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61  <header class="page-header">
62  <h1>Research</h1>
63  <p>Evaluating and designing algorithms for fair healthcare resource allocation</p>
64</header>
65
66<main>
67  <div class="container">
68    <div class="section">
69
70  
71<div class="research-row-full" id="key-publications">
72  <h2 class="section-title" style="text-align:center;">Key Publications</h2>
73  <p class="section-subtitle" style="text-align:center;">Foundational papers from the lab</p>
74  <div class="research-spotlight-grid">
75    <div class="research-spotlight-card">
76  
77  <img src="/images/spotlights/clif_map.png" alt="Common Longitudinal ICU Data Format (CLIF)" class="research-spotlight-image">
78  
79  <div class="research-spotlight-content">
80    
81    <img src="/images/journals/icm_logo.jpeg" alt="Journal logo" class="research-spotlight-journal-logo">
82    
83    <h3>Common Longitudinal ICU Data Format (CLIF)</h3>
84    <p>The CLIF consortium establishes a common data standard for ICU data science, enabling privacy-preserving federated research across multiple hospital systems.</p>
85    
86    <p class="research-spotlight-citation">
87      
88      <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-025-07848-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rojas JC, Lyons PG, et al. Intensive Care Med. 2025.</a>
89      
90    </p>
91    
92  </div>
93</div>
94<div class="research-spotlight-card">
95  
96  <img src="/images/spotlights/us_crs_auroc.png" alt="United States Candidate Risk Score (US-CRS) for Predicting Death Without Transplant in Adult Heart Trans
96plant Candidates" class="research-spotlight-image">
97  
98  <div class="research-spotlight-content">
99    
100    <img src="/images/journals/jama.svg" alt="Journal logo" class="research-spotlight-journal-logo">
101    
102    <h3>United States Candidate Risk Score (US-CRS) for Predicting Death Without Transplant in Adult Heart Transplant Candidates</h3>
103    <p>A new risk score for heart transplant candidates predicts mortality on the waiting list, improving allocation beyond the current priority-tier system.</p>
104    
105    <p class="research-spotlight-citation">
106      
107      <a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.27029" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Zhang KC, Narang N, et al. JAMA. 2024;331(3):237-247.</a>
108      
109    </p>
110    
111  </div>
112</div>
113<div class="research-spotlight-card">
114  
115  <img src="/images/spotlights/transplant_center_survival_benefit.png" alt="Association of Transplant Center With Survival Benefit Among Adults Undergoing Heart Transplant in the United States" class="research-spotlight-image">
116  
117  <div class="research-spotlight-content">
118    
119    <img src="/images/journals/jama.svg" alt="Journal logo" class="research-spotlight-journal-logo">
120    
121    <h3>Association of Transplant Center With Survival Benefit Among Adults Undergoing Heart Transplant in the United States</h3>
122    <p>The 5-year survival benefit associated with heart transplant varied across transplant centers, and high survival benefit centers performed heart transplant for patients with lower estimated waiting list survival without transplant.</p>
123    
124    <p class="research-spotlight-citation">
125      
126      <a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.15686" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Parker WF, Anderson AS, et al. JAMA. 2019;322(18):1789-1798.</a>
127      
128    </p>
129    
130  </div>
131</div>
132
133  </div>
134</div>
135
136
137  <h3 style="text-align:center; color:var(--dark-gray); margin-top:48px; margin-bottom:8px; font-weight:400;">Published in</h3>
138  <div class="journal-carousel">
139    <div class="journal-track">
140      <img src="images/journals/jama.svg" alt="JAMA">
141      <img src="images/journals/JACC_logo.jpg" alt="JACC">
142      <img src="images/journals/chest_logo.jpeg" alt="CHEST">
143      <img src="images/journals/icm_logo.jpeg" alt="Intensive Care Medicine">
144      <img src="images/journals/ats_journals.svg" alt="ATS Journals">
145      <img src="images/journals/ccm_logo.jpeg" alt="Critical Care Medicine">
146      <img src="images/journals/jhlt-logo.png" alt="The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation">
147      <img src="images/journals/ajtlogo.png" alt="American Journal of Transplantation">
148      <img src="images/journals/hastings_logo.jpeg" alt="Hastings Center Report">
149      <img src="images/journals/ajkd_logo.jpg" alt="American Journal of Kidney Diseases">
150      <!-- Duplicate for seamless loop -->
151      <img src="images/journals/jama.svg" alt="JAMA">
152      <img src="images/journals/JACC_logo.jpg" alt="JACC">
153      <img src="images/journals/chest_logo.jpeg" alt="CHEST">
154      <img src="images/journals/icm_logo.jpeg" alt="Intensive Care Medicine">
155      <img src="images/journals/ats_journals.svg" alt="ATS Journals">
156      <img src="images/journals/ccm_logo.jpeg" alt="Critical Care Medicine">
157      <img src="images/journals/jhlt-logo.png" alt="The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation">
158      <img src="images/journals/ajtlogo.png" alt="American Journal of Transplantation">
159      <img src="images/journals/hastings_logo.jpeg" alt="Hastings Center Report">
160      <img src="images/journals/ajkd_logo.jpg" alt="American Journal of Kidney Diseases">
161    </div>
162  </div>
163
164  
165
166<!-- Row 1: Deceased Donor Organ Allocation -->
167<div class="research-row" id="organ-allocation">
168  <div class="research-row-image">
169    <img src="/images/research/organ_allocation.png" alt="Deceased donor organs">
170  </div>
171  <div class="research-row-content">
172    <h2>Deceased Donor Organ Allocation</h2>
173    <div class="research-row-cards">
174      <div class="research-spotlight-card">
175  
176  <img src="/images/spotlights/lvad_selection_bias.png" alt="Artifactual Declines in Durable LVAD Utilization Among Heart Trans
176plant Candidates: Selection Bias in Transplant Registries" class="research-spotlight-image">
177  
178  <div class="research-spotlight-content">
179    
180    <img src="/images/journals/jhlt.svg" alt="Journal logo" class="research-spotlight-journal-logo">
181    
182    <h3>Artifactual Declines in Durable LVAD Utilization Among Heart Transplant Candidates: Selection Bias in Transplant Registries</h3>
183    <p>The STAR MCS file excludes LVADs among currently listed candidates, producing artifactual declines in LVAD prevalence and incidence and inflated waitlist outcomes. Awareness of registry construction is essential for accurate interpretation of LVAD-related outcomes.</p>
184    
185    <p class="research-spotlight-citation">
186      
187      <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2026.06.002" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ahn DJ, Lyden GR, et al. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2026.</a>
188      
189    </p>
190    
191  </div>
192</div>
193<div class="research-spotlight-card">
194  
195  <img src="/images/spotlights/pediatric_heart_status_exceptions.png" alt="Status Exceptions and Misalignment of Medical Urgency in U.S. Pediatric Heart Transplantation" class="research-spotlight-image">
196  
197  <div class="research-spotlight-content">
198    
199    <img src="/images/journals/JACC_logo.jpg" alt="Journal logo" class="research-spotlight-journal-logo">
200    
201    <h3>Status Exceptions and Misalignment of Medical Urgency in U.S. Pediatric Heart Transplantation</h3>
202    <p>Pediatric heart transplant status exceptions are frequently granted to candidates who are not at the highest risk of waitlist death, contributing to misalignment between assigned medical urgency and actual mortality risk. The findings highlight opportunities to refine pediatric heart allocation policy.</p>
203    
204    <p class="research-spotlight-citation">
205      
206      <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2026.01.052" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ahn DJ, Attia A, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2026.</a>
207      
208    </p>
209    
210  </div>
211</div>
212<div class="research-spotlight-card">
213  
214  <img src="/images/spotlights/adi_heart_transplant.png" alt="The Association of Place-Based Disadvantage and Access to Deceased Donor Heart Transplantation" class="research-spotlight-image">
215  
216  <div class="research-spotlight-content">
217    
218    <img src="/images/journals/ajt.svg" alt="Journal logo" class="research-spotlight-journal-logo">
219    
220    <h3>The Association of Place-Based Disadvantage and Access to Deceased Donor Heart Transplantation</h3>
221    <p>Area deprivation index (ADI) was associated with heart transplantation to a greater extent than other place-based disadvantage indices studied. The forthcoming continuous distribution provides an opportunity to incorporate ADI to address disparities in heart transplantation.</p>
222    
223    <p class="research-spotlight-citation">
224      
225      <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajt.2025.09.013" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wang AZ, Barrett K, et al. Am J Transplant. 2025.</a>
226      
227    </p>
228    
229  </div>
230</div>
231<div class="research-spotlight-card">
232  
233  <img src="/images/spotlights/tolmie_survival_benefit.png" alt="Association of the 2018 U.S. Heart Allocation Policy Change and the Survival Benefit of Heart Transplantation" class="research-spotlight-image">
234  
235  <div class="research-spotlight-content">
236    
237    <img src="/images/journals/JACC_logo.jpg" alt="Journal logo" class="research-spotlight-journal-logo">
238    
239    <h3>Association of the 2018 U.S. Heart Allocation Policy Change and the Survival Benefit of Heart Transplantation</h3>
240    <p>In 2018, the U.S. heart allocation policy underwent a major change designed to increase transplantation of the most medically urgent candidates. The policy change has indeed led to better stratification and prioritization of candidates by clinical acuity, resulting in higher survival benefit of transplantation performed. Combined with higher transplantation rates, the 2018 heart allocation policy has saved thousands of life-years and achieved one of its major goals.</p>
241    
242    <p class="research-spotlight-citation">
243      
244      <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2025.02.026" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tolmie SB, Gibbons RD, et al. JACC Heart Fail. 2025;13(7):102480.</a>
245      
246    </p>
247    
248  </div>
249</div>
250
251    </div>
252    <p class="research-folder-link" style="margin-top:16px;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1TjcVeQQ7kgdTBM5a95y_sRsE3Fs2Lo1x" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>📁 Browse all publications in this area →</strong></a></p>
253  </div>
254</div>
255
256<!-- Row 2: Scarce Therapeutics Allocation -->
257<div class="research-row research-row-reverse" id="scarce-therapeutics">
258  <div class="research-row-image">
259    <img src="/images/research/scarce_therapeutics.png" alt="Initial supply of novel therapeutics">
260  </div>
261  <div class="research-row-content">
262    <h2>Scarce Therapeutics Allocation</h2>
263    <div class="research-row-cards">
264      <div class="research-spotlight-card">
265  
266  <img src="/images/spotlights/chicago_vaccination_map.png" alt="Association of Zip Code Vaccination Rate With COVID-19 Mortality in Chicago, Illinois" class="research-spotlight-image">
267  
268  <div class="research-spotlight-content">
269    
270    <img src="/images/journals/jama.svg" alt="Journal logo" class="research-spotlight-journal-logo">
271    
272    <h3>Association of Zip Code Vaccination Rate With COVID-19 Mortality in Chicago, Illinois</h3>
273    <p>Chicago zip codes with the lowest COVID-19 vaccination rates were predominantly Black and Hispanic and suffered the highest COVID-19 mortality. Modeling suggests equitable vaccine distribution could have prevented a substantial share of deaths during the Alpha and Delta waves.</p>
274    
275    <p class="research-spotlight-citation">
276      
277      <a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14753" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Zeng S, Pelzer KM, et al. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(5):e2214753.</a>
278      
279    </p>
280    
281  </div>
282</div>
283<div class="research-spotlight-card">
284  
285  <div class="research-spotlight-content">
286    
287    <img src="/images/journals/hastings_logo.jpeg" alt="Journal logo" class="research-spotlight-journal-logo">
288    
289    <h3>
289Errors in Converting Principles to Protocols: Where the Bioethics of U.S. Covid-19 Vaccine Allocation Went Wrong</h3>
290    <p>The ACIP's COVID-19 vaccine allocation recommendations were internally inconsistent with its own ethical principles - overly broad healthcare worker priority, age as the sole high-risk criterion, no place-based distribution, and implicit first-come, first-served allocation. Rigorous empirical work and a complete ethical framework could have prevented these mistakes and saved lives.</p>
291    
292    <p class="research-spotlight-citation">
293      
294      <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/hast.1416" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Parker WF, Persad G, Peek ME. Hastings Cent Rep. 2022;52(5):8-14.</a>
295      
296    </p>
297    
298  </div>
299</div>
300
301    </div>
302    <p class="research-folder-link" style="margin-top:16px;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1nvgNa1tVSMo3B96fPsvT_opb49_MjnYS" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>📁 Browse all publications in this area →</strong></a></p>
303  </div>
304</div>
305
306<!-- Row 3: Crisis Standards of Care -->
307<div class="research-row" id="crisis-standards">
308  <div class="research-row-image">
309    <img src="/images/research/crisis_standards.png" alt="Life-support during Crisis Standards of Care">
310  </div>
311  <div class="research-row-content">
312    <h2>Crisis Standards of Care</h2>
313    <div class="research-row-cards">
314      <div class="research-spotlight-card">
315  
316  <img src="/images/spotlights/slow_life_support.png" alt="Slow Life Support for Imminently Dying Patients" class="research-spotlight-image">
317  
318  <div class="research-spotlight-content">
319    
320    <img src="/images/journals/jama.svg" alt="Journal logo" class="research-spotlight-journal-logo">
321    
322    <h3>Slow Life Support for Imminently Dying Patients</h3>
323    <p>This viewpoint introduces and explores the ethical implications of "slow life support" - the selective and often undisclosed withholding or modulation of life sustaining therapies by clinicians in imminently dying patients.</p>
324    
325    <p class="research-spotlight-citation">
326      
327      <a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2026.8659" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Vollbrecht H, Iwashyna TJ, et al. JAMA. 2026.</a>
328      
329    </p>
330    
331  </div>
332</div>
333<div class="research-spotlight-card">
334  
335  <img src="/images/spotlights/state_ventilator_guidelines.png" alt="Variation in Ventilator Allocation Guidelines by US State During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic" class="research-spotlight-image">
336  
337  <div class="research-spotlight-content">
338    
339    <img src="/images/journals/jama.svg" alt="Journal logo" class="research-spotlight-journal-logo">
340    
341    <h3>Variation in Ventilator Allocation Guidelines by US State During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic</h3>
342    <p>A systematic review of state ventilator allocation guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic found only half of US states had public guidance, with substantial variation in triage criteria; most guidelines recommended objective clinical scoring systems for rationing decisions.</p>
343    
344    <p class="research-spotlight-citation">
345      
346      <a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12606" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Piscitello GM, Kapania EM, et al. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6):e2012606.</a>
347      
348    </p>
349    
350  </div>
351</div>
352
353    </div>
354    <p class="research-folder-link" style="margin-top:16px;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1ErXdF54ordv8KB_PDZK-VegwbWTSNsN9" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>📁 Browse all publications in this area →</strong></a></p>
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