\",\"slug\":\"natural-disasters\"},{\"id\":344,\"name\":\"Nepal\",\"slug\":\"nepal\"}],\"related_post_ids\":[],\"hasNewsletterPlaceholder\":false},{\"id\":101309,\"title\":\"India's Climate Plans Miss Those Most at Risk\",\"content\":\"$3e\",\"slug\":\"indias-climate-plans-miss-those-most-at-risk\",\"date\":\"2026-09-17T16:40:35\",\"dateGmt\":\"2026-09-17T20:40:35\",\"modifiedGmt\":\"2026-09-17T20:40:35\",\"category\":{\"id\":25,\"name\":\"Environment\",\"slug\":\"environment\"},\"subheadline\":\"Tracking caste-like hierarchies in climate and health metrics could help countries better mitigate extreme heat harms across South Asia and Africa\",\"immersive_header\":\"immersive\",\"header_color\":\"warm-gray\",\"header_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789677230/tgh/2020-04-24T000000Z_1908358322_RC2XAG988SB9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-SOUTHASIA/2020-04-24T000000Z_1908358322_RC2XAG988SB9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-SOUTHASIA.jpg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"Spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in New Delhi\",\"altText\":\"A laborer wearing a protective face mask looks on as he cleans the sewers, in New Delhi, India, on April 24, 2020.\",\"caption\":\"A laborer wearing a protective face mask looks on as he cleans the sewers, in New Delhi, India, on April 24, 2020.\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":6720,\"height\"
13:4480,\"credit\":\"REUTERS/Anushree Fadnavis\"},\"affiliation\":\"\",\"recirculation_copy\":\"Tracking caste-like hierarchies in climate and health metrics could help countries better mitigate extreme heat harms across South Asia and Africa\",\"recirculation_image_center_crop\":false,\"thumbnail_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789677230/tgh/2020-04-24T000000Z_1908358322_RC2XAG988SB9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-SOUTHASIA/2020-04-24T000000Z_1908358322_RC2XAG988SB9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-SOUTHASIA.jpg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"Spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in New Delhi\",\"altText\":\"A laborer wearing a protective face mask looks on as he cleans the sewers, in New Delhi, India, on April 24, 2020.\",\"caption\":\"A laborer wearing a protective face mask looks on as he cleans the sewers, in New Delhi, India, on April 24, 2020.\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":6720,\"height\":4480,\"credit\":\"REUTERS/Anushree Fadnavis\"},\"social_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789677230/tgh/2020-04-24T000000Z_1908358322_RC2XAG988SB9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-SOUTHASIA/2020-04-24T000000Z_1908358322_RC2XAG988SB9_RTRMADP_3_HEALTH-CORONAVIRUS-SOUTHASIA.jpg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"Spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in New Delhi\",\"altText\":\"A laborer wearing a protective face mask looks on as he cleans the sewers, in New Delhi, India, on April 24, 2020.\",\"caption\":\"A laborer wearing a protective face mask looks on as he cleans the sewers, in New Delhi, India, on April 24, 2020.\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":6720,\"height\":4480,\"credit\"
13:\"REUTERS/Anushree Fadnavis\"},\"author_bio\":[{\"id\":101344,\"name\":\"David Sathuluri\",\"slug\":\"david-sathuluri\",\"teaser\":\"David Sathuluri is founder and codirector of the Laboratory on AI, Climate and Society at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University.\"}],\"tags\":[{\"id\":9,\"name\":\"Climate Change\",\"slug\":\"climate-change\"},{\"id\":884,\"name\":\"El Niño\",\"slug\":\"el-nino\"},{\"id\":288,\"name\":\"Extreme Weather\",\"slug\":\"extreme-weather\"},{\"id\":570,\"name\":\"Heat\",\"slug\":\"heat\"},{\"id\":287,\"name\":\"Hygiene\",\"slug\":\"hygiene\"},{\"id\":54,\"name\":\"India\",\"slug\":\"india\"},{\"id\":750,\"name\":\"Sanitation\",\"slug\":\"sanitation\"},{\"id\":357,\"name\":\"South Asia\",\"slug\":\"south-asia\"}],\"related_post_ids\":[82340,97048,99280,82346],\"hasNewsletterPlaceholder\":true},{\"id\":101263,\"title\":\"Antimicrobial Resistance Threatens Bangladesh's Coasts\",\"content\":\"$3f\",\"slug\":\"antimicrobial-resistance-threatens-bangladeshs-coasts\",\"date\":\"2026-09-14T07:00:00\",\"dateGmt\":\"2026-09-14T11:00:00\",\"modifiedGmt\":\"2026-09-11T20:59:57\",\"category\":{\"id\":25,\"name\":\"Environment\",\"slug\":\"environment\"},\"subheadline\":\"Rising salinity in Bangladesh's waters—which could worsen under a record-breaking El Niño—has created the perfect conditions for aquatic pathogens to multiply\",\"immersive_header\":\"immersive\",\"header_color\":\"black\",\"header_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151209/tgh/a-ZHC_4978/a-ZHC_4978.jpg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"a ZHC_4978\",\"altText\":\"A man feeds a shrimp pond, scattering food across the water to sustain the growing stock. Photo taken on March 5, 2026, in Koyra subdistrict, Khulna district.\",\"caption\":\"A man feeds a shrimp pond, scattering food across the water to sustain the growing stock. Photo taken on March 5, 2026, in Koyra subdistrict, Khulna district.\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":4804,\"height\":3203,\"credit\":\"Photo courtesy of Zakir Hossain Chowdhury\"},\"affiliation\":\"\",\"recirculation_copy\":\"Rising salinity in Bangladesh's waters—which could worsen under a record-breaking El Niño—has created the perfect conditions for aquatic pathogens to multiply\",\"recirculation_image_center_crop\":false,\"thumbnail_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151209/tgh/a-ZHC_4978/a-ZHC_4978.jpg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"a ZHC_4978\",\"altText\":\"A man feeds a shrimp pond, scattering food across the water to sustain the growing stock. Photo taken on March 5, 2026, in Koyra subdistrict, Khulna district.\",\"caption\":\"A man feeds a shrimp pond, scattering food across the water to sustain the growing stock. Photo taken on March 5, 2026, in Koyra subdistrict, Khulna district.\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":4804,\"height\":3203,\"credit\":\"Photo courtesy of Zakir Hossain Chowdhury\"},\"social_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1789151209/tgh/a-ZHC_4978/a-ZHC_4978.jpg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"a ZHC_4978\",\"altText\":\"A man feeds a shrimp pond, scattering food across the water to sustain the growing stock. Photo taken on March 5, 2026, in Koyra subdistrict, Khulna district.\",\"caption\":\"A man feeds a shrimp pond, scattering food across the water to sustain the growing stock. Photo taken on March 5, 2026, in Koyra subdistrict, Khulna district.\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":4804,\"height\":3203,\"credit\":\"Photo courtesy of Zakir Hossain Chowdhury\"},\"author_bio\":[{\"id\":100946,\"name\":\"Zakir Hossain Chowdhury\",\"slug\":\"zakir-hossain-chowdhury\",\"teaser\":\"Zakir Hossain Chowdhury is a freelance visual journalist and writer based in Bangladesh.\"}],\"tags\":[{\"id\":34,\"name\":\"Antibiotic Resistance\",\"slug\":\"antibiotic-resistance\"},{\"id\":13,\"name\":\"Bangladesh\",\"slug\":\"bangladesh\"},{\"id\":9,\"name\":\"Climate Change\",\"slug\":\"climate-change\"},{\"id\":627,\"name\":\"food\",\"slug\":\"food\"}],\"related_post_ids\":[],\"hasNewsletterPlaceholder\":true},{\"id\":101108,\"title\":\"Improving Kenya's Carbon Market to Support Health and Climate\",\"content\":\"$40\",\"slug\":\"improving-kenyas-carbon-market-to-support-health-and-climate\",\"date\":\"2026-08-26T07:00:00\",\"dateGmt\":\"2026-08-26T11:00:00\",\"modifiedGmt\":\"2026-08-26T13:49:13\",\"category\":{\"id\":25,\"name\":\"Environment\",\"slug\":\"environment\"},\"subheadline\":\"Building on the success of projects like Mikoko Pamoja, Kenya is working to regulate its carbon market to address past controversy and secure community gains\",\"immer
13sive_header\":\"immersive\",\"header_color\":\"green\",\"header_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1787683175/tgh/SAUMUB_1/SAUMUB_1.jpg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"SAUMUB_1\",\"altText\":\"Young mother standing holding a baby at Gazi dispensary, with white head wrap. Saumu Bakari, from a neighboring Zero Zero village that is yet to have its own dispensary, receives maternal and child health services at Gazi dispensary. The Mikoko Pamoja project continues to support the dispensary.\",\"caption\":\"Young mother stands while holding a baby, at Gazi dispensary, in Gazi Bay, Southern Kenya. The Mikoko Pamoja project continues to support the dispensary\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":3264,\"height\":2448,\"credit\":\"Photo courtesy of Joyce Chimbi\"},\"affiliation\":\"\",\"recirculation_copy\":\"Building on the success of projects like Mikoko Pamoja, Kenya is working to regulate its carbon market to address past controversy and secure community gains\",\"recirculation_image_center_crop\":false,\"thumbnail_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1787683175/tgh/SAUMUB_1/SAUMUB_1.jpg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"SAUMUB_1\",\"altText\":\"Young mother standing holding a baby at Gazi dispensary, with white head wrap. Saumu Bakari, from a neighboring Zero Zero village that is yet to have its own dispensary, receives maternal and child health services at Gazi dispensary. The Mikoko Pamoja project continues to support the dispensary.\",\"caption\":\"Young mother stands while holding a baby, at Gazi dispensary, in Gazi Bay, Southern Kenya. The Mikoko Pamoja project continues to support the dispensary\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":3264,\"height\":2448,\"credit\":\"Photo courtesy of Joyce Chimbi\"},\"social_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1787683175/tgh/SAUMUB_1/SAUMUB_1.jpg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"SAUMUB_1\",\"altText\":\"Young mother standing holding a baby at Gazi dispensary, with white head wrap. Saumu Bakari, from a neighboring Zero Zero village that is yet to have its own dispensary, receives maternal and child health services at Gazi dispensary. The Mikoko Pamoja project continues to support the dispensary.\",\"caption\":\"Young mother stands while holding a baby, at Gazi dispensary, in Gazi Bay, Southern Kenya. The Mikoko Pamoja project continues to support the dispensary\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":3264,\"height\":2448,\"credit\":\"Photo courtesy of Joyce Chimbi\"},\"author_bio\":[{\"id\":101114,\"name\":\"Joyce Chimbi\",\"slug\":\"joyce-chimbi\",\"teaser\":\"Joyce Chimbi is an environment and health journalist based in Nairobi, Kenya. She specializes in solutions journalism at the intersection of climate change, biodiversity, environment, and health.\"}],\"tags\":[{\"id\":32,\"name\":\"Africa\",\"slug\":\"africa\"},{\"id\":9,\"name\":\"Climate Change\",\"slug\":\"climate-change\"},{\"id\":878,\"name\":\"Emissions\",\"slug\":\"emissions\"},{\"id\":399,\"name\":\"Kenya\",\"slug\":\"kenya\"}],\"related_post_ids\":[],\"hasNewsletterPlaceholder\":true},{\"id\":99491,\"title\":\"Iran's Black Rain and the Health Shadow of Oil Wars\",\"content\":\"$41\",\"slug\":\"irans-black-rain-and-the-health-shadow-of-oil-wars\",\"date\":\"2026-04-10T07:00:00\",\"dateGmt\":\"2026-04-10T11:00:00\",\"modifiedGmt\":\"2026-07-20T13:13:21\",\"category\":{\"id\":25,\"name\":\"Environment\",\"slug\":\"environment\"},\"subheadline\":\"The environment is a casualty of the Iran war, as \\\"black rain\\\" creates toxic damage that typically endures\",\"immersive_header\":\"immersive\",\"header_color\":\"black\",\"header_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775756423/tgh/2026-03-11T133359Z_1153692873_RC2M1KAKFPYH_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS/2026-03-11T133359Z_1153692873_RC2M1KAKFPYH_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.jpg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"Black soot after reported black rain following a strike on fuel tanks, amid the U.S.-Israeli conflict with Iran, in Tehran\",\"altText\":\"Black soot after reported black rain following a strike on fuel tanks, in Tehran, Iran, on March 10, 2026.\",\"caption\":\"Black soot after reported black rain following a strike on fuel tanks, in Tehran, Iran, on March 10, 2026.\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":5128,\"height\"
13:3419,\"credit\":\"Majid Asgaripour/West Asia News Agency via REUTERS \"},\"affiliation\":\"\",\"recirculation_copy\":\"The environment is a casualty of the Iran war, as \\\"black rain\\\" creates toxic damage that typically endures\",\"recirculation_image_center_crop\":false,\"thumbnail_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775756423/tgh/2026-03-11T133359Z_1153692873_RC2M1KAKFPYH_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS/2026-03-11T133359Z_1153692873_RC2M1KAKFPYH_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.jpg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"Black soot after reported black rain following a strike on fuel tanks, amid the U.S.-Israeli conflict with Iran, in Tehran\",\"altText\":\"Black soot after reported black rain following a strike on fuel tanks, in Tehran, Iran, on March 10, 2026.\",\"caption\":\"Black soot after reported black rain following a strike on fuel tanks, in Tehran, Iran, on March 10, 2026.\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":5128,\"height\":3419,\"credit\":\"Majid Asgaripour/West Asia News Agency via REUTERS \"},\"social_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1775756403/tgh/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS/2026-03-08T114718Z_508588162_RC2B0KA7PS56_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.jpg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"Smoke rises after a reported strike on Shahran fuel tanks, amid the U.S.-Israeli conflict with Iran, in Tehran\",\"altText\":\"People record smoke rising after a reported strike on Shahran fuel tanks, in Tehran, Iran, on March 8, 2026.\",\"caption\":\"People record smoke rising after a reported strike on Shahran fuel tanks, in Tehran, Iran, on March 8, 2026. Majid Asgaripour/WANA (West Asia News Agency) via REUTERS\",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":5360,\"height\":3573,\"credit\":\"Majid Asgaripour/WANA (West Asia News Agency) via REUTERS \"},\"author_bio\":[{\"id\":99486,\"name\":\"Abraham Marshall Nunbogu\",\"slug\":\"abraham-marshall-nunbogu\",\"teaser\":\"Abraham Marshall Nunbogu, PhD, is a researcher at the UN University Institute for Water, Environment and Health,  focusing on water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and health.\"},{\"id\":99487,\"name\":\"Rohit Ramchandani\",\"slug\":\"rohit-ramchandani\",\"teaser\":\"Rohit Ramchandani, DrPH, is the innovation and strategic partnerships officer at the UN University Institute for Water, Environment and Health.\"},{\"id\":99488,\"name\":\"Mehreen Shami\",\"slug\":\"mehreen-shami\",\"teaser\":\"Mehreen Shami is a junior policy fellow at the UN University Institute for Water, Environment and Health.\"},{\"id\":99489,\"name\":\"Wania Khan\",\"slug\":\"wania-khan\",\"teaser\":\"Wania Khan is a youth fellow in capacity-building for disaster risk reduction at the UN University Institute for Water, Environment and Health.\"},{\"id\":99490,\"name\":\"Kaveh Madani\",\"slug\":\"kaveh-madani\",\"teaser\":\"Kaveh Madani is the director of the UN University Institute for Water, Environment and Health.\"}],\"tags\":[{\"id\":674,\"name\":\"Air Quality\",\"slug\":\"air-quality\"},{\"id\":177,\"name\":\"Conflict\",\"slug\":\"conflict\"},{\"id\":115,\"name\":\"Environmental Health\",\"slug\":\"environmental-health\"},{\"id\":253,\"name\":\"Iran\",\"slug\":\"iran\"},{\"id\":867,\"name\":\"Iran War\",\"slug\":\"iran-war\"},{\"id\":180,\"name\":\"Middle East\",\"slug\":\"middle-east\"},{\"id\":198,\"name\":\"Noncommunicable Diseases\",\"slug\":\"noncommunicable-diseases\"},{\"id\":11,\"name\":\"Water\",\"slug\":\"water\"}],\"related_post_ids\":[99209,98940,99339],\"hasNewsletterPlaceholder\":true},{\"id\":97134,\"title\":\"Small Island Nations Remain Sidelined at Climate Conferences\",\"content\":\"$42\",\"slug\":\"small-island-nations-remain-sidelined-at-climate-conferences\",\"date\":\"2025-11-14T07:00:00\",\"dateGmt\":\"2025-11-14T12:00:00\",\"modifiedGmt\":\"2025-11-13T21:21:47\",\"category\":{\"id\":25,\"name\":\"Environment\",\"slug\":\"environment\"},\"subheadline\":\"The lack of diversity behind climate decision-making has direct consequences for how the world responds to the crisis\",\"immer
13sive_header\":\"immersive\",\"header_color\":\"light-blue\",\"header_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1763061189/tgh/2013-06-13T120000Z_1580139326_LM2E96A14G101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE/2013-06-13T120000Z_1580139326_LM2E96A14G101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE.jpg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"Binata Pinata scales a fish her husband Kaibakia caught, as she sits in the sea just off Bikeman islet, located off South Tarawa in the central Pacific island nation of Kiribati\",\"altText\":\"Binata Pinata scales a fish her husband caught, as she sits in the sea just off Bikeman islet, located off South Tarawa, in the central Pacific island nation of Kiribati, on May 25, 2013.\",\"caption\":\"Binata Pinata scales a fish her husband caught, as she sits in the sea just off Bikeman islet, located off South Tarawa, in the central Pacific island nation of Kiribati, on May 25, 2013. \",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":3500,\"height\":2267,\"credit\"
13:\"REUTERS/David Gray\"},\"affiliation\":\"\",\"recirculation_copy\":\"The lack of diversity behind climate decision-making has direct consequences for how the world responds to the crisis\",\"recirculation_image_center_crop\":false,\"thumbnail_image\":{\"sourceUrl\":\"https://res.cloudinary.com/dmovl8u5q/images/f_auto,q_auto/v1763061189/tgh/2013-06-13T120000Z_1580139326_LM2E96A14G101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE/2013-06-13T120000Z_1580139326_LM2E96A14G101_RTRMADP_3_KIRIBATI-CLIMATE.jpg?_i=AA\",\"title\":\"Binata Pinata scales a fish her husband Kaibakia caught, as she sits in the sea just off Bikeman islet, located off South Tarawa in the central Pacific island nation of Kiribati\",\"altText\":\"Binata Pinata scales a fish her husband caught, as she sits in the sea just off Bikeman islet, located off South Tarawa, in the central Pacific island nation of Kiribati, on May 25, 2013.\",\"caption\":\"Binata Pinata scales a fish her husband caught, as she sits in the sea just off Bikeman islet, located off South Tarawa, in the central Pacific island nation of Kiribati, on May 25, 2013. \",\"description\":\"\",\"mediaType\":\"image\",\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"width\":3500,\"height\":2267,\"credit\"
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