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70<link rel='stylesheet' id='bsp-css' href='https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/plugins/bbp-style-pack/css/bspstyle.css?ver=1790754397' media='screen' />
71<link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=7.1.2' media='all' />
72<link rel='stylesheet' id='ht-theme-style-css' href='https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/themes/knowall/css/style.css?ver=1.14.1' media='all' />
73<style id="kadence-blocks-global-variables-inline-css">
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95
96<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-json/wp/v2/ht-kb/1388" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
97<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 7.1.2" />
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100        <style type="text/css">
101			.bbpressloginlinks{float:right;padding-right:20px;}
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103.bbpresslostpasswordurl{margin-left:20px;}
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105        <meta name="generator" content="GD bbPress Toolbox Pro 6.7.5, Build 1090" />
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113h3, h4, h5, h6 { font-weight: 500; }/* cyrillic-ext */
114@font-face {
115  font-family: 'Roboto';
116  font-style: normal;
117  font-weight: 400;
118  font-stretch: normal;
119  font-display: swap;
120  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmZiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
121  unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C8A, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
122}
123/* cyrillic */
124@font-face {
125  font-family: 'Roboto';
126  font-style: normal;
127  font-weight: 400;
128  font-stretch: normal;
129  font-display: swap;
130  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmQiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
131  unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
132}
133/* greek-ext */
134@font-face {
135  font-family: 'Roboto';
136  font-style: normal;
137  font-weight: 400;
138  font-stretch: normal;
139  font-display: swap;
140  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmYiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
141  unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF;
142}
143/* greek */
144@font-face {
145  font-family: 'Roboto';
146  font-style: normal;
147  font-weight: 400;
148  font-stretch: normal;
149  font-display: swap;
150  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmXiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
151  unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF;
152}
153/* math */
154@font-face {
155  font-family: 'Roboto';
156  font-style: normal;
157  font-weight: 400;
158  font-stretch: normal;
159  font-display: swap;
160  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVnoiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
161  unicode-range: U+0302-0303, U+0305, U+0307-0308, U+0310, U+0312, U+0315, U+031A, U+0326-0327, U+032C, U+032F-0330, U+0332-0333, U+0338, U+033A, U+0346, U+034D, U+0391-03A1, U+03A3-03A9, U+03B1-03C9, U+03D1, U+03D5-03D6, U+03F0-03F1, U+03F4-03F5, U+2016-2017, U+2034-2
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162}
163/* symbols */
164@font-face {
165  font-family: 'Roboto';
166  font-style: normal;
167  font-weight: 400;
168  font-stretch: normal;
169  font-display: swap;
170  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVn6iAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
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172}
173/* vietnamese */
174@font-face {
175  font-family: 'Roboto';
176  font-style: normal;
177  font-weight: 400;
178  font-stretch: normal;
179  font-display: swap;
180  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmbiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
181  unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
182}
183/* latin-ext */
184@font-face {
185  font-family: 'Roboto';
186  font-style: normal;
187  font-weight: 400;
188  font-stretch: normal;
189  font-display: swap;
190  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmaiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
191  unicode-range: U+0100-02BA, U+02BD-02C5, U+02C7-02CC, U+02CE-02D7, U+02DD-02FF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1D00-1DBF, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
192}
193/* latin */
194@font-face {
195  font-family: 'Roboto';
196  font-style: normal;
197  font-weight: 400;
198  font-stretch: normal;
199  font-display: swap;
200  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmUiAz0klQm_20.woff) format('woff');
201  unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
202}/* cyrillic-ext */
203@font-face {
204  font-family: 'Roboto';
205  font-style: normal;
206  font-weight: 400;
207  font-stretch: normal;
208  font-display: swap;
209  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmZiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
210  unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C8A, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
211}
212/* cyrillic */
213@font-face {
214  font-family: 'Roboto';
215  font-style: normal;
216  font-weight: 400;
217  font-stretch: normal;
218  font-display: swap;
219  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmQiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
220  unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
221}
222/* greek-ext */
223@font-face {
224  font-family: 'Roboto';
225  font-style: normal;
226  font-weight: 400;
227  font-stretch: normal;
228  font-display: swap;
229  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmYiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
230  unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF;
231}
232/* greek */
233@font-face {
234  font-family: 'Roboto';
235  font-style: normal;
236  font-weight: 400;
237  font-stretch: normal;
238  font-display: swap;
239  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmXiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
240  unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF;
241}
242/* math */
243@font-face {
244  font-family: 'Roboto';
245  font-style: normal;
246  font-weight: 400;
247  font-stretch: normal;
248  font-display: swap;
249  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVnoiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
250  unicode-range: U+0302-0303, U+0305, U+0307-0308, U+0310, U+0312, U+0315, U+031A, U+0326-0327, U+032C, U+032F-0330, U+0332-0333, U+0338, U+033A, U+0346, U+034D, U+0391-03A1, U+03A3-03A9, U+03B1-03C9, U+03D1, U+03D5-03D6, U+03F0-03F1, U+03F4-03F5, U+2016-2017, U+2034-2
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251}
252/* symbols */
253@font-face {
254  font-family: 'Roboto';
255  font-style: normal;
256  font-weight: 400;
257  font-stretch: normal;
258  font-display: swap;
259  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVn6iAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
260  unicode-range: U+0001-000C, U+000E-001F, U+007F-009F, U+20DD-20E0, U+20E2-20E4, U+2150-218F, U+2190, U+2192, U+2194-2199, U+21AF, U+21E6-21F0, U+21F3, U+2218-2219, U+2299, U+22C4-22C6, U+2300-243F, U+2440-244A, U+2460-24FF, U+25A0-27BF, U+2800-28FF, U+2921-2922, U+2981, U+29BF, U+29EB, U+2B00-2BFF, U+4DC0-4DFF, U+FFF9-FFFB, U+10140-1018E, U+10190-1019C, U+101A0, U+101D0-101FD, U+102E0-102FB, U+10E60-10E7E, U+1D2C0-1D2D3, U+1D2E0-1D37F, U+1F000-1F0FF, U+1F100-1F1AD, U+1F1E6-1F1FF, U+1F30D-1F30F, U+1F315, U+1F31C, U+1F31E, U+1F320-1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F378, U+1F37D, U+1F382, U+1F393-1F39F, U+1F3A7-1F3A8, U+1F3AC-1F3AF, U+1F3C2, U+1F3C4-1F3C6, U+1F3CA-1F3CE, U+1F3D4-1F3E0, U+1F3ED, U+1F3F1-1F3F3, U+1F3F5-1F3F7, U+1F408, U+1F415, U+1F41F, U+1F426, U+1F43F, U+1F441-1F442, U+1F444, U+1F446-1F449, U+1F44C-1F44E, U+1F453, U+1F46A, U+1F47D, U+1F4A3, U+1F4B0, U+1F4B3, U+1F4B9, U+1F4BB, U+1F4BF, U+1F4C8-1F4CB, U+1F4D6, U+1F4DA, U+1F4DF, U+1F4E3-1F4E6, U+1F4EA-1F4ED, U+1F4F7, U+1F4F9-1F4FB, U+1F4FD-1F4FE, U+1F503, U+1F507-1F50B, U+1F50D, U+1F512-1F513, U+1F53E-1F54A, U+1F54F-1F5FA, U+1F610, U+1F650-1F67F, U+1F687, U+1F68D, U+1F691, U+1F694, U+1F698, U+1F6AD, U+1F6B2, U+1F6B9-1F6BA, U+1F6BC, U+1F6C6-1F6CF, U+1F6D3-1F6D7, U+1F6E0-1F6EA, U+1F6F0-1F6F3, U+1F6F7-1F6FC, U+1F700-1F7FF, U+1F800-1F80B, U+1F810-1F847, U+1F850-1F859, U+1F860-1F887, U+1F890-1F8AD, U+1F8B0-1F8BB, U+1F8C0-1F8C1, U+1F900-1F90B, U+1F93B, U+1F946, U+1F984, U+1F996, U+1F9E9, U+1FA00-1FA6F, U+1FA70-1FA7C, U+1FA80-1FA89, U+1FA8F-1FAC6, U+1FACE-1FADC, U+1FADF-1FAE9, U+1FAF0-1FAF8, U+1FB00-1FBFF;
261}
262/* vietnamese */
263@font-face {
264  font-family: 'Roboto';
265  font-style: normal;
266  font-weight: 400;
267  font-stretch: normal;
268  font-display: swap;
269  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmbiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
270  unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
271}
272/* latin-ext */
273@font-face {
274  font-family: 'Roboto';
275  font-style: normal;
276  font-weight: 400;
277  font-stretch: normal;
278  font-display: swap;
279  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmaiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
280  unicode-range: U+0100-02BA, U+02BD-02C5, U+02C7-02CC, U+02CE-02D7, U+02DD-02FF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1D00-1DBF, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
281}
282/* latin */
283@font-face {
284  font-family: 'Roboto';
285  font-style: normal;
286  font-weight: 400;
287  font-stretch: normal;
288  font-display: swap;
289  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmUiAz0klQm_20.woff) format('woff');
290  unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
291}/* cyrillic-ext */
292@font-face {
293  font-family: 'Roboto';
294  font-style: normal;
295  font-weight: 400;
296  font-stretch: normal;
297  font-display: swap;
298  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmZiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
299  unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C8A, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
300}
301/* cyrillic */
302@font-face {
303  font-family: 'Roboto';
304  font-style: normal;
305  font-weight: 400;
306  font-stretch: normal;
307  font-display: swap;
308  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmQiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
309  unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
310}
311/* greek-ext */
312@font-face {
313  font-family: 'Roboto';
314  font-style: normal;
315  font-weight: 400;
316  font-stretch: normal;
317  font-display: swap;
318  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmYiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
319  unicode-range: U+1F00-1FFF;
320}
321/* greek */
322@font-face {
323  font-family: 'Roboto';
324  font-style: normal;
325  font-weight: 400;
326  font-stretch: normal;
327  font-display: swap;
328  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmXiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
329  unicode-range: U+0370-0377, U+037A-037F, U+0384-038A, U+038C, U+038E-03A1, U+03A3-03FF;
330}
331/* math */
332@font-face {
333  font-family: 'Roboto';
334  font-style: normal;
335  font-weight: 400;
336  font-stretch: normal;
337  font-display: swap;
338  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVnoiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
339  unicode-range: U+0302-0303, U+0305, U+0307-0308, U+0310, U+0312, U+0315, U+031A, U+0326-0327, U+032C, U+032F-0330, U+0332-0333, U+0338, U+033A, U+0346, U+034D, U+0391-03A1, U+03A3-03A9, U+03B1-03C9, U+03D1, U+03D5-03D6, U+03F0-03F1, U+03F4-03F5, U+2016-2017, U+2034-2
339038, U+203C, U+2040, U+2043, U+2047, U+2050, U+2057, U+205F, U+2070-2071, U+2074-208E, U+2090-209C, U+20D0-20DC, U+20E1, U+20E5-20EF, U+2100-2112, U+2114-2115, U+2117-2121, U+2123-214F, U+2190, U+2192, U+2194-21AE, U+21B0-21E5, U+21F1-21F2, U+21F4-2211, U+2213-2214, U+2216-22FF, U+2308-230B, U+2310, U+2319, U+231C-2321, U+2336-237A, U+237C, U+2395, U+239B-23B7, U+23D0, U+23DC-23E1, U+2474-2475, U+25AF, U+25B3, U+25B7, U+25BD, U+25C1, U+25CA, U+25CC, U+25FB, U+266D-266F, U+27C0-27FF, U+2900-2AFF, U+2B0E-2B11, U+2B30-2B4C, U+2BFE, U+3030, U+FF5B, U+FF5D, U+1D400-1D7FF, U+1EE00-1EEFF;
340}
341/* symbols */
342@font-face {
343  font-family: 'Roboto';
344  font-style: normal;
345  font-weight: 400;
346  font-stretch: normal;
347  font-display: swap;
348  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVn6iAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
349  unicode-range: U+0001-000C, U+000E-001F, U+007F-009F, U+20DD-20E0, U+20E2-20E4, U+2150-218F, U+2190, U+2192, U+2194-2199, U+21AF, U+21E6-21F0, U+21F3, U+2218-2219, U+2299, U+22C4-22C6, U+2300-243F, U+2440-244A, U+2460-24FF, U+25A0-27BF, U+2800-28FF, U+2921-2922, U+2981, U+29BF, U+29EB, U+2B00-2BFF, U+4DC0-4DFF, U+FFF9-FFFB, U+10140-1018E, U+10190-1019C, U+101A0, U+101D0-101FD, U+102E0-102FB, U+10E60-10E7E, U+1D2C0-1D2D3, U+1D2E0-1D37F, U+1F000-1F0FF, U+1F100-1F1AD, U+1F1E6-1F1FF, U+1F30D-1F30F, U+1F315, U+1F31C, U+1F31E, U+1F320-1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F378, U+1F37D, U+1F382, U+1F393-1F39F, U+1F3A7-1F3A8, U+1F3AC-1F3AF, U+1F3C2, U+1F3C4-1F3C6, U+1F3CA-1F3CE, U+1F3D4-1F3E0, U+1F3ED, U+1F3F1-1F3F3, U+1F3F5-1F3F7, U+1F408, U+1F415, U+1F41F, U+1F426, U+1F43F, U+1F441-1F442, U+1F444, U+1F446-1F449, U+1F44C-1F44E, U+1F453, U+1F46A, U+1F47D, U+1F4A3, U+1F4B0, U+1F4B3, U+1F4B9, U+1F4BB, U+1F4BF, U+1F4C8-1F4CB, U+1F4D6, U+1F4DA, U+1F4DF, U+1F4E3-1F4E6, U+1F4EA-1F4ED, U+1F4F7, U+1F4F9-1F4FB, U+1F4FD-1F4FE, U+1F503, U+1F507-1F50B, U+1F50D, U+1F512-1F513, U+1F53E-1F54A, U+1F54F-1F5FA, U+1F610, U+1F650-1F67F, U+1F687, U+1F68D, U+1F691, U+1F694, U+1F698, U+1F6AD, U+1F6B2, U+1F6B9-1F6BA, U+1F6BC, U+1F6C6-1F6CF, U+1F6D3-1F6D7, U+1F6E0-1F6EA, U+1F6F0-1F6F3, U+1F6F7-1F6FC, U+1F700-1F7FF, U+1F800-1F80B, U+1F810-1F847, U+1F850-1F859, U+1F860-1F887, U+1F890-1F8AD, U+1F8B0-1F8BB, U+1F8C0-1F8C1, U+1F900-1F90B, U+1F93B, U+1F946, U+1F984, U+1F996, U+1F9E9, U+1FA00-1FA6F, U+1FA70-1FA7C, U+1FA80-1FA89, U+1FA8F-1FAC6, U+1FACE-1FADC, U+1FADF-1FAE9, U+1FAF0-1FAF8, U+1FB00-1FBFF;
350}
351/* vietnamese */
352@font-face {
353  font-family: 'Roboto';
354  font-style: normal;
355  font-weight: 400;
356  font-stretch: normal;
357  font-display: swap;
358  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmbiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
359  unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+0300-0301, U+0303-0304, U+0308-0309, U+0323, U+0329, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
360}
361/* latin-ext */
362@font-face {
363  font-family: 'Roboto';
364  font-style: normal;
365  font-weight: 400;
366  font-stretch: normal;
367  font-display: swap;
368  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmaiAz0klQm_20O0g.woff) format('woff');
369  unicode-range: U+0100-02BA, U+02BD-02C5, U+02C7-02CC, U+02CE-02D7, U+02DD-02FF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1D00-1DBF, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
370}
371/* latin */
372@font-face {
373  font-family: 'Roboto';
374  font-style: normal;
375  font-weight: 400;
376  font-stretch: normal;
377  font-display: swap;
378  src: url(https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/wp-content/fonts/roboto/KFOMCnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMQXC89YmC2DPNWubEbVmUiAz0klQm_20.woff) format('woff');
379  unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
380}</style>	</head>
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508				<h1 class="hkb-article__title" itemprop="headline">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)</h1>
509			</header>
510
511			<div class="ht-mobile-toc"><strong class="ht-mobile-toc__title">Contents</strong>            <nav id="navtoc" role="navigation">
512
513                
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515            <ol class="nav"><!-- adding li --><li class="active"><a href="#general-questions">General Questions</a><!-- adding li --></li><li class=""><a href="#using-fabric">Using FABRIC</a><!-- adding li --></li><li class=""><a href="#technical-questions">Technical Questions</a></li></ol><!-- /ht-kb-toc-widget -->
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521				
522<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="general-questions" >General Questions</h2>
523
524
525
526<div class="wp-block-ht-blocks-toggle wp-block-hb-toggle"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__title"><span>How is FABRIC different from GENI?</span></div><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__content"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__contentwrap">While FABRIC takes advantage of experience and approaches to building widely distributed testbeds collected from GENI, there are differences between FABRIC and GENI that drastically change and expand the types of experiments that can be performed:<br><br><li>
526FABRIC has a programmable core network infrastructure. FABRIC provides its own dedicated optical infrastructure or relies on dedicated L2 capacity wherever possible.</li><br><li>FABRIC provides access to a variety of programmable PCI devices Network cards, GPUs, FPGAs.</li><br><li>FABRIC supports highly accurate timestamping of events using GPS-based clocks.FABRIC <a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/fabric-facility-ports/" data-type="ht_kb" data-id="4643">interconnects</a> a large number of existing scientific, computational and experimental facilities.</li><br><li>FABRIC experimenter network topologies can peer with production Internet (IPv4 or IPv6) on-demand.</li><br><li>FABRIC supports a broader range of data transfer speeds (10Gbs, 25Gbps, 100Gbps, 1.2Tbps) along with the ability to compute on data at line speeds within the network.</li></div></div></div>
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530<div class="wp-block-ht-blocks-toggle wp-block-hb-toggle"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__title"><span>How does FABRIC fit in with other shared experimental infrastructures (NSF Clouds, PRP/NRP, PAWR testbeds)?</span></div><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__content"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__contentwrap">FABRIC is not meant to be an isolated testbed facility, rather it aims to interconnect many other experimental and production facilities to create a rich substrate for experimentation, which allows experimenters to pick and choose portions of the infrastructure for their experiment. We are interested in ideas for experiments that combine the capabilities of these facilities together, please <a href="https://portal.fabric-testbed.net/help">reach out to us</a>. FABRIC team works with organizations running other facilities in order to enable joint experiments through network connectivity, joint tooling, identity federation and other mechanisms that reduce the friction of creating cross-facility/cross-testbed experiments.</div></div></div>
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534<div class="wp-block-ht-blocks-toggle wp-block-hb-toggle"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__title"><span>Does  FABRIC support Expansion Sites or BYOE (Bring Your Own Equipment)?</span></div><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__content"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__contentwrap">Yes, FABRIC supports expansion sites (e.g. universities) that purchase their own FABRIC node (‘hank’) based on <a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/fabric-site-hardware-configurations/" data-type="ht_kb" data-id="881">standard configurations</a>, FABRIC team will also help facilitate connecting expansion sites to FABRIC topology either via Internet2 or with dedicated Layer2 or optical connectivity.<br><br>FABRIC nodes also support a Bring Your Own Equipment (BYOE) model of contributions. Contributions of hardware to FABRIC can take a number of forms:<br><strong><li>PCI devices to be included in the available serversNetwork switching equipment added to individual sitesDiscrete servers added to individual sites</li></strong><br>BYOE contributions are subject to a number of constraints:<br><strong><li>Available rack space at individual sitesAvailable power (core sites are limited to only 4kW total power budget)Available PCI slots in serversAvailable ports on FABRIC node dataplane and management switches</li></strong><br>Contributed hardware will be linked into the FABRIC management plane and individual resources become provisionable via FABRIC control software. <a href="https://portal.fabric-testbed.net/help">Reach out</a> to us if you are interested. </div></div></div>
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538<div class="wp-block-ht-blocks-toggle wp-block-hb-toggle"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__title"><span>Is there an interest in international partners participating &#8211; both from the hosting of internationally located nodes and international research teams?</span></div><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__content"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__contentwrap">Yes, we definitely are interested. Using separate funding from IRNC FAB project we have deployed FABRIC nodes to CERN, University of Amsterdam, University of Bristol and University of Tokyo. We are interested in collaborating with international partners to deploy <a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/fabric-facility-ports/" data-type="ht_kb" data-id="4643">facility ports</a> that will allow them to interconnect their facilities to FABRIC. We share our <a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/design-documents/" data-type="page" data-id="302">software and hardware designs</a>, so that experimental facilities like FABRIC can emerge in other countries and be federated with us to create a world-wide &#8216;testbed-of-testbeds’. We attend many international meetings where details of federation and connectivity are discussed so we can include them in our plans.<br>If you are interested in collaborating internationally with us, please <a href="https://portal.fabric-testbed.net/help">contact us</a>.</div></div></div>
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541
542<div class="wp-block-ht-blocks-toggle wp-block-hb-toggle"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__title"><span>Will FABRIC always be experimental and no production?</span></div><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__content"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__contentwrap">FABRIC is a scientific instrument and a distributed laboratory for supporting research in cyber-infrastru
542cture. This implies that its primary use is for experiments in a variety of areas related to internet architectures, cyber-security, distributed protocols and applications. Many of these experiments may need to be long-running and carry production-like traffic in order to truly understand the tradeoffs in the system that is being experimented on. However, by virtue of being experiments, they can’t be expected to provide production-grade reliability and robustness. One goal of FABRIC is to support production prototypes.<br><br>In order to support the widest possible variety of experiments spanning from blue-sky future Internet ideas to support for novel production science workflows, FABRIC provides on-demand connectivity with production networks and facilities, to allow experimenters mix and match production and experimental resources in combinations that make sense for their experiments.</div></div></div>
543
544
545
546<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="using-fabric" >Using FABRIC</h2>
547
548
549
550<div class="wp-block-ht-blocks-toggle wp-block-hb-toggle"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__title"><span>What types of resources does FABRIC provide and how are they allocated and accessed?</span></div><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__content"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__contentwrap"><a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/things-to-know-when-using-fabric-for-the-first-time/" data-type="ht_kb" data-id="3163">FABRIC allows</a> experimenters to instantiate compute instances in the form of VMs  with significant compute and storage capabilities as well as directly attached PCI devices: multi-port SmartNICs, GPUs and FPGAs. These compute instances are interconnected with on-demand high-bandwidth links up to 25-100Gbps in the Core and higher bit rates in the SuperCore portion of the topology. These compute instances can also have storage in the form of dedicated NVMe drives and slower, but larger persistent block storage. Several sites provide on-demand access to 100Gbps P4-capable switches, which can similarly be linked into experimenter topologies. Compute instances are accessible by experimenters via SSH, other more scalable experiment control tools may be contributed by the community later. FABRIC offers different network services: private and publicly-facing IPv4 and IPv6 networks matching FABRIC footprint, on-demand Layer 2 topologies and <a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/network-services-in-fabric/" data-type="ht_kb" data-id="3531">specialized network services</a>. Public cloud peering at 100Gbps in two locations is offered through a partnership with Internet2.</div></div></div>
551
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553
554<div class="wp-block-ht-blocks-toggle wp-block-hb-toggle"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__title"><span>How do experimenters interact with FABRIC?</span></div><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__content"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__contentwrap">A <a href="https://portal.fabric-testbed.net" data-type="URL" data-id="https://portal.fabric-testbed.net">FABRIC Portal</a> provides basic browser-based access to FABRIC resources. Programmatic access is provided with help of FABRIC <a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/fablib-api/" data-type="ht_kb" data-id="1645">client libraries</a> that can be operated as a CLI or embedded into experimenter code. Initially Python bindings are provided which later may be extended to other languages. FABRIC provides a hosted<a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/creating-your-first-experiment-in-jupyter-hub/" data-type="ht_kb" data-id="4364"> Jupyter Hub</a> environment for experimenters, which comes with Jupter notebooks automatically preloaded with FABRIC libraries and CLI tools. The portal and Jupyter Hub use federated identity through CI Logon and support any institutional identity provider that is part of InCommon R&amp;S (Research and Scholarship) federation. This includes the majority of US educational institutions.</div></div></div>
555
556
557
558<div class="wp-block-ht-blocks-toggle wp-block-hb-toggle"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__title"><span>What measurement capabilities does FABRIC have?</span></div><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__content"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__contentwrap">The <a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/mflib-overview/" data-type="ht_kb" data-id="2106">FABRIC Measurement Framework</a> is designed to be adaptable/programmable, scalable, extensible, and shareable. It’s goal is to support an automated instrumentation of experiments, enabling experimenters to collect, store, and publish detailed measurement data from users and the system/experiment. Examples include CPU, disk and network utilization, packet error counts and other interface statistics, packet capture traces with precise timestamps from inside the experiment topologies. <br>The framework allows for fine-grained precise measurements leveraging a highly-accurate PTP timing signal from a GPS receiver located at the majority of FABRIC sites. This enables precise timestamping of packets using NIC cards (a.k.a., PacketGPS) with sub-millisecond accuracy.<br>FABRIC also allows for the collection of high-speed packet traces using RAM or high-speed NVMe drives at each site, which can be attached to individual experimenter compute instances. Larger data sets can be stored within experiment-attached block storage. The facility has between ½ and 1PB of file storage space to help ease moving measurement and other experiment-related data in- and out- of experiments in programmatic fashion. FABRIC collects logging and metrics from the underlying infrastru
558cture to be made available to operators and experimenters. </div></div></div>
559
560
561
562<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="technical-questions" >Technical Questions</h2>
563
564
565
566<div class="wp-block-ht-blocks-toggle wp-block-hb-toggle"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__title"><span>What is Project Lead?</span></div><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__content"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__contentwrap"><a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/fabric-user-roles-and-project-permissions/" data-type="ht_kb" data-id="1849">Project Lead</a> is a specially privileged user of FABRIC allowed to manage projects, designate Project Owner(s) and invite regular members into a project. Since this role comes with a lot of responsibilities, only tenure-track faculty or senior IT staff can request this role. This can be done from User Profile page on portal.</div></div></div>
567
568
569
570<div class="wp-block-ht-blocks-toggle wp-block-hb-toggle"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__title"><span>What is Facility Operator?</span></div><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__content"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__contentwrap">Facility Operator is a ‘superuser’ allowed to manipulate any project. This role is reserved for FABRIC staff.</div></div></div>
571
572
573
574<div class="wp-block-ht-blocks-toggle wp-block-hb-toggle"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__title"><span>What is a Project Owner?</span></div><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__content"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__contentwrap">A <a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/fabric-user-roles-and-project-permissions/" data-type="ht_kb" data-id="1849">Project Owner</a> can be assigned to a specific project by a Project Lead or another Project Owner. Their responsibility is to manage Project Members &#8211; add or remove them.</div></div></div>
575
576
577
578<div class="wp-block-ht-blocks-toggle wp-block-hb-toggle"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__title"><span>What is a Project Member?</span></div><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__content"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__contentwrap">This is a regular member of the project with no special privileges to manage the project. They can create slices within the project. </div></div></div>
579
580
581
582<div class="wp-block-ht-blocks-toggle wp-block-hb-toggle"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__title"><span>I lost the private SSH key from a bastion or sliver keypair, can you help?</span></div><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__content"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__contentwrap">No, for security reasons we do not store the <a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/generating-ssh-configuration-and-ssh-keys/" data-type="ht_kb" data-id="4402">private keys</a>. It is best you regenerate the keypair &#8211; you can have up to 10 bastion and 10 sliver keypairs simultaneously.</div></div></div>
583
584
585
586<div class="wp-block-ht-blocks-toggle wp-block-hb-toggle"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__title"><span>What is the lifetime of a bastion keypair?</span></div><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__content"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__contentwrap">FABRIC only stores <a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/generating-ssh-configuration-and-ssh-keys/" data-type="ht_kb" data-id="4402">public keys</a>. Bastion public keys are expired 6 months after their creation. </div></div></div>
587
588
589
590<div class="wp-block-ht-blocks-toggle wp-block-hb-toggle"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__title"><span>What is the lifetime of a sliver keypair?</span></div><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__content"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__contentwrap">FABRIC only stores <a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/generating-ssh-configuration-and-ssh-keys/" data-type="ht_kb" data-id="4402">public keys</a>. Sliver public keys are expire 2 years after their creation. </div></div></div>
591
592
593
594<div class="wp-block-ht-blocks-toggle wp-block-hb-toggle"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__title"><span>Can I login to the bastion host?</span></div><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__content"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__contentwrap">No. Logging into bastion hosts is intentionally disabled as a security measure. You can only use them <a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/logging-into-fabric-vms/" data-type="ht_kb" data-id="938">to &#8216;hop&#8217; over into your VMs</a>.</div></div></div>
595
596
597
598<div class="wp-block-ht-blocks-toggle wp-block-hb-toggle"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__title"><span>How many bastion hosts are available?</span></div><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__content"><div class="wp-block-hb-toggle__contentwrap">There are four geographically distributed bastion hosts: <br>1. bastion-renc-1.fabric-testbed.net co-located at the RENC Site<br>2. bastion-uky-1.fabric-testbed.net co-located  at the UKY Site<br>3. bastion-ncsa-1.fabric-testbed.net co-located  at the NCSA Site<br>4. bastion-star-1.fabric-testbed.net co-located  at the STAR Site<br><br>Users should use the hostname bastion.fabric-testbed.net instead of the above mentioned hosts in their experiments.</div></div></div>
599
600				
601			</div>
602
603							<div class="hkb-article__lastupdated" itemprop="dateModified">
604					Updated on January 12, 2026				</div>
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611	Tagged: <a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/article-tags/documentation-2/" rel="tag">documentation.</a><a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/article-tags/getting-started/" rel="tag">getting started</a></div>
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638	<section class="hkb-article-related">
639		<h3 class="hkb-article-related__title">Related Articles</h3>
640		<ul class="hkb-article-list">
641		
642			<li class="hkb-article-list__format-standard">
643				<a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/asking-for-help-on-fabric-forums/">Asking for help on FABRIC forums</a>
644			</li>
645
646		
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648				<a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/generating-ssh-configuration-and-ssh-keys/">Generating SSH Configuration and SSH Keys</a>
649			</li>
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653				<a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/getting-help/">Getting Help</a>
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658				<a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/creating-your-first-experiment-in-jupyter-hub/">Creating your first experiment in Jupyter Hub</a>
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663				<a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/creating-or-joining-a-project/">Creating or Joining a Project</a>
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668				<a href="https://learn.fabric-testbed.net/knowledge-base/signing-up-for-a-fabric-account/">Signing up for a FABRIC account</a>
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