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data-v-bd01e0d5>Distros</h2><!--]--></a><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-bd01e0d5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="caret-icon" data-v-bd01e0d5><path d="M9,19c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1,0-1.4l5.3-5.3L8.3,6.7c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1,0-1.4s1-0.4,1.4,0l6,6c0.4,0.4,0.4,1,0,1.4l-6,6C9.5,18.9,9.3,19,9,19z"></path></svg></div></div><div class="items" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-bd01e0d5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="indicator" data-v-bd01e0d5></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/guide/distros/ubuntu.html" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-bd01e0d5>Ubuntu</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="group" data-v-ee2efba5><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed is-link" data-v-ee2efba5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" 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data-v-bd01e0d5>Gnome</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="group" data-v-ee2efba5><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible is-link" data-v-ee2efba5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" tabindex="0" data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="indicator" data-v-bd01e0d5></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/guide/apps/apps.html" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><h2 class="text" data-v-bd01e0d5>Apps</h2><!--]--></a><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-bd01e0d5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="caret-icon" data-v-bd01e0d5><path d="M9,19c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1,0-1.4l5.3-5.3L8.3,6.7c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1,0-1.4s1-0.4,1.4,0l6,6c0.4,0.4,0.4,1,0,1.4l-6,6C9.5,18.9,9.3,19,9,19z"></path></svg></div></div><div class="items" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-bd01e0d5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" 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href="/guide/apps/office.html" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-bd01e0d5>Office</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-bd01e0d5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="indicator" data-v-bd01e0d5></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/guide/apps/programming.html" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-bd01e0d5>Programming</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-bd01e0d5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="indicator" data-v-bd01e0d5></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/guide/apps/entertainment.html" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-bd01e0d5>Entertainment</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-bd01e0d5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="indicator" data-v-bd01e0d5></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/guide/apps/others.html" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-bd01e0d5>Others</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="group" data-v-ee2efba5><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-ee2efba5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="indicator" data-v-bd01e0d5></div><h2 class="text" data-v-bd01e0d5>Advanced</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-bd01e0d5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="caret-icon" data-v-bd01e0d5><path d="M9,19c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1,0-1.4l5.3-5.3L8.3,6.7c-0.4-0.4-0.4-1,0-1.4s1-0.4,1.4,0l6,6c0.4,0.4,0.4,1,0,1.4l-6,6C9.5,18.9,9.3,19,9,19z"></path></svg></div></div><div class="items" data-v-bd01e0d5><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-bd01e0d5 data-v-bd01e0d5><div class="item" 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_guide_basic_installation" data-v-a3c25e27><div>
24<h1 id="installation" tabindex="-1">Installation <a class="header-anchor" href="#installation" aria-label="Permalink to "Installation"">â</a></h1><div class="tip custom-block"><p class="custom-block-title">TIP</p><p>Go through this, because this can be a very helpful step. I am currently using btrfs & find it better. Also, don't remove the Recovery partition to be on the safe side, it helps out a lot.</p></div><h2 id="partitions-to-create" tabindex="-1">Partitions to Create <a class="header-anchor" href="#partitions-to-create" aria-label="Permalink to "Partitions to Create"">â</a></h2><ul><li>500 MB for Efi boot (Enough even for multi-boot)</li><li>Recovery (Very Useful, for specific distributions only)</li><li>Swap partition (First, read <a href="#what-about-swap">What about Swap?</a>)</li><li>(Before selecting read about Btrfs & Zfs) Remaining for Ext4/Btrfs/Zfs System</li></ul><h2 id="q-what-about-swap" tabindex="-1">Q. What about Swap? <a class="header-anchor" href="#q-what-about-swap" aria-label="Permalink to "Q. What about Swap?"">â</a></h2><p><strong>If you are installing with a Ubiquity installer it will automatically create a Swap File any time Ext4 is used for root.</strong> There are two ways of getting swap (You can choose which is better)</p><ul><li><strong>General Method</strong> - Creating a swap partition (Linux-swap), Now to do this you need to understand the importance of swap, if you have a low RAM device you need a huger swap like if you have 2GB ram you should get 4 to 6 GB of swap & optimise your swap ratio to a higher value. So, if you have a higher ram you need a lower swap. So, according to my numbers for a ram: swap should be as follows, lower:6, 4:6, 8:4, 16 & above:2. Also, you have to adjust the swappiness property (given below).</li></ul><div class="info custom-block"><p class="custom-block-title">INFO</p><p>[BTRFS] - <a href="https://fedoramagazine.org/btrfs-snapshots-backup-incremental/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Snapshots</a> don't work on Btrfs if we create a swap file in that partition. So Btrfs users should either stick with the general method or create a swap file in a different partition.</p></div><ul><li><strong>Swap File</strong> - It is a relatively new concept. In this, you create a swap file post-installation. You don't need to dedicate some fixed amount of memory to it as it does on Linux-swap that is why it is also space-efficient. And the best part is you can resize this or remove this whenever you want to.</li></ul><div class="warning custom-block"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p>The "status" parameter in the dd command may not work on all versions of dd. If you encounter an error related to "status", you can simply omit that parameter.</p></div><h2 id="instructions-to-add-swap-file" tabindex="-1">Instructions to add Swap File <a class="header-anchor" href="#instructions-to-add-swap-file" aria-label="Permalink to "Instructions to add Swap File"">â</a></h2><h4 id="btrfs" tabindex="-1">Btrfs <a class="header-anchor" href="#btrfs" aria-label="Permalink to "Btrfs"">â</a></h4><p>If a functional swap file is present on the subvolume, the btrfs filesystem does not permit the creation of snapshots. This indicates that putting a swap file on a different subvolume is highly recommended. Swap file can't be located on a btrfs raid of any sort.</p><details class="details custom-block"><summary>Add Swap to Btrfs</summary><p>Let's assume that the current swap is already off, the <code>/</code> is on <code>/dev/sda1</code> and Ubuntu is installed with <code>/</code> on <code>@</code> subvolume and <code>/home</code> is on <code>@home</code> subvolume.</p><ol><li>Mount <code>/dev/sda1</code> to <code>/mnt</code>.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">mount</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/dev/sda1</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/mnt</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">mount</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/dev/sda1</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/mnt</span></span></code></pre></div><p>If you run ls <code>/mnt</code>, you'll see <code>@</code>, <code>@home</code> and other subvolumes that may be there.</p><ol start="2"><li>Create a new <code>@swap</code> subvolume.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span>
24<pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">btrfs</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">sub</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">create</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/mnt/@swap</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">btrfs</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">sub</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">create</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/mnt/@swap</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="3"><li>Unmount <code>/dev/sda1</code> from <code>/mnt</code>.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">umount</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/mnt</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">umount</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/mnt</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="4"><li>Create <code>/swap</code> directory where we plan to mount the <code>@swap</code> subvolume.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">mkdir</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swap</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">mkdir</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swap</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="5"><li>Mount the <code>@swap</code> subvolume to <code>/swap</code>.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">mount</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">-o</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">subvol=@swap</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/dev/sda1</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swap</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">mount</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">-o</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">subvol=@swap</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/dev/sda1</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swap</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="6"><li>Create the swap file.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">touch</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">touch</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="7"><li>Set 600 permissions to the file.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span>
24<pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">chmod</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">600</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">chmod</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">600</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="8"><li>Disable COW for this file.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">chattr</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">+C</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">chattr</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">+C</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="9"><li>Set size of the swap file to 4G as an example.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">dd</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">if=/dev/zero</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">of=/swap/swapfile</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">bs=</span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">M</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">count=</span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">4096</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">dd</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">if=/dev/zero</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">of=/swap/swapfile</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">bs=</span><span style="color:#005CC5;">1</span><span style="color:#032F62;">M</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">count=</span><span style="color:#005CC5;">4096</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="10"><li>Format the swapfile.</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">mkswap</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">mkswap</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="11"><li>Turn the swap file on</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span>
24<pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">swapon</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">swapon</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swap/swapfile</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="12"><li><p>Now the new swap should be working.</p></li><li><p>Open the <code>/etc/fstab</code> file</p></li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">nano</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/etc/fstab</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">nano</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/etc/fstab</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="add-this-line" tabindex="-1">Add this line <a class="header-anchor" href="#add-this-line" aria-label="Permalink to "Add this line"">â</a></h5><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark has-focused-lines vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">Rest</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">of</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">your</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">fstab</span></span> 25<span class="line has-focus"><span style="color:#E1E4E8;">UUID</span><span style="color:#F97583;">=</span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#B392F0;">/swap</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">btrfs</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">subvol=@swap</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span></span> 26<span class="line has-focus"><span style="color:#B392F0;">/swap/swapfile</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">none</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">swap</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">sw</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light has-focused-lines vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">//</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">Rest</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">of</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">your</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">fstab</span></span> 27<span class="line has-focus"><span style="color:#24292E;">UUID</span><span style="color:#D73A49;">=</span><span style="color:#032F62;">XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#6F42C1;">/swap</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">btrfs</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">subvol=@swap</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">0</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">0</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span></span> 28<span class="line has-focus"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">/swap/swapfile</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">none</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">swap</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">sw</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">0</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">0</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span></span></code></pre></div></details><h4 id="ext4" tabindex="-1">Ext4 <a class="header-anchor" href="#ext4" aria-label="Permalink to "Ext4"">â</a></h4><p>Ext4 is fits perfectly with swap file you can create a swap file using this instructions.
28</p><details class="details custom-block"><summary>Add Swap to Ext4</summary><ol><li>Instruction set for the Swap file</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">dd</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">if=/dev/zero</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">of=/swapfile</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">bs=</span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">1</span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">G</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">count=</span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">4</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">status=progress</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">dd</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">if=/dev/zero</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">of=/swapfile</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">bs=</span><span style="color:#005CC5;">1</span><span style="color:#032F62;">G</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">count=</span><span style="color:#005CC5;">4</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">status=progress</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Count 4 means 4 sets of 1 GB, i.e. 4GB.</p><ol start="2"><li>Change permissions and Make swap</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">chmod</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">600</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swapfile</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> && </span><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">mkswap</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swapfile</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">chmod</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">600</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swapfile</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> && </span><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">mkswap</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swapfile</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="3"><li>Turn the Swap on</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">swapon</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/swapfile</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">swapon</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/swapfile</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="4"><li>Open the '/etc/fstab' file</li></ol><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span>
28<pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">nano</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">/etc/fstab</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">nano</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">/etc/fstab</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="add-this-line-1" tabindex="-1">Add this line <a class="header-anchor" href="#add-this-line-1" aria-label="Permalink to "Add this line"">â</a></h5><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark has-focused-lines vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">//</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">Rest</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">of</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">your</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">fstab</span></span> 29<span class="line has-focus"><span style="color:#B392F0;">/swapfile</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">none</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">swap</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">defaults</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">0</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light has-focused-lines vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">//</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">Rest</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">of</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">your</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">fstab</span></span> 30<span class="line has-focus"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">/swapfile</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">none</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">swap</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">defaults</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">0</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">0</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="5"><li>Reboot</li></ol></details><h2 id="q-should-i-encrypt" tabindex="-1">Q. Should I Encrypt? <a class="header-anchor" href="#q-should-i-encrypt" aria-label="Permalink to "Q. Should I Encrypt?"">â</a></h2><p>Encryption adds a layer to the disk, so there's a performance penalty. In day to day operations, you wouldn't notice it though, but there's an argument that older hardware might suffer if they're already in the limit. But it's usually a very useful feature to have, you never know what will happen to your hardware, if it's lost or stolen, you don't want to think about people having access to your stuff as well.</p><h2 id="q-should-i-use-btrfs-or-ext4-or-xfs" tabindex="-1">Q. Should I use Btrfs or Ext4 or XFS? <a class="header-anchor" href="#q-should-i-use-btrfs-or-ext4-or-xfs" aria-label="Permalink to "Q. Should I use Btrfs or Ext4 or XFS?"">â</a></h2><p><strong>Ans.</strong> It depends, As Btrfs is in its infancy state also Ext4 is a more popular option. But, Btrfs is starting to become a trend since Fedora adopted it & it ships with Fedora 33. Also, I am using this on both of my systems. If you are on HDD then go for Btrfs because it is surprisingly fast on it but, if you are on a SSD you can go for XFS. But, remember if you go for XFS it is not resizable unless you are on a lvm.</p><p>To fix installation bugs</p><div class="vp-code-group vp-adaptive-theme"><div class="tabs"><input type="radio" name="group-LdEwu" id="tab-HlUuLdq" checked="checked"><label for="tab-HlUuLdq">Arch</label><input type="radio" name="group-LdEwu" id="tab-3P9zqgx"><label for="tab-3P9zqgx">Debian</label><input type="radio" name="group-LdEwu" id="tab-QxjRjmY"><label for="tab-QxjRjmY">Fedora</label><input type="radio" name="group-LdEwu" id="tab-ednW-2i"><label for="tab-ednW-2i">Ubuntu</label><input type="radio" name="group-LdEwu" id="tab-YlBq8ma"><label for="tab-YlBq8ma">Void</label></div><div class="blocks"><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme active"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span>
30<pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">pacman</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">-S</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">pacman</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">-S</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre></div><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">apt</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">install</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">apt</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">install</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre></div><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">dnf</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">install</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">dnf</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">install</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre></div><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">apt</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">install</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">apt</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">install</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre></div><div class="language-sh vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sh</span><pre class="shiki github-dark vp-code-dark"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#B392F0;">sudo</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">xbps-install</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#79B8FF;">-S</span><span style="color:#E1E4E8;"> </span><span style="color:#9ECBFF;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre><pre class="shiki github-light vp-code-light"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6F42C1;">sudo</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">xbps-install</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#005CC5;">-S</span><span style="color:#24292E;"> </span><span style="color:#032F62;">btrfs-progs</span></span></code></pre></div></div></div><ul><li><a href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/btrfs-centos-living-loopback" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Reference on Rising of Btrfs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=linux54-hdd-raid&num=1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Reference on Btrfs on HDD</a></li><li><a href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=linux-58-filesystems&num=4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Reference on XFS on SSD</a></li></ul><h2 id="q-what-about-zfs" tabindex="-1">Q. What about ZFS? <a class="header-anchor" href="#q-what-about-zfs" aria-label="Permalink to "Q. What about ZFS?"">â</a></h2><p><strong>Ans.</strong> ZFS has been added as an experimental new filesystem. If you want to learn more about referring to <a href="https://itsfoss.com/zfs-ubuntu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">this</a> article. If it meets your requirements you can try it. Lately, it is becoming a trend. As, it is very stable and used by leading companies such as Oracle. You can check out <a href="https://rudd-o.com/linux-and-free-software/ways-in-which-zfs-is-better-than-btrfs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">why people are switching to ZFS</a>.</p></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-a3c25e27 data-v-a2d931e4><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-a2d931e4><div class="edit-link" data-v-a2d931e4><a class="VPLink link vp-external-link-icon no-icon edit-link-button" href="https://github.com/themagicalmammal/howtolinux/edit/dev/guide/basic/installation.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-v-a2d931e4><!--[--><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="edit-link-icon" aria-label="edit icon" data-v-a2d931e4><path d="M18,23H4c-1.7,0-3-1.3-3-3V6c0-1.7,1.3-3,3-3h7c0.6,0,1,0.4,1,1s-0.4,1-1,1H4
30C3.4,5,3,5.4,3,6v14c0,0.6,0.4,1,1,1h14c0.6,0,1-0.4,1-1v-7c0-0.6,0.4-1,1-1s1,0.4,1,1v7C21,21.7,19.7,23,18,23z"></path><path d="M8,17c-0.3,0-0.5-0.1-0.7-0.3C7,16.5,6.9,16.1,7,15.8l1-4c0-0.2,0.1-0.3,0.3-0.5l9.5-9.5c1.2-1.2,3.2-1.2,4.4,0c1.2,1.2,1.2,3.2,0,4.4l-9.5,9.5c-0.1,0.1-0.3,0.2-0.5,0.3l-4,1C8.2,17,8.1,17,8,17zM9.9,12.5l-0.5,2.1l2.1-0.5l9.3-9.3c0.4-0.4,0.4-1.1,0-1.6c-0.4-0.4-1.2-0.4-1.6,0l0,0L9.9,12.5z M18.5,2.5L18.5,2.5L18.5,2.5z"></path></svg> Edit this page on GitHub<!--]--></a></div><div class="last-updated" data-v-a2d931e4><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-a2d931e4 data-v-19a7ae4e>Last updated: <time datetime="2023-10-19T21:42:21.000Z" data-v-19a7ae4e></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" data-v-a2d931e4><div class="pager" data-v-a2d931e4><!----></div><div class="pager" data-v-a2d931e4><a class="pager-link next" href="/guide/basic/postinstallation.html" data-v-a2d931e4><span class="desc" data-v-a2d931e4>Next page</span><span class="title" data-v-a2d931e4>Post Installation</span></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><footer class="VPFooter has-sidebar" data-v-9d8abc1e data-v-e4279f1c><div class="container" data-v-e4279f1c><p class="message" data-v-e4279f1c>Released under the MIT License.</p><p class="copyright" data-v-e4279f1c>Copyright © 2023 Dipan Nanda</p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div> 31
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