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data-v-bd01e0d5>Distros</h2><!--]--></a><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-bd01e0d5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="caret-icon" data-v-bd01e0d5><path d="M9,19c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1,0-1.4l5.3-5.3L8.3,6.7c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1,0-1.4s1-0.4,1.4,0l6,6c0.4,0.4,0.4,1,0,1.4l-6,6C9.5,18.9,9.3,19,9,19z"></path></svg></div></div><div class="items" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-bd01e0d5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="indicator" data-v-bd01e0d5></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/guide/distros/ubuntu.html" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-bd01e0d5>Ubuntu</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="group" data-v-ee2efba5><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed is-link" data-v-ee2efba5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" 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data-v-bd01e0d5>Gnome</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="group" data-v-ee2efba5><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible is-link" data-v-ee2efba5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" tabindex="0" data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="indicator" data-v-bd01e0d5></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/guide/apps/apps.html" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><h2 class="text" data-v-bd01e0d5>Apps</h2><!--]--></a><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-bd01e0d5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="caret-icon" data-v-bd01e0d5><path d="M9,19c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1,0-1.4l5.3-5.3L8.3,6.7c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1,0-1.4s1-0.4,1.4,0l6,6c0.4,0.4,0.4,1,0,1.4l-6,6C9.5,18.9,9.3,19,9,19z"></path></svg></div></div><div class="items" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-bd01e0d5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" 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href="/guide/apps/office.html" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-bd01e0d5>Office</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-bd01e0d5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="indicator" data-v-bd01e0d5></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/guide/apps/programming.html" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-bd01e0d5>Programming</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-bd01e0d5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="indicator" data-v-bd01e0d5></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/guide/apps/entertainment.html" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-bd01e0d5>Entertainment</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-bd01e0d5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="indicator" data-v-bd01e0d5></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/guide/apps/others.html" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-bd01e0d5>Others</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="group" data-v-ee2efba5><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-ee2efba5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="indicator" data-v-bd01e0d5></div><h2 class="text" data-v-bd01e0d5>Advanced</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-bd01e0d5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="caret-icon" data-v-bd01e0d5><path d="M9,19c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1,0-1.4l5.3-5.3L8.3,6.7c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1,0-1.4s1-0.4,1.4,0l6,6c0.4,0.4,0.4,1,0,1.4l-6,6C9.5,18.9,9.3,19,9,19z"></path></svg></div></div><div class="items" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-bd01e0d5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" 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24<h1 id="installation" tabindex="-1">Installation <a class="header-anchor" href="#installation" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Installation&quot;">​</a></h1><div class="tip custom-block"><p class="custom-block-title">TIP</p><p>Go through this, because this can be a very helpful step. I am currently using btrfs &amp; find it better. Also, don&#39;t remove the Recovery partition to be on the safe side, it helps out a lot.</p></div><h2 id="partitions-to-create" tabindex="-1">Partitions to Create <a class="header-anchor" href="#partitions-to-create" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Partitions to Create&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>500 MB for Efi boot (Enough even for multi-boot)</li><li>Recovery (Very Useful, for specific distributions only)</li><li>Swap partition (First, read <a href="#what-about-swap">What about Swap?</a>)</li><li>(Before selecting read about Btrfs &amp; Zfs) Remaining for Ext4/Btrfs/Zfs System</li></ul><h2 id="q-what-about-swap" tabindex="-1">Q. What about Swap? <a class="header-anchor" href="#q-what-about-swap" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Q. What about Swap?&quot;">​</a></h2><p><strong>If you are installing with a Ubiquity installer it will automatically create a Swap File any time Ext4 is used for root.</strong> There are two ways of getting swap (You can choose which is better)</p><ul><li><strong>General Method</strong> - Creating a swap partition (Linux-swap), Now to do this you need to understand the importance of swap, if you have a low RAM device you need a huger swap like if you have 2GB ram you should get 4 to 6 GB of swap &amp; optimise your swap ratio to a higher value. So, if you have a higher ram you need a lower swap. So, according to my numbers for a ram: swap should be as follows, lower:6, 4:6, 8:4, 16 &amp; above:2. Also, you have to adjust the swappiness property (given below).</li></ul><div class="info custom-block"><p class="custom-block-title">INFO</p><p>[BTRFS] - <a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/btrfs-snapshots-backup-incremental/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Snapshots</a> don&#39;t work on Btrfs if we create a swap file in that partition. So Btrfs users should either stick with the general method or create a swap file in a different partition.</p></div><ul><li><strong>Swap File</strong> - It is a relatively new concept. In this, you create a swap file post-installation. You don&#39;t need to dedicate some fixed amount of memory to it as it does on Linux-swap that is why it is also space-efficient. And the best part is you can resize this or remove this whenever you want to.</li></ul><div class="warning custom-block"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p>The &quot;status&quot; parameter in the dd command may not work on all versions of dd. If you encounter an error related to &quot;status&quot;, you can simply omit that parameter.</p></div><h2 id="instructions-to-add-swap-file" tabindex="-1">Instructions to add Swap File <a class="header-anchor" href="#instructions-to-add-swap-file" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Instructions to add Swap File&quot;">​</a></h2><h4 id="btrfs" tabindex="-1">Btrfs <a class="header-anchor" href="#btrfs" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Btrfs&quot;">​</a></h4><p>If a functional swap file is present on the subvolume, the btrfs filesystem does not permit the creation of snapshots. This indicates that putting a swap file on a different subvolume is highly recommended. Swap file can&#39;t be located on a btrfs raid of any sort.</p><details class="details custom-block"><summary>Add Swap to Btrfs</summary><p>Let&#39;s assume that the current swap is already off, the <code>/</code> is on <code>/dev/sda1</code> and Ubuntu is installed with <code>/</code> on <code>@</code> subvolume and <code>/home</code> is on <code>@home</code> subvolume.</p><ol><li>Mount <code>/dev/sda1</code> to <code>/mnt</code>.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">mount</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/dev/sda1</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/mnt</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">mount</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/dev/sda1</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/mnt</span></span></code></pre></div><p>If you run ls <code>/mnt</code>, you&#39;ll see <code>@</code>, <code>@home</code> and other subvolumes that may be there.</p><ol start="2"><li>Create a new <code>@swap</code> subvolume.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span>
24<pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">btrfs</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">sub</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">create</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/mnt/@swap</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">btrfs</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">sub</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">create</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/mnt/@swap</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="3"><li>Unmount <code>/dev/sda1</code> from <code>/mnt</code>.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">umount</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/mnt</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">umount</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/mnt</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="4"><li>Create <code>/swap</code> directory where we plan to mount the <code>@swap</code> subvolume.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">mkdir</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swap</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">mkdir</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swap</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="5"><li>Mount the <code>@swap</code> subvolume to <code>/swap</code>.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">mount</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">-o</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">subvol=@swap</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/dev/sda1</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swap</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">mount</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">-o</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">subvol=@swap</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/dev/sda1</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swap</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="6"><li>Create the swap file.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">touch</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">touch</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="7"><li>Set 600 permissions to the file.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span>
24<pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">chmod</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">600</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">chmod</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">600</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="8"><li>Disable COW for this file.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">chattr</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">+C</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">chattr</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">+C</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="9"><li>Set size of the swap file to 4G as an example.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">dd</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">if=/dev/zero</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">of=/swap/swapfile</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">bs=</span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">M</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">count=</span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">4096</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">dd</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">if=/dev/zero</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">of=/swap/swapfile</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">bs=</span><span style="color:#005CC5;">1</span><span style="color:#032F62;">M</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">count=</span><span style="color:#005CC5;">4096</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="10"><li>Format the swapfile.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">mkswap</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">mkswap</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="11"><li>Turn the swap file on</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span>
24<pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">swapon</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">swapon</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="12"><li><p>Now the new swap should be working.</p></li><li><p>Open the <code>/etc/fstab</code> file</p></li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">nano</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/etc/fstab</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">nano</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/etc/fstab</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="add-this-line" tabindex="-1">Add this line <a class="header-anchor" href="#add-this-line" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Add this line&quot;">​</a></h5><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark has-focused-lines vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">Rest</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">of</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">your</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">fstab</span></span>
25<span class="line has-focus"><span style="color:#E1E4E8;">UUID</span><span style="color:#F97583;">=</span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#B392F0;">/swap</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">btrfs</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">subvol=@swap</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span></span>
26<span class="line has-focus"><span style="color:#B392F0;">/swap/swapfile</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">none</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">swap</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">sw</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light has-focused-lines vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">//</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">Rest</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">of</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">your</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">fstab</span></span>
27<span class="line has-focus"><span style="color:#24292E;">UUID</span><span style="color:#D73A49;">=</span><span style="color:#032F62;">XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#6F42C1;">/swap</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">btrfs</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">subvol=@swap</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">0</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">0</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span></span>
28<span class="line has-focus"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">/swap/swapfile</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">none</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">swap</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">sw</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">0</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">0</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span></span></code></pre></div></details><h4 id="ext4" tabindex="-1">Ext4 <a class="header-anchor" href="#ext4" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Ext4&quot;">​</a></h4><p>Ext4 is fits perfectly with swap file you can create a swap file using this instructions.
28</p><details class="details custom-block"><summary>Add Swap to Ext4</summary><ol><li>Instruction set for the Swap file</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">dd</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">if=/dev/zero</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">of=/swapfile</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">bs=</span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">G</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">count=</span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">4</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">status=progress</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">dd</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">if=/dev/zero</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">of=/swapfile</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">bs=</span><span style="color:#005CC5;">1</span><span style="color:#032F62;">G</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">count=</span><span style="color:#005CC5;">4</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">status=progress</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Count 4 means 4 sets of 1 GB, i.e. 4GB.</p><ol start="2"><li>Change permissions and Make swap</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">chmod</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">600</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swapfile</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> &amp;&amp; </span><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">mkswap</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swapfile</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">chmod</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">600</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swapfile</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> &amp;&amp; </span><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">mkswap</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swapfile</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="3"><li>Turn the Swap on</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">swapon</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swapfile</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">swapon</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swapfile</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="4"><li>Open the &#39;/etc/fstab&#39; file</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span>
28<pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">nano</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/etc/fstab</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">nano</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/etc/fstab</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="add-this-line-1" tabindex="-1">Add this line <a class="header-anchor" href="#add-this-line-1" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Add this line&quot;">​</a></h5><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark has-focused-lines vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">Rest</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">of</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">your</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">fstab</span></span>
29<span class="line has-focus"><span style="color:#B392F0;">/swapfile</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">none</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">swap</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">defaults</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;">  </span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light has-focused-lines vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">//</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">Rest</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">of</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">your</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">fstab</span></span>
30<span class="line has-focus"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">/swapfile</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">none</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">swap</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">defaults</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">0</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">0</span><span style="color:#24292E;">  </span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="5"><li>Reboot</li></ol></details><h2 id="q-should-i-encrypt" tabindex="-1">Q. Should I Encrypt? <a class="header-anchor" href="#q-should-i-encrypt" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Q. Should I Encrypt?&quot;">​</a></h2><p>Encryption adds a layer to the disk, so there&#39;s a performance penalty. In day to day operations, you wouldn&#39;t notice it though, but there&#39;s an argument that older hardware might suffer if they&#39;re already in the limit. But it&#39;s usually a very useful feature to have, you never know what will happen to your hardware, if it&#39;s lost or stolen, you don&#39;t want to think about people having access to your stuff as well.</p><h2 id="q-should-i-use-btrfs-or-ext4-or-xfs" tabindex="-1">Q. Should I use Btrfs or Ext4 or XFS? <a class="header-anchor" href="#q-should-i-use-btrfs-or-ext4-or-xfs" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Q. Should I use Btrfs or Ext4 or XFS?&quot;">​</a></h2><p><strong>Ans.</strong> It depends, As Btrfs is in its infancy state also Ext4 is a more popular option. But, Btrfs is starting to become a trend since Fedora adopted it &amp; it ships with Fedora 33. Also, I am using this on both of my systems. If you are on HDD then go for Btrfs because it is surprisingly fast on it but, if you are on a SSD you can go for XFS. But, remember if you go for XFS it is not resizable unless you are on a lvm.</p><p>To fix installation bugs</p><div class="vp-code-group vp-adaptive-theme"><div class="tabs"><input type="radio" name="group-LdEwu" id="tab-HlUuLdq" checked="checked"><label for="tab-HlUuLdq">Arch</label><input type="radio" name="group-LdEwu" id="tab-3P9zqgx"><label for="tab-3P9zqgx">Debian</label><input type="radio" name="group-LdEwu" id="tab-QxjRjmY"><label for="tab-QxjRjmY">Fedora</label><input type="radio" name="group-LdEwu" id="tab-ednW-2i"><label for="tab-ednW-2i">Ubuntu</label><input type="radio" name="group-LdEwu" id="tab-YlBq8ma"><label for="tab-YlBq8ma">Void</label></div><div class="blocks"><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme active"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span>
30<pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">pacman</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">-S</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">pacman</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">-S</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre></div><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">apt</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">install</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">apt</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">install</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre></div><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">dnf</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">install</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">dnf</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">install</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre></div><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">apt</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">install</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">apt</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">install</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre></div><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">xbps-install</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">-S</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">xbps-install</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">-S</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre></div></div></div><ul><li><a href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/btrfs-centos-living-loopback" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Reference on Rising of Btrfs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&amp;item=linux54-hdd-raid&amp;num=1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Reference on Btrfs on HDD</a></li><li><a href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&amp;item=linux-58-filesystems&amp;num=4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Reference on XFS on SSD</a></li></ul><h2 id="q-what-about-zfs" tabindex="-1">Q. What about ZFS? <a class="header-anchor" href="#q-what-about-zfs" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;Q. What about ZFS?&quot;">​</a></h2><p><strong>Ans.</strong> ZFS has been added as an experimental new filesystem. If you want to learn more about referring to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/zfs-ubuntu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">this</a> article. If it meets your requirements you can try it. Lately, it is becoming a trend. As, it is very stable and used by leading companies such as Oracle. You can check out <a href="https://rudd-o.com/linux-and-free-software/ways-in-which-zfs-is-better-than-btrfs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">why people are switching to ZFS</a>.</p></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-a3c25e27 data-v-a2d931e4><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-a2d931e4><div class="edit-link" data-v-a2d931e4><a class="VPLink link vp-external-link-icon no-icon edit-link-button" href="https://github.com/themagicalmammal/howtolinux/edit/dev/guide/basic/installation.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-v-a2d931e4><!--[--><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="edit-link-icon" aria-label="edit icon" data-v-a2d931e4><path d="M18,23H4c-1.7,0-3-1.3-3-3V6c0-1.7,1.3-3,3-3h7c0.6,0,1,0.4,1,1s-0.4,1-1,1H4
30C3.4,5,3,5.4,3,6v14c0,0.6,0.4,1,1,1h14c0.6,0,1-0.4,1-1v-7c0-0.6,0.4-1,1-1s1,0.4,1,1v7C21,21.7,19.7,23,18,23z"></path><path d="M8,17c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3C7,16.5,6.9,16.1,7,15.8l1-4c0-0.2,0.1-0.3,0.3-0.5l9.5-9.5c1.2-1.2,3.2-1.2,4.4,0c1.2,1.2,1.2,3.2,0,4.4l-9.5,9.5c-0.1,0.1-0.3,0.2-0.5,0.3l-4,1C8.2,17,8.1,17,8,17zM9.9,12.5l-0.5,2.1l2.1-0.5l9.3-9.3c0.4-0.4,0.4-1.1,0-1.6c-0.4-0.4-1.2-0.4-1.6,0l0,0L9.9,12.5z M18.5,2.5L18.5,2.5L18.5,2.5z"></path></svg> Edit this page on GitHub<!--]--></a></div><div class="last-updated" data-v-a2d931e4><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-a2d931e4 data-v-19a7ae4e>Last updated: <time datetime="2023-10-19T21:42:21.000Z" data-v-19a7ae4e></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" data-v-a2d931e4><div class="pager" data-v-a2d931e4><!----></div><div class="pager" data-v-a2d931e4><a class="pager-link next" href="/guide/basic/postinstallation.html" data-v-a2d931e4><span class="desc" data-v-a2d931e4>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-a2d931e4>Post Installation</span></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><footer class="VPFooter has-sidebar" data-v-9d8abc1e data-v-e4279f1c><div class="container" data-v-e4279f1c><p class="message" data-v-e4279f1c>Released under the MIT License.</p><p class="copyright" data-v-e4279f1c>Copyright © 2023 Dipan Nanda</p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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