1 2<!DOCTYPE html> 3<!--[if IEMobile 7 ]><html class="no-js iem7"><![endif]--> 4<!--[if lt IE 9]><html class="no-js lte-ie8"><![endif]--> 5<!--[if (gt IE 8)|(gt IEMobile 7)|!(IEMobile)|!(IE)]><!--><html class="no-js" lang="en"><!--<![endif]--> 6<head> 7 <meta charset="utf-8"> 8 <title>Jeff Klukas</title> 9 <meta name="author" content="Jeff Klukas"> 10 11 12 <meta name="description" content="The LHC is currently running at 7 TeV, giving a relativistic gamma factor $\gamma$ of 3730: This means the protons are moving at 99.999996% the speed …"> 13 14 15 <!-- http://t.co/dKP3o1e --> 16 <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True"> 17 <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="320"> 18 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> 19 20 21 <link rel="canonical" href="http://jeff.klukas.net/posts/2/"> 22 <link href="/favicon.png" rel="icon"> 23 <link href="/stylesheets/screen.css" media="screen, projection" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> 24 <link href="/atom.xml" rel="alternate" title="Jeff Klukas" type="application/atom+xml"> 25
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49 50 51 52 53</head> 54 55<body > 56 <header role="banner"><hgroup> 57 <h1><a href="/">Jeff Klukas</a></h1> 58 59</hgroup> 60 61</header> 62 <nav role="navigation"><ul class="subscription" data-subscription="rss"> 63 <li><a href="/atom.xml" rel="subscribe-rss" title="subscribe via RSS"><i class="fa fa-rss fa-lg"></i></a></li> 64 65</ul> 66 67<form action="https://www.google.com/search" method="get"> 68 <fieldset role="search"> 69 <input type="hidden" name="sitesearch" value="jeff.klukas.net"> 70 <input class="search" type="text" name="q" results="0" placeholder="Search"/> 71 </fieldset> 72</form> 73 74<ul class="main-navigation"> 75 <li><a href="/">Home</a></li> 76 <li><a href="/archives">Posts</a></li> 77 <li><a href="/bio">Bio</a></li> 78 <li><a href="/categories/writing">Writing</a></li> 79</ul> 80 81</nav> 82 <div id="main"> 83 <div id="content"> 84 <div class="blog-index"> 85 86 87 88 <article> 89 90 <header> 91 92 <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="/content/2012/01/03/lhc-parameters/">Some LHC Calculations</a></h1> 93 94 95 <p class="meta"> 96 97 98 99 100 101<time class='entry-date' datetime='2012-01-03T00:00:00-05:00'><span class='date'><span class='date-month'>Jan</span> <span class='date-day'>3</span><span class='date-suffix'>rd</span>, <span class='date-year'>2012</span></span> <span class='time'>12:00 am</span></time> 102 103 </p> 104 105 </header> 106 107 108 <div class="entry-content"><p>The LHC is currently running at 7 TeV, giving a relativistic gamma factor $\gamma$ of 3730:</p> 109
110<script type="math/tex; mode=display">E = \gamma mc^2 \rightarrow \gamma = {E \over mc^2} \rightarrow \gamma(3.5\text{TeV}) = 3730</script>
110 111 112<p>This means the protons are moving at 99.999996% the speed of light:</p> 113
114<script type="math/tex; mode=display">\gamma = {1 \over \sqrt{1 - \beta^2}} \rightarrow \beta = \sqrt{1 - {1 \over \gamma^2}} \approx 0.99999996</script>
114 115 116<p>Alright, now letâs look at the collision rate, assuming a recent luminosity of 1e33:</p> 117
118<script type="math/tex; mode=display">R_\text{total} = \mathcal{L} \sigma = (10^{33} {\text{cm}^{-2} \over \text{s}})(110\text{mb})({10^{-27}\text{cm}^2 \over \text{mb}})</script>
118 119 120<p>which gives approximately 100 million interactions per second.</p> 121 122<p>The cross section for the events Iâm looking at is $\sigma_{WZ\rightarrow 3\ell\nu} \approx 0.5 \text{pb}$, so</p> 123
124<script type="math/tex; mode=display">R(WZ\to 3\ell\nu) = (10^{33} {\text{cm}^{-2} \over \text{s}})(0.5\text{pb})({10^{-36}\text{cm}^2 \over \text{mb}})</script>
124 125 126<p>yielding 0.0005 Hz or 40 <em>WZ</em> events per day.</p> 127 128<p>So how many of these events will we have collected by the end of the 2011 pp run?</p> 129
130<script type="math/tex; mode=display">N_{WZ\rightarrow 3\ell\nu} \approx (5 {\text{fb}^{-1}}) (0.5 \text{pb}) = \text{2500 events}</script>
130 131 132<p>By the time we make all the required cuts to account for the acceptance of the detector and rejection of backgrounds, however, we end up with something on the order of only 100 events in our final sample.</p> 133</div> 134 135 136 137 138 </article> 139 140 141 <article> 142 143 <header> 144 145 <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="/colophon">Colophon</a></h1> 146 147 148 <p class="meta"> 149 150 151 152 153 154<time class='entry-date' datetime='2011-12-31T20:53:00-05:00'><span class='date'><span class='date-month'>Dec</span> <span class='date-day'>31</span><span class='date-suffix'>st</span>, <span class='date-year'>2011</span></span> <span class='time'>8:53 pm</span></time> 155 156 </p> 157 158 </header> 159 160 161 <div class="entry-content"><p>This site is built on <a href="http://octopress.org">Octopress</a>, âa blogging framework for hackers,â which brings a number of fun technologies along for the ride, including:</p> 162 163<ul> 164 <li><a href="http://jekyllrb.com">Jekyll</a> as the base platform for generating a static blog,</li> 165 <li>modern design using all the best that HTML5 and CSS3 have to offer,</li> 166 <li>the <a href="http://modernizr.com/">Modernizr</a> JS library to allow for graceful degradation on older browsers,</li> 167 <li>a responsive, mobile-first page design (try resizing the browser window to see what happens), and</li> 168 <li>scripts to automate deployment to GitHub Pages.</li> 169</ul> 170 171<p>On top of Octopress, I threw in some extra goodies:</p> 172 173<ul> 174 <li>A retina-ready design with CSS3 gradients, scalable icons from FontAwesome and images included at 2x whenever possible so that the page looks as crisp as possible on recent iPhones and iPads, plus</li> 175 <li><a href="http://www.mathjax.org/">MathJax</a> for rendering of LaTeX equations in HTML.</li> 176</ul> 177 178<p>Check out the <a href="https://github.com/jklukas/jklukas.github.com">siteâs source</a> on GitHub.</p> 179</div> 180 181 182 183 184 </article> 185 186 187 <article> 188 189 <header> 190 191 <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="/bio">Bio</a></h1> 192 193 194 <p class="meta"> 195 196 197 198 199 200<time class='entry-date' datetime='2011-12-31T20:53:00-05:00'><span class='date'><span class='date-month'>Dec</span> <span class='date-day'>31</span><span class='date-suffix'>st</span>, <span class='date-year'>2011</span></span> <span class='time'>8:53 pm</span></time> 201 202 </p> 203 204 </header> 205 206 207 <div class="entry-content"><div class="imgcontainer"> 208<iframe style="width: 100%; height: 20.5em; margin: 0.25em 0;" scrolling="no" src="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&msa=0&msid=201747899667285679972.0004a4bade8b09a0fa795&ll=36.879621,-34.804687&spn=55.146624,164.882813&z=2&output=embed"></iframe> 209<p>places I’ve lived</p> 210</div> 211 212<p>Although Iâm actually an Ohio native, I grew up in the South Hills of Pittsburgh (which, make no mistake, is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#Cultural_overlap">a Midwestern city</a> despite being in Pennsylvania). My parents, who grew up as good Lutheran kids, met in college at <a href="http://www.wittenberg.edu">Wittenberg University</a>, and both their kids ended up following suit.</p> 213 214</div> 215 216 217 <footer> 218 <a rel="full-article" href="/bio">Read on →</a> 219 </footer> 220 221 222 223 </article> 224 225 226 <article> 227 228 <header> 229 230 <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="/cv">Curriculum Vitae</a></h1> 231 232 233 <p class="meta"> 234 235 236 237 238 239<time class='entry-date' datetime='2011-12-31T02:53:00-05:00'><span class='date'><span class='date-month'>Dec</span> <span class='date-day'>31</span><span class='date-suffix'>st</span>, <span class='date-year'>2011</span></span> <span class='time'>2:53 am</span></time> 240 241 </p> 242 243 </header> 244 245 246 <div class="entry-content"><h2 id="education">Education</h2> 247 248<dl> 249 <dt>Ph.D. (Physics) University of WisconsinâMadison</dt> 250 <dd>May 2012</dd> 251 <dd>Advisor: Matt Herndon</dd> 252 <dd>Thesis topic: A search for exotic particles decaying to <em>WZ</em> in <em>pp</em> collisions at 7 TeV</dd> 253</dl> 254 255<dl> 256 <dt>B.S. Wittenberg University</dt> 257 <dd>Springfield, Ohio</dd> 258 <dd>May 2006</dd> 259 <dd>Majors in physics and French language & literature</dd> 260 <dd>Summa Cum Laude</dd> 261 <dd>Departmental honors in physics</dd> 262 <dd>Thesis topic: Influencing dynamics in neural networks</dd> 263</dl> 264 265<dl> 266 <dt>
266School for International Training</dt> 267 <dd>Dakar, Senegal, West Africa</dd> 268 <dd>Spring 2005</dd> 269 <dd>Conducted independent research on the relative importance of national, ethnic, socioeconomic, and gender identities to residents of Dakar through interviews and participant observation.</dd> 270</dl> 271 272</div> 273 274 275 <footer> 276 <a rel="full-article" href="/cv">Read on →</a> 277 </footer> 278 279 280 281 </article> 282 283 284 <article> 285 286 <header> 287 288 <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="/teaching">Teaching</a></h1> 289 290 291 <p class="meta"> 292 293 294 295 296 297<time class='entry-date' datetime='2011-12-31T00:00:00-05:00'><span class='date'><span class='date-month'>Dec</span> <span class='date-day'>31</span><span class='date-suffix'>st</span>, <span class='date-year'>2011</span></span> <span class='time'>12:00 am</span></time> 298 299 </p> 300 301 </header> 302 303 304 <div class="entry-content"><h2 id="courses">Courses</h2> 305 306<h3 id="physics-for-elementary-teachers">Physics for Elementary Teachers</h3> 307<p>An introductory course built around a student-oriented pedagogy where almost all the course concepts are developed through direct experimentation in groups. It focuses on building a conceptual understanding of energy and forces and using those concepts as a framework for understanding gravity, magnetism, electricity, and light. The course becomes particularly relevant for elemetary teachers through âLearning about Learningâ activities where we observe and discuss the learning processes of elementary students.</p> 308 309<h3 id="physics-foundations">Physics Foundations</h3> 310<p>An overview of physics in one semester, covering a broad range of topics, from Newtonian mechanics to relativity and particles. We use algebra to develop a quantitative understanding of the topics and laboratory activities to explore a few of them in greater depth.</p> 311 312</div> 313 314 315 <footer> 316 <a rel="full-article" href="/teaching">Read on →</a> 317 </footer> 318 319 320 321 </article> 322 323 324 <article> 325 326 <header> 327 328 <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="/content/2006/04/03/influencing-dynamics-in-neural-networks/">Influencing Dynamics in Neural Networks</a></h1> 329 330 331 <p class="meta"> 332 333 334 335 336 337<time class='entry-date' datetime='2006-04-03T00:00:00-04:00'><span class='date'><span class='date-month'>Apr</span> <span class='date-day'>3</span><span class='date-suffix'>rd</span>, <span class='date-year'>2006</span></span> <span class='time'>12:00 am</span></time> 338 339 </p> 340 341 </header> 342 343 344 <div class="entry-content"><p>This research was performed under an NSF-funded Research Experience for Undergraduates program at Indiana University and then extended at Wittenberg University to serve as an undergraudate honors thesis. The work was overseen by John Beggs. It was later published in the 2006 issue of Wittenberg Universityâs non-fiction literary magazine, <em>Spectrum</em>.</p> 345 346<p>Abstract: Experimental readings from rat cortex in our lab have demonstrated a robust ability of neural networks to maintain critical point dynamics. Whether that ability stems from the activity of a regulatory system or is an inherent property of the network, however, remains unknown. Throughout our investigations, a computational model has served both as a useful diagnostic tool in developing measurements of dynamics and as a predictor of manipulations to be in- vestigated in tissue samples. It demonstrates a robustness similar to the biological samples, suggesting that the network structure alone may be sufficient to maintain stable dynamics. Using the model to explore network parameters, we have identified the distribution of connection strengths between nodes in the network as having a clear influence on the dynamical behavior of the system, and further, we have explained deviations from that relationship by identifying particular connection patterns that link attractive behavior with an inverse branching structure.</p> 347 348<p>View the full text of <a href="/files/klukas-undergrad-thesis.pdf">âInfluencing Dynamics in Neural Networksâ in PDF format</a>.</p> 349</div> 350 351 352 353 354 </article> 355 356
357 <article> 358 359 <header> 360 361 <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="/content/2005/05/12/isp/">Changing Concepts of Ethnic and National Identity in Dakar</a></h1> 362 363 364 <p class="meta"> 365 366 367 368 369 370<time class='entry-date' datetime='2005-05-12T00:00:00-04:00'><span class='date'><span class='date-month'>May</span> <span class='date-day'>12</span><span class='date-suffix'>th</span>, <span class='date-year'>2005</span></span> <span class='time'>12:00 am</span></time> 371 372 </p> 373 374 </header> 375 376 377 <div class="entry-content"><p>This research was performed as a capstone project for the <em>Senegal: Arts & Culture</em> academic program of the School for International Training in Spring of 2005 under the direction of Souleye Diallo. The project was advised by Mamadou Aliou Diallo, Université Cheikh Anta Diop. It was published in the 2006 issue of Wittenberg Universityâs non-fiction literary magazine, <em>Spectrum</em>.</p> 378 379</div> 380 381 382 <footer> 383 <a rel="full-article" href="/content/2005/05/12/isp/">Read on →</a> 384 </footer> 385 386 387 388 </article> 389 390 <div class="pagination"> 391 392 <a href="/blog/archives">Blog Archives</a> 393 394 <a class="next" href="/index.html">Newer →</a> 395 396 </div> 397</div> 398<aside class="sidebar"> 399 400 <section> 401 <h1>About Me</h1> 402 <div id="twitter-profile" style="margin-top:0.5em;"> 403 <img class="right" src="/images/jeff184.jpg" style="width:80px; height:80px;"> 404 </div> 405 <p>Teacher, physicist, computer jockey, dad. Helped find the Higgs particle. Now building data systems <a href="https://twitter.com/simple">@simple</a>.</p> 406</section> 407<section> 408 <h1>Contact</h1> 409 <ul> 410 <li><i class="fa fa-envelope-square"></i> <a href='mailto:%6Aef%66%40k%6Cu%6Bas.n%65t'>jeff@klukas.net</a> (email)</li> 411 <li><i class="fa fa-skype"></i> <a href="skype:jeffklukas?call">jeffklukas</a> (Skype)</li> 412 <li><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/jklukas">jklukas</a> (Facebook)</li> 413 <li><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=175583870">jklukas</a> (LinkedIn)</li> 414 <li><i class="fa fa-github-square"></i> <a href="https://github.com/jklukas">jklukas</a> (GitHub)</li> 415 <li><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i> <a href="https://twitter.com/JeffKlukas">@JeffKlukas</a> (Twitter)</li> 416 <li><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i> <a href="https://plus.google.com/113614530826956763926?rel=author">jeff.klukas</a> (Google)</li> 417 </ul> 418</section> 419 420<section> 421 <h1>Latest Tweets</h1> 422 <ul id="tweets"> 423 <a class="twitter-timeline" data-dnt="true" href="https://twitter.com/jeffklukas" data-widget-id="580918737932419072">Tweets by @jeffklukas</a> 424
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424 425 </ul> 426 427 <p>Follow <a href="http://twitter.com/jeffklukas">@jeffklukas</a></p> 428 429</section> 430 431 432<section> 433 <h1>GitHub Repos</h1> 434 <ul id="gh_repos"> 435 <li class="loading">Status updating…</li> 436 </ul> 437 438 <a href="https://github.com/jklukas">@jklukas</a> on GitHub 439 440
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458 459</section> 460 461 462 463<section class="googleplus googleplus-hidden"> 464 <h1> 465 <a href="https://plus.google.com/Jeff Klukas?rel=author"> 466 <img src="http://www.google.com/images/icons/ui/gprofile_button-32.png" width="32" height="32"> 467 Google+ 468 </a> 469 </h1> 470</section> 471 472 473 474 475</aside> 476 477 </div> 478 </div> 479 <footer role="contentinfo"><p> 480 Copyright © 2015 · Jeff Klukas · 481 <a href="/colophon">Colophon</a> · 482 <span class="credit">Powered by <a href="http://octopress.org">Octopress</a></span> 483</p> 484 485</footer> 486 487
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