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185<meta name="twitter:title" content="Teacher Preparation, Pre-College Human Capital and Student Learning"><meta name="twitter:description" content="Evidence from Enseña Chile: selection on pre-college ability and first-year inexperience account for the gap; the training route explains essentially none of it."><meta property="og:image" content="https://pub-bb2e103a32db4e198524a2e9ed8f35b4.r2.dev/6e6b028b077f36be7d5d4e98005f7132/id-preview-3dbac866--0803d982-ab5b-4e4a-a15f-f86752dccf1e.lovable.app-1787181565706.png"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub-bb2e103a32db4e198524a2e9ed8f35b4.r2.dev/6e6b028b077f36be7d5d4e98005f7132/id-preview-3dbac866--0803d982-ab5b-4e4a-a15f-f86752dccf1e.lovable.app-1787181565706.png"></head><body><a href="#main" class="ui sr-only focus:not-sr-only focus:absolute focus:left-4 focus:top-4 focus:z-50 focus:rounded focus:bg-navy focus:px-4 focus:py-2 focus:text-sm focus:text-navy-foreground">Skip to content</a><header class="sticky top-0 z-40 border-b border-rule bg-background/92 backdrop-blur"><div class="mx-auto flex max-w-6xl items-center gap-4 px-5 py-3 sm:px-8"><a class="ui flex min-w-0 flex-1 items-center gap-2.5 text-sm font-semibold leading-tight tracking-tight text-navy active" href="/" data-status="active" aria-current="page"><img src="/logo.png" alt="" width="32" height="32" class="size-8 shrink-0 rounded-sm object-contain"/><span class="line-clamp-2">Teacher Preparation, Pre-College Human Capital and Student Learning</span></a><nav aria-label="Menu" class="hidden items-center gap-1 lg:flex"><a class="ui rounded px-2.5 py-1.5 text-[0.82rem] text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground data-[status=active]:font-semibold data-[status=active]:text-navy active" href="/" data-status="active" aria-current="page">Home</a><a href="/findings" class="ui rounded px-2.5 py-1.5 text-[0.82rem] text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground data-[status=active]:font-semibold data-[status=active]:text-navy">Findings</a><a href="/explore" class="ui rounded px-2.5 py-1.5 text-[0.82rem] text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground data-[status=active]:font-semibold data-[status=active]:text-navy">Explore</a><a href="/methods" class="ui rounded px-2.5 py-1.5 text-[0.82rem] text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground data-[status=active]:font-semibold data-[status=active]:text-navy">How we did it</a><a href="/limitations" class="ui rounded px-2.5 py-1.5 text-[0.82rem] text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground data-[status=active]:font-semibold data-[status=active]:text-navy">Limitations</a><a href="/teaching" class="ui rounded px-2.5 py-1.5 text-[0.82rem] text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground data-[status=active]:font-semibold data-[status=active]:text-navy">Teaching</a><a href="/data" class="ui rounded px-2.5 py-1.5 text-[0.82rem] text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground data-[status=active]:font-semibold data-[status=active]:text-navy">Data</a><a href="/about" class="ui rounded px-2.5 py-1.5 text-[0.82rem] text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground data-[status=active]:font-semibold data-[status=active]:text-navy">About &amp; cite</a></nav><div class="flex items-center gap-2"><button type="button" aria-label="Colour theme: System" title="Colour theme: System" class="ui rounded border border-input p-1.5 text-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-monitor size-4" aria-hidden="true"><rect width="20" height="14" x="2" y="3" rx="2"></rect><line x1="8" x2="16" y1="21" y2="21"></line><line x1="12" x2="12" y1="17" y2="21"></line></svg></button><button type="button" aria-label="Ver el sitio en español" class="ui rounded border border-input px-2.5 py-1.5 text-[0.78rem] font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.1em] text-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent">ES</button><button type="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Menu" class="ui rounded border border-input p-1.5 lg:hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-menu size-4" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M4 5h16"></path><path d="M4 12h16"></path><path d="M4 19h16"></path></svg></button></div></div></header><main id="main"><!--$--><div><section class="border-b border-rule bg-secondary/40"><div class="mx-auto max-w-6xl px-5 py-20 sm:px-8 sm:py-28"><p class="ui text-xs font-semibold uppercase tracking-[0.2em] text-crimson">Working paper</p><h1 class="mt-6 max-w-[34ch] text-3xl font-semibold leading-[1.15] text-navy sm:text-5xl">Teacher Preparation, Pre-College Human Capital and Student Learning: Evidence from Enseña Chile</h1>
185<p class="measure mt-8 text-lg leading-relaxed sm:text-xl">Chile&#x27;s Teach For All affiliate recruits teachers near the top of the national ability distribution, and once you account for that selection and for the fact that every one of them is in their first or second year of teaching, the training route itself explains essentially none of the remaining difference in student learning.</p><p class="ui mt-8 text-sm text-muted-foreground">Soledad De Gregorio · Christopher A. Neilson · Sebastián Gallegos</p><p class="ui mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">Working paper, August 2026. Under review.</p><div class="ui mt-10 flex flex-wrap gap-3"><a href="/paper/DeGregorioNeilsonGallegos_August_2026_WP.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="rounded bg-navy px-5 py-2.5 text-sm font-semibold text-navy-foreground transition-opacity hover:opacity-90">Read the paper (PDF)</a><a href="/paper/DeGregorioNeilsonGallegos_August_2026_OnlineAppendix.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="rounded border border-input px-5 py-2.5 text-sm font-semibold text-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent">Online appendix (PDF)</a><a href="/teaching" class="rounded border border-input px-5 py-2.5 text-sm font-semibold text-foreground transition-colors hover:bg-accent">Teaching slides</a></div></div></section><section class="mx-auto max-w-4xl px-5 py-20 sm:px-8"><h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold text-navy sm:text-3xl">Ability predicts effectiveness</h2><figure class="my-8"><div class="overflow-x-auto rounded-lg border border-plate-border bg-plate p-3 shadow-sm sm:p-5"><img src="/figures/psu_va_gradient.svg" alt="Scatter of teacher value-added against PSU/PAA university entrance score with an upward-sloping fitted line; a shaded vertical band marks the 10th-to-90th percentile range of Enseña Chile recruits&#x27; entrance scores, sitting in the upper part of the score range." loading="lazy" class="mx-auto block h-auto w-full min-w-[520px] max-w-[900px]"/></div></figure><p class="measure text-[1.05rem] leading-relaxed">Teachers who scored higher on the PSU/PAA university entrance exam before they ever entered a classroom produce larger learning gains. The gradient is 0.51σ of value-added per 100 exam points, which is 0.41σ per standard deviation of teacher ability, since one standard deviation of the teacher ability distribution is about 80 points.</p><div class="ui mt-6"><a href="/findings#ability" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 text-sm font-semibold text-navy underline underline-offset-4">Findings<!-- --> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-arrow-right size-4" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M5 12h14"></path><path d="m12 5 7 7-7 7"></path></svg></a></div></section><section class="mx-auto max-w-6xl border-t border-rule px-5 py-20 sm:px-8"><h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold text-navy sm:text-3xl">The decomposition</h2><p class="measure ui mt-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground">After reweighting the comparison teachers to the national common-support ability distribution.</p><div class="mt-10 rounded-lg border border-rule bg-card p-6 sm:p-10"><div class="w-full"><div class="grid grid-cols-4 items-end gap-2 sm:gap-6"><div class="flex min-w-0 flex-col items-center"><div class="relative w-full" style="height:226px">
185<div class="absolute inset-x-0 border-t border-foreground/40" style="top:113px" aria-hidden="true"></div><div class="absolute left-1/2 w-8 -translate-x-1/2 rounded-sm sm:w-12 bg-teal " style="bottom:113px;height:39.438736px" aria-hidden="true"></div><span class="num ui absolute left-1/2 -translate-x-1/2 text-sm font-semibold sm:text-base" style="bottom:156.438736px">+0.25σ</span></div><p class="ui mt-3 px-0.5 text-center text-[0.6rem] uppercase leading-tight tracking-[0.06em] text-muted-foreground sm:text-xs sm:tracking-[0.12em]">Ability contribution</p></div><div class="flex min-w-0 flex-col items-center"><div class="relative w-full" style="height:226px"><div class="absolute inset-x-0 border-t border-foreground/40" style="top:113px" aria-hidden="true"></div><div class="absolute left-1/2 w-8 -translate-x-1/2 rounded-sm sm:w-12 bg-amber " style="top:113px;height:48.446416000000006px" aria-hidden="true"></div><span class="num ui absolute left-1/2 -translate-x-1/2 text-sm font-semibold sm:text-base" style="top:165.446416px">−0.30σ</span></div><p class="ui mt-3 px-0.5 text-center text-[0.6rem] uppercase leading-tight tracking-[0.06em] text-muted-foreground sm:text-xs sm:tracking-[0.12em]">Inexperience penalty</p></div><div class="flex min-w-0 flex-col items-center"><div class="relative w-full" style="height:226px">
185<div class="absolute inset-x-0 border-t border-foreground/40" style="top:113px" aria-hidden="true"></div><div class="absolute left-1/2 w-8 -translate-x-1/2 rounded-sm sm:w-12 bg-muted-foreground/60 " style="top:113px;height:15.944976px" aria-hidden="true"></div><span class="num ui absolute left-1/2 -translate-x-1/2 text-sm font-semibold sm:text-base" style="top:132.944976px">−0.10σ</span></div><p class="ui mt-3 px-0.5 text-center text-[0.6rem] uppercase leading-tight tracking-[0.06em] text-muted-foreground sm:text-xs sm:tracking-[0.12em]">Route remainder (implied)</p></div><div class="flex min-w-0 flex-col items-center"><div class="relative w-full" style="height:226px"><div class="absolute inset-x-0 border-t border-foreground/40" style="top:113px" aria-hidden="true"></div><div class="absolute left-1/2 w-8 -translate-x-1/2 rounded-sm sm:w-12 bg-navy outline-2 outline-offset-2 outline-navy/25" style="top:113px;height:24.952672px" aria-hidden="true"></div><span class="num ui absolute left-1/2 -translate-x-1/2 text-sm font-semibold sm:text-base" style="top:141.952672px">−0.16σ</span></div><p class="ui mt-3 px-0.5 text-center text-[0.6rem] font-semibold uppercase leading-tight tracking-[0.06em] text-navy sm:text-xs sm:tracking-[0.12em]">Net gap (implied)</p></div></div></div><p class="num ui mt-10 border-t border-rule pt-6 text-center text-sm sm:text-base">Net gap = ability + inexperience + route remainder<!-- -->: <!-- -->−0.16σ<!-- --> = <!-- -->+0.25σ<!-- --> + <!-- -->−0.30σ<!-- --> +<!-- --> <!-- -->−0.10σ</p><p class="measure ui mx-auto mt-4 text-center text-sm text-muted-foreground">The −0.16σ net gap is itself not statistically distinguishable from zero. What the paper identifies is its composition.</p></div><div class="ui mt-6"><a href="/explore" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 text-sm font-semibold text-navy underline underline-offset-4">Explore the decomposition<!-- --> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-arrow-right size-4" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M5 12h14"></path><path d="m12 5 7 7-7 7"></path></svg></a></div></section><section class="border-y border-rule bg-secondary/40"><div class="mx-auto max-w-6xl px-5 py-20 sm:px-8"><h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold text-navy sm:text-3xl">The finding in 90 seconds</h2><div class="measure mt-8 space-y-6 text-[1.05rem] leading-relaxed"><p>Enseña Chile places university graduates in classrooms after a short preparation programme rather than a traditional teacher-education degree. Comparing their students&#x27; learning gains to those of traditionally prepared teachers gives a raw gap of −0.32σ in mathematics: Enseña Chile teachers at −0.19σ, traditional teachers at +0.13σ (s.e. 0.16, p = 0.04). Read on its own, that number looks like a verdict on the route.</p><p>It is not, because two other things differ at the same time. Enseña Chile recruits sit at the 97th percentile of the national teacher ability distribution — +1.9 SD above the mean teacher on the PSU/PAA university entrance exam — and ability predicts effectiveness: 0.51σ of value-added per 100 exam points, equivalently 0.41σ per standard deviation of teacher ability, where one teacher SD is about 80 points. And every Enseña Chile teacher in the sample is in their first or second year. Experience matters enormously early on: first-year Enseña Chile teachers are at −0.47σ, second-year at +0.13σ, a difference of +0.60σ. Traditional teachers show a flat profile by comparison, +0.12σ early-career against +0.14σ veteran.</p><p>Reweighting the comparison group onto the same ability distribution and separating those two forces leaves a net gap of −0.16σ made of ability +0.25σ [+0.06, +0.42], inexperience −0.30σ [−0.55, −0.09], and a route remainder of −0.10σ [−0.37, +0.17]. The remainder crosses zero: net of who these teachers were before they were hired and how long they have taught, no route penalty is detectable. That is a failure to detect, not a demonstration of equivalence — the interval is wide.</p></div><div class="ui mt-10"><a href="/findings" class="inline-flex items-center gap-2 text-sm font-semibold text-navy underline underline-offset-4">Findings<!-- --> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-arrow-right size-4" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M5 12h14"></path><path d="m12 5 7 7-7 7"></path></svg></a></div></div></section><section class="mx-auto max-w-6xl px-5 py-20 sm:px-8"><h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold text-navy sm:text-3xl">The study at a glance</h2><dl class="mt-8 grid grid-cols-2 gap-x-8 gap-y-8 sm:grid-cols-3"><div class="border-t border-rule pt-4"><dt class="ui text-xs uppercase tracking-[0.14em] text-muted-foreground">Students</dt><dd class="num mt-2 text-2xl font-semibold text-navy">3,756</dd></div><div class="border-t border-rule pt-4"><dt class="ui text-xs uppercase tracking-[0.14em] text-muted-foreground">Classrooms</dt><dd class="num mt-2 text-2xl font-semibold text-navy">169</dd></div><div class="border-t border-rule pt-4"><dt class="ui text-xs uppercase tracking-[0.14em] text-muted-foreground">Mathematics teachers</dt><dd class="num mt-2 text-2xl font-semibold text-navy">114</dd></div><div class="border-t border-rule pt-4"><dt class="ui text-xs uppercase tracking-[0.14em] text-muted-foreground">Enseña Chile / traditional</dt><dd class="num mt-2 text-2xl font-semibold text-navy">37 / 77</dd></div><div class="border-t border-rule pt-4"><dt class="ui text-xs uppercase tracking-[0.14em] text-muted-foreground">Schools</dt><dd class="num mt-2 text-2xl font-semibold text-navy">59</dd></div><div class="border-t border-rule pt-4"><dt class="ui text-xs uppercase tracking-[0.14em] text-muted-foreground">Grades, year</dt><dd class="num mt-2 text-2xl font-semibold text-navy">
1859–11, 2016</dd></div></dl></section></div>
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185<!--/$--></main><footer class="mt-24 border-t border-rule bg-secondary/50"><div class="mx-auto max-w-6xl px-5 py-12 sm:px-8"><p class="max-w-[60ch] text-lg leading-snug text-foreground">Teacher Preparation, Pre-College Human Capital and Student Learning: Evidence from Enseña Chile</p><p class="ui mt-3 text-sm text-muted-foreground">Soledad De Gregorio · Christopher A. Neilson · Sebastián Gallegos</p><p class="ui mt-1 text-sm text-muted-foreground">Working paper, August 2026. Under review.</p><ul class="mt-6 grid gap-3 sm:grid-cols-3"><li><p class="ui text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">Soledad De Gregorio</p><ul class="ui mt-3 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-x-4 gap-y-2 text-sm"><li><a href="https://sites.google.com/view/soleca/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-navy underline underline-offset-4 hover:text-crimson"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-globe size-3.5" aria-hidden="true"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="10"></circle><path d="M12 2a14.5 14.5 0 0 0 0 20 14.5 14.5 0 0 0 0-20"></path><path d="M2 12h20"></path></svg>sites.google.com</a></li></ul></li><li><p class="ui text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">Christopher A. Neilson</p><ul class="ui mt-3 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-x-4 gap-y-2 text-sm"><li><a href="https://christopherneilson.github.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-navy underline underline-offset-4 hover:text-crimson"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-globe size-3.5" aria-hidden="true"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="10"></circle><path d="M12 2a14.5 14.5 0 0 0 0 20 14.5 14.5 0 0 0 0-20"></path><path d="M2 12h20"></path></svg>christopherneilson.github.io</a></li><li><a href="mailto:[email protected]" class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-navy underline underline-offset-4 hover:text-crimson"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-mail size-3.5" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m22 7-8.991 5.727a2 2 0 0 1-2.009 0L2 7"></path><rect x="2" y="4" width="20" height="16" rx="2"></rect></svg>[email protected]</a></li></ul></li><li><p class="ui text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">Sebastián Gallegos</p><ul class="ui mt-3 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-x-4 gap-y-2 text-sm"><li><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/sebastiangallegos/home" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-navy underline underline-offset-4 hover:text-crimson"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-globe size-3.5" aria-hidden="true"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="10"></circle><path d="M12 2a14.5 14.5 0 0 0 0 20 14.5 14.5 0 0 0 0-20"></path><path d="M2 12h20"></path></svg>sites.google.com</a></li></ul></li></ul><div class="ui mt-8 flex flex-wrap gap-x-6 gap-y-2 text-sm"><a href="/paper/DeGregorioNeilsonGallegos_August_2026_WP.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="text-navy underline underline-offset-4">Read the paper (PDF)</a><a href="/paper/DeGregorioNeilsonGallegos_August_2026_OnlineAppendix.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="text-navy underline underline-offset-4">Online appendix (PDF)</a><a href="/data" class="text-navy underline underline-offset-4">Data</a><a href="/about" class="text-navy underline underline-offset-4">About &amp; cite</a></div><p class="ui mt-8 max-w-[60ch] text-xs leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground">Descriptive decomposition. Estimates are not causal effects of a training route.</p></div></footer>
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