PageSourceSearch

https://icncsiblog.org/history-of-icnc-si/

html icncsiblog.org collected 2026-10-09 21:30:31 UTC 100,373 bytes, 1,132 lines download raw bytes

1<!DOCTYPE html>
2<html class="no-js" lang="en">
3
4<head>
5
6<meta charset="UTF-8">
7<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
8<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11">
9<link rel="pingback" href="https://icncsiblog.org/xmlrpc.php">
10
11<title>History of ICNC-SI &#8211; ICNC-SI 2016 BLOG</title>
12<script type="text/javascript">
13  WebFontConfig = {"google":{"families":["Raleway:500:latin,latin-ext","Raleway:r,i,b,bi:latin,latin-ext"]},"api_url":"https:\/\/fonts-api.wp.com\/css"};
14  (function() {
15    var wf = document.createElement('script');
16    wf.src = '/wp-content/plugins/custom-fonts/js/webfont.js';
17    wf.type = 'text/javascript';
18    wf.async = 'true';
19    var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
20    s.parentNode.insertBefore(wf, s);
21	})();
22</script>
22<style id="jetpack-custom-fonts-css">.wf-active body{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .search-container .search-field{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .blog-description{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .post-content p.page-links{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .post-content{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .post-content h4, .wf-active .post-content h5, .wf-active .post-content h6{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .post-content blockquote p{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .post-content blockquote cite{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .post-content .gallery-caption, .wf-active .post-content .wp-caption-text{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .post-content fieldset legend{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .post-content label{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .post-content input, .wf-active .post-content textarea{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .pingbacklist li:before{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .comments-nav .fleft a:before{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .comments-nav .fright a:after{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .comment-respond input[type="text"], .wf-active .comment-respond textarea{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .comment-respond input[type="submit"]{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .wrapper .search-field{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .comment-respond#respond{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif}.wf-active .blog-title{font-weight:500;font-style:normal}.wf-active .post-title{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif;font-weight:500;font-style:normal}.wf-active .single-post .post-title{font-weight:500;font-style:normal}.wf-active .related-posts-title{font-weight:500;font-style:normal}.wf-active .post-content h1, .wf-active .post-content h2, .wf-active .post-content h3{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif;font-weight:500;font-style:normal}.wf-active .post-content h1, .wf-active .post-content h2, .wf-active .post-content h3{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif;font-weight:500;font-style:normal}.wf-active .post-content h1{font-style:normal;font-weight:500}.wf-active .post-content h2{font-style:normal;font-weight:500}.wf-active .post-content h3{font-style:normal;font-weight:500}.wf-active .comment-reply-title, .wf-active .comments-title{font-weight:500;font-style:normal}.wf-active .comment-reply-title .fa, .wf-active .comments-title .fa{font-style:normal;font-weight:500}.wf-active .widget-title{font-weight:500;font-style:normal}.wf-active .widget_rss li a{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif;font-weight:500;font-style:normal}.wf-active .rowling-widget-list .title{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif;font-weight:500;font-style:normal}.wf-active .post-content div#jp-relatedposts h3.jp-relatedposts-headline{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:500}</style>
23<meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' />
24<script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace("no-js","js");</script>
24
25
26<!-- Async WordPress.com Remote Login -->
27<script id="wpcom_remote_login_js">
28var wpcom_remote_login_extra_auth = '';
29function wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( element_id ) {
30	var dom_node = document.getElementById( element_id );
31	if ( dom_node ) { dom_node.parentNode.removeChild( dom_node ); }
32}
33function wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_classes( class_name ) {
34	var dom_nodes = document.querySelectorAll( '.' + class_name );
35	for ( var i = 0; i < dom_nodes.length; i++ ) {
36		dom_nodes[ i ].parentNode.removeChild( dom_nodes[ i ] );
37	}
38}
39function wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup() {
40	wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_classes( "wpcom_remote_login_msg" );
41	wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
42	wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_validate" );
43	wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_js" );
44	wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_request_access_iframe" );
45	wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_request_access_styles" );
46}
47
48// Watch for messages back from the remote login
49window.addEventListener( "message", function( e ) {
50	if ( e.origin === "https://r-login.wordpress.com" ) {
51		var data = {};
52		try {
53			data = JSON.parse( e.data );
54		} catch( e ) {
55			wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup();
56			return;
57		}
58
59		if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN' ) {
60			// Clean up the login check iframe
61			wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
62
63			var id_regex = new RegExp( /^[0-9]+$/ );
64			var token_regex = new RegExp( /^.*|.*|.*$/ );
65			if (
66				token_regex.test( data.token )
67				&& id_regex.test( data.wpcomid )
68			) {
69				// We have everything we need to ask for a login
70				var script = document.createElement( "script" );
71				script.setAttribute( "id", "wpcom_remote_login_validate" );
72				script.src = '/remote-login.php?wpcom_remote_login=validate'
73					+ '&wpcomid=' + data.wpcomid
74					+ '&token=' + encodeURIComponent( data.token )
75					+ '&host=' + window.location.protocol
76					+ '//' + window.location.hostname
77					+ '&postid=800'
78					+ '&is_singular=';
79				document.body.appendChild( script );
80			}
81
82			return;
83		}
84
85		// Safari ITP, not logged in, so redirect
86		if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN-REDIRECT' ) {
87			window.location = 'https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=' + window.location.href;
88			return;
89		}
90
91		// Safari ITP, storage access failed, remove the request
92		if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN-REMOVE' ) {
93			var css_zap = 'html { -webkit-transition: margin-top 1s; transition: margin-top 1s; } /* 9001 */ html { margin-top: 0 !important; } * html body { margin-top: 0 !important; } @media screen and ( max-width: 782px ) { html { margin-top: 0 !important; } * html body { margin-top: 0 !important; } }';
94			var style_zap = document.createElement( 'style' );
95			style_zap.type = 'text/css';
96			style_zap.appendChild( document.createTextNode( css_zap ) );
97			document.body.appendChild( style_zap );
98
99			var e = document.getElementById( 'wpcom_request_access_iframe' );
100			e.parentNode.removeChild( e );
101
102			document.cookie = 'wordpress_com_login_access=denied; path=/; max-age=31536000';
103
104			return;
105		}
106
107		// Safari ITP
108		if ( data.msg === 'REQUEST_ACCESS' ) {
109			console.log( 'request access: safari' );
110
111			// Check ITP iframe enable/disable knob
112			if ( wpcom_remote_login_extra_auth !== 'safari_itp_iframe' ) {
113				return;
114			}
115
116			// If we are in a "private window" there is no ITP.
117			var private_window = false;
118			try {
119				var opendb = window.openDatabase( null, null, null, null );
120			} catch( e ) {
121				private_window = true;
122			}
123
124			if ( private_window ) {
125				console.log( 'private window' );
126				return;
127			}
128
129			var iframe = document.createElement( 'iframe' );
130			iframe.id = 'wpcom_request_access_iframe';
131			iframe.setAttribute( 'scrolling', 'no' );
132			iframe.setAttribute( 'sandbox', 'allow-storage-access-by-user-activation allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation' );
133			iframe.src = 'https://r-login.wordpress.com/remote-login.php?wpcom_remote_login=request_access&origin=' + encodeURIComponent( data.origin ) + '&wpcomid=' + encodeURIComponent( data.wpcomid );
134
135			var css = 'html { -webkit-transition: margin-top 1s; transition: margin-top 1s; } /* 9001 */ html { margin-top: 46px !important; } * html body { margin-top: 46px !important; } @media screen and ( max-width: 660px ) { html { margin-top: 71px !important; } * html body { margin-top: 71px !important; } #wpcom_request_access_iframe { display: block; height: 71px !important; } } #wpcom_request_access_iframe { border: 0px; height: 46px; position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; z-index: 99999; background: #23282d; } ';
136
137			var style = document.createElement( 'style' );
138			style.type = 'text/css';
139			style.id = 'wpcom_request_access_styles';
140			style.appendChild( document.createTextNode( css ) );
141			document.body.appendChild( style );
142
143			document.body.appendChild( iframe );
144		}
145
146		if ( data.msg === 'DONE' ) {
147			wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup();
148		}
149	}
150}, false );
151
152// Inject the remote login iframe after the page has had a chance to load
153// more critical resources
154window.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", function( e ) {
155	var iframe = document.createElement( "iframe" );
156	iframe.style.display = "none";
157	iframe.setAttribute( "scrolling", "no" );
158	iframe.setAttribute( "id", "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
159	iframe.src = "https://r-login.wordpress.com/remote-login.php"
160		+ "?wpcom_remote_login=key"
161		+ "&origin=aHR0cHM6Ly9pY25jc2libG9nLm9yZw%3D%3D"
162		+ "&wpcomid=52936818"
163		+ "&time=" + Math.floor( Date.now() / 1000 );
164	document.body.appendChild( iframe );
165}, false );
166</script>
166
167<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s2.wp.com' />
168<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts-api.wp.com' />
169<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s1.wp.com' />
170<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s0.wp.com' />
171<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ICNC-SI 2016 BLOG &raquo; Feed" href="https://icncsiblog.org/feed/" />
172<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ICNC-SI 2016 BLOG &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://icncsiblog.org/comments/feed/" />
173	
173<script type="text/javascript">
174		/* <![CDATA[ */
175		function addLoadEvent(func) {
176			var oldonload = window.onload;
177			if (typeof window.onload != 'function') {
178				window.onload = func;
179			} else {
180				window.onload = function () {
181					oldonload();
182					func();
183				}
184			}
185		}
186		/* ]]> */
187	</script>
187
188	<style id="wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css">
189img:is([sizes=auto i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px}
190/*# sourceURL=wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css */
191</style>
192<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-2-1' href='/wp-content/mu-plugins/likes/jetpack-likes.css?m=1743883414i&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
193<style id="wp-emoji-styles-inline-css">
194
195	img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
196		display: inline !important;
197		border: none !important;
198		box-shadow: none !important;
199		height: 1em !important;
200		width: 1em !important;
201		margin: 0 0.07em !important;
202		vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
203		background: none !important;
204		padding: 0 !important;
205	}
206/*# sourceURL=wp-emoji-styles-inline-css */
207</style>
208<style id="wp-block-library-inline-css">
209:root{--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color);--wp-editor-canvas-background:#ddd;--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,160.5;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;
209--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}:root .has-text-align-center{text-align:center}:root .has-text-align-left{text-align:left}:root .has-text-align-right{text-align:right}.has-fit-text{white-space:nowrap!important}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:normal!important;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-break:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-color],[style*=";border-color"],[style*="; border-color"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-color],[style*=";border-top-color"],[style*="; border-top-color"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-color],[style*=";border-right-color"],[style*="; border-right-color"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-color],[style*=";border-bottom-color"],[style*="; border-bottom-color"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-color],[style*=";border-left-color"],[style*="; border-left-color"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-width],[style*=";border-width"],[style*="; border-width"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-width],[style*=";border-top-width"],[style*="; border-top-width"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-width],[style*=";border-right-width"],[style*="; border-right-width"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-width],[style*=";border-bottom-width"],[style*="; border-bottom-width"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-width],[style*=";border-left-width"],[style*="; border-left-width"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}}
210
211/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v24.1.0/build/styles/block-library/common.min.css */
212</style>
213<style id="wp-block-library-inline-css-extra">
214.has-text-align-justify {
215	text-align:justify;
216}
217.has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;}
218/*# sourceURL=wp-block-library-inline-css */
219</style>
220
221<style id="classic-theme-styles-inline-css">
222.wp-block-button__link{background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;color:#fff;font-size:1.125em;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration:none}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff}.wp-block-accordion-heading{margin:0}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle{background-color:inherit!important;color:inherit!important}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:not(:focus-visible){outline:none}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:focus,.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:hover{background-color:inherit!important;border:none;box-shadow:none;color:inherit;padding:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20,1em) 0;text-decoration:none}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:focus-visible{outline:auto;outline-offset:0}.wp-block-tab:not(.has-text-color){color:inherit!important}.wp-block-tab:not(.has-background){background-color:inherit!important}.wp-block-tab:focus,.wp-block-tab:hover{text-decoration:none}.wp-block-tab:focus-visible{outline:auto;outline-offset:0}
223/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v24.1.0/build/styles/block-library/classic.min.css */
224</style>
225
226<style id="coblocks-inline-format-inline-css">
227.uppercase{text-transform:uppercase}
228/*# sourceURL=coblocks-inline-format-inline-css */
229</style>
230<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-12-1' href='/_static/??/wp-content/mu-plugins/core-compat/wp-mediaelement.css,/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-bbpress-premium-themes.css?m=1432920480j&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
231<style id="global-styles-inline-css">
232:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(6,147,227) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(252,185,
2320) 0%,rgb(255,105,0) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,105,0) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans: 'Albert Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya: Alegreya, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--arvo: Arvo, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda: 'Bodoni Moda', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque: 'Bricolage Grotesque', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cabin: Cabin, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--chivo: Chivo, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner: Commissioner, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant: Cormorant, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime: 'Courier Prime', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro: 'Crimson Pro', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono: 'DM Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display: 'DM Serif Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--domine: Domine, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond: 'EB Garamond', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue: Epilogue, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang: Fahkwang, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--figtree: Figtree, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans: 'Fira Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one: 'Fjalla One', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces: Fraunces, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito: Gabarito, system-ui;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans: 'IBM Plex Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova: 'Ibarra Real Nova', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif: 'Instrument Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: Inter, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans: 'Josefin Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--jost: Jost, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin: 'Libre Franklin', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--literata: Literata, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--lora: Lora, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather: Merriweather, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat: Montserrat, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader: Newsreader, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono: 'Noto Sans Mono', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--nunito: Nunito, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--overpass: Overpass, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif: 'PT Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--petrona: Petrona, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla: Piazzolla, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display: 'Playfair Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--poppins: Poppins, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--raleway: Raleway, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto: Roboto, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab: 'Roboto Slab', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rubik: Rubik, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rufina: Rufina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--sora: Sora, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3: 'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4: 'Source Serif 4', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono: 'Space Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--syne: Syne, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--texturina: Texturina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist: Urbanist, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans: 'Work Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--text-shadow--light: 0.05em 0.05em 0.1em rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);--wp--preset--text-shadow--strong: 0.1em 0.1em 0.25em rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgb(255, 255, 255), 6px 6px rgb(0, 0, 0);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgb(0, 0, 0);}.wp-block-button{--wp--preset--dimension--25: 25%;--wp--preset--dimension--50: 50%;--wp--preset--dimension--75: 75%;--wp--preset--dimension--100: 100%;}:where(body) { margin: 0; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit;letter-spacing: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding-top: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-right: calc(1.333em + 2px);padding-bottom: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-left: calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;text-transform: inherit;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}
232.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-albert-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans) !important;}.has-alegreya-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya) !important;}.has-arvo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--arvo) !important;}.has-bodoni-moda-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda) !important;}.has-bricolage-grotesque-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque) !important;}.has-cabin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cabin) !important;}.has-chivo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--chivo) !important;}.has-commissioner-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner) !important;}.has-cormorant-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant) !important;}.has-courier-prime-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime) !important;}.has-crimson-pro-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro) !important;}.has-dm-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono) !important;}.has-dm-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans) !important;}.has-dm-serif-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display) !important;}.has-domine-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--domine) !important;}.has-eb-garamond-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond) !important;}.has-epilogue-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue) !important;}.has-fahkwang-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang) !important;}.has-figtree-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--figtree) !important;}.has-fira-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans) !important;}.has-fjalla-one-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one) !important;}.has-fraunces-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces) !important;}.has-gabarito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans) !important;}.has-ibarra-real-nova-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova) !important;}.has-instrument-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif) !important;}.has-inter-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter) !important;}.has-josefin-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans) !important;}.has-jost-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--jost) !important;}.has-libre-baskerville-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville) !important;}.has-libre-franklin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin) !important;}.has-literata-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--literata) !important;}.has-lora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--lora) !important;}.has-merriweather-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather) !important;}.has-montserrat-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat) !important;}.has-newsreader-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader) !important;}.has-noto-sans-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono) !important;}.has-nunito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--nunito) !important;}.has-open-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans) !important;}.has-overpass-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--overpass) !important;}.has-pt-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif) !important;}.has-petrona-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--petrona) !important;}.has-piazzolla-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla) !important;}.has-playfair-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display) !important;}.has-plus-jakarta-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans) !important;}.has-poppins-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--poppins) !important;}.has-raleway-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--raleway) !important;}.has-roboto-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto) !important;}.has-roboto-slab-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab) !important;}.has-rubik-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rubik) !important;}.has-rufina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rufina) !important;}.has-sora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--sora) !important;}.has-source-sans-3-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3) !important;}.has-source-serif-4-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4) !important;}.has-space-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono) !important;}.has-syne-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--syne) !important;}.has-texturina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--texturina) !important;}.has-urbanist-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist) !important;}.has-work-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans) !important;}.has-light-text-shadow{text-shadow: var(--wp--preset--text-shadow--light) !important;}.has-strong-text-shadow{text-shadow: var(--wp--preset--text-shadow--strong) !important;}
233/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */
234</style>
235
236<link rel='stylesheet' id='fonts-css' href='https://fonts-api.wp.com/css?family=Lato%3A400%2C700%2C900%2C400italic%2C700italic%7CMerriweather%3A700%2C900%2C400italic&#038;subset=latin%2Clatin-ext' media='all' />
237<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-16-1' href='/_static/??-eJzTLy/QTc7PK0nNK9EvyUjNTS3WLyhN0i/KL8/JzEvXTwNK6SaWpxbn56aicPSSi4t19PFrLi6pzAErtM+1NTQ3MTSzNDY2Mc4CAOYBKhM=&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
238<style id="jetpack_facebook_likebox-inline-css">
239.widget_facebook_likebox {
240	overflow: hidden;
241}
242
243/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-plugin/sun/modules/widgets/facebook-likebox/style.css */
244</style>
245<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-18-1' href='/_static/??-eJzTLy/QTc7PK0nNK9HPLdUtyClNz8wr1i9KTcrJTwcy0/WTi5G5ekCujj52Temp+bo5+cmJJZn5eSgc3bScxMwikFb7XFtDE1NLExMLc0OTLACohS2q&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
246<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='print-css-19-1' href='/wp-content/mu-plugins/global-print/global-print.css?m=1465851035i&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='print' />
247<style id="jetpack-global-styles-frontend-style-inline-css">
248:root { --font-headings: unset; --font-base: unset; --font-headings-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; --font-base-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;}
249/*# sourceURL=jetpack-global-styles-frontend-style-inline-css */
250</style>
251<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-22-1' href='/_static/??-eJyNjcsKAjEMRX/ImhmUURfip0inLW3GNCmmQfx7H7gRN+7ugcs5cGsuCPfEHaq5RpaRFZbUmw+XD4MaQ5VolBS0+GuKPsb7eyLndVBdwd+iM3KA2ZAiqAT05Eiy6Bf8KHtJ9RkvW8gks6fX4VSP426/mQ7TMA7LA38FSqA=&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
252<script id="wpcom-actionbar-placeholder-js-extra">
253var actionbardata = {"siteID":"52936818","postID":"800","siteURL":"https://icncsiblog.org","xhrURL":"https://icncsiblog.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"8e63c467fc","isLoggedIn":"","statusMessage":"","statusSubscribed":"","subsEmailDefault":"instantly","proxyScriptUrl":"https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/js/wpcom-proxy-request.js?m=1513050504i&amp;ver=20211021","shortlink":"https://wp.me/P3A7hE-cU","i18n":{"followedText":"New posts from this site will now appear in your \u003Ca href=\"https://wordpress.com/reader\"\u003EReader\u003C/a\u003E","foldBar":"Collapse this bar","unfoldBar":"Expand this bar","shortLinkCopied":"Copied to clipboard."}};
254//# sourceURL=wpcom-actionbar-placeholder-js-extra
255</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 255
255
256<script id="jetpack-mu-wpcom-settings-js-before">
257var JETPACK_MU_WPCOM_SETTINGS = {"assetsUrl":"https://s1.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-mu-wpcom-plugin/sun/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-mu-wpcom/src/build/"};
258//# sourceURL=jetpack-mu-wpcom-settings-js-before
259</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 259
259
260<script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript'  src='/_static/??-eJzTLy/QTc7PK0nNK9HPKtYvyinRLSjKr6jUyyrW0QfKZeYl55SmpBaDJLMKS1OLKqGUXm5mHkFFurmZ6UWJJalQxfa5tobmRgamxgZmFpZZACbyLJI='></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 260
260
261<script id="rlt-proxy-js-after">
262	rltInitialize( {"token":null,"iframeOrigins":["https:\/\/widgets.wp.com"]} );
263//# sourceURL=rlt-proxy-js-after
264</script>
264
265<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://fsi2013.wordpress.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
266<meta name="generator" content="WordPress.com" />
267<link rel="canonical" href="https://icncsiblog.org/history-of-icnc-si/" />
268<link rel='shortlink' href='https://wp.me/P3A7hE-cU' />
269<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://public-api.wordpress.com/oembed/?format=json&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ficncsiblog.org%2Fhistory-of-icnc-si%2F&amp;for=wpcom-auto-discovery" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/xml+oembed" href="https://public-api.wordpress.com/oembed/?format=xml&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ficncsiblog.org%2Fhistory-of-icnc-si%2F&amp;for=wpcom-auto-discovery" />
270<!-- Jetpack Open Graph Tags -->
271<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
272<meta property="og:title" content="History of ICNC-SI" />
273<meta property="og:url" content="https://icncsiblog.org/history-of-icnc-si/" />
274<meta property="og:description" content="Note: This institute was formerly known as FSI, the Fletcher Summer Institute for the Advanced Study of Nonviolent Conflict. See more on this change below. The impetus for an educational collaborat…" />
275<meta property="article:published_time" content="2016-06-15T17:36:27+00:00" />
276<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2016-07-01T13:04:30+00:00" />
277<meta property="og:site_name" content="ICNC-SI 2016 BLOG" />
278<meta property="og:image" content="https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fletcher-1.jpg" />
279<meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fletcher-1.jpg" />
280<meta property="og:image:width" content="215" />
281<meta property="og:image:height" content="161" />
282<meta property="og:image:alt" content="fletcher (1)" />
283<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
284<meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/WordPresscom" />
285<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@nvconflict" />
286<meta name="twitter:site" content="@nvconflict" />
287<meta name="twitter:text:title" content="History of ICNC-SI" />
288<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fletcher-1.jpg?w=144" />
289<meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="fletcher (1)" />
290<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
291
292<!-- End Jetpack Open Graph Tags -->
293<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fc0e73dd1e63f3e5d462c7acf596f7052efc4ff2cad00d8f84d15eac019cef8d?s=32" sizes="16x16" />
294<link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fc0e73dd1e63f3e5d462c7acf596f7052efc4ff2cad00d8f84d15eac019cef8d?s=32" sizes="16x16" />
295<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fc0e73dd1e63f3e5d462c7acf596f7052efc4ff2cad00d8f84d15eac019cef8d?s=114" />
296<link rel='openid.server' href='https://icncsiblog.org/?openidserver=1' />
297<link rel='openid.delegate' href='https://icncsiblog.org/' />
298<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://icncsiblog.org/osd.xml" title="ICNC-SI 2016 BLOG" />
299<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://s1.wp.com/opensearch.xml" title="WordPress.com" />
300		<style type="text/css">
301			.recentcomments a {
302				display: inline !important;
303				padding: 0 !important;
304				margin: 0 !important;
305			}
306
307			table.recentcommentsavatartop img.avatar, table.recentcommentsavatarend img.avatar {
308				border: 0px;
309				margin: 0;
310			}
311
312			table.recentcommentsavatartop a, table.recentcommentsavatarend a {
313				border: 0px !important;
314				background-color: transparent !important;
315			}
316
317			td.recentcommentsavatarend, td.recentcommentsavatartop {
318				padding: 0px 0px 1px 0px;
319				margin: 0px;
320			}
321
322			td.recentcommentstextend {
323				border: none !important;
324				padding: 0px 0px 2px 10px;
325			}
326
327			.rtl td.recentcommentstextend {
328				padding: 0px 10px 2px 0px;
329			}
330
331			td.recentcommentstexttop {
332				border: none;
333				padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;
334			}
335
336			.rtl td.recentcommentstexttop {
337				padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;
338			}
339		</style>
340		<meta name="description" content="Note: This institute was formerly known as FSI, the Fletcher Summer Institute for the Advanced Study of Nonviolent Conflict. See more on this change below. The impetus for an educational collaboration between the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict and the Fletcher School of Law &amp; Diplomacy came from Peter Ackerman (the founding chair of ICNC,&hellip;" />
341<style type="text/css" id="custom-colors-css">.post-tags a,
342		.tagcloud .widget-content a,
343		.widget_tag_cloud .widget-content a,
344		#infinite-handle span button:hover { background: #CCCCCC;}
345.header-top-menu li.menu-item-has-children a:after,
346		.header-top-menu li.page_item_has_children a:after { border-top-color: #A3A3A3;}
347.post-tags a:before,
348		.tagcloud .widget-content a:before,
349		.widget_tag_cloud .widget-content a:before { border-right-color: #CCCCCC;}
350.entry-author .author-bio,
351		.site-description,
352		.post-author .description,
353		.header-top-menu ul a,
354		.header-top-menu > li > a,
355		.social-menu a,
356		.credits .attribution,
357		.credits .attribution a { color: #A3A3A3;}
358.widget-content,
359		.rowling-widget-list .excerpt { color: #636363;}
360.nav-toggle .bar,
361		.nav-toggle.active .bar { background: #FFFFFF;}
362.header-bottom-menu > li.menu-item-has-children:after,
363		.header-bottom-menu > li.page_item_has_children:after { border-top-color: #FFFFFF;}
364.header-top-menu li.menu-item-has-children:hover a:after,
365		.header-top-menu li.page_item_has_children:hover a:after { border-top-color: #FFFFFF;}
366.post-author .title a,
367		.social-menu a:hover,
368		.social-menu a.active { border-color: #FFFFFF;}
369.header-bottom-menu ul a,
370		.header-bottom-menu > li > a,
371		.header-bottom-menu > li:hover > a,
372		.header-bottom-menu ul li:hover > a,
373		.header-bottom-menu > li.current_menu_item > a,
374		.header-bottom-menu > li.current_page_item > a,
375		.navigation .section-inner,
376		.sticky.post .sticky-tag,
377		.single-post .post .sticky-tag,
378		.post-content .page-links a:hover,
379		.post-content fieldset legend,
380		.post-content fieldset legend,
381		.post-content input[type="submit"],
382		.post-content input[type="reset"],
383		.post-content input[type="button"],
384		.post-content input[type="submit"]:hover,
385		.post-content input[type="reset"]:hover,
386		.post-content input[type="button"]:hover,
387		.post-tags a:hover,
388		.tagcloud .widget-content a:hover,
389		.widget_tag_cloud .widget-content a:hover,
390		.comment-respond input[type="submit"],
391		.to-the-top .fa { color: #FFFFFF;}
392.site-title a { color: #FFFFFF;}
393.header-top-menu li.current-menu-item > a,
394		.header-top-menu li.current_page_item > a,
395		.header-top-menu li:hover > a,
396		.header-top-menu ul li:hover > a,
397		.social-menu a:hover,
398		.social-menu a.active { color: #FFFFFF;}
399body,
400		.post-title a,
401		.post-title a:hover,
402		.single-post .post-image-caption,
403		.page-links > span:nth-of-type(2),
404		.post-navigation .navigation-post-title,
405		.post-content caption,
406		.post-content th,
407		.post-content div#jp-relatedposts div.jp-relatedposts-items .jp-relatedposts-post .jp-relatedposts-post-title a,
408		.pingbacks-title,
409		.pingbacklist a,
410		.comment-respond form label { color: #111111;}
411.content:before { background: #f1eeee;}
412.entry-author,
413		.header-wrapper,
414		.posts .post-image,
415		.post-author,
416		.credits { background: #092e6e;}
417.top-nav { background: #0B3A8B;}
418.header-top-menu ul li,
419		.header-top-menu > li:hover > a { background: #0A337C;}
420.social-menu a { border-color: #092e6e;}
421.entry-author:before,
422		.post-author:before { border-bottom-color: #092e6e;}
423.header-bottom-menu ul,
424		.navigation .section-inner,
425		.header-bottom-menu,
426		.nav-toggle,
427		.sticky.post .sticky-tag,
428		.single-post .post .sticky-tag,
429		.post-content .page-links a:hover,
430		.post-tags a:hover,
431		.tagcloud .widget-content a:hover,
432		.widget_tag_cloud .widget-content a:hover,
433		.post-content fieldset legend,
434		.post-content input[type="submit"],
435		.post-content input[type="reset"],
436		.post-content input[type="button"],
437		.post-content input[type="submit"]:hover,
438		.post-content input[type="reset"]:hover,
439		.post-content input[type="button"]:hover,
440		.comment-respond input[type="submit"],
441		#infinite-handle span button,
442		.to-the-top { background: #092e6e;}
443.bypostauthor .comment-author-icon { background: #092E6E;}
444.sticky.post .sticky-tag:after,
445		.single-post .post .sticky-tag:after,
446		.post-tags a:hover:before,
447		.tagcloud .widget-content a:hover:before,
448		.widget_tag_cloud .widget-content a:hover:before { border-right-color: #092e6e;}
449.post-content a:hover,
450		.pingbacks-title,
451		.widget_flickr #flickr_badge_uber_wrapper a:last-of-type { border-bottom-color: #092e6e;}
452.sticky.post .sticky-tag:after { border-left-color: #092e6e;}
453.comments-title-link a:hover,
454		.page-edit-link .post-edit-link:hover { border-color: #092E6E;}
455.nav-links > div a:hover,
456		.comments-nav a:hover,
457		.archive-nav a:hover { border-top-color: #092E6E;}
458.widget-title,
459		.widget-content a:hover,
460		.page-title h4 { border-bottom-color: #092E6E;}
461body a,
462		body a:hover,
463		body a:active,
464		.post-content a,
465		.post-content a:hover,
466		.post-content p.intro,
467		.post-content blockquote:after,
468		.post-categories,
469		.single-post .post-meta a,
470		.single-post .post-image-caption .fa,
471		.search-container .search-button:hover,
472		.comments-title .fa,
473		.comment-reply-title .fa,
474		.comments-title-link a,
475		.comment-meta .vcard a,
476		.no-comments .fa,
477		.comment-header h4 a,
478		.pingbacklist a:hover,
479		.comments-nav a:hover,
480		.page-edit-link,
481		.related-post .category,
482		.nav-links > div a:hover span,
483		.credits .copyright a:hover,
484		.wrapper .search-button:hover,
485		.archive-nav a:hover,
486		#wp-calendar thead th,
487		#wp-calendar tfoot a:hover,
488		.widget-content a:hover,
489		.widget-content a:hover::before,
490		.widget-content li a:hover,
491		.widget-content li a:hover::before,
492		.widget_flickr #flickr_badge_uber_wrapper a:last-of-type { color: #092E6E;}
493.site-title a:hover { color: #73A3F6;}
494</style>
495			<link rel="stylesheet" id="custom-css-css" type="text/css" href="https://s1.wp.com/?custom-css=1&#038;csblog=3A7hE&#038;cscache=6&#038;csrev=11" />
496			
497<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-0-3' href='/_static/??-eJydj8sKAjEMRX/IGsWCzkL8FOmkoWSmL5qW4t87Plcu1F0S7j2cQM8KU6wUK4Smsm+Oo8BENRucnztIi3DmiDD6hLOAdM5U1iiygq8BIdnmSQBNSU3IvzOvw4+8u5CjSIWXgnwe/3TsbB3V5dGEbLwKZNmoB1vqxdMNewrH7X7YHLQednq6AiC6fD4=&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
498<style id="jetpack-subscriptions-inline-css">
499#subscribe-email input {
500	width: 95%;
501}
502
503.comment-subscription-form {
504	margin-bottom: 1em;
505}
506
507.comment-subscription-form .subscribe-label {
508	display: inline !important;
509}
510
511/*
512Text meant only for screen readers.
513Provides support for themes that do not bundle this CSS yet.
514@see https://make.wordpress.org/accessibility/2015/02/09/hiding-text-for-screen-readers-with-wordpress-core/
515***********************************/
516.screen-reader-text {
517	border: 0;
518	clip-path: inset(50%);
519	height: 1px;
520	margin: -1px;
521	overflow: hidden;
522	padding: 0;
523	position: absolute !important;
524	width: 1px;
525	overflow-wrap: normal !important;
526}
527
528/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-plugin/sun/_inc/build/subscriptions/subscriptions.min.css */
529</style>
530
531</head>
532
533	<body class="wp-singular page-template-default page page-id-800 wp-custom-logo wp-theme-pubrowling customizer-styles-applied jetpack-reblog-enabled has-site-logo custom-colors">
534
535		<a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#main">Skip to content</a>
536
537		
538		<div class="search-container">
539
540			<div class="section-inner">
541
542				
543<form method="get" class="search-form" action="https://icncsiblog.org/">
544	<label>
545		<span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span>
546		<input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search" value="" name="s" title="Search for:" />
547	</label>
548	<button type="submit" class="search-button"><span class="fa fw fa-search"></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Search</span></button>
549</form>
550
551			</div> <!-- /section-inner -->
552
553		</div> <!-- /search-container -->
554
555		<header class="header-wrapper">
556
557			<div class="header">
558
559				<div class="section-inner">
560
561					
562						<a href="https://icncsiblog.org/" class="site-logo-link" rel="home" itemprop="url"><img width="523" height="80" src="https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/new-icnc-banner-logo-reverse-01.png?w=523" class="site-logo attachment-rowling_site_logo" alt="" data-size="rowling_site_logo" itemprop="logo" decoding="async" srcset="https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/new-icnc-banner-logo-reverse-01.png?w=523 523w, https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/new-icnc-banner-logo-reverse-01.png?w=1046 1046w, https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/new-icnc-banner-logo-reverse-01.png?w=150 150w, https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/new-icnc-banner-logo-reverse-01.png?w=300 300w, https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/new-icnc-banner-logo-reverse-01.png?w=768 768w, https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/new-icnc-banner-logo-reverse-01.png?w=1024 1024
562w" sizes="(max-width: 523px) 100vw, 523px" data-attachment-id="1341" data-permalink="https://icncsiblog.org/new-icnc-banner-logo-reverse-01/" data-orig-file="https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/new-icnc-banner-logo-reverse-01.png" data-orig-size="3780,578" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-title="NEW ICNC Banner Logo REVERSE-01" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/new-icnc-banner-logo-reverse-01.png?w=616" /></a>
563						<h2 class="site-title">
564							<a href="https://icncsiblog.org/" title="ICNC-SI 2016 BLOG &mdash; ICNC Summer Institute at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy" rel="home">ICNC-SI 2016 BLOG</a>
565						</h2>
566
567													<h4 class="site-description">ICNC Summer Institute at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy</h4>
568						
569					
570										<div class="nav-toggle">
571
572						<div class="bars">
573							<div class="bar"></div>
574							<div class="bar"></div>
575							<div class="bar"></div>
576						</div>
577
578					</div> <!-- /nav-toggle -->
579					
580				</div> <!-- /section-inner -->
581
582			</div> <!-- /header -->
583
584						<nav class="navigation">
585
586				<div class="section-inner clear-fix">
587
588					<ul class="header-bottom-menu">
589
590					<li id="menu-item-803" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-800 current_page_item menu-item-803"><a href="https://icncsiblog.org/history-of-icnc-si/" aria-current="page">History of ICNC-SI</a></li>
591<li id="menu-item-804" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-804"><a href="http://nonviolent-conflict.org">ICNC Website</a></li>
592
593					</ul>
594
595				</div><!-- /header-bottom-menu -->
596
597			</nav> <!-- /navigation -->
598			
599		</header> <!-- /header-wrapper -->
600
601<div class="wrapper section-inner">
602
603	<main id="main" class="content">
604
605		
606			
607			
608			<article id="page-800" class="post single single-post post-800 page type-page status-publish hentry">
609
610				<header class="post-header">
611
612					<h1 class="post-title">History of ICNC-SI</h1>
613				</header> <!-- /post-header -->
614
615				
616				<div class="post-inner clear-fix">
617
618					<div class="post-content">
619
620						<p style="text-align:justify;"><i>Note: This institute was formerly known as FSI, <a href="https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/summer-institute/">the Fletcher Summer Institute for the Advanced Study of Nonviolent Conflict</a>. See more on this change below.</i></p>
621<p style="text-align:justify;">The impetus for an educational collaboration between the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict and the Fletcher School of Law &amp; Diplomacy came from Peter Ackerman (the founding chair of ICNC, and also at the time, chair of the Fletcher School’s governing board). He had admired the Fletcher School’s Global Master of Arts program, which pioneered international distance learning as a platform for graduate study in international affairs. For their part, ICNC’s staff recognized that it needed to help raise the level of understanding of movements and campaigns using civil resistance, among international professionals of all kinds.</p>
622<p style="text-align:justify;"><img data-attachment-id="624" data-permalink="https://icncsiblog.org/about-fsi/the-history-of-fsi/fletcher-1/" data-orig-file="https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fletcher-1.jpg" data-orig-size="504,378" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.8&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;DMC-FX38&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1267668137&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;4.4&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.02&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="fletcher (1)" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fletcher-1.jpg?w=504" class="  wp-image-624 alignleft" src="https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fletcher-1.jpg?w=215&#038;h=161" alt="fletcher (1)" width="215" height="161" srcset="https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fletcher-1.jpg?w=215&amp;h=161 215w, https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fletcher-1.jpg?w=430&amp;h=323 430w, https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fletcher-1.jpg?w=150&amp;h=113 150w, https://icncsiblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fletcher-1.jpg?w=300&amp;
622h=225 300w" sizes="(max-width: 215px) 100vw, 215px" />When discussions began between ICNC and Fletcher about this in late 2005, it quickly became clear that the teachable content for a distance-learning platform on nonviolent conflict first had to be developed and tested. So the ICNC Summer Institute was initially designed to “try out” one week of teachable knowledge and the pedagogy to provide it.</p>
623<p style="text-align:justify;">The content was developed to cover three perspectives on nonviolent conflict:</p>
624<p style="text-align:justify;">(1) The basic dynamics of civil resistance, which are not generally understood by practitioners or scholars in international affairs,</p>
625<p style="text-align:justify;">(2) The dimensions of movements and campaigns that are affected by the work of international professionals, such as external assistance to movements and media coverage of nonviolent conflict, and</p>
626<p style="text-align:justify;">(3) Applications of civil resistance in various kinds of urgent international situations.</p>
627<p style="text-align:justify;">We decided to hold the first Fletcher Summer Institute on the Advanced Study of Nonviolent Conflict, or FSI (as it was christened) in June 2006. Although our primary intended type of participants would be early-career or mid-career international professionals (working for international organizations, NGOs, civil society organizations, and the like), we would also look for participants who also had personal experience in campaigns or movements while still doing international work, or who were working journalists.</p>
628<p style="text-align:justify;">The first FSI was a resounding success. Participants were very enthusiastic about the human experience during the week of sessions and in social interaction, and also very excited about this new domain of knowledge which they quickly recognized was not being offered through any other educational institution. It was so successful that we decided to put on hold the idea of a distance-learning curriculum, and hold FSI itself as a summer institute from then on.</p>
629<p style="text-align:justify;">Its evolution over the years has mainly been in the way it’s been presented and taught. We increasingly sought knowledgeable outside authorities on topics, to teach various sessions, as well as core ICNC staff and Fletcher School faculty. We also invited distinguished veterans of nonviolent movements to speak in evening sessions. And we chose to use FSI as the annual venue for the James Lawson Awards beginning in 2011, to recognize outstanding achievement in the practice or study of nonviolent conflict.</p>
630<p style="text-align:justify;">Fast-forwarding to April 2016, we instituted a name change to more transparently communicate that ICNC is responsible for all content-related planning and selection of participants, while the Fletcher School hosts the Institute. Both institutions co-organize logistics leading up to and during the week in Boston.</p>
631<p style="text-align:justify;">Now known as the ICNC Summer Institute, the core of the program as a lived experience are the sessions in “Schmidheiny”, an amphitheatre-like classroom. This room intensifies people’s attentiveness, their ability to see and discuss questions with each other, and also easily to view video and power-point presentations. It’s like an incubator of high intellectual discourse and also great social esprit.</p>
632<p style="text-align:justify;">The totality of the week’s experience is what makes the ICNC Summer Institute unique: the rigorous exposure to one of the world’s most important phenomena, in determining the future of rights, democracy and peace; the camaraderie among like-minded people from all over the world who share this interest; and the stimulus it so often provides many people to become involved in the field of civil resistance. The most memorable phrase that I’ve heard more than a few times from participants at the closing dinner, when they’ve come up to thank me, is: “This has been a life-changing experience.”</p>
633<p style="text-align:justify;">– Jack DuVall, Senior Counselor and Founding Director, ICNC</p>
634<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
635				data-shared="sharing-twitter-800"
636				class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon"
637				href="https://icncsiblog.org/history-of-icnc-si/?share=twitter"
638				target="_blank"
639				aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-800"
640				>
641				<span id="sharing-twitter-800" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span>
642				<span>X</span>
643			</a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
644				data-shared="sharing-facebook-800"
645				class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon"
646				href="https://icncsiblog.org/history-of-icnc-si/?share=facebook"
647				target="_blank"
648				aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-800"
649				>
650				<span id="sharing-facebook-800" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span>
651				<span>Facebook</span>
652			</a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
653				data-shared="sharing-pinterest-800"
654				class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon"
655				href="https://icncsiblog.org/history-of-icnc-si/?share=pinterest"
656				target="_blank"
657				aria-labelledby="sharing-pinterest-800"
658				>
659				<span id="sharing-pinterest-800" hidden>Share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)</span>
660				<span>Pinterest</span>
661			</a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
662				data-shared="sharing-email-800"
663				class="share-email sd-button share-icon"
664				href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20History%20of%20ICNC-SI&#038;body=https%3A%2F%2Ficncsiblog.org%2Fhistory-of-icnc-si%2F&#038;share=email"
665				target="_blank"
666				aria-labelledby="sharing-email-800"
667				data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you&#039;re having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="a78f968f80" data-email-share-track-url="https://icncsiblog.org/history-of-icnc-si/?share=email">
668				<span id="sharing-email-800" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span>
669				<span>Email</span>
670			</a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-52936818-800-6ac95cf7364af' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20261009#blog_id=52936818&amp;post_id=800&amp;origin=fsi2013.wordpress.com&amp;obj_id=52936818-800-6ac95cf7364af&amp;domain=icncsiblog.org' data-name='like-post-frame-52936818-800-6ac95cf7364af' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div>
671						
672					</div> <!-- /post-content -->
673
674				</div> <!-- /post-inner -->
675
676				
677<div id="comments" class="comments-area clear-fix">
678
679	
680</div><!-- #comments -->
681			</article> <!-- /page -->
682			
683		
684	</main> <!-- /content -->
685
686	
687<div class="sidebar">
688	<aside id="wpcom_social_media_icons_widget-2" class="widget widget_wpcom_social_media_icons_widget"><div class="widget-content"><h3 class="widget-title">Connect</h3><ul><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/NonviolentConflict/" class="genericon genericon-facebook" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-text">View NonviolentConflict&#8217;s profile on Facebook</span></a></li><li><a href="https://twitter.com/@nvconflict/" class="genericon genericon-twitter" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-text">View @nvconflict&#8217;s profile on Twitter</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NonviolentConflict/" class="genericon genericon-youtube" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-text">View NonviolentConflict&#8217;s profile on YouTube</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="clear"></div></aside><aside id="blog_subscription-2" class="widget widget_blog_subscription jetpack_subscription_widget"><div class="widget-content"><h3 class="widget-title"><label for="subscribe-field">Follow Blog via Email</label></h3>
689
690			<div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__container">
691			<form
692				action="https://subscribe.wordpress.com"
693				method="post"
694				accept-charset="utf-8"
695				data-blog="52936818"
696				data-post_access_level="everybody"
697				id="subscribe-blog"
698			>
699				<p>Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.</p>
700				<p id="subscribe-email">
701					<label
702						id="subscribe-field-label"
703						for="subscribe-field"
704						class="screen-reader-text"
705					>
706						Email Address:					</label>
707
708					<input
709							type="email"
710							name="email"
711							autocomplete="email"
712							
713							style="width: 95%; padding: 1px 10px"
714							placeholder="Email Address"
715							value=""
716							id="subscribe-field"
717							required
718						/>				</p>
719
720				<p id="subscribe-submit"
721									>
722					<input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe"/>
723					<input type="hidden" name="blog_id" value="52936818"/>
724					<input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://icncsiblog.org/history-of-icnc-si/"/>
725					<input type="hidden" name="sub-type" value="widget"/>
726					<input type="hidden" name="redirect_fragment" value="subscribe-blog"/>
727					<input type="hidden" id="_wpnonce" name="_wpnonce" value="190d058981" />					<button type="submit"
728													class="wp-block-button__link"
729																	>
730						Follow					</button>
731				</p>
732			</form>
733							<div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__subscount">
734					Join 82 other subscribers				</div>
735						</div>
736			
737</div><div class="clear"></div></aside><aside id="facebook-likebox-2" class="widget widget_facebook_likebox"><div class="widget-content"><h3 class="widget-title"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/NonviolentConflict">Find us on Facebook</a></h3>		<div id="fb-root"></div>
738		<div class="fb-page" data-href="https://www.facebook.com/NonviolentConflict" data-width="200"  data-height="250" data-hide-cover="false" data-show-facepile="true" data-tabs="false" data-hide-cta="false" data-small-header="false">
739		<div class="fb-xfbml-parse-ignore"><blockquote cite="https://www.facebook.com/NonviolentConflict"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/NonviolentConflict">Find us on Facebook</a></blockquote></div>
740		</div>
741		</div><div class="clear"></div></aside><aside id="nav_menu-2" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="widget-content"><h3 class="widget-title">Categories</h3><div class="menu-menu2-container"><ul id="menu-menu2" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-16" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-16"><a href="https://icncsiblog.org/category/clip-of-the-day/">Clip of the day</a></li>
742<li id="menu-item-17" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-17"><a href="https://icncsiblog.org/category/photo-of-the-day/">Photo of the day</a></li>
743<li id="menu-item-18" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-18"><a href="https://icncsiblog.org/category/resource-of-the-day/">Resource of the day</a></li>
744</ul></div></div><div class="clear"></div></aside>
744<aside id="archives-7" class="widget widget_archive"><div class="widget-content"><h3 class="widget-title">ICNC-SI Blog Archive</h3>
745			<ul>
746					<li><a href='https://icncsiblog.org/2016/07/'>July 2016</a></li>
747	<li><a href='https://icncsiblog.org/2016/06/'>June 2016</a></li>
748	<li><a href='https://icncsiblog.org/2015/06/'>June 2015</a></li>
749	<li><a href='https://icncsiblog.org/2014/06/'>June 2014</a></li>
750	<li><a href='https://icncsiblog.org/2013/06/'>June 2013</a></li>
751			</ul>
752
753			</div><div class="clear"></div></aside></div>
754
755	<div class="clear"></div>
756
757</div> <!-- /wrapper.section-inner -->
758
759
760<footer class="site-footer">
761
762	<div class="section-inner">
763		<a href="#" class="to-the-top" title="To the top"><div class="fa fw fa-arrow-up"></div></a>
764		<p class="copyright">&copy; 2026 <a href="https://icncsiblog.org/" title="ICNC-SI 2016 BLOG &mdash; ICNC Summer Institute at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy" rel="home">ICNC-SI 2016 BLOG</a></p>
765		<p class="attribution"><a href="https://wordpress.com/?ref=footer_blog" rel="nofollow">Blog at WordPress.com.</a></p>
766	</div>
767
768</footer> <!-- /site-footer -->
769
770<!--  -->
771<script type="speculationrules">
772{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["/wp-*.php","/wp-admin/*","/files/*","/wp-content/*","/wp-content/plugins/*","/wp-content/themes/pub/rowling/*","/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
773</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 773
773
774<script id="grofiles-cards-js" src="//0.gravatar.com/js/hovercards/hovercards.min.js?ver=202641d1133547e8a1f2801609f51cef12522abe7f6647d869e9fbc974fe356a37e613"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 774
774
775<script id="wpgroho-js-extra">
776var WPGroHo = {"my_hash":""};
777//# sourceURL=wpgroho-js-extra
778</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 778
778
779<script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript'  src='/wp-content/mu-plugins/gravatar-hovercards/wpgroho.js?m=1610363240i'></script>
779
780
781	
781<script>
782		// Initialize and attach hovercards to all gravatars
783		( function() {
784			function init() {
785				if ( typeof Gravatar === 'undefined' ) {
786					return;
787				}
788
789				if ( typeof Gravatar.init !== 'function' ) {
790					return;
791				}
792
793				Gravatar.profile_cb = function ( hash, id ) {
794					WPGroHo.syncProfileData( hash, id );
795				};
796
797				Gravatar.my_hash = WPGroHo.my_hash;
798				Gravatar.init(
799					'body',
800					'#wp-admin-bar-my-account',
801					{
802						i18n: {
803							'Edit your profile →': 'Edit your profile →',
804							'View profile →': 'View profile →',
805							'Contact': 'Contact',
806							'Send money': 'Send money',
807							'Sorry, we are unable to load this Gravatar profile.': 'Sorry, we are unable to load this Gravatar profile.',
808							'Gravatar not found.': 'Gravatar not found.',
809							'Too Many Requests.': 'Too Many Requests.',
810							'Internal Server Error.': 'Internal Server Error.',
811							'Is this you?': 'Is this you?',
812							'Claim your free profile.': 'Claim your free profile.',
813							'Email': 'Email',
814							'Home Phone': 'Home Phone',
815							'Work Phone': 'Work Phone',
816							'Cell Phone': 'Cell Phone',
817							'Contact Form': 'Contact Form',
818							'Calendar': 'Calendar',
819						},
820					}
821				);
822			}
823
824			if ( document.readyState !== 'loading' ) {
825				init();
826			} else {
827				document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', init );
828			}
829		} )();
830	</script>
830
831
832		<div style="display:none">
833	</div>
834			<div id="actionbar" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"
835				class="actnbr-pub-rowling" role="region" aria-label="Site actions">
836			<span class="actnbr-live" aria-live="polite"></span>
837			<ul>
838										<li class="actnbr-btn actnbr-hidden">
839										<a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-follow " href="" role="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false">
840				<svg class="actnbr-icon actnbr-icon-bell" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17 11.5c0 1.353.17 2.368.976 3 .266.209.602.376 1.024.5v1H5v-1c.422-.124.757-.291 1.024-.5.806-.632.976-1.647.976-3V9c0-2.8 2.2-5 5-5s5 2.2 5 5v2.5ZM15.5 9v2.5c0 .93.066 1.98.515 2.897l.053.103H7.932a4.018 4.018 0 0 0 .053-.103c.449-.917.515-1.967.515-2.897V9c0-1.972 1.528-3.5 3.5-3.5s3.5 1.528 3.5 3.5Zm-5.492 9.008c0-.176.023-.346.065-.508h3.854A1.996 1.996 0 0 1 12 20c-1.1 0-1.992-.892-1.992-1.992Z"/></svg>				<span>Subscribe</span>
841			</a>
842			<a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-following  no-display" href="" role="button">
843				<svg class="actnbr-icon actnbr-icon-check" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="fill: none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5"><path d="M7 12L10 15L17 8" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"/></svg>				<span>Subscribed</span>
844			</a>
845									<div class="actnbr-popover actnbr-panel actnbr-notice" id="follow-bubble" role="dialog" aria-label="Subscribe to ICNC-SI 2016 BLOG">
846								<div class="actnbr-follow-bubble">
847								<div class="actnbr-panel__group"><a class="actnbr-menu__item actnbr-sitename" href="https://icncsiblog.org"><img loading='lazy' alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fc0e73dd1e63f3e5d462c7acf596f7052efc4ff2cad00d8f84d15eac019cef8d?s=50&#038;d=https%3A%2F%2Fs-ssl.wordpress.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fc0e73dd1e63f3e5d462c7acf596f7052efc4ff2cad00d8f84d15eac019cef8d?s=50&#038;d=https%3A%2F%2Fs-ssl.wordpress.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 1x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fc0e73dd1e63f3e5d462c7acf596f7052efc4ff2cad00d8f84d15eac019cef8d?s=75&#038;d=https%3A%2F%2Fs-ssl.wordpress.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 1.5x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fc0e73dd1e63f3e5d462c7acf596f7052efc4ff2cad00d8f84d15eac019cef8d?s=100&#038;d=https%3A%2F%2Fs-ssl.wordpress.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 2x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fc0e73dd1e63f3e5d462c7acf596f7052efc4ff2cad00d8f84d15eac019cef8d?s=150&#038;d=https%3A%2F%2Fs-ssl.wordpress.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 3x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fc0e73dd1e63f3e5d462c7acf596f7052efc4ff2cad00d8f84d15eac019cef8d?s=200&#038;d=https%3A%2F%2Fs-ssl.wordpress.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 4x' class='avatar avatar-50' height='50' width='50' /><span class="actnbr-menu__label">ICNC-SI 2016 BLOG</span></a></div>																	<div class="actnbr-panel__group">
848										<div class="actnbr-message no-display" aria-live="polite"></div>
849										<form method="post" action="https://subscribe.wordpress.com" accept-charset="utf-8" class="no-display">
850																							<div class="actnbr-follow-count">Join 82 other subscribers</div>
851																							<input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Want updates? Enter your email" class="actnbr-email-field" aria-label="Email address" />
852											<input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe" />
853											<input type="hidden" name="blog_id" value="52936818" />
854											<input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://icncsiblog.org/history-of-icnc-si/" />
855											<input type="hidden" name="sub-type" value="actionbar-follow" />
856											<input type="hidden" id="_wpnonce" name="_wpnonce" value="190d058981" />											<button type="submit" class="actnbr-button">Sign me up</button>
857										</form>
858										<p class="actnbr-login-nudge">
859											Have a WordPress.com account? <a href="https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fr-login.wordpress.com%2Fremote-login.php%3Faction%3Dlink%26back%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Ficncsiblog.org%252Fhistory-of-icnc-si%252F">Log in now.</a>										</p>
860									</div>
861																	</div>
862							</div>
863						</li>
864									<li class="actnbr-ellipsis actnbr-hidden">
865					<button type="button" class="actnbr-more-toggle" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="More options">
866						<svg class="actnbr-icon actnbr-icon-more-horizontal" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor"><path d="M11 13h2v-2h-2v2zm-6 0h2v-2H5v2zm12-2v2h2v-2h-2z"/></svg>					</button>
867					<div class="actnbr-popover actnbr-menu" role="menu" aria-label="Site options">
868						<div class="actnbr-menu__group" role="group"><a role="menuitem" class="actnbr-menu__item actnbr-sitename" href="https://icncsiblog.org"><img loading='lazy' alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fc0e73dd1e63f3e5d462
868c7acf596f7052efc4ff2cad00d8f84d15eac019cef8d?s=50&#038;d=https%3A%2F%2Fs-ssl.wordpress.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fc0e73dd1e63f3e5d462c7acf596f7052efc4ff2cad00d8f84d15eac019cef8d?s=50&#038;d=https%3A%2F%2Fs-ssl.wordpress.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 1x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fc0e73dd1e63f3e5d462c7acf596f7052efc4ff2cad00d8f84d15eac019cef8d?s=75&#038;d=https%3A%2F%2Fs-ssl.wordpress.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 1.5x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fc0e73dd1e63f3e5d462c7acf596f7052efc4ff2cad00d8f84d15eac019cef8d?s=100&#038;d=https%3A%2F%2Fs-ssl.wordpress.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 2x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fc0e73dd1e63f3e5d462c7acf596f7052efc4ff2cad00d8f84d15eac019cef8d?s=150&#038;d=https%3A%2F%2Fs-ssl.wordpress.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 3x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/fc0e73dd1e63f3e5d462c7acf596f7052efc4ff2cad00d8f84d15eac019cef8d?s=200&#038;d=https%3A%2F%2Fs-ssl.wordpress.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 4x' class='avatar avatar-50' height='50' width='50' /><span class="actnbr-menu__label">ICNC-SI 2016 BLOG</span></a></div><div class="actnbr-menu__group" role="group"><a role="menuitem" class="actnbr-menu__item actnbr-shortlink" href="https://wp.me/P3A7hE-cU"><span class="actnbr-menu__label actnbr-shortlink__text">Copy shortlink</span><span class="actnbr-menu__icon actnbr-shortlink__icon"><svg class="actnbr-icon actnbr-icon-copy" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5 4.5h11a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v11a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5H5a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5ZM3 5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h11a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v11a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V5Zm17 3v10.75c0 .69-.56 1.25-1.25 1.25H6v1.5h12.75a2.75 2.75 0 0 0 2.75-2.75V8H20Z"/></svg></span><span class="actnbr-menu__icon actnbr-shortlink__icon-copied"><svg class="actnbr-icon actnbr-icon-check" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" style="fill: none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5"><path d="M7 12L10 15L17 8" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"/></svg></span></a><a role="menuitem" class="actnbr-menu__item actnbr-reader" href="https://wordpress.com/reader/blogs/52936818/posts/800"><span class="actnbr-menu__label">View post in Reader</span></a></div><div class="actnbr-menu__group" role="group"><a role="menuitem" class="actnbr-menu__item actnbr-subs" href="https://subscribe.wordpress.com/"><span class="actnbr-menu__label">Manage subscriptions</span></a><a role="menuitem" class="actnbr-menu__item actnbr-signup" href="https://wordpress.com/start/"><span class="actnbr-menu__label">Sign up</span></a><a role="menuitem" class="actnbr-menu__item actnbr-login" href="https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fr-login.wordpress.com%2Fremote-login.php%3Faction%3Dlink%26back%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Ficncsiblog.org%252Fhistory-of-icnc-si%252F"><span class="actnbr-menu__label">Log in</span></a></div><div class="actnbr-menu__group" role="group"><a role="menuitem" class="actnbr-menu__item flb-report" href="https://wordpress.com/abuse/?report_url=https://icncsiblog.org/history-of-icnc-si/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="actnbr-menu__label">Report this content</span><span class="actnbr-menu__icon"><svg class="actnbr-icon actnbr-icon-external" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" fill="currentColor"><path d="M19.5 4.5h-7V6h4.44l-5.97 5.97 1.06 1.06L18 7.06v4.44h1.5v-7Zm-13 1a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v10a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h10a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-3H17v3a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-10a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5v-10a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h3V5.5h-3Z"/></svg></span></a></div><div class="actnbr-menu__group" role="group"><a role="menuitem" class="actnbr-menu__item actnbr-fold" href=""><span class="actnbr-menu__label">Collapse this bar</span></a></div>					</div>
869				</li>
870			</ul>
871		</div>
872		
872<script>
873window.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", function () {
874				var link = document.createElement( "link" );
875				link.href = "\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/jetpack-plugin\/sun\/jetpack_vendor\/automattic\/jetpack-newsletter\/src\/..\/build\/action-bar.css?ver=35dd33285eb46dc308dd";
876				link.rel = "stylesheet";
877				document.head.appendChild( link );
878
879				var script = document.createElement( "script" );
880				script.src = "\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/jetpack-plugin\/sun\/jetpack_vendor\/automattic\/jetpack-newsletter\/src\/..\/build\/action-bar.js?ver=35dd33285eb46dc308dd";
881				document.body.appendChild( script );
882			} );
883</script>
883
884<link rel="prefetch" href="/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-plugin/sun/_inc/blocks/swiper.js" as="script" />
885		<div id="jp-carousel-loading-overlay" style="display: none;">
886			<div id="jp-carousel-loading-wrapper">
887				<span id="jp-carousel-library-loading"><svg class="jetpack-spinner" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 100 100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="46" fill="none" stroke="#ddd" stroke-width="8"/><path d="M 50 4 A 46 46 0 0 1 96 50" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="8" stroke-linecap="round"><animateTransform attributeName="transform" type="rotate" dur="1.4s" from="0 50 50" to="360 50 50" repeatCount="indefinite"/></path></svg></span>
888			</div>
889		</div>
890		<div class="jp-carousel-overlay" style="display: none;">
891
892		<div class="jp-carousel-container">
893			<!-- The Carousel Swiper -->
894			<div
895				class="jp-carousel-wrap swiper jp-carousel-swiper-container jp-carousel-transitions"
896				itemscope
897				itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageGallery">
898				<div class="jp-carousel swiper-wrapper"></div>
899				<div class="jp-swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev">
900					<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
901						<mask id="maskPrev" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="9" height="12">
902							<path d="M16.2072 16.59L11.6496 12L16.2072 7.41L14.8041 6L8.8335 12L14.8041 18L16.2072 16.59Z" fill="white"/>
903						</mask>
904						<g mask="url(#maskPrev)">
905							<rect x="0.579102" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
906						</g>
907					</svg>
908				</div>
909				<div class="jp-swiper-button-next swiper-button-next">
910					<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
911						<mask id="maskNext" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="8" height="12">
912							<path d="M8.59814 16.59L13.1557 12L8.59814 7.41L10.0012 6L15.9718 12L10.0012 18L8.59814 16.59Z" fill="white"/>
913						</mask>
914						<g mask="url(#maskNext)">
915							<rect x="0.34375" width="23.8822" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
916						</g>
917					</svg>
918				</div>
919			</div>
920			<!-- The main close buton -->
921			<div class="jp-carousel-close-hint">
922				<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
923					<mask id="maskClose" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="5" y="5" width="15" height="14">
924						<path d="M19.3166 6.41L17.9135 5L12.3509 10.59L6.78834 5L5.38525 6.41L10.9478 12L5.38525 17.59L6.78834 19L12.3509 13.41L17.9135 19L19.3166 17.59L13.754 12L19.3166 6.41Z" fill="white"/>
925					</mask>
926					<g mask="url(#maskClose)">
927						<rect x="0.409668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
928					</g>
929				</svg>
930			</div>
931			<!-- Image info, comments and meta -->
932			<div class="jp-carousel-info">
933				<div class="jp-carousel-info-footer">
934					<div class="jp-carousel-pagination-container">
935						<div class="jp-swiper-pagination swiper-pagination"></div>
936						<div class="jp-carousel-pagination"></div>
937					</div>
938					<div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container">
939						<div class="jp-carousel-photo-caption"></div>
940					</div>
941					<div class="jp-carousel-photo-icons-container">
942						<a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-info" aria-label="Toggle photo metadata visibility">
943							<span class="jp-carousel-icon">
944								<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
945									<mask id="maskInfo" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20">
946										<path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.7537 2C7.26076 2 2.80273 6.48 2.80273 12C2.80273 17.52 7.26076 22 12.7537 22C18.2466 22 22.7046 17.52 22.7046 12C22.7046 6.48 18.2466 2 12.7537 2ZM11.7586 7V9H13.7488V7H11.7586ZM11.7586 11V17H13.7488V11H11.7586ZM4.79292 12C4.79292 16.41 8.36531 20 12.7537 20C17.142 20 20.7144 16.41 20.7144 12C20.7144 7.59 17.142 4 12.7537 4C8.36531 4 4.79292 7.59 4.79292 12Z" fill="white"/>
947									</mask>
948									<g mask="url(#maskInfo)">
949										<rect x="0.8125" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
950									</g>
951								</svg>
952							</span>
953						</a>
954												<a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-comments" aria-label="Toggle photo comments visibility">
955							<span class="jp-carousel-icon">
956								<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
957									<mask id="maskComments" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20">
958										<path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M4.3271 2H20.2486C21.3432 2 22.2388 2.9 22.2388 4V16C22.2388 17.1 21.3432 18 20.2486 18H6.31729L2.33691 22V4C2.33691 2.9 3.2325 2 4.3271 2ZM6.31729 16H20.2486V4H4.3271V18L6.31729 16Z" fill="white"/>
959									</mask>
960									<g mask="url(#maskComments)">
961										<rect x="0.34668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
962									</g>
963								</svg>
964
965								<span class="jp-carousel-has-comments-indicator" aria-label="This image has comments."></span>
966							</span>
967						</a>
968											</div>
969				</div>
970				<div class="jp-carousel-info-extra">
971					<div class="jp-carousel-info-content-wrapper">
972						<div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container">
973							<div class="jp-carousel-photo-title"></div>
974						</div>
975						<div class="jp-carousel-comments-wrapper">
976															<div id="jp-carousel-comments-loading">
977									<span>Loading Comments...</span>
978								</div>
979								<div class="jp-carousel-comments"></div>
980								<div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-container">
981									<span id="jp-carousel-comment-form-spinner"><svg class="jetpack-spinner" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 100 100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="46" fill="none" stroke="#ddd" stroke-width="8"/><path d="M 50 4 A 46 46 0 0 1 96 50" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="8" stroke-linecap="round"><animateTransform attributeName="transform" type="rotate" dur="1.4s" from="0 50 50" to="360 50 50" repeatCount="indefinite"/></path></svg></span>
982									<div id="jp-carousel-comment-post-results"></div>
983																														<form id="jp-carousel-comment-form">
984												<label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field" class="screen-reader-text">Write a Comment...</label>
985												<textarea
986													name="comment"
987													class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-textarea"
988													id="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field"
989													placeholder="Write a Comment..."
990												></textarea>
991												<div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-submit-and-info-wrapper">
992													<div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-commenting-as">
993																													<fieldset>
994																<label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field">Email (Required)</label>
995																<input type="text" name="email" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field" />
996															</fieldset>
997															<fieldset>
998																<label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field">Name (Required)</label>
999																<input type="text" name="author" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field" />
1000															</fieldset>
1001															<fieldset>
1002																<label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field">Website</label>
1003																<input type="text" name="url" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field" />
1004															</fieldset>
1005																											</div>
1006													<input
1007														type="submit"
1008														name="submit"
1009														class="jp-carousel-comment-form-button"
1010														id="jp-carousel-comment-form-button-submit"
1011														value="Post Comment" />
1012												</div>
1013											</form>
1014																											</div>
1015													</div>
1016						<div class="jp-carousel-image-meta">
1017							<div class="jp-carousel-title-and-caption">
1018								<div class="jp-carousel-photo-info">
1019									<div class="jp-carousel-caption" itemprop="caption description"></div>
1020								</div>
1021
1022								<div class="jp-carousel-photo-description"></div>
1023							</div>
1024							<a class="jp-carousel-image-download" href="#" aria-label="Download image" target="_blank" style="display: none;">
1025								<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
1026									<mask id="mask0" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="3" y="3" width="19" height="18">
1027										<path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5.84615 5V19H19.7775V12H21.7677V19C21.7677 20.1 20.8721 21 19.7775 21H5.84615C4.74159 21 3.85596 20.1 3.85596 19V5C3.85596 3.9 4.74159 3 5.84615 3H12.8118V5H5.84615ZM14.802 5V3H21.7677V10H19.7775V6.41L9.99569 16.24L8.59261 14.83L18.3744 5H14.802Z" fill="white"/>
1028									</mask>
1029									<g mask="url(#mask0)">
1030										<rect x="0.870605" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
1031									</g>
1032								</svg>
1033								<span class="jp-carousel-download-text"></span>
1034							</a>
1035							<div class="jp-carousel-image-map" style="display: none;"></div>
1036						</div>
1037					</div>
1038				</div>
1039			</div>
1040		</div>
1041
1042		</div>
1043		
1044	
1044<script type="text/javascript">
1045		window.WPCOM_sharing_counts = {"https://icncsiblog.org/history-of-icnc-si/":800};
1046	</script>
1046
1047						
1048	
1048<script type="text/javascript">
1049		(function () {
1050			var wpcom_reblog = {
1051				source: 'toolbar',
1052
1053				toggle_reblog_box_flair: function (obj_id, post_id) {
1054
1055					// Go to site selector. This will redirect to their blog if they only have one.
1056					const postEndpoint = `https://wordpress.com/post`;
1057
1058					// Ideally we would use the permalink here, but fortunately this will be replaced with the 
1059					// post permalink in the editor.
1060					const originalURL = `${ document.location.href }?page_id=${ post_id }`; 
1061					
1062					const url =
1063						postEndpoint +
1064						'?url=' +
1065						encodeURIComponent( originalURL ) +
1066						'&is_post_share=true' +
1067						'&v=5';
1068
1069					const redirect = function () {
1070						if (
1071							! window.open( url, '_blank' )
1072						) {
1073							location.href = url;
1074						}
1075					};
1076
1077					if ( /Firefox/.test( navigator.userAgent ) ) {
1078						setTimeout( redirect, 0 );
1079					} else {
1080						redirect();
1081					}
1082				},
1083			};
1084
1085			window.wpcom_reblog = wpcom_reblog;
1086		})();
1087	</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1087
1087
1088<script id="jetpack-facebook-embed-js-extra">
1089var jpfbembed = {"appid":"249643311490","locale":"en_US"};
1090//# sourceURL=jetpack-facebook-embed-js-extra
1091</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1091
1091
1092<script id="jetpack-carousel-js-extra">
1093var jetpackSwiperLibraryPath = {"url":"/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-plugin/sun/_inc/blocks/swiper.js"};
1094var jetpackCarouselStrings = {"widths":[370,700,1000,1200,1400,2000],"is_logged_in":"","lang":"en","ajaxurl":"https://icncsiblog.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"bb02b4c14b","display_exif":"1","display_comments":"1","single_image_gallery":"1","single_image_gallery_media_file":"","background_color":"black","comment":"Comment","post_comment":"Post Comment","write_comment":"Write a Comment...","image_label":"Open image in full-screen.","download_original":"View full size \u003Cspan class=\"photo-size\"\u003E{0}\u003Cspan class=\"photo-size-times\"\u003E\u00d7\u003C/span\u003E{1}\u003C/span\u003E","no_comment_text":"Please be sure to submit some text with your comment.","no_comment_email":"Please provide an email address to comment.","no_comment_author":"Please provide your name to comment.","comment_post_error":"Sorry, but there was an error posting your comment. Please try again later.","comment_approved":"Your comment was approved.","comment_unapproved":"Your comment is in moderation.","camera":"Camera","aperture":"Aperture","shutter_speed":"Shutter Speed","focal_length":"Focal Length","copyright":"Copyright","comment_registration":"0","require_name_email":"1","login_url":"https://fsi2013.wordpress.com/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Ficncsiblog.org%2Fhistory-of-icnc-si%2F","blog_id":"52936818","meta_data":["camera","aperture","shutter_speed","focal_length","copyright"],"loading_comments":"Loading Comments...","stats_query_args":"blog=52936818&v=wpcom&tz=0&user_id=0&subd=fsi2013","is_public":"1"};
1095//# sourceURL=jetpack-carousel-js-extra
1096</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1096
1096
1097<script id="sharing-js-js-extra">
1098var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"};
1099//# sourceURL=sharing-js-js-extra
1100</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1100
1100
1101<script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript'  src='/_static/??-eJydkM1uwyAQhF+oZF01UpRD1Uep+FnbmIWlwMrJ2xdVcRTlUis3Br6ZHRbWrCynhqlBFJVJJp8qkA9Y4UdQcNbJEZbDUt/gAW4zxo5kMVB4JZ8mWCrU4LPqIqiRrVQ1+ss+40h4qeTd3kGOxRA2nRtPvM8yERtNG+uTJXGd6i+WY+w+VTDT9RB9eg582MyCLWsbbhqqJPjuWTBqi4Y5KIwG3QsBRjw5sLqwVKQ7tl38U2vD1Jr7b57ky23qrAs67dz179gXeavxFT/fT+dhOA0fx+PyC/132iU='></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1101
1101
1102<script id="sharing-js-js-after">
1103window.WPCOM_sharing_popups = window.WPCOM_sharing_popups || {};
1104window.WPCOM_sharing_popups[ "twitter" ] = "menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=350";
1105window.WPCOM_sharing_popups = window.WPCOM_sharing_popups || {};
1106window.WPCOM_sharing_popups[ "facebook" ] = "menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400";
1107//# sourceURL=sharing-js-js-after
1108</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1108
1108
1109<script id="wp-emoji-settings" type="application/json">
1110{"baseUrl":"https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-smileys/twemoji/2/72x72/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-smileys/twemoji/2/svg/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-release.min.js?m=1783090810i&ver=7.2-alpha-63973"}}
1111</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1111
1111
1112<script type="module">
1113/*! This file is auto-generated */
1114var e="script#wp-emoji-settings",t=document.querySelector(e);if(!(t instanceof HTMLScriptElement))throw new Error("Element missing: "+e);const r=JSON.parse(t.text),s=(window._wpemojiSettings=r,"wpEmojiSettingsSupports"),o=["flag","emoji"];function i(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(s,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function c(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0);const r=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);return t.every((e,t)=>e===r[t])}function p(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1);for(let e=0;e<n.data.length;e++)if(0!==n.data[e])return!1;return!0}function u(e,t,n,r){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!r(e,"\ud83e\udec8")}return!1}function f(e,t,n,r){let a;const s=(a="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):document.createElement("canvas")).getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(e=>{o[e]=t(s,e,n,r)}),o}function a(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,document.head.appendChild(t)}r.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},new Promise(t=>{let n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(s));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(o),u.toString(),c.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"});const a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=e=>{i(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}i(n=f(o,u,c,p))}t(n)}).then(e=>{for(const n in e)r.supports[n]=e[n],r.supports.everything=r.supports.everything&&r.supports[n],"flag"!==n&&(r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&r.supports[n]);var t;r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!r.supports.flag,r.supports.everything||((t=r.source||{}).concatemoji?a(t.concatemoji):t.wpemoji&&t.twemoji&&(a(t.twemoji),a(t.wpemoji)))});
1115//# sourceURL=/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.min.js
1116</script>
1116
1117	<iframe src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/master.html?ver=20261009#ver=20261009' scrolling='no' id='likes-master' name='likes-master' style='display:none;'></iframe>
1118	<div id='likes-other-gravatars' role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="likes-text"><span>%d</span></div><ul class="wpl-avatars sd-like-gravatars"></ul></div>
1119	
1119<script src="//stats.wp.com/w.js?69" defer></script>
1119 
1119<script type="text/javascript">
1120_tkq = window._tkq || [];
1121_stq = window._stq || [];
1122_tkq.push(['storeContext', {'blog_id':'52936818','blog_tz':'0','user_lang':'en','blog_lang':'en','user_id':'0'}]);
1123		// Prevent sending pageview tracking from WP-Admin pages.
1124		_stq.push(['view', {'blog':'52936818','v':'wpcom','tz':'0','user_id':'0','post':'800','subd':'fsi2013'}]);
1125		_stq.push(['extra', {'crypt':'UE5tW3cvZGRhaUV0VHFILV1fT2xNaVVnSW1sWlB2cF02bCxfJXZyNTBdeG1JYkUlY2dYaTFCUnMwMFYuaXRBRFRJTS1JX2xZeEJtMG9xMXxWbVJteS5CRm5dSWctVDVNX1g4fGticnE2QWRiVlRDSV01Rz9YYXlDVXJzZ1NOOEw5ak1KNTk1LUwxUExFTWc2RDZwP2pBZiUxZ2F+a3Z5aGJPcTQ2N3QzQy1saGsxczNfZmkyamNPWmdLSW1LeVR5eE9bUy56WE9qWHJLSjl+NE5yTl1aNi12cGJOQkttfExadDRdSWgmSDddaUNXTnVJQTFCZlRlU08wT2ElJWdoSHVWZw=='}]);
1126_stq.push([ 'clickTrackerInit', '52936818', '800' ]);
1127</script>
1127
1128<noscript><img src="https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" style="height:1px;width:1px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;bottom:1px;" alt="" /></noscript>
1129<meta id="bilmur" property="bilmur:data" content="" data-provider="wordpress.com" data-service="simple" data-site-tz="Etc/GMT-0" data-custom-props="{&quot;enq_jquery&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;logged_in&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;wptheme&quot;:&quot;pub\/rowling&quot;,&quot;wptheme_is_block&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}"   >
1130		
1130<script defer src="/wp-content/js/bilmur.min.js?i=19&amp;m=202641"></script>
1130 	
1131</body>
1132</html>

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.