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1<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" class="" style="scroll-padding:60px"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"/><title>Grain of Salt - Dr. Shishir Shakya</title><meta property="og:title" content="Grain of Salt - Dr. Shishir Shakya"/><meta name="generator" content="mystmd"/><meta name="description" content="First-person essays on memoir, meaning, and the craft of a life. These are views, not research claims."/><meta property="og:description" content="First-person essays on memoir, meaning, and the craft of a life. These are views, not research claims."/><meta name="keywords" content=""/><meta name="image" content="/build/headshot-627c2937e63816eca383c15276409cdc.webp"/><meta property="og:image" content="/build/headshot-627c2937e63816eca383c15276409cdc.webp"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/build/_assets/app-TIOB6ZNY.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/build/_assets/thebe-core-VKVHG5VY.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/css/mpl_widget.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/katex.min.css" integrity="sha384-MlJdn/WNKDGXveldHDdyRP1R4CTHr3FeuDNfhsLPYrq2t0UBkUdK2jyTnXPEK1NQ" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/myst-theme.css"/>
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27<button class="self-stretch flex items-center flex-none px-1 rounded-l-md group hover:bg-slate-300/30 focus-visible:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2" aria-label="Open Folder" type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R1opsp:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true" data-slot="icon" class="transition-transform duration-300 group-data-[state=open]:rotate-90 text-text-slate-700 dark:text-slate-100" height="1.5rem" width="1.5rem"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M16.28 11.47a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.5 7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06-1.06L14.69 12 7.72 5.03a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06-1.06l7.5 7.5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button></div><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R1opsp:" hidden="" class="pl-3 pr-[2px] collapsible-content"></div></div><div data-state="closed" class="w-full"><div class="myst-toc-item flex flex-row w-full gap-2 pl-2 my-1 text-left rounded-lg outline-none hover:bg-slate-300/30"><a title="Paper notes" class="block break-words focus:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2 rounded py-2 grow" href="/book/paper-notes">Paper notes</a>
27<button class="self-stretch flex items-center flex-none px-1 rounded-l-md group hover:bg-slate-300/30 focus-visible:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2" aria-label="Open Folder" type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R28psp:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true" data-slot="icon" class="transition-transform duration-300 group-data-[state=open]:rotate-90 text-text-slate-700 dark:text-slate-100" height="1.5rem" width="1.5rem"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M16.28 11.47a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.5 7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06-1.06L14.69 12 7.72 5.03a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06-1.06l7.5 7.5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button></div><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R28psp:" hidden="" class="pl-3 pr-[2px] collapsible-content"></div></div><div data-state="closed" class="w-full"><div class="myst-toc-item flex flex-row w-full gap-2 pl-2 my-1 text-left rounded-lg outline-none hover:bg-slate-300/30"><div title="Professional Experience" class="block break-words rounded py-2 grow cursor-pointer">Professional Experience</div>
27<button class="self-stretch flex items-center flex-none px-1 rounded-l-md group hover:bg-slate-300/30 focus-visible:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2" aria-label="Open Folder" type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R2opsp:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true" data-slot="icon" class="transition-transform duration-300 group-data-[state=open]:rotate-90 text-text-slate-700 dark:text-slate-100" height="1.5rem" width="1.5rem"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M16.28 11.47a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.5 7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06-1.06L14.69 12 7.72 5.03a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06-1.06l7.5 7.5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button></div><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R2opsp:" hidden="" class="pl-3 pr-[2px] collapsible-content"></div></div><div data-state="closed" class="w-full"><div class="myst-toc-item flex flex-row w-full gap-2 pl-2 my-1 text-left rounded-lg outline-none hover:bg-slate-300/30"><div title="Funding &amp; Recognition" class="block break-words rounded py-2 grow cursor-pointer">Funding &amp; Recognition</div>
27<button class="self-stretch flex items-center flex-none px-1 rounded-l-md group hover:bg-slate-300/30 focus-visible:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2" aria-label="Open Folder" type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R38psp:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true" data-slot="icon" class="transition-transform duration-300 group-data-[state=open]:rotate-90 text-text-slate-700 dark:text-slate-100" height="1.5rem" width="1.5rem"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M16.28 11.47a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.5 7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06-1.06L14.69 12 7.72 5.03a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06-1.06l7.5 7.5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button></div><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R38psp:" hidden="" class="pl-3 pr-[2px] collapsible-content"></div></div><div data-state="closed" class="w-full"><div class="myst-toc-item flex flex-row w-full gap-2 pl-2 my-1 text-left rounded-lg outline-none hover:bg-slate-300/30"><div title="Engagement &amp; Service" class="block break-words rounded py-2 grow cursor-pointer">Engagement &amp; Service</div>
27<button class="self-stretch flex items-center flex-none px-1 rounded-l-md group hover:bg-slate-300/30 focus-visible:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2" aria-label="Open Folder" type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R3opsp:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true" data-slot="icon" class="transition-transform duration-300 group-data-[state=open]:rotate-90 text-text-slate-700 dark:text-slate-100" height="1.5rem" width="1.5rem"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M16.28 11.47a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.5 7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06-1.06L14.69 12 7.72 5.03a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06-1.06l7.5 7.5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button></div><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R3opsp:" hidden="" class="pl-3 pr-[2px] collapsible-content"></div></div><div data-state="closed" class="w-full"><div class="myst-toc-item flex flex-row w-full gap-2 pl-2 my-1 text-left rounded-lg outline-none hover:bg-slate-300/30"><div title="Technical Expertise" class="block break-words rounded py-2 grow cursor-pointer">Technical Expertise</div>
27<button class="self-stretch flex items-center flex-none px-1 rounded-l-md group hover:bg-slate-300/30 focus-visible:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2" aria-label="Open Folder" type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R48psp:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true" data-slot="icon" class="transition-transform duration-300 group-data-[state=open]:rotate-90 text-text-slate-700 dark:text-slate-100" height="1.5rem" width="1.5rem"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M16.28 11.47a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.5 7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06-1.06L14.69 12 7.72 5.03a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06-1.06l7.5 7.5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button></div><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R48psp:" hidden="" class="pl-3 pr-[2px] collapsible-content"></div></div><div data-state="closed" class="w-full"><div class="myst-toc-item flex flex-row w-full gap-2 pl-2 my-1 text-left rounded-lg outline-none hover:bg-slate-300/30"><div title="Agentic-AI Projects" class="block break-words rounded py-2 grow cursor-pointer">Agentic-AI Projects</div>
27<button class="self-stretch flex items-center flex-none px-1 rounded-l-md group hover:bg-slate-300/30 focus-visible:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2" aria-label="Open Folder" type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R4opsp:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true" data-slot="icon" class="transition-transform duration-300 group-data-[state=open]:rotate-90 text-text-slate-700 dark:text-slate-100" height="1.5rem" width="1.5rem"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M16.28 11.47a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.5 7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06-1.06L14.69 12 7.72 5.03a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06-1.06l7.5 7.5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button></div><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R4opsp:" hidden="" class="pl-3 pr-[2px] collapsible-content"></div></div><div data-state="open" class="w-full"><div class="myst-toc-item flex flex-row w-full gap-2 pl-2 my-1 text-left rounded-lg outline-none myst-toc-item-exact bg-blue-300/30"><a title="Grain of Salt" aria-current="page" class="block break-words focus:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2 rounded py-2 grow font-semibold text-blue-800 dark:text-blue-200 active" href="/book/grain-of-salt">Grain of Salt</a>
27<button class="self-stretch flex items-center flex-none px-1 rounded-l-md group hover:bg-slate-300/30 focus-visible:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2" aria-label="Open Folder" type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R58psp:" aria-expanded="true" data-state="open"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true" data-slot="icon" class="transition-transform duration-300 group-data-[state=open]:rotate-90 text-text-slate-700 dark:text-slate-100" height="1.5rem" width="1.5rem"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M16.28 11.47a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.5 7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06-1.06L14.69 12 7.72 5.03a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06-1.06l7.5 7.5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button></div><div data-state="open" id="radix-:R58psp:" class="pl-3 pr-[2px] collapsible-content"><a title="Economics of AI Slop and productivity" class="block break-words focus:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2 rounded myst-toc-item p-2 my-1 rounded-lg hover:bg-slate-300/30" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2026-09-14-economics-of-ai-slop">AI Slop and productivity</a><a title="AI Cost, Regulatory Capture, and Open Source" class="block break-words focus:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2 rounded myst-toc-item p-2 my-1 rounded-lg hover:bg-slate-300/30" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2026-09-14-cost-capture-open-source">Cost and capture</a><a title="Stop Policing AI Use. Observe Learning." class="block break-words focus:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2 rounded myst-toc-item p-2 my-1 rounded-lg hover:bg-slate-300/30" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2026-09-12-stop-policing-ai-use">Observe learning</a><a title="What should a twenty-year-old do to be successful?" class="block break-words focus:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2 rounded myst-toc-item p-2 my-1 rounded-lg hover:bg-slate-300/30" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2026-09-07-avoid-first-flourish-second">Avoid first, flourish second</a><a title="Agency, Assessment, and the Absolute Theoretical Minimum" class="block break-words focus:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2 rounded myst-toc-item p-2 my-1 rounded-lg hover:bg-slate-300/30" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2026-09-06-road-from-2022-to-2028">The theoretical minimum</a><a title="FUQed: False Positives, False Negatives, and Authentic Assessment" class="block break-words focus:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2 rounded myst-toc-item p-2 my-1 rounded-lg hover:bg-slate-300/30" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2026-09-06-fuqed">FUQed</a><a title="Why Every Undergraduate Should Consider a Minor (if not Major) in Economics" class="block break-words focus:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2 rounded myst-toc-item p-2 my-1 rounded-lg hover:bg-slate-300/30" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2026-08-31-economics-minor">Economics minor</a><a title="Eye for Eye" class="block break-words focus:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2 rounded myst-toc-item p-2 my-1 rounded-lg hover:bg-slate-300/30" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2025-10-19-eye-for-eye">Eye for Eye</a><a title="Opening the Gate: Navigating Systems Without a Map" class="block break-words focus:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2 rounded myst-toc-item p-2 my-1 rounded-lg hover:bg-slate-300/30" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2025-08-09-opening-the-gate">Opening the Gate</a><a title="Assimilation Reframed: Civic Values, Social Benefits, and the Future of American Belonging" class="block break-words focus:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2 rounded myst-toc-item p-2 my-1 rounded-lg hover:bg-slate-300/30" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2025-08-08-assimilation-reframed">Assimilation reframed</a><a title="What is the meaning of life?" class="block break-words focus:outline outline-blue-200 outline-2 rounded myst-toc-item p-2 my-1 rounded-lg hover:bg-slate-300/30" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2025-07-27-meaning-of-life">Meaning of life</a></div></div></div></nav></div><div class="myst-primary-sidebar-footer flex-none py-6 transition-all duration-700 translate-y-6 opacity-0 ml-3 xl:ml-0 mr-3 max-w-[350px]"><div class="article footer myst-primary-sidebar-footer"></div></div></div></div><main class="article-grid grid-gap"><article class="article-grid subgrid-gap col-screen article content"><div class="hidden"></div><div id="skip-to-frontmatter" aria-label="article frontmatter" class="myst-fm-block mb-8 pt-9"><div class="myst-fm-block-header flex items-center mb-5 h-6 text-sm font-light"><div class="flex-grow"></div><div class="myst-fm-block-badges"></div><div class="myst-fm-downloads-dropdown relative flex inline-block mx-1 grow-0" data-headlessui-state=""><button class="myst-fm-downloads-button relative ml-2 -mr-1" id="headlessui-menu-button-:Rs8ucp:" type="button" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-headlessui-state=""><span class="sr-only">Downloads</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="currentColor" aria-hidden="true" data-slot="icon" width="1.25rem" height="1.25rem" class="myst-fm-downloads-icon"><title>Download</title><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M3 16.5v2.25A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.25 21h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 21 18.75V16.5M16.5 12 12 16.5m0 0L7.5 12m4.5 4.5V3"></path></svg></button></div></div><h1 class="myst-fm-block-title mb-0">Grain of Salt</h1></div><div class="block my-10 lg:sticky lg:z-10 lg:h-0 lg:pt-0 lg:my-0 lg:ml-10 lg:col-margin-right" style="top:60px"><nav></nav></div><div id="skip-to-article"></div><p>First-person essays on memoir, meaning, and the craft of a life. These are my views, not research claims, and they are not <a class="link" href="/book/paper-notes">Paper notes</a>.</p><ul><li><a class="link" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2026-09-14-economics-of-ai-slop">Economics of AI Slop and productivity</a></li><li><a class="link" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2026-09-14-cost-capture-open-source">AI Cost, Regulatory Capture, and Open Source</a></li><li><a class="link" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2026-09-12-stop-policing-ai-use">Stop Policing AI Use. Observe Learning.</a></li><li><a class="link" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2026-09-07-avoid-first-flourish-second">What should a twenty-year-old do to be successful?</a></li><li><a class="link" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2026-09-06-road-from-2022-to-2028">Agency, Assessment, and the Absolute Theoretical Minimum</a></li><li><a class="link" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2026-09-06-fuqed">FUQed: False Positives, False Negatives, and Authentic Assessment</a></li><li><a class="link" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2026-08-31-economics-minor">Why Every Undergraduate Should Consider a Minor (if not Major) in Economics</a></li><li><a class="link" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2025-10-19-eye-for-eye">Eye for Eye</a></li><li><a class="link" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2025-08-09-opening-the-gate">Opening the Gate: Navigating Systems Without a Map</a></li><li><a class="link" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2025-08-08-assimilation-reframed">Assimilation Reframed: Civic Values, Social Benefits, and the Future of American Belonging</a></li><li><a class="link" href="/book/grain-of-salt/2025-07-27-meaning-of-life">What is the meaning of life?</a></li></ul><div class="myst-backmatter-parts"></div><div class="myst-footer-links flex pt-10 mb-10 space-x-4"><a class="myst-footer-link flex-1 block p-4 font-normal text-gray-600 no-underline border border-gray-200 rounded shadow-sm group hover:border-blue-600 dar
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effects travel farther for higher-profile moves and larger for football.","date":"2026-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["institutional","entrepreneurship","education"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2026-01-01-score-reproducibility-nature","title":"Investigating reproducibility in the social and behavioral sciences","short_title":"SCORE reproducibility","description":"Systematic audit of reproducibility assesses whether published analyses can be reproduced from original datasets and code.","date":"2026-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["research-methods","reproducibility","science-policy"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2026-01-01-score-replicability-nature","title":"Investigating replicability in the social and behavioral sciences","short_title":"SCORE replicability","description":"Systematic replication study examines replicability of published findings across social and behavioral sciences, identifying patterns in which result types successfully replicate.","date":"2026-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["research-methods","replicability","science-policy"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2026-01-01-hospital-closure-ownership-profits","title":"Hospital ownership and profits when a neighbor closes","short_title":"Hospital closure and profits","description":"For-profit hospitals increase charge-to-cost and profit margins after neighboring closures; non-profit and governmental hospitals show minimal financial gains.","date":"2026-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["healthcare","institutional","economics"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2026-01-01-covert-regime-change-ideology","title":"Covert regime change and ideology","short_title":"Covert regime change","description":"Covert regime change operations' ideology shapes intervention results and post-intervention governance quality across historical cases.","date":"2026-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["political-economy","institutions","policy"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2025-01-01-women-successful-revolution","title":"What do women gain from successful revolutions","short_title":"Women and revolution","description":"Nonviolent revolutions improve women's empowerment more robustly than violent revolutions, particularly in political participation and civil liberties.","date":"2025-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["institutional","political-economy","gender","collective-action"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2025-01-01-social-movements-market-legitimacy","title":"Social movements and market legitimacy","short_title":"Market legitimacy of social movements","description":"Successful nonviolent campaigns strengthen liberal democracy, rule of law, and market-supporting institutions more than violent campaigns.","date":"2025-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["political-economy","institutions","markets","collective-action"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2025-01-01-prescription-opioid-spillovers","title":"Prescription opioid spillovers from retail pharmacies","short_title":"Prescription opioid spillovers","description":"Must-access PDMP mandates reduce retail opioid sales within enacting states but generate cross-border spillover effects in neighboring voluntary PDMP states.","date":"2025-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["substance-use","opioids","spillovers"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2025-01-01-pa-scope-interstate-relocation","title":"Scope-of-practice regulations and PA inter-state relocation","short_title":"PA scope of practice and relocation","description":"Optimal scope-of-practice laws increase PA interstate relocation by 3%; 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27short_title":"SUD Certificate-of-Need","description":"Certificate-of-Need laws reduce spatial accessibility to substance use treatment by 10 percent, with larger effects for medications like buprenorphine.","date":"2024-05-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["substance-use","certificate-of-need","policy","access-to-care"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2024-01-01-shale-environmental-policy","title":"Firm responsiveness to environmental policy in shale production","short_title":"Shale and environmental policy","description":"Increased drilling bonding requirements cause firms to exit shale industry rather than comply; creates judgment-proof problem leaving environmental cleanup to states.","date":"2024-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["energy","environmental-policy","regulation","firm-behavior"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2024-01-01-revolutions-corruption","title":"Revolutions and corruption","short_title":"Revolutions and corruption","description":"Successful nonviolent and violent revolutions produce null effects on corruption; violent revolutions actually induce higher corruption when controlling for education effects.","date":"2024-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["political-economy","institutions","governance"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2024-01-01-np-sop-opioid-prescribing","title":"Nurse practitioner scope of practice and opioid prescribing","short_title":"NP scope and opioid prescribing","description":"Full autonomy in nurse practitioner scope of practice does not affect opioid prescribing behavior or patient safety results.","date":"2024-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["scope-of-practice","nursing","opioids","healthcare-quality"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2024-01-01-military-spouse-rn-licensing","title":"Military spouse RN licensing and care access","short_title":"Military spouse RN licensing","description":"Full recognition of military spouse licenses increases employment mobility probability by 12%; restrictive reforms have the opposite effect, providing job stability.","date":"2024-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["nursing","licensing","military","regulation"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2024-01-01-hospital-ownership-charge-cost","title":"Hospital ownership changes and charge-to-cost shifts","short_title":"Hospital ownership and charges","description":"Hospital transitions to for-profit ownership increase charge-to-cost ratios by 161% ver
27sus governmental and 99.7% versus non-profit hospitals.","date":"2024-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["healthcare","institutional","hospital-pricing","ownership"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2024-01-01-grading-policy-email-nudges","title":"Grading policy, email nudges, and grade outcomes","short_title":"Grading policy and nudges","description":"Email reminders to low-performing students improved exam scores by 22-28 points out of 50, a 44-56 percent improvement.","date":"2024-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["education","policy","teaching-and-learning"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2024-01-01-anti-moc-elderly-physician-supply","title":"Anti-maintenance of certification and elderly physician supply","short_title":"Anti-MOC and physician supply","description":"Anti-MOC state laws increase the supply of older physicians, with larger effects in states implementing full prohibition.","date":"2024-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["healthcare","physician","workforce","regulation"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2024-01-01-afghanistan-gender-gap-tests","title":"Cultural influences on gender gap in test scores in Afghanistan","short_title":"Gender gap and culture Afghanistan","description":"Cultural influences significantly affect gender gap in test scores on Afghanistan's university entrance examination, informing education policy in post-conflict settings.","date":"2024-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["education","gender","testing"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2023-06-01-aprn-fpa-border","title":"APRN full practice authority, supply, and outcomes","short_title":"APRN FPA border analysis","description":"Border analysis of APRN full practice authority, provider supply, and health outcomes where neighboring states differ in scope-of-practice rules.","date":"2023-06-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["healthcare","scope-of-practice","nursing"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2023-05-01-pdmp-opioid-prescribing","title":"Prescription drug monitoring programs and opioid prescribing","short_title":"PDMP and opioid prescribing","description":"Must-access PDMPs cut county retail opioid prescribing, with evidence of cross-border shopping into voluntary-access states.","date":"2023-05-01","thumbnail":"/build/rx2017-a8d5f8ba4a2a6a467918341b4a8c287d.png","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["substance-use","opioids","policy"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2023-01-01-public-libraries-crime-kc","title":"Do public libraries help mitigate crime","short_title":"Public libraries and crime","description":"Public library openings reduce nearby crime rates; effects are localized and vanish at greater distances from the library.","date":"2023-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["institutional","public-goods","policy","crime"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2022-06-01-np-fpa-diversity-access","title":"Nurse practitioner FPA, workforce diversity, and access","short_title":"NP FPA diversity and access","description":"Nurse practitioner full practice authority and workforce diversity, including whether FPA states improve primary care access for Medicare beneficiaries of color.","date":"2022-06-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["healthcare","scope-of-practice","nursing"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2022-01-01-spatial-spillovers-productivity-gap","title":"Spatial spillovers and the productivity-compensation gap","short_title":"Spatial spillovers and productivity","description":"Accounting for productivity spillovers across state boundaries significantly narrows the productivity-compensation gap, explaining meaningful portions of wage stagnation.","date":"2022-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["labor","regi
27onal-economics","spillovers"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2022-01-01-shale-revolution-drilling","title":"Shale revolution, oil and gas prices, and drilling","short_title":"Shale revolution and drilling","description":"Information spillover between drilling/investment and energy prices increased significantly post-2007 during shale boom.","date":"2022-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["energy","natural-resources","markets","information-dynamics"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2022-01-01-productivity-spillovers-compensation","title":"Productivity spillovers and the productivity-compensation gap","short_title":"Productivity spillovers and compensation","description":"Accounting for spatial and trade-network productivity spillovers narrows the productivity-compensation gap in some industries but effects vary significantly.","date":"2022-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["labor","regional-economics","spillovers"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2022-01-01-nurse-licensure-compact-mobility","title":"Nurse licensure compact and mobility","short_title":"Nurse licensure compact mobility","description":"Nurse Licensure Compact adoption increased nurse mobility by 11% among registered and practical/vocational nurses within compact states.","date":"2022-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["nursing","regulation","labor","licensing"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2022-01-01-nepal-earthquake-labor-migration","title":"Natural disasters and labor migration in Nepal","short_title":"Nepal earthquake and migration","description":"2015 Nepal earthquake increased international labor migration by 1.5 percentage points in severely affected districts.","date":"2022-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["international-development","labor","migration","natural-disasters"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2022-01-01-must-access-pdmp-retail-opioids","title":"Must-access PDMPs and retail opioid sales","short_title":"Must-access PDMP and opioids","description":"Must-access PDMP policies reduce retail sales of some opioids (hydrocodone, morphine) but not others (oxycodone); effects vary by drug type.","date":"2022-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["substance-use","opioids","policy","regulation"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2022-01-01-medicaid-expansion-opioid-supply","title":"Medicaid expansion and opioid supply policies","short_title":"Medicaid expansion and opioids","description":"Combination of Medicaid expansion and pain management clinic laws can balance opioid supply reduction with treatment access; strongest effects with both policies.","date":"2022-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["substance-use","opioids","policy","medicaid"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2021-01-01-fracking-boom-rural-crime","title":"The fracking boom and crime rates in rural American states","short_title":"Fracking and rural crime","description":"Fracking boom states (Arkansas, North Dakota, West Virginia) experienced significantly higher crime rates with estimated annual victimization cost of \\$15.68M; effect specific to rural states.","date":"2021-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["energy","crime","regional-analysis"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2021-01-01-economic-freedom-startups","title":"Economic freedom and startup formation","short_title":"Economic freedom and startups","description":"Regulatory freedom significantly increases startup density, while government spending and tax freedom decrease startup formation; business deregulation drives entrepreneurship.","date":"2021-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["entrepreneurship","institutions","policy"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2021-01-01-crowdfunding-temporal-actions","title":"Temporal actions under uncertainty in crowdfunding campaigns","short_title":"Crowdfunding and timing","description":"Heightened uncertainty shifts crowdfunding campaign timing; slower pre-launch pace and longer post-launch initiation reduce performance, but faster post-launch updates improve it.","date":"2021-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["entrepreneurship","finance","strategy","uncertainty"],"level":2}
27,{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2020-01-01-vermont-anti-fracking","title":"Political economy of Vermont's anti-fracking movement","short_title":"Vermont anti-fracking","description":"Legislative voting on Vermont's fracking ban was driven primarily by legislator ideology and party affiliation, not constituent demand or regional economic factors.","date":"2020-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["policy","political-economy","energy"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2020-01-01-vermont-abortion-bill","title":"Political economy of Vermont's abortion bill","short_title":"Vermont abortion bill","description":"Political-economy analysis identifies interest group dynamics and political factors that shaped Vermont's abortion bill.","date":"2020-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["policy","political-economy","healthcare"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2020-01-01-score-bersani-doherty-replication","title":"Replication of Bersani and Doherty 2013","short_title":"Bersani-Doherty replication","description":"Structured replication attempt of Bersani and Doherty (2013) criminology research through SCORE project examines robustness of original empirical claims.","date":"2020-01-01","thumbnail":"","thumbnailOptimized":"","banner":"","bannerOptimized":"","tags":["research-methods","replicability","crime"],"level":2},{"slug":"book.paper-notes.2020-01-01-np-sop-medicare-mobility","title":"Scope of practice and NP mobility serving Medicare beneficiaries","short_title":"NP scope and Medicare mobility","description":"Full-practice nurse practitioner states attract and retain NPs; 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