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246Forbes, December 2017</p> 247<p style="text-align: center;">â<em><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/brainstorm/201506/how-phones-are-tearing-us-apart">How phones are tearing us apart</a></em>â<br /> 248Psychology Today, June 2015</p> 249<p>However, not all smartphone owners use their device in the same way, and itâs hard to believe that the occasional, casual use of the mobile phone has the same kind of negative effects as high-intensity use.</p> 250<p>In this work, we uncover broad, latent patterns of mobile phone use behavior. To ensure that we do not introduce any kind of bias by pre-defining types of use, we employed an unsupervised learning method to identify, without our intervention, the most common types of phone usage.</p> 251<p>We conducted a large-scale study where, via a dedicated logging app, we collected daily mobile phone activity data from a sample of 340 participants for a period of four weeks. The goal of the study was to explore two research questions:</p> 252<ul> 253<li>What are the most common, high-level types of mobile phone use?</li> 254<li>Will mobile phone use associated with negative well-being stand out by itself?</li> 255</ul> 256<h2>Clusters of Mobile Phone Use</h2> 257<p>Through an unsupervised learning approach and a methodologically rigorous analysis, we reveal five generic phone use profiles which describe at least 10% of the participants each:</p> 258<h2>Limited Use</h2> 259<p>Members of this cluster scored low in almost all usage categories. They tended to keep their ringer mode in the normal setting, indicating that they were not too bothered by calls and notifications. We used this cluster as a baseline to compare the other clusters against.</p> 260<h2>Business Use</h2> 261<p>Members of this cluster stood out by their significantly more frequent use of phone calls â incoming and outgoing. While phone calls are comparably frequent, members of this cluster have comparably fewer nightly use sessions and app launches. The ringer mode is typically set to normal, indicating that hearing the phone is important to them. We labeled the cluster as business use, since we associated phone calls with business activity.<br /> 262In terms of well-being, members of this cluster did not stand out much. Only during the weekend, they were found to report significantly lower tense-arousal. When accounting for night-time and day of the week, we found that during the weekend, members of the cluster reported higher levels of boredom than the baseline cluster.</p> 263<h2>Power Use</h2> 264<p>Members of this cluster stood out by their increased session duration & number of nightly sessions, battery use, and mobile data use. During the day, they launched a significantly higher number of email-, game-, and to a lesser extent social media apps. Messaging apps, in contrast, are used less often during the day compared to other clusters. During the night, members of this cluster show the highest use of email apps and a somewhat increase use of messaging apps. While the ringer mode is typically set to normal mode, members of this cluster had the highest variance in ringer mode setting.<br /> 265Despite the high level of mobile phone use, members of the Power Use cluster do not stand out negatively in any of the well-being related factors. Compared to the baseline, they are more awake during the weekend and report lower levels of boredom during the night. Compared to Cluster 4 mentioned below, they scored lower in terms of depression (PHQ-8) and neuroticism (Big5).</p> 266<h2>Personality-induced Problematic Use</h2> 267<p>Members of this cluster stood out by an increased number and length of sessions during night time, and an increased use of email and messaging apps during the night. In addition, another characteristic behaviour was that they typically set the ringer to silent mode. Members of this cluster scored worst in terms of well-being.<br /> 268Compared to the baseline cluster, they reported significantly higher levels of tense-arousal, boredom, and lower valence. In contrast, when accounting for night-time and non-working days, the significant differences regarding tense-arousal and valence disappeared. Boredom, however, was significantly lower during night-time. These findings indicate a tendency towards experiencing more stress and boredom during working hours. Members of this cluster further tended to be more neurotic / less emotionally stable than members of other cluster
268s. Finally, members of this cluster scored significantly higher on the PHQ-8 questionnaire than Limited and Power Users, indicating a tendency towards experiencing depression-related symptoms.</p> 269<h2>Externally-induced Problematic Use</h2> 270<p>Like the previous cluster, members of this cluster tended to have more and longer phone use sessions during night-time. The main difference to Cluster 4 is that during night-time, only the use of messaging apps is comparably higher. In contrast, the use of email apps is lower. Finally, the ringer mode of these users is typically set to vibrate.<br /> 271There were significant effects of membership of this cluster on the emotional self-reports. Compared to the baseline cluster, its members reported significantly higher tense arousal, lower energetic arousal, lower valence, and higher levels of boredom. During night-time, however, energetic arousal was significantly lower â an indication of being more tired â and the other effects subsided. During the weekend, tense arousal was significantly lower, valence was significantly higher, and significant effects on energetic arousal and boredom disappeared.<br /> 272Also, members of this cluster scored significantly higher in terms of emotional stability compared to the baseline cluster as well as Cluster 4. Further, PHQ-8 depression scores were significantly higher than those of the baseline cluster, however, the effect was not as pronounced as in Cluster 4.<br /> 273While members of this cluster tended to be stressed during working time, they seem to better compensate during non-working hours: they are being tired during the night and happy during the weekend. This finding is corroborated by higher emotional stability. We interpret the main difference that members of this cluster have a stressful daytime, but are more affected by external factors rather than internal factors, and therefore better cope with the stressful weekdays.</p> 274<h2>Summary</h2> 275<p>Intuitively, people tend to associate power use with negative outcomes. However, the data provided by our work does not support this simplistic conclusion. Instead, we found evidence that intense mobile phone use alone does not predict negative well-being. Instead, our approach automatically revealed two groups with tendencies for lower well-being, which are characterized by nightly phone use sessions.</p> 276<p>The work will be presented at <a href="https://mobilehci.acm.org/2018/">ACM MobileHCI â18, the 20th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services</a>, which will take place in September 2018 in Barcelona, Spain.</p> 277<p>Citation:<br /> 278<a href="http://pielot.org/pubs/Katevas2018-MHCI-MPU.pdf">Typical Phone Use Habits: Intense Use Does Not Predict Negative Well-Being</a><br /> 279Kleomenis Katevas, Ioannis Arapakis, Martin Pielot<br /> 280MobileHCI â18: ACM International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, 2018.</p> 281<div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="addtoany_header">Share this:</div><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_16 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://pielot.org/2018/06/typical-phone-use-habits-intense-use-does-not-predict-negative-well-being/" data-a2a-title="Typical Phone Use Habits: Intense Use Does Not Predict Negative Well-Being"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fpielot.org%2F2018%2F06%2Ftypical-phone-use-habits-intense-use-does-not-predict-negative-well-being%2F&linkname=Typical%20Phone%20Use%20Habits%3A%20Intense%20Use%20Does%20Not%20Predict%20Negative%20Well-Being" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fpielot.org%2F2018%2F06%2Ftypical-phone-use-habits-intense-use-does-not-predict-negative-well-being%2F&linkname=Typical%20Phone%20Use%20Habits%3A%20Intense%20Use%20Does%20Not%20Predict%20Negative%20Well-Being" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_whatsapp" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/whatsapp?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fpielot.org%2F2018%2F06%2Ftypical-phone-use-habits-intense-use-does-not-predict-negative-well-being%2F&linkname=Typical%20Phone%20Use%20Habits%3A%20Intense%20Use%20Does%20Not%20Predict
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A Detailed Exploration of How Mobile Phone Users Handle Push Notifications</a></h3> 322 <div class="has-text-align-right wp-block-post-date"><a href="https://pielot.org/2018/06/dismissed-a-detailed-exploration-of-how-mobile-phone-users-handle-push-notifications/"><time datetime="2018-06-28T15:51:50+02:00">June 28, 2018</time></a></div> 323 </div> 324 325 </li><li class="wp-block-post post-2340 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-research"> 326 327 <div class="wp-block-group alignfull is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-cba70755 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex" style="border-bottom-color:var(--wp--preset--color--accent-6);border-bottom-width:1px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)"> 328 <h3 class="wp-block-post-title has-large-font-size">
328<a href="https://pielot.org/2017/08/beyond-interruptibility-predicting-opportune-moments-to-engage-mobile-phone-users/" target="_self" >Beyond Interruptibility: Predicting Opportune Moments to Engage Mobile Phone Users</a></h3> 329 <div class="has-text-align-right wp-block-post-date"><a href="https://pielot.org/2017/08/beyond-interruptibility-predicting-opportune-moments-to-engage-mobile-phone-users/"><time datetime="2017-08-25T12:29:29+02:00">August 25, 2017</time></a></div> 330 </div> 331 332 </li><li class="wp-block-post post-2314 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-android-2 category-attention category-notifications category-research tag-affect tag-emotions tag-notifications tag-proactive-recommendations"> 333 334 <div class="wp-block-group alignfull is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-cba70755 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex" style="border-bottom-color:var(--wp--preset--color--accent-6);border-bottom-width:1px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)"> 335 <h3 class="wp-block-post-title has-large-font-size"><a href="https://pielot.org/2017/07/too-tense-for-candy-crush-how-emotions-affect-what-kind-of-distractions-we-welcome/" target="_self" >Too Tense for Candy Crush – How Emotions Affect what Kind of Distractions we Welcome</a></h3> 336 <div class="has-text-align-right wp-block-post-date"><a href="https://pielot.org/2017/07/too-tense-for-candy-crush-how-emotions-affect-what-kind-of-distractions-we-welcome/"><time datetime="2017-07-18T11:42:38+02:00">July 18, 2017</time></a></div> 337 </div> 338 339 </li></ul> 340 </div> 341 342</div> 343 344 345</main> 346 347 348<footer class="wp-block-template-part"> 349<div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"> 350<div class="wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> 351 352 353<div class="wp-block-group alignfull is-content-justification-space-between is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-cf54d0a6 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"></div> 354 355 356 357<div style="height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> 358 359 360 361<div class="wp-block-group alignfull is-content-justification-space-between is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2ab8c7fb wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> 362<p class="has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph">Twenty Twenty-Five</p> 363 364 365 366<p class="has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph"> 367 Designed with <a href="https://wordpress.org" rel="nofollow">WordPress</a> </p> 368</div> 369</div> 370</div> 371</footer> 372</div>
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381<script type="module"> 382/*! This file is auto-generated */ 383var e="script#wp-emoji-settings",t=document.querySelector(e);if(!(t instanceof HTMLScriptElement))throw new Error("Element missing: "+e);const r=JSON.parse(t.text),s=(window._wpemojiSettings=r,"wpEmojiSettingsSupports"),o=["flag","emoji"];function i(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(s,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function c(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0);const r=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);return t.every((e,t)=>e===r[t])}function p(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1);for(let e=0;e<n.data.length;e++)if(0!==n.data[e])return!1;return!0}function u(e,t,n,r){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!r(e,"\ud83e\u1fac8")}return!1}function f(e,t,n,r){let a;const s=(a="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):document.createElement("canvas")).getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(e=>{o[e]=t(s,e,n,r)}),o}function a(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,document.head.appendChild(t)}r.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},new Promise(t=>{let n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(s));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(o),u.toString(),c.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"});const a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=e=>{i(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}i(n=f(o,u,c,p))}t(n)}).then(e=>{for(const n in e)r.supports[n]=e[n],r.supports.everything=r.supports.everything&&r.supports[n],"flag"!==n&&(r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&r.supports[n]);var t;r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!r.supports.flag,r.supports.everything||((t=r.source||{}).concatemoji?a(t.concatemoji):t.wpemoji&&t.twemoji&&(a(t.twemoji),a(t.wpemoji)))}); 384//# sourceURL=https://pielot.org/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.min.js 385</script>
385 386</body> 387</html>
Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.