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302.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
303/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */
304</style>
305
306<link rel='stylesheet' id='cresta-social-crestafont-css' href='https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/plugins/cresta-social-share-counter-pro/css/csscfont.min.css?ver=2.9.9.7' media='all' />
307<link rel='stylesheet' id='cresta-social-wp-style-css' href='https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/plugins/cresta-social-share-counter-pro/css/cresta-wp-css.min.css?ver=2.9.9.7' media='all' />
308<link rel='stylesheet' id='wpo_min-header-2-css' href='https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1788874992/assets/wpo-minify-header-cresta-social-googlefonts.min.css' media='all' />
309<link rel='stylesheet' id='cresta-social-hover-css' href='https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/plugins/cresta-social-share-counter-pro/css/cresta-hover.min.css?ver=2.9.9.7' media='all' />
310<link rel='stylesheet' id='wpo_min-header-4-css' href='https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1788874992/assets/wpo-minify-header-linkssc-style.min.css' media='all' />
311<link rel='stylesheet' id='wpo_min-header-5-css' href='https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1788874992/assets/wpo-minify-header-social-icons-general.min.css' media='all' />
312<link rel='stylesheet' id='wpo_min-header-6-css' href='https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1788874992/assets/wpo-minify-header-paperback-style1553303731.min.css' media='all' />
313<link rel='stylesheet' id='wpo_min-header-7-css' href='https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1788874992/assets/wpo-minify-header-child-style1553303731.min.css' media='all' />
314<link rel='stylesheet' id='wpo_min-header-8-css' href='https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1788874992/assets/wpo-minify-header-paperback-fonts.min.css' media='all' />
315<link rel='stylesheet' id='wpo_min-header-9-css' href='https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1788874992/assets/wpo-minify-header-font-awesome1553303731.min.css' media='all' />
316<link rel='stylesheet' id='wpmu-wpmu-ui-3-min-css-css' href='https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/plugins/popover/inc/external/wpmu-lib/css/wpmu-ui.3.min.css?ver=7.1.1' media='all' />
317<link rel='stylesheet' id='wpmu-animate-3-min-css-css' href='https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/plugins/popover/inc/external/wpmu-lib/css/animate.3.min.css?ver=7.1.1' media='all' />
318<script id="jquery-core-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 318
318
319<script id="jquery-migrate-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1"></script>
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319
320<script async data-wp-strategy="async" id="exactmetrics-frontend-script-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/plugins/exactmetrics-premium/assets/js/frontend-gtag.min.js?ver=10.2.0"></script>
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321<script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" id='exactmetrics-frontend-script-js-extra'>/* <![CDATA[ */
322var exactmetrics_frontend = {"js_events_tracking":"true","download_extensions":"zip,mp3,mpeg,pdf,docx,pptx,xlsx,rar","inbound_paths":"[{\"path\":\"\\\/go\\\/\",\"label\":\"affiliate\"},{\"path\":\"\\\/recommend\\\/\",\"label\":\"affiliate\"}]","home_url":"https:\/\/sciencebasedmedicine.org","hash_tracking":"false","v4_id":"G-ZBVYYF4HWH"};/* ]]> */
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324
325<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/12639" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
326<link rel='shortlink' href='https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=12639' />
327<style id='cresta-social-share-counter-pro-inline-css'>.cresta-share-icon .sbutton, .cresta-share-icon .sbutton-total {font-family: 'Noto Sans', sans-serif;}#crestashareiconincontent {float: left;}
328			.cresta-share-icon .cresta-the-count-content, #crestashareiconincontent .sbutton a[data-name]:hover:before {color:#ffffff!important;} 
329			.cresta-share-icon .cresta-the-total-count, .cresta-share-icon .cresta-the-total-text {color:#000000!important;} 
330			#crestashareiconincontent .sbutton-total {border-right: 2px solid #000000!important;} 
331			
332				.cresta-share-icon .cresta-the-count-content, #crestashareiconincontent .sbutton a[data-name]:hover:before {background: #D60000!important;}
333				#crestashareiconincontent .sbutton a[data-name]:hover:after, #crestashareicon .sbutton a[data-name]:hover:after {border-color: #D60000 transparent !important;} 
334				</style><!-- start Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
335<style type="text/css">
336/* Add your CSS code here.
337
338For example:
339.example {
340    color: red;
341}
342
343For brushing up on your CSS knowledge, check out http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_syntax.asp
344
345End of comment */ 
346
347body.single-post .entry-content table td, body.single-post .entry-content table th {
348	white-space: pre-wrap !important;
349}
350
351.author-profile {display:none;}
352
353.pp-multiple-authors-wrapper ul li {background-color:#ecf1f6;}
354
355.wp-block-image .aligncenter>figcaption, .wp-block-image .alignleft>figcaption, .wp-block-image .alignright>figcaption, .wp-block-image.aligncenter>figcaption, .wp-block-image.alignleft>figcaption, .wp-block-image.alignright>figcaption {
356    display: block !important; 
357}
358
359#page .aligncenter {
360	display: table !important; 
361}</style>
362<!-- end Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
363<!-- start Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
364<style type="text/css">
365/* Add your CSS code here.
366
367For example:
368.example {
369    color: red;
370}
371
372For brushing up on your CSS knowledge, check out http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_syntax.asp
373
374End of comment */ 
375
376.widget-area aside#text-26 {
377margin-bottom:0px !important;
378}
379
380.widget-area aside .widget-title {
381margin-bottom:0px !important;
382}</style>
383<!-- end Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
384<!-- start Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
385<style type="text/css">
386/* Add your CSS code here.
387
388For example:
389.example {
390    color: red;
391}
392
393For brushing up on your CSS knowledge, check out http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_syntax.asp
394
395End of comment */ 
396
397.footer-widgets .widget_text a {
398 border-bottom:0; 
399}
400
401h3.entry-title {
402	margin: .5em 0 1.4em;
403}</style>
404<!-- end Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
405<!-- start Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
406<style type="text/css">
407/* Add your CSS code here.
408
409For example:
410.example {
411    color: red;
412}
413
414For brushing up on your CSS knowledge, check out http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_syntax.asp
415
416End of comment */ 
417
418.share-comment {
419 margin-top:0%; 
420}
421
422
423ul.flat {
424 margin:0 !important; 
425}
426
427.share-only {
428 margin-bottom:0 !important; 
429}</style>
430<!-- end Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
431<!-- start Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
432<style type="text/css">
433/* Add your CSS code here.
434
435For example:
436.example {
437    color: red;
438}
439
440For brushing up on your CSS knowledge, check out http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_syntax.asp
441
442End of comment */ 
443
444li.patreon-button {
445 background: url(https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/become-a-patron-button.png) no-repeat;
446  background-size:contain;
447}
448li.patreon-button a{
449  width: 140px;
450    height: 34px;
451    margin: 0px!important;
452    color: transparent !important; 
453}
454
455li.patreon-button a:hover{
456      color: transparent !important; 
457}
458
459@media (max-width: 800px) {
460  
461li.patreon-button a{
462    height: 80px;
463    width: 220px;
464    padding: 0;
465    margin: 0px!important;
466}
467
468  
469  
470}</style>
471<!-- end Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
472<!-- start Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
473<style type="text/css">
474/* Add your CSS code here.
475
476For example:
477.example {
478    color: red;
479}
480
481For brushing up on your CSS knowledge, check out http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_
481syntax.asp
482
483End of comment */ 
484
485.main-navigation li ul ul.sub-menu, .main-navigation li ul ul.children {
486    left: 149px;
487}</style>
488<!-- end Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
489<!-- start Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
490<style type="text/css">
491/* Add your CSS code here.
492
493For example:
494.example {
495    color: red;
496}
497
498For brushing up on your CSS knowledge, check out http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_syntax.asp
499
500End of comment */ 
501
502ul, ol {
503    margin: 0px 0 1.4em 50px !important;
504}
505ul li {
506list-style: disc !important;
507}
508
509ol li {
510    list-style: decimal !important;
511}</style>
512<!-- end Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
513<!-- start Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
514<style type="text/css">
515/* Add your CSS code here.
516
517For example:
518.example {
519    color: red;
520}
521
522For brushing up on your CSS knowledge, check out http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_syntax.asp
523
524End of comment */ 
525
526abbr, acronym {
527 border-bottom:none;
528 text-decoration: underline dashed;
529}</style>
530<!-- end Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
531<!-- Add HTML code to the header or the footer.
532
533For example, you can use the following code for loading the jQuery library from Google CDN:
534<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.1.0/jquery.min.js">
535
536or the following one for loading the Bootstrap library from MaxCDN:
537<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous"/>
538
539-- End of the comment --> 
540
541<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/favicon.png" />
542			<!-- DO NOT COPY THIS SNIPPET! Start of Page Analytics Tracking for HubSpot WordPress plugin v11.3.75-->
543			
543<script class="hsq-set-content-id" data-content-id="standard-page">
544				var _hsq = _hsq || [];
545				_hsq.push(["setContentType", "standard-page"]);
546			</script>
546
547			<!-- DO NOT COPY THIS SNIPPET! End of Page Analytics Tracking for HubSpot WordPress plugin -->
548				<style type="text/css">
549					.site-identity {
550				padding: 2% 0;
551			}
552		
553					.single .hero-posts .with-featured-image {
554				padding-top: 7%;
555			}
556		
557		
558			</style>
559<meta name="twitter:widgets:link-color" content="#000000"><meta name="twitter:widgets:border-color" content="#000000"><meta name="twitter:partner" content="tfwp">
560<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Website Terms of Use"><meta name="twitter:site" content="@sciencebasedmed">
561<style id="wp-custom-css">
562/*     
563Welcome to Custom CSS!	 
564CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a kind of code that tells the browser how	 
565to render a web page. You may delete these comments and get started with	 
566your customizations.	 
567By default, your stylesheet will be loaded after the theme stylesheets,	 
568which means that your rules can take precedence and override the theme CSS	 
569rules. Just write here what you want to change, you don't need to copy all	 
570your theme's stylesheet content.	 
571*/
572/* We have a lot of legacy markup, lots of elements, and the theme default doesn't style them. — Paul */
573b {
574	font-weight: bold;
575}
576
577/* Default list-item spacing was too big, and zero margins on ul and ol (so lists would start about a pixel below a . — Paul */
578ul li, ol li {
579	margin: .5em 0;
580}
581
582article ul, article ol {
583	margin-top: 2em;
584}
585
586/* H3 level headings were extremely understated and marginless by default (seems like an oversight. — Paul */
587h2, h3 {
588	margin: 2.5em 0 1.4em;
589	font-weight: bold;
590	font-size: 125%;
591/* note, font-size has a different effect on pages vs posts, and I don’t know why; if I select for “article h3” these declarations have no effect on pages; if I declare only for “h3”, the font size is a little too big on pages and a little too small on posts, and I’m not sure why, but 125% is an okay compromise */
592}
593
594h2 {
595	font-size: 170%;
596}
597
598/* Curiously, the sup element has no styles by default, but in fact (as with several other elements), it actually is stripped of styles (or rather, a declaration that sets a bunch of elements to some really neutral values). — Paul */
599sup {
600	font-size: .8em;
601	vertical-align: .35em;
602	font-weight: bold;
603	color: #888;
604}
605
606/* A long term annoyance with formatting on this blog has been the way the end of the post is crowded by social media buttons. Heres’s a fix, at last. — Paul */
607article .sharedaddy {
608	margin-top: 5em;
609}
610
611/* alignright images have much too tight margins by default */
612.alignright {
613	margin: 0 0 2em 2em;
614}
615
616/* Fix Jetpack Comment form Cut off */
617#commentform, #jetpack_remote_comment {
618/*Removed by Other Steve, 16-aug-2013, 23:03  */
619/*height: 100% !important;*/
620}
621
622#respond {
623	overflow: auto;
624}
625
626table {
627	margin: 2em 1em;
628}
629
630table td, table th {
631	padding: .7em;
632	white-space: nowrap;
633	text-align: left;
634}
635
636table th {
637	font-weight: bold;
638	color: #AAA;
639}
640
641cite {
642	font-style: italic;
643}
644
645/* ------ Edits made by Joel ------ */
646/* Edits by Other Steve, 16-aug-2013, 23:03  */
647#jetpack_remote_comment {
648/*height: 400px !important;*/
649	overflow: hidden;
650/*overflow-x: hidden;
651	overflow-y: scroll;
652	overflow-y: auto !important;
653	overflow: -moz-scrollbars-vertical;*/
654}
655
656/* for the 2nd tier of nested lists, default to lower-alpha list style - Paul */
657article li ol {
658	list-style-type: lower-alpha;
659	margin-top: 0;
660}
661
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1012                                                                    <div class="avatar-image">
1013                                                                                                                                                                                                                <img alt='' src='https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stevennovella-transformed-800x800-1.jpeg' srcset='https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/stevennovella-transformed-800x800-1.jpeg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='80' width='80'/>                                                                                                                                                                                                            </div>
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1015                                                            
1016                                                            <div class="pp-author-boxes-avatar-details">
1017                                                                <div class="pp-author-boxes-name multiple-authors-name"><a href="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/author/steven-novella/" rel="author" title="Steven Novella" class="author url fn">Steven Novella</a></div>                                                                                                                                                                                                    
1018                                                                                                                                            <div class="pp-author-boxes-description multiple-authors-description author-description-0">
1019                                                                                                                                                    <p>Founder and currently Executive Editor of Science-Based Medicine <strong>Steven Novella, MD</strong> is an academic clinical neurologist at the Yale University School of Medicine. He is also the host and producer of the popular weekly science podcast, <a href="http://www.theskepticsguide.org">The Skeptics’ Guide to the Universe</a>, and the author of the <a href="http://www.theness.com/neurologicablog">NeuroLogicaBlog</a>, a daily blog that covers news and issues in neuroscience, but also general science, scientific skepticism, philosophy of science, critical thinking, and the intersection of science with the media and s
1019ociety. Dr. Novella also has produced two courses with <a />The Great Courses</a>, and published a book on critical thinking - also called <a />The Skeptics Guide to the Universe</a>.</p>
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1023                                                                        <a href="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/author/steven-novella/" title="View all posts">
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1064<p style="font-size:.9em;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:.2em;margin-top:3em">Buy an e-book:</p>
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1066<li><a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/steven-novella/id601137488?mt=11" target="" onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-blogroll','']);">SBM e-Books for iBooks</a></li>
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1175-.49-.288-.626-.46a.303.303 0 0 1-.063-.175l-.002-.001ZM45.48 5.536c0-.7.166-1.24.496-1.622.33-.381.794-.572 1.39-.572.235 0 .446.029.635.087.19.059.346.138.47.239.123.1.23.211.317.33.088.119.154.25.2.389.044.14.076.268.095.387a2.447 2.447 0 0 1 .023.558 1.02 1.02 0 0 1-.038.177.26.26 0 0 1-.11.152.396.396 0 0 1-.21.05h-2.673c0 .455.123.817.369 1.087s.584.405 1.013.405c.238 0 .44-.034.607-.105.167-.07.33-.166.493-.288a.307.307 0 0 1 .165-.058.25.25 0 0 1 .187.078.263.263 0 0 1 .077.19.294.294 0 0 1-.1.21 1.61 1.61 0 0 1-.25.2 2.02 2.02 0 0 1-.48.207c-.22.072-.452.106-.7.106-.628 0-1.114-.181-1.458-.543-.343-.361-.516-.917-.516-1.664h-.002Zm.595-.339h2.462c0-.179-.018-.34-.054-.488a1.413 1.413 0 0 0-.177-.417.83.83 0 0 0-.362-.31 1.352 1.352 0 0 0-.579-.112c-.39 0-.696.118-.918.353-.222.236-.347.56-.374.974h.002ZM50.017 7.404V3.686c0-.084.028-.153.085-.207a.293.293 0 0 1 .21-.083c.085 0 .154.027.208.083a.287.287 0 0 1 .082.207v.294c.093-.185.248-.338.465-.458.218-.12.47-.181.755-.181.272 0 .509.031.713.096.204.064.366.147.488.247.121.101.217.226.292.371.075.146.125.291.15.434.026.142.038.3.038.47v2.444a.276.276 0 0 1-.083.207.287.287 0 0 1-.207.082.29.29 0 0 1-.21-.082.277.277 0 0 1-.085-.207V5.078c0-.193-.015-.36-.047-.498a1.106 1.106 0 0 0-.165-.38.718.718 0 0 0-.338-.256 1.504 1.504 0 0 0-.544-.085c-.814 0-1.22.427-1.22 1.282v2.262a.276.276 0 0 1-.083.207.287.287 0 0 1-.207.082.29.29 0 0 1-.21-.082.277.277 0 0 1-.085-.207l-.002.001ZM54.277 3.938a.263.263 0 0 1-.078-.195.27.27 0 0 1 .078-.196.26.26 0 0 1 .194-.081h.357v-.96a.27.27 0 0 1 .09-.203.284.284 0 0 1 .205-.087c.078 0 .149.028.206.085a.279.279 0 0 1 .085.206v.96h.6c.077 0 .142.027.193.081a.276.276 0 0 1 .078.197.264.264 0 0 1-.078.195.262.262 0 0 1-.194.078h-.599v2.525c0 .194.048.344.146.45.096.106.225.158.387.158.081 0 .149.026.204.078a.256.256 0 0 1 .083.195.251.251 0 0 1-.083.194.284.284 0 0 1-.204.078c-.354 0-.629-.105-.824-.317-.195-.211-.292-.49-.292-.836V4.018h-.357a.258.258 0 0 1-.194-.078l-.003-.002Z" /></g><defs><path fill="#ffffff" d="M0 0h55.857v7.753H0z" /></defs></svg><span class="screen-reader-text"> (opens in a new window)</span></a></div></div></div><div id="wpconsent-preferences-modal" class="wpconsent-preferences-modal" style="display:none;" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="wpconsent-preferences-title" part="wpconsent-preferences-modal"><div class="wpconsent-preferences-content" part="wpconsent-preferences-content"><div class="wpconsent-preferences-header" part="wpconsent-preferences-header"><h2 id="wpconsent-preferences-title" tabindex="0" part="wpconsent-preferences-title">Cookie Preferences</h2><div class="wpconsent-preferences-header-right"><button class="wpconsent-preferences-header-close" id="wpconsent-preferences-close" aria-label="Close" part="wpconsent-preferences-close">&times;</button></div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-body"><div class="wpconsent_preferences_panel_description" part="wpconsent-preferences-description"><p>Manage your cookie preferences below:</p>
1176</div><div class="wpconsent-preference-cookies wpconsent-preferences-accordion" part="wpconsent-preferences-accordion"><div class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-item wpconsent-cookie-category wpconsent-cookie-category-essential" part="wpconsent-accordion-item wpconsent-category-essential"><div class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-header" part="wpconsent-accordion-header"><div class="wpconsent-cookie-category-text"><button class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" part="wpconsent-accordion-toggle"><span class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Toggle Essential</span></button><label for="cookie-category-essential">Essential</label></div><div class="wpconsent-cookie-category-checkbox"><label class="wpconsent-preferences-checkbox-toggle wpconsent-preferences-checkbox-toggle-disabled" part="wpconsent-checkbox-toggle wpconsent-checkbox-toggle-disabled"><input type="checkbox" id="cookie-category-essential" checked disabled><span class="wpconsent-preferences-checkbox-toggle-slider"></span></label></div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-content" part="wpconsent-accordion-content"><p class="wpconsent-category-description" tabindex="0">Essential cookies enable basic functions and are necessary for the proper function of the website.</p><div class="wpconsent-preferences-cookies-list" part="wpconsent-cookies-list"><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-header" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-header"><div class="cookie-name">Name</div><div class="cookie-desc">Description</div><div class="cookie-duration">Duration</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117330" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div class="cookie-name">PHPSESSID</div><div class="cookie-desc"></div><div class="cookie-duration">-</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117309" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div 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website.</p><div class="wpconsent-preferences-cookies-list" part="wpconsent-cookies-list"><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-header" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-header"><div class="cookie-name">Name</div><div class="cookie-desc">Description</div><div class="cookie-duration">Duration</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117310" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div class="cookie-name">comment_author</div><div class="cookie-desc">Used to track the user across multiple sessions.</div><div class="cookie-duration">Session</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117311" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div class="cookie-name">comment_author_email</div><div class="cookie-desc">Used to track the user across multiple sessions.</div><div class="cookie-duration">Session</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117312" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div class="cookie-name">comment_author_url</div><div class="cookie-desc">Used to track the user across multiple sessions.</div><div class="cookie-duration">Session</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-item wpconsent-cookie-category wpconsent-cookie-category-statistics" part="wpconsent-accordion-item wpconsent-category-statistics"><div class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-header" part="wpconsent-accordion-header"><div class="wpconsent-cookie-category-text"><button class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" part="wpconsent-accordion-toggle"><span class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Toggle Statistics</span></button><label for="cookie-category-statistics">Statistics</label></div><div class="wpconsent-cookie-category-checkbox"><label class="wpconsent-preferences-checkbox-toggle" part="wpconsent-checkbox-toggle"><input type="checkbox" id="cookie-category-statistics" name="wpconsent_cookie[]" value="statistics" ><span class="wpconsent-preferences-checkbox-toggle-slider"></span></label></div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-content" part="wpconsent-accordion-content"><p class="wpconsent-category-description" tabindex="0">Statistics cookies collect information anonymously. This information helps us understand how visitors use our website.</p><div class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-item wpconsent-cookie-service" part="wpconsent-accordion-item wpconsent-service-google-analytics"><div class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-header" part="wpconsent-accordion-header"><div class="wpconsent-cookie-category-text"><button class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" part="wpconsent-accordion-toggle"><span class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Toggle Google Analytics</span></button><label>Google Analytics</label></div><div class="wpconsent-cookie-category-checkbox"></div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-content" part="wpconsent-accordion-content"><p class="wpconsent-service-description" tabindex="0">Google Analytics is a powerful tool that tracks and analyzes website traffic for informed marketing decisions.</p><p tabindex="0" class="wpconsent-service-url">Service URL: <a href="https://policies.google.com/privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">policies.google.com<span class="screen-reader-text"> (opens in a new window)</span></a></p><div class="wpconsent-preferences-cookies-list" part="wpconsent-cookies-list"><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-header" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-header"><div class="cookie-name">Name</div><div class="cookie-desc">Description</div><div class="cookie-duration">Duration</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117323" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div class="cookie-name">_ga_</div><div class="cookie-desc">ID used to identify users</div><div class="cookie-duration">2 years</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117324" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div class="cookie-name">_gid</div><div class="cookie-desc">ID used to identify users for 24 hours after last activity</div><div class="cookie-duration">24 hours</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117325" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div class="cookie-name">_gat</div><div class="cookie-desc">Used to monitor number of Google Analytics server requests when using Google Tag Manager</div><div class="cookie-duration">1 minute</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117319" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div class="cookie-name">__utmv</div><div class="cookie-desc">Contains custom information set by the web developer via the _setCustomVar method in Google Analytics. This cookie is updated every time new data is sent to the Google Analytics server.</div><div class="cookie-duration">2 years after last activity</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117320" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div class="cookie-name">__utmx</div><div class="cookie-desc">Used to determine whether a user is included in an A / B or Multivariate test.</div><div class="cookie-duration">18 months</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117321" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div class="cookie-name">_ga</div><div class="cookie-desc">ID used to identify users</div><div class="cookie-duration">2 years</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117322" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div class="cookie-name">_gali</div><div class="cookie-desc">Used by Google Analytics to determine which links on a page are being clicked</div><div class="cookie-duration">30 seconds</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117316" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div class="cookie-name">__utmb</div><div class="cookie-desc">Used to distinguish new sessions and visits. This cookie is set when the GA.js javascript library is loaded and there is no existing __utmb cookie. The cookie is updated every time data is sent to the Google Analytics server.</div><div class="cookie-duration">30 minutes after last activity</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117317" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div class="cookie-name">__utmc</div><div class="cookie-desc">Used only with old Urchin versions of Google Analytics and not with GA.js. Was used to distinguish between new sessions and visits at the end of a session.</div><div class="cookie-duration">End of session (browser)</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117318" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div class="cookie-name">__utmz</div><div class="cookie-desc">Contains information about the traffic source or campaign that directed user to the website. The cookie is set when the GA.js javascript is loaded and updated when data is sent to the Google Anaytics server</div><div class="cookie-duration">6 months after last activity</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117313" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div class="cookie-name">_gac_</div><div class="cookie-desc">Contains information related to marketing campaigns of the user. These are shared with Google AdWords / Google Ads when the Google Ads and Google Analytics accounts are linked together.</div><div class="cookie-duration">90 days</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117314" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div class="cookie-name">__utma</div><div class="cookie-desc">ID used to identify users and sessions</div><div class="cookie-duration">2 years after last activity</div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-list-item" data-cookie-id="117315" part="wpconsent-cookies-list-item"><div class="cookie-name">__utmt</div><div class="cookie-desc">Used to monitor number of Google Analytics server requests</div><div class="cookie-duration">10 minutes</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-item wpconsent-cookie-category wpconsent-cookie-category-marketing" part="wpconsent-accordion-item wpconsent-category-marketing"><div class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-header" part="wpconsent-accordion-header"><div class="wpconsent-cookie-category-text"><button class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" part="wpconsent-accordion-toggle"><span class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Toggle Marketing</span></button><label for="cookie-category-marketing">Marketing</label></div><div class="wpconsent-cookie-category-checkbox"><label class="wpconsent-preferences-checkbox-toggle" part="wpconsent-checkbox-toggle"><input type="checkbox" id="cookie-category-marketing" name="wpconsent_cookie[]" value="marketing" ><span class="wpconsent-preferences-checkbox-toggle-slider"></span></label></div></div><div class="wpconsent-preferences-accordion-content" part="wpconsent-accordion-content"><p class="wpconsent-category-description" tabindex="0">Marketing cookies are used to follow visitors to websites. 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1379		* https://underscorejs.org
1380		* (c) 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
1381		* Underscore may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
1382		*/
1383
1384		function throttle(func, wait) {
1385		var context, args, result;
1386		var timeout = null;
1387		var previous = 0;
1388		var later = function() {
1389		previous = new Date;
1390		timeout = null;
1391		result = func.apply(context, args);
1392		};
1393		return function() {
1394		var now = new Date;
1395		if (!previous) previous = now;
1396		var remaining = wait - (now - previous);
1397		context = this;
1398		args = arguments;
1399		if (remaining <= 0) {
1400		clearTimeout(timeout);
1401		timeout = null;
1402		previous = now;
1403		result = func.apply(context, args);
1404		} else if (!timeout) {
1405		timeout = setTimeout(later, remaining);
1406		}
1407		return result;
1408		};
1409		}
1410
1411		/*
1412		* Scroll Event
1413		*/
1414
1415		function bindScrollDepth() {
1416
1417		scrollEventBound = true;
1418
1419		$window.on('scroll.scrollDepth', throttle(function() {
1420		/*
1421		* We calculate document and window height on each scroll event to
1422		* account for dynamic DOM changes.
1423		*/
1424
1425		var docHeight = $(document).height(),
1426		winHeight = window.innerHeight ? window.innerHeight : $window.height(),
1427		scrollDistance = $window.scrollTop() + winHeight,
1428
1429		/* Recalculate percentage marks */
1430		marks = calculateMarks(docHeight),
1431
1432		/* Timing */
1433		timing = +new Date - startTime;
1434
1435		checkMarks(marks, scrollDistance, timing);
1436		}, 500));
1437
1438		}
1439
1440		init();
1441		};
1442
1443		/* UMD export */
1444		return $.scrollDepth;
1445
1446		}));
1447
1448		jQuery.scrollDepth();
1449		} else {
1450		setTimeout(exactmetrics_scroll_tracking_load, 200);
1451		}
1452		}
1453		exactmetrics_scroll_tracking_load();
1454		});
1455		}
1456		/* End ExactMetrics Scroll Tracking */
1457		
1458</script>
1458<script id="cresta-social-effect-js-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/plugins/cresta-social-share-counter-pro/js/jquery.cresta-social-effect.min.js?ver=2.9.9.7"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1458
1458
1459<script id="cresta-social-whatsapp-js-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/plugins/cresta-social-share-counter-pro/js/jquery.cresta-social-whatsapp.min.js?ver=2.9.9.7"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1459
1459
1460<script id="cresta-social-counter-js-js-extra">
1461var crestaShareSSS = {"FacebookCount":"8"};
1462var crestaPermalink = {"thePermalink":"https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/about-science-based-medicine/website-terms-of-use/","themorezero":"nomore","totalmorezero":"totalyesmore","themorenumber":"0"};
1463//# sourceURL=cresta-social-counter-js-js-extra
1464</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1464
1464
1465<script id="cresta-social-counter-js-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/plugins/cresta-social-share-counter-pro/js/jquery.cresta-social-share-counter.min.js?ver=2.9.9.7"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1465
1465
1466<script id="wpo_min-footer-3-js-extra">
1467var countVars = {"disqusShortname":"sciencebasedmedicine"};
1468//# sourceURL=wpo_min-footer-3-js-extra
1469</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1469
1469
1470<script id="wpo_min-footer-3-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1788874992/assets/wpo-minify-footer-disqus_count.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1470
1470
1471<script id="wpo_min-footer-4-js-extra">
1472var embedVars = {"disqusConfig":{"integration":"wordpress 3.1.4 7.1.1"},"disqusIdentifier":"12639 https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?page_id=12639","disqusShortname":"sciencebasedmedicine","disqusTitle":"Website Terms of Use","disqusUrl":"https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/about-science-based-medicine/website-terms-of-use/","postId":"12639"};
1473//# sourceURL=wpo_min-footer-4-js-extra
1474</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1474
1474
1475<script id="wpo_min-footer-4-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1788874992/assets/wpo-minify-footer-disqus_embed.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1475
1475
1476<script id="page-scroll-to-id-plugin-script-js-extra">
1477var mPS2id_params = {"instances":{"mPS2id_instance_0":{"selector":"a[href*='#']:not([href='#'])","autoSelectorMenuLinks":"true","excludeSelector":"a[href^='#tab-'], a[href^='#tabs-'], a[data-toggle]:not([data-toggle='tooltip']), a[data-slide], a[data-vc-tabs], a[data-vc-accordion], a.screen-reader-text.skip-link","scrollSpeed":800,"autoScrollSpeed":"true","scrollEasing":"easeInOutQuint","scrollingEasing":"easeOutQuint","forceScrollEasing":"false","pageEndSmoothScroll":"true","stopScrollOnUserAction":"false","autoCorrectScroll":"false","autoCorrectScrollExtend":"false","layout":"vertical","offset":0,"dummyOffset":"false","highlightSelector":"","clickedClass":"mPS2id-clicked","targetClass":"mPS2id-target","highlightClass":"mPS2id-highlight","forceSingleHighlight":"false","keepHighlightUntilNext":"false","highlightByNextTarget":"false","appendHash":"false","scrollToHash":"true","scrollToHashForAll":"true","scrollToHashDelay":0,"scrollToHashUseElementData":"true","scrollToHashRemoveUrlHash":"false","disablePluginBelow":0,"adminDisplayWidgetsId":"true","adminTinyMCEbuttons":"true","unbindUnrelatedClickEvents":"false","unbindUnrelatedClickEventsSelector":"","normalizeAnchorPointTargets":"false","encodeLinks":"false"}},"total_instances":"1","shortcode_class":"_ps2id"};
1478//# sourceURL=page-scroll-to-id-plugin-script-js-extra
1479</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1479
1479
1480<script id="page-scroll-to-id-plugin-script-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/plugins/page-scroll-to-id/js/page-scroll-to-id.min.js?ver=1.7.9"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1480
1480
1481<script id="wpo_min-footer-6-js-extra">
1482var wpconsent = {"consent_duration":"30","css_url":"https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/plugins/wpconsent-cookies-banner-privacy-suite/build/frontend.css","css_version":"cec95db78f836c4ebc39","default_allow":"","consent_type":"optin","manual_toggle_services":"","slugs":["essential","statistics","marketing"],"enable_consent_banner":"1","enable_script_blocking":"1","enable_content_blocking":"0","enable_consent_floating":"","enable_shared_consent":"","cookie_domain":"","accept_button_enabled":"1","cancel_button_enabled":"1","preferences_button_enabled":"1","respect_gpc":"","gpc_toast_message":"GPC Signal Honored","gpc_toast_duration":"10000","gpc_toast_enabled":"1"};
1483//# sourceURL=wpo_min-footer-6-js-extra
1484</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1484
1484
1485<script id="wpo_min-footer-6-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1788874992/assets/wpo-minify-footer-wpconsent-frontend-js.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1485
1485
1486<script id="wpo_min-footer-7-js-extra">
1487var paperback_js_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","load_fixed":"true"};
1488//# sourceURL=wpo_min-footer-7-js-extra
1489</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1489
1489
1490<script id="wpo_min-footer-7-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1788874992/assets/wpo-minify-footer-paperback-js1553303732.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1490
1490
1491<script id="wpo_min-footer-8-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1788874992/assets/wpo-minify-footer-fitVids1553303731.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1491
1491
1492<script id="wpo_min-footer-9-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1788874992/assets/wpo-minify-footer-matchHeight1553303731.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1492
1492
1493<script id="wpo_min-footer-10-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1788874992/assets/wpo-minify-footer-responsive-slides1553303731.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1493
1493
1494<script id="wpo_min-footer-11-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1788874992/assets/wpo-minify-footer-touchSwipe1553303732.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1494
1494
1495<script id="wpo_min-footer-12-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1788874992/assets/wpo-minify-footer-headroom1553303731.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1495
1495
1496<script id="wpo_min-footer-13-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/cache/wpo-minify/1788874992/assets/wpo-minify-footer-headroom-jquery1553303731.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1496
1496
1497<script async data-wp-strategy="async" fetchpriority="low" id="comment-reply-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=7.1.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1497
1497
1498<script id="wpmu-wpmu-ui-3-min-js-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/plugins/popover/inc/external/wpmu-lib/js/wpmu-ui.3.min.js?ver=7.1.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1498
1498
1499<script id="wpmu-public-min-js-js" src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/plugins/popover/js/public.min.js?ver=7.1.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1499
1499
1500<script id="twitter-wjs-js-extra">
1501window.twttr=(function(w){t=w.twttr||{};t._e=[];t.ready=function(f){t._e.push(f);};return t;}(window));
1502//# sourceURL=twitter-wjs-js-extra
1503</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1503
1503
1504<script type="text/plain" id="twitter-wjs" async defer charset="utf-8" data-wpconsent-src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" data-wpconsent-name="twitter-pixel" data-wpconsent-category="marketing"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1504
1504
1505<script id="gt_widget_script_72063691-js-before">
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1507//# sourceURL=gt_widget_script_72063691-js-before
1508</script>
1508<script src="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/wp-content/plugins/gtranslate/js/dwf.js?ver=5.0.1" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-gt-orig-url="/about-science-based-medicine/website-terms-of-use/" data-gt-orig-domain="sciencebasedmedicine.org" data-gt-widget-id="72063691" defer></script>
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1510//# sourceURL=gt_widget_script_13865250-js-before
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1511<!-- start Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
1512<style type="text/css">
1513/* Add your CSS code here.
1514
1515For example:
1516.example {
1517    color: red;
1518}
1519
1520For brushing up on your CSS knowledge, check out http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_syntax.asp
1521
1522End of comment */ 
1523
1524
1525@media print {
1526  .mini-bar, #secondary, .footer-widgets, #disqus_thread, .post-navigation, .author-profile-links, .top-navigation, #site-navigation {display:none !important;}
1527  .single .hero-posts .hero-post {padding:0 !important;}
1528  .hero-posts .hero-post .entry-title, .hero-posts .hero-text p, .hero-date a, .hero-date-span, .hero-on-span {text-shadow:none !important; color:#000;}
1529  .hero-cats{margin-bottom:0 !important; position: static !important;}
1530  body {overflow: visible !important;overflow: visible !important; position: static !important;overflow-y: visible !important;}
1531  .post {display:block !important;overflow: visible !important; position: static !important;}
1532  .entry-content p { page-break-before:always !important;overflow: visible !important; position: static !important;}
1533  .single .content-area, .page .content-area, .page.three-column .content-area, .single.three-column .content-area, .error404 .content-area {display:block !important; width:100% !imporant;overflow: visible !important; position: static !important;}
1534  article p {page-break-before:always !important;overflow: visible !important; position: static !important;}
1535}
1536</style>
1537<!-- end Simple Custom CSS and JS -->
1538
1539</body>
1540</html>
1541<!-- Cached by WP-Optimize (gzip) - https://teamupdraft.com/wp-optimize/ - Last modified: September 23, 2026 5:26 pm (America/New_York UTC:-4) -->

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.