PageSourceSearch

https://soci231-w10.netlify.app/

html soci231-w10.netlify.app collected 2026-10-03 11:25:27 UTC 112,779 bytes, 1,938 lines download raw bytes

1<!DOCTYPE html>
2<html lang="en"><head>
3<script src="index_files/libs/clipboard/clipboard.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 3
3
4<script src="index_files/libs/quarto-html/tabby.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 4
4
5<script src="index_files/libs/quarto-html/popper.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 5
5
6<script src="index_files/libs/quarto-html/tippy.umd.min.js"></script>
6
7<link href="index_files/libs/quarto-html/tippy.css" rel="stylesheet">
8<link href="index_files/libs/quarto-html/light-border.css" rel="stylesheet">
9<link href="index_files/libs/quarto-html/quarto-html.min.css" rel="stylesheet" data-mode="light">
10<link href="index_files/libs/quarto-html/quarto-syntax-highlighting.css" rel="stylesheet" id="quarto-text-highlighting-styles">
11<link href="index_files/libs/quarto-contrib/fontawesome6-0.1.0/all.css" rel="stylesheet">
12<link href="index_files/libs/quarto-contrib/fontawesome6-0.1.0/latex-fontsize.css" rel="stylesheet">
13<script src="index_files/libs/quarto-contrib/glightbox/glightbox.min.js"></script>
13
14<link href="index_files/libs/quarto-contrib/glightbox/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
15<link href="index_files/libs/quarto-contrib/glightbox/lightbox.css" rel="stylesheet"><meta charset="utf-8">
16  <meta name="generator" content="quarto-1.5.54">
17
18  <meta name="author" content="Sakeef M. Karim  Amherst College     ASSIMILATION, IMMIGRATION AND CULTURAL CHANGE">
19  <title>Week 10 Black Immigrants in America</title>
20  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
21  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent">
22  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no, minimal-ui">
23  <link rel="stylesheet" href="index_files/libs/revealjs/dist/reset.css">
24  <link rel="stylesheet" href="index_files/libs/revealjs/dist/reveal.css">
25  <style>
26    code{white-space: pre-wrap;}
27    span.smallcaps{font-variant: small-caps;}
28    div.columns{display: flex; gap: min(4vw, 1.5em);}
29    div.column{flex: auto; overflow-x: auto;}
30    div.hanging-indent{margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;}
31    ul.task-list{list-style: none;}
32    ul.task-list li input[type="checkbox"] {
33      width: 0.8em;
34      margin: 0 0.8em 0.2em -1em; /* quarto-specific, see https://github.com/quarto-dev/quarto-cli/issues/4556 */ 
35      vertical-align: middle;
36    }
37    /* CSS for citations */
38    div.csl-bib-body { }
39    div.csl-entry {
40      clear: both;
41      margin-bottom: 0em;
42    }
43    .hanging-indent div.csl-entry {
44      margin-left:2em;
45      text-indent:-2em;
46    }
47    div.csl-left-margin {
48      min-width:2em;
49      float:left;
50    }
51    div.csl-right-inline {
52      margin-left:2em;
53      padding-left:1em;
54    }
55    div.csl-indent {
56      margin-left: 2em;
57    }  </style>
58  <link rel="stylesheet" href="index_files/libs/revealjs/dist/theme/quarto.css">
59  <link rel="stylesheet" href="logo.css">
60  <link href="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/quarto-line-highlight/line-highlight.css" rel="stylesheet">
61  <link href="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-menu/menu.css" rel="stylesheet">
62  <link href="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-menu/quarto-menu.css" rel="stylesheet">
63  <link href="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-chalkboard/font-awesome/css/all.css" rel="stylesheet">
64  <link href="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-chalkboard/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
65  <link href="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-attribution/attribution.css" rel="stylesheet">
66  <link href="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/quarto-support/footer.css" rel="stylesheet">
67  <style type="text/css">
68
69  .callout {
70    margin-top: 1em;
71    margin-bottom: 1em;  
72    border-radius: .25rem;
73  }
74
75  .callout.callout-style-simple { 
76    padding: 0em 0.5em;
77    border-left: solid #acacac .3rem;
78    border-right: solid 1px silver;
79    border-top: solid 1px silver;
80    border-bottom: solid 1px silver;
81    display: flex;
82  }
83
84  .callout.callout-style-default {
85    border-left: solid #acacac .3rem;
86    border-right: solid 1px silver;
87    border-top: solid 1px silver;
88    border-bottom: solid 1px silver;
89  }
90
91  .callout .callout-body-container {
92    flex-grow: 1;
93  }
94
95  .callout.callout-style-simple .callout-body {
96    font-size: 1rem;
97    font-weight: 400;
98  }
99
100  .callout.callout-style-default .callout-body {
101    font-size: 0.9rem;
102    font-weight: 400;
103  }
104
105  .callout.callout-titled.callout-style-simple .callout-body {
106    margin-top: 0.2em;
107  }
108
109  .callout:not(.callout-titled) .callout-body {
110      display: flex;
111  }
112
113  .callout:not(.no-icon).callout-titled.callout-style-simple .callout-content {
114    padding-left: 1.6em;
115  }
116
117  .callout.callout-titled .callout-header {
118    padding-top: 0.2em;
119    margin-bottom: -0.2em;
120  }
121
122  .callout.callout-titled .callout-title  p {
123    margin-top: 0.5em;
124    margin-bottom: 0.5em;
125  }
126    
127  .callout.callout-titled.callout-style-simple .callout-content  p {
128    margin-top: 0;
129  }
130
131  .callout.callout-titled.callout-style-default .callout-content  p {
132    margin-top: 0.7em;
133  }
134
135  .callout.callout-style-simple div.callout-title {
136    border-bottom: none;
137    font-size: .9rem;
138    font-weight: 600;
139    opacity: 75%;
140  }
141
142  .callout.callout-style-default  div.callout-title {
143    border-bottom: none;
144    font-weight: 600;
145    opacity: 85%;
146    font-size: 0.9rem;
147    padding-left: 0.5em;
148    padding-right: 0.5em;
149  }
150
151  .callout.callout-style-default div.callout-content {
152    padding-left: 0.5em;
153    padding-right: 0.5em;
154  }
155
156  .callout.callout-style-simple .callout-icon::before {
157    height: 1rem;
158    width: 1rem;
159    display: inline-block;
160    content: "";
161    background-repeat: no-repeat;
162    background-size: 1rem 1rem;
163  }
164
165  .callout.callout-style-default .callout-icon::before {
166    height: 0.9rem;
167    width: 0.9rem;
168    display: inline-block;
169    content: "";
170    background-repeat: no-repeat;
171    background-size: 0.9rem 0.9rem;
172  }
173
174  .callout-title {
175    display: flex
176  }
177    
178  .callout-icon::before {
179    margin-top: 1rem;
180    padding-right: .5rem;
181  }
182
183  .callout.no-icon::before {
184    display: none !important;
185  }
186
187  .callout.callout-titled .callout-body > .callout-content > :last-child {
188    padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
189    margin-bottom: 0;
190  }
191
192  .callout.callout-titled .callout-icon::before {
193    margin-top: .5rem;
194    padding-right: .5rem;
195  }
196
197  .callout:not(.callout-titled) .callout-icon::before {
198    margin-top: 1rem;
199    padding-right: .5rem;
200  }
201
202  /* Callout Types */
203
204  div.callout-note {
205    border-left-color: #4582ec !important;
206  }
207
208  div.callout-note .callout-icon::before {
209    background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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
209LfWS1jbCnhtOPxmpfv2LXOA2Xk2tvnwKKPFuZ/oRmwBwqRQDcKNeVQkYcOjtWVBuM/JuYw5b6isojIkYxyYAFn5K7ZBF10fea52y8QltAg6jnMqNHFBmGkQ1j+U43HMi2xMar1Nv0zGsf1s8nUsmUtPOOrbFIR8bHFDMB5zL13Gmr/kGlCkUzedTzzmzsaJXhYawnA3UmARpiYj5ooJZiUoxFRtK3X6pgNPv+IZVPcnwbOl6f+aBaO1CNvPW9n9LmCp01nuSaTRF2YxHqZ8DYQT6WsXT+RD6eUztwYLZ8rM+rcPxamv1VQzFUkzFXvkiVrySGQgJNvXHJAxiU3/NwiC03rSf05VBaPtu/Z7/B8Yn/w7eguloAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC');
210  }
211
212  div.callout-note.callout-style-default .callout-title {
213    background-color: #dae6fb
214  }
215
216  div.callout-important {
217    border-left-color: #d9534f !important;
218  }
219
220  div.callout-important .callout-icon::before {
221    background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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');
222  }
223
224  div.callout-important.callout-style-default .callout-title {
225    background-color: #f7dddc
226  }
227
228  div.callout-warning {
229    border-left-color: #f0ad4e !important;
230  }
231
232  div.callout-warning .callout-icon::before {
233    background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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');
234  }
235
236  div.callout-warning.callout-style-default .callout-title {
237    background-color: #fcefdc
238  }
239
240  div.callout-tip {
241    border-left-color: #02b875 !important;
242  }
243
244  div.callout-tip .callout-icon::before {
245    background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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');
246  }
247
248  div.callout-tip.callout-style-default .callout-title {
249    background-color: #ccf1e3
250  }
251
252  div.callout-caution {
253    border-left-color: #fd7e14 !important;
254  }
255
256  div.callout-caution .callout-icon::before {
257    background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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');
258  }
259
260  div.callout-caution.callout-style-default .callout-title {
261    background-color: #ffe5d0
262  }
263
264  </style>
265  <style type="text/css">
266    .reveal div.sourceCode {
267      margin: 0;
268      overflow: auto;
269    }
270    .reveal div.hanging-indent {
271      margin-left: 1em;
272      text-indent: -1em;
273    }
274    .reveal .slide:not(.center) {
275      height: 100%;
276      overflow-y: auto;
277    }
278    .reveal .slide.scrollable {
279      overflow-y: auto;
280    }
281    .reveal .footnotes {
282      height: 100%;
283      overflow-y: auto;
284    }
285    .reveal .slide .absolute {
286      position: absolute;
287      display: block;
288    }
289    .reveal .footnotes ol {
290      counter-reset: ol;
291      list-style-type: none; 
292      margin-left: 0;
293    }
294    .reveal .footnotes ol li:before {
295      counter-increment: ol;
296      content: counter(ol) ". "; 
297    }
298    .reveal .footnotes ol li > p:first-child {
299      display: inline-block;
300    }
301    .reveal .slide ul,
302    .reveal .slide ol {
303      margin-bottom: 0.5em;
304    }
305    .reveal .slide ul li,
306    .reveal .slide ol li {
307      margin-top: 0.4em;
308      margin-bottom: 0.2em;
309    }
310    .reveal .slide ul[role="tablist"] li {
311      margin-bottom: 0;
312    }
313    .reveal .slide ul li > *:first-child,
314    .reveal .slide ol li > *:first-child {
315      margin-block-start: 0;
316    }
317    .reveal .slide ul li > *:last-child,
318    .reveal .slide ol li > *:last-child {
319      margin-block-end: 0;
320    }
321    .reveal .slide .columns:nth-child(3) {
322      margin-block-start: 0.8em;
323    }
324    .reveal blockquote {
325      box-shadow: none;
326    }
327    .reveal .tippy-content>* {
328      margin-top: 0.2em;
329      margin-bottom: 0.7em;
330    }
331    .reveal .tippy-content>*:last-child {
332      margin-bottom: 0.2em;
333    }
334    .reveal .slide > img.stretch.quarto-figure-center,
335    .reveal .slide > img.r-stretch.quarto-figure-center {
336      display: block;
337      margin-left: auto;
338      margin-right: auto; 
339    }
340    .reveal .slide > img.stretch.quarto-figure-left,
341    .reveal .slide > img.r-stretch.quarto-figure-left  {
342      display: block;
343      margin-left: 0;
344      margin-right: auto; 
345    }
346    .reveal .slide > img.stretch.quarto-figure-right,
347    .reveal .slide > img.r-stretch.quarto-figure-right  {
348      display: block;
349      margin-left: auto;
350      margin-right: 0; 
351    }
352  </style>
353  <link rel="icon" type="media/png" href="media/migration.png">
354                 <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" integrity="sha384-EVSTQN3/azprG1Anm3QDgpJLIm9Nao0Yz1ztcQTwFspd3yD65VohhpuuCOmLASjC" crossorigin="anonymous">
355</head>
356<body class="quarto-light">
357  <div class="reveal">
358    <div class="slides">
359
360<section id="title-slide" class="quarto-title-block center">
361  <h1 class="title"><p><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Week 10</span><br>
362Black Immigrants in America</p></h1>
363  <p class="subtitle"><span style="color:#9c9c9c;">SOCI 231</span></p>
364
365<div class="quarto-title-authors">
366<div class="quarto-title-author">
367<div class="quarto-title-author-name">
368Sakeef M. Karim <br><span style="font-size: 80%; color:#9c9c9c;"><em>Amherst College</em></span><br><br><a href="https://www.sakeefkarim.com"><svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewbox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#5d3c85;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M352 256c0 22.2-1.2 43.6-3.3 64H163.3c-2.2-20.4-3.3-41.8-3.3-64s1.2-43.6 3.3-64H348.7c2.2 20.4 3.3 41.8 3.3 64zm28.8-64H503.9c5.3 20.5 8.1 41.9 8.1 64s-2.8 43.5-8.1 64H380.8c2.1-20.6 3.2-42 3.2-64s-1.1-43.4-3.2-64zm112.6-32H376.7c-10-63.9-29.8-117.4-55.3-151.6c78.3 20.7 142 77.5 171.9 151.6zm-149.1 0H167.7c6.1-36.4 15.5-68.6 27-94.7c10.5-23.6 22.2-40.7 33.5-51.5C239.4 3.2 248.7 0 256 0s16.6 3.2 27.8 13.8c11.3 10.8 23 27.9 33.5 51.5c11.6 26 20.9 58.2 27 94.7zm-209 0H18.6C48.6 85.9 112.2 29.1 190.6 8.4C165.1 42.6 145.3 96.1 135.3 160zM8.1 192H131.2c-2.1 20.6-3.2 42-3.2 64s1.1 43.4 3.2 64H8.1C2.8 299.5 0 278.1 0 256s2.8-43.5 8.1-64zM194.7 446.6c-11.6-26-20.9-58.2-27-94.6H344.3c-6.1 36.4-15.5 68.6-27 94.6c-10.5 23.6-22.2 40.7-33.5 51.5C272.6 508.8 263.3 512 256 512s-16.6-3.2-27.8-13.8c-11.3-10.8-23-27.9-33.5-51.5zM135.3 352c10 63.9 29.8 117.4 55.3 151.6C112.2 482.9 48.6 426.1 18.6 352H135.3zm358.1 0c-30 74.1-93.6 130.9-171.9 151.6c25.5-34.2 45.2-87.7 55.3-151.6H493.4z"></path></svg></a> <a href="mailto:[email protected]"><svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewbox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#5d3c85;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M48 64C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112c0 15.1 7.1 29.3 19.2 38.4L236.8 313.6c11.4 8.5 27 8.5 38.4 0L492.8 150.4c12.1-9.1 19.2-23.3 19.2-38.4c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48zM0 176V384c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V176L294.4 339.2c-22.8 17.1-54 17.1-76.8 0L0 176z"></path></svg></a> <br> <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color:#9c9c9c;">ASSIMILATION, IMMIGRATION AND CULTURAL CHANGE</span> 
369</div>
370</div>
371</div>
372
373</section>
374<section>
375<section id="lecture-i-november-4th" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
376<h1>Lecture I: November 4<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span></h1>
377
378</section>
379<section id="a-quick-reminder" class="slide level2">
380<h2>A Quick Reminder</h2>
381<p><br></p>
382<div class="callout callout-important callout-titled callout-style-default">
383<div class="callout-body">
384<div class="callout-title">
385<div class="callout-icon-container">
386<i class="callout-icon"></i>
387</div>
388<p><strong>Response Memo Deadline</strong></p>
389</div>
390<div class="callout-content">
391<p>Your seventh response memo—which <em>has</em> to be between <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>250-400</strong></span> words and posted on our <a href="https://moodle.amherst.edu/mod/forum/view.php?id=891035" class="external" target="_blank">Moodle Discussion Board</a>—is due by <span style="font-family: Fira Code; font-size: 85%;">8:00 PM</span> today.</p>
392</div>
393</div>
394</div>
395</section>
396<section id="a-quick-reminder-1" class="slide level2">
397<h2>A Quick Reminder</h2>
398<h4 id="final-paper-proposal"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Final Paper Proposal</span></h4>
399<div class="callout callout-important callout-titled callout-style-default">
400<div class="callout-body">
401<div class="callout-title">
402<div class="callout-icon-container">
403<i class="callout-icon"></i>
404</div>
405<p><strong>Final Paper Proposal Deadline</strong></p>
406</div>
407<div class="callout-content">
408<div style="text-align: center;">
409<p>Your final paper proposals are due by <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 13px 5px;">
4098:00 PM on Friday, November 22<sup>nd</sup></span>.</p>
410</div>
411</div>
412</div>
413</div>
414</section>
415<section id="a-quick-reminder-2" class="slide level2">
416<h2>A Quick Reminder</h2>
417<h4 id="final-paper-proposal-1"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Final Paper Proposal</span></h4>
418<div class="augmenter">
419<div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 120px;">
420<p>More details will be provided on <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>Wednesday</em></span>.</p>
421</div>
422</div>
423</section>
424<section id="a-quick-reminder-3" class="slide level2">
425<h2>A Quick Reminder</h2>
426<h4 id="the-election-is-here"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">The Election Is Here</span></h4>
427<p><br></p>
428<p align="center">
429<iframe class="iframe" src="https://www.270towin.com/2024-countdown-clock/widget300x380.php" height="400" width="300" style="border: 1px solid #2e3846;">
430</iframe>
431</p>
432</section></section>
433<section>
434<section id="black-immigrants-and-black-america-tod-hamilton" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
435<h1><em>Black Immigrants and Black America</em> — Tod Hamilton</h1>
436
437</section>
438<section id="a-growing-subpopulation" class="slide level2">
439<h2>A Growing Subpopulation</h2>
440<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
441
442</div>
443<div class="elegant-quote">
444<div class="shrinker">
445<p>By 2014, approximately four million black immigrants were living in the United States. At that time, 10% of the overall immigrant population identified as black and 9.2% of the population who identified as black were immigrants … If the growth in black immigration continues, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">this group and their descendants will play a significant role in driving the social and economic trajectories of the US black population over the next several decades</span>.</p>
446<p><span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Hamilton 2020, 296</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
447</div>
448</div>
449</section>
450<section id="a-growing-subpopulation-1" class="slide level2">
451<h2>A Growing Subpopulation</h2>
452<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
453
454</div>
455<div class="elegant-quote">
456<div class="shrinker">
457<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">While Caribbean immigration dominated black immigration throughout the 1980s and the early 1990s, African immigrants drove black immigration during the late 1990s and the first two decades of the twenty-first century</span> … By 2013, 1.3 million black African immigrants were residing in the United States. While Caribbean immigration also increased between 2000 and 2013, growing by 33%, African immigration increased by 137% during the same period.</p>
458<p><span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Hamilton 2020, 296</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
459</div>
460</div>
461</section>
462<section id="a-growing-subpopulation-2" class="slide level2">
463<h2>A Growing Subpopulation</h2>
464
465<img data-src="./media/black_immigrants.svg" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center r-stretch"></section>
466<section id="a-growing-subpopulation-3" class="slide level2">
467<h2>A Growing Subpopulation</h2>
468<div class="center-text">
469<div class="augmenter">
470<p>The previous map <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>may</em></span>, of course, be a tad misleading.</p>
471</div>
472</div>
473</section>
474<section id="a-growing-subpopulation-4" class="slide level2">
475<h2>A Growing Subpopulation</h2>
476<h4 id="recent-data-from-the-pew-research-center"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Recent Data from the Pew Research Center</span></h4>
477<div style="margin-top: 20px;">
478
479</div>
480<p align="left">
481<iframe class="iframe" src="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/01/27/key-findings-about-black-immigrants-in-the-u-s/" height="500" width="1040" style="border: 1px solid #2e3846;">
482</iframe>
483</p>
484<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%; margin-top:-40px">
485<p><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/01/27/key-findings-about-black-immigrants-in-the-u-s/" data-preview-link="true">Full Page</a></p>
486</div>
487</section>
488<section id="a-growing-subpopulation-5" class="slide level2">
489<h2>A Growing Subpopulation</h2>
490<div class="center-text">
491<div class="augmenter">
492<p>And yet, the unique experiential trajectories of Black immigrants in America are <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>rarely</em></strong></span> the focus of research on social integration<br><span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Hamilton 2020</a>)</span>.</p>
493</div>
494</div>
495</section>
496<section id="a-growing-subpopulation-6" class="slide level2">
497<h2>A Growing Subpopulation</h2>
498<div class="center-text">
499<div class="augmenter">
500<p>Why?</p>
501</div>
502</div>
503</section>
504<section id="a-growing-subpopulation-7" class="slide level2">
505<h2>A Growing Subpopulation</h2>
506<p><br></p>
507<div class="elegant-quote">
508<div class="augmenter-mini">
509<p>
509[M]uch of the scholarly research on black immigrants has used the outcomes of this group to elucidate the roles of racism and discrimination vis-à-vis poor cultural practices in patterning <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">the outcomes of black Americans</span>.</p>
510<p><span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Hamilton 2020, 296</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
511</div>
512</div>
513</section></section>
514<section>
515<section id="pre-1965-black-immigration" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
516<h1>Pre-1965 Black Immigration</h1>
517
518</section>
519<section id="early-20th-century" class="slide level2">
520<h2>Early 20<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span> Century</h2>
521<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
522
523</div>
524<div class="elegant-quote">
525<div class="shrinker">
526<p>The flow of black immigrants to the United States—primarily from the Caribbean—began in earnest in the 1910s and 1920s. During the first three decades of the twentieth century, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">the growth of black immigration to the United States outpaced the growth of white immigration as well as native black population growth</span> <span class="citation" data-cites="reid_1939">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Reid 1939</a>)</span>. Moreover, during this period, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">black immigrants were the largest nonwhite racial/ethnic immigrant group in the United States</span>, outnumbering Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino immigrants <span class="citation" data-cites="reid_1939">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Reid 1939</a>)</span>.</p>
527<p><span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Hamilton 2020, 297</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
528</div>
529</div>
530</section>
531<section id="early-20th-century-1" class="slide level2">
532<h2>Early 20<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span> Century</h2>
533<div class="center-text">
534<div class="augmenter">
535<p>Black immigration to America began to crater around 1924.</p>
536</div>
537</div>
538</section>
539<section id="early-20th-century-2" class="slide level2">
540<h2>Early 20<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span> Century</h2>
541<div class="center-text">
542<div class="augmenter">
543<details>
544<summary class="custom-box">
545A Question
546</summary>
547<span style="font-size:85%;">What were some of the factors driving the decline?</span>
548</details>
549</div>
550</div>
551</section>
552<section id="early-20th-century-3" class="slide level2">
553<h2>Early 20<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span> Century</h2>
554<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
555
556</div>
557<p><a href="./media/mig_share_new.png" class="lightbox" data-gallery="quarto-lightbox-gallery-1"><img data-src="./media/mig_share_new.png"></a></p>
558</section>
559<section id="early-20th-century-4" class="slide level2">
560<h2>Early 20<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span> Century</h2>
561<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
562
563</div>
564<div class="augmenter">
565<p>The decline of Black immigration was, in part, shaped by—</p>
566<div style="text-align: center;">
567<div>
568<ul>
569<li class="fragment"><p>Diffuse anti-immigrant sentiment.</p></li>
570<li class="fragment"><p>Challenges acquiring visas in the Caribbean and Latin America.</p></li>
571<li class="fragment"><p>Onset of the Great Depression in America and beyond.</p></li>
572</ul>
573</div>
574</div>
575</div>
576</section>
577<section id="early-20th-century-5" class="slide level2">
578<h2>Early 20<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span> Century</h2>
579<div class="augmenter">
580<div class="center-text">
581<p>In the early 20<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span> century, Black migration from <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>beyond</em></strong></span> the United States coincided with seismic shifts in the spatial distribution of Black Americans <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>within</em></strong></span> the country.</p>
582</div>
583</div>
584</section>
585<section id="the-great-migration" class="slide level2">
586<h2>The Great Migration</h2>
587<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
588
589</div>
590<div class="elegant-quote">
591<div class="shrinker">
592<p>While racism and discrimination were prevalent throughout the country, living conditions were considerably harsher in the South than in the northern states. In the face of these bleak conditions, as well as the draw of industrial jobs in the Northeast, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">more than 1.6 million black Americans moved from the rural South to industrial 
592cities in the Northeast and Midwest between 1916 and 1930</span>, a migration pattern known as the Great Migration.</p>
593<p><span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Hamilton 2020, 298</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
594</div>
595</div>
596</section>
597<section id="the-great-migration-1" class="slide level2">
598<h2>The Great Migration</h2>
599<iframe data-external="1" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7TfgJnXlaxo" width="100%" height="85%" title="" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
600</section>
601<section id="the-great-migration-2" class="slide level2">
602<h2>The Great Migration</h2>
603<div class="augmenter">
604<div class="center-text">
605<p>Amid these transformations, Black <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>internal migrants</em></strong></span> from the South came into contact with Black <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>international migrants</em></strong></span> from the Caribbean in places like New York City.</p>
606</div>
607</div>
608</section>
609<section id="the-great-migration-3" class="slide level2">
610<h2>The Great Migration</h2>
611<p><br></p>
612<div class="elegant-quote">
613<div class="shrinker">
614<p>[D]ata from the complete count files of the US Census show that <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">in 1930 only 27% of blacks living in New York City were born in New York</span>; 61% were born in the United States but outside New York, with most hailing from southern states; and <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">the remaining 12% were foreign born, mainly from the Caribbean</span>.</p>
615<p><span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Hamilton 2020, 298</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
616</div>
617</div>
618</section>
619<section id="labour-market-disparities" class="slide level2">
620<h2>Labour Market Disparities?</h2>
621<h4 id="in-the-early-20th-century"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">In the Early 20<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span> Century</span></h4>
622<div class="center-text">
623<div style="margin-top: -20px;">
624
625</div>
626<div class="augmenter">
627<p>Were there significant advantages for <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>foreign-born</em></strong></span> vis-à-vis<br><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>native-born</em></strong></span> Black Americans on the labour market?</p>
628</div>
629</div>
630</section>
631<section id="labour-market-disparities-1" class="slide level2">
632<h2>Labour Market Disparities?</h2>
633<h4 id="in-the-early-20th-century-1"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">In the Early 20<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span> Century</span></h4>
634<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
635
636</div>
637<div class="elegant-quote">
638<div class="shrinker">
639<p>Hamilton <span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton2019immigration">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2019</a>)</span> found <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">no consistent evidence of significant labor market advantages favoring black Caribbean immigrants during this period</span>. The most robust and consistent disparities documented by Hamilton <span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton2019immigration">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2019</a>)</span> were those between whites and all groups of blacks, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">indicating that any unobserved selectivity and/or cultural differences that existed within New York City’s black population in the early 1900s were not pronounced enough to overcome the enormity of racism during the peri
639od</span>.</p>
640<p><span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Hamilton 2020, 298</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
641</div>
642</div>
643</section></section>
644<section>
645<section id="group-discussion-i" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
646<h1>Group Discussion I</h1>
647
648</section>
649<section id="the-early-black-immigrant-experience" class="slide level2">
650<h2>The Early Black Immigrant Experience</h2>
651<div class="center-text">
652<div class="augmenter">
653<p>In groups of 2-3, use <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>assimilation theory</em></strong></span> to explain the trajectories or lived experiences of early Black immigrants in America.</p>
654</div>
655</div>
656</section></section>
657<section>
658<section id="the-post-civil-rights-era" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
659<h1>The Post-Civil Rights Era</h1>
660
661</section>
662<section id="resurgent-black-migration-to-america" class="slide level2">
663<h2>Resurgent Black Migration to America</h2>
664<p><br></p>
665<div class="elegant-quote">
666<div style="font-size: 109%;">
667<p>In 1960, approximately 125,000 black immigrants resided in the United States, nearly all of whom had been born in the Caribbean. By 1980, the number of black immigrants had risen to 816,000, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">a 553% increase in only two decades</span>.</p>
668<p><span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Hamilton 2020, 300</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
669</div>
670</div>
671</section>
672<section id="resurgent-black-migration-to-america-1" class="slide level2">
673<h2>Resurgent Black Migration to America</h2>
674<div class="center-text">
675<div class="augmenter">
676<p>The Black immigrant population grew to <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">more than 1.5 million</span> in the 1980s—due in large part to policy interventions (e.g., <em>Refugee Act of 1980</em>, <em>Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986</em>).</p>
677</div>
678</div>
679</section>
680<section id="resurgent-black-migration-to-america-2" class="slide level2">
681<h2>Resurgent Black Migration to America</h2>
682<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
683
684</div>
685<div class="elegant-quote">
686<p>While much of the growth of the black immigrant population from the 1960s through the 1980s was driven by Caribbean immigration, African immigration became increasingly important beginning in the mid-1990s, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">with African immigrants accounting for more than half of the flows of black immigrants to the United States during the 2000s</span>.</p>
687<p><span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Hamilton 2020, 300</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
688</div>
689</section>
690<section id="resurgent-black-migration-to-america-3" class="slide level2">
691<h2>Resurgent Black Migration to America</h2>
692<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
693
694</div>
695<div class="elegant-quote">
696<div class="shrinker">
697<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">The shifts in immigration streams that began in the 1990s increased the diversity of the black immigrant population in the United States</span>. Because of the long history of immigration from the Caribbean, since the early 1900s, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Jamaica has accounted for the largest flow of black immigrants, followed by Haiti</span>. Indeed, five of the top ten sending countries … of black immigrants are Caribbean countries. <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">The other five are sub-Saharan African countries, highlighting the dramatic growth of the African origin population since 1990</span>.</p>
698<p><span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Hamilton 2020, 300</a>
698, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
699</div>
700</div>
701</section>
702<section id="black-immigrants-and-racial-disparities" class="slide level2">
703<h2>Black Immigrants and Racial Disparities</h2>
704<h4 id="in-the-post-civil-rights-era"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">In the Post-Civil Rights Era</span></h4>
705<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
706
707</div>
708<div class="elegant-quote">
709<p>Just as earlier immigration waves stimulated the public and academic debates of the early 1900s, the growth of the black immigrant population in the post-1965 era <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">generated robust debate regarding the root causes of disparities between black and white Americans</span>.</p>
710<p><span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Hamilton 2020, 300</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
711</div>
712</section>
713<section id="black-immigrants-and-racial-disparities-1" class="slide level2">
714<h2>Black Immigrants and Racial Disparities</h2>
715<h4 id="in-the-post-civil-rights-era-1"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">In the Post-Civil Rights Era</span></h4>
716<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
717
718</div>
719<div class="elegant-quote">
720<p>Given the persistent disparities between black and white Americans in the post-1965 era and the long-standing view that the accomplishments of black immigrants are evidence that the poor outcomes of black Americans stem from cultural dysfunction rather than racism and discrimination, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">it is vital to understand the mechanisms that produce disparities between black Americans and immigrants</span>.</p>
721<p><span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Hamilton 2020, 300</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
722</div>
723</section></section>
724<section>
725<section id="three-mechanisms" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
726<h1>Three Mechanisms</h1>
727
728</section>
729<section id="cultural-differences" class="slide level2">
730<h2>(1) “Cultural” Differences</h2>
731<p><br></p>
732<div class="elegant-quote">
733<p>Some researchers have argued that <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">distinct historical legacies of slavery in the United States and the Caribbean produced cultural differences</span> that in turn led to social and economic disparities between Caribbean immigrants and native-born blacks.</p>
734<p><span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Hamilton 2020, 301</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
735</div>
736</section>
737<section id="cultural-differences-1" class="slide level2">
738<h2>(1) “Cultural” Differences</h2>
739<div style="margin-top: 20px;">
740
741</div>
742<div class="augmenter">
743<p>Scholars have linked these putative “cultural” cleavages to —</p>
744</div>
745<div style="margin-top: 10px; font-size: 105%;">
746<div>
747<ul>
748<li class="fragment"><p>Institutional variation in the <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>economic organization of slavery</em></strong></span> in the American South vis-à-vis the Caribbean.</p></li>
749<li class="fragment"><p>Compositional differences between the Caribbean—i.e., where slaves constituted a <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>numeric majority</em></strong></span>—and the American South—where slaves were a <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>numeric minority</em></strong></span>.</p></li>
750<li class="fragment"><p>The <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>psychological benefits</em></strong></span> accrued to Black immigrants socialized in majority-Black contexts.</p></li>
751</ul>
752</div>
753</div>
754</section>
755<section id="white-favouritism" class="slide level2">
756<h2>(2) White Favouritism</h2>
757<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
758
759</div>
760<div class="elegant-quote">
761<div class="shrinker">
762<p>Scholars have suggested that labor market disparities between black immigrants and black Americans <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">result from differential patterns of labor market discrimination</span> … Evidence of differential patterns of discrimination comes from black immigrants who report that <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">white employers have a strong preference for black immigrants over black Americans</span> <span class="citation" data-cites="foner_race_1985">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Foner 1985</a>)</span>, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">
762black Americans who perceive worse treatment than black immigrants from white employers</span> <span class="citation" data-cites="waters1999">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Waters 1999</a>)</span>, and <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">white managers who state a preference for black immigrants over black Americans</span>.</p>
763<p><span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Hamilton 2020, 303</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
764</div>
765</div>
766</section>
767<section id="white-favouritism-1" class="slide level2">
768<h2>(2) White Favouritism</h2>
769<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
770
771</div>
772<div class="elegant-quote">
773<p>Researchers have also suggested that white employers favor Caribbean immigrants over native-born blacks as a result of the latter group’s connection to the racialized history of slavery in the United States. As a result of this connection, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">black Americans occupy the least favorable position in the US discrimination hierarchy</span>.</p>
774<p><span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Hamilton 2020, 303</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
775</div>
776</section>
777<section id="selectivity" class="slide level2">
778<h2>(3) Selectivity</h2>
779<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
780
781</div>
782<div class="elegant-quote">
783<div class="shrinker">
784<p>[B]lack immigrants, like all other immigrants, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">are self-selected and thus differ systematically from other individuals in their native countries</span>. Those who emigrate often have <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">better health and higher education levels than their peers who stay in the home country</span> … [I]n 2014, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">63% of black Nigerian immigrants residing in the United States had at least a bachelor’s degree, while only 7% of the Nigerian population had earned a bachelor’s degree</span>. In the same year, among immigrants from Haiti … <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">the mean length of schooling was 12.27 years, while among individuals living in Haiti it was 5.18</span>. To varying degrees, this type of selection exists among black immigrants from all major sending countries.</p>
785<p><span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Hamilton 2020, 303</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
786</div>
787</div>
788</section></section>
789<section>
790<section id="group-discussion-ii" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
791<h1>Group Discussion II</h1>
792
793</section>
794<section id="explanatory-power-of-competing-explanations" class="slide level2">
795<h2>Explanatory Power of Competing Explanations</h2>
796<div class="center-text">
797<div class="augmenter">
798<p>In <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>new</em></strong></span> groups, discuss the relative importance of the three candidate mechanisms detailed in our foregoing discussion.</p>
799</div>
800</div>
801</section></section>
802<section>
803<section id="group-discussion-iii" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
804<h1>Group Discussion III</h1>
805
806</section>
807<section id="can-assimilation-theory-help" class="slide level2">
808<h2>Can Assimilation Theory Help?</h2>
809<div class="center-text">
810<div class="augmenter">
811<p>In those same groups, draw on Hamilton’s <span class="citation" data-cites="hamilton_black_2020">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2020</a>)</span> insights to explain how <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>
811segmented assimilation theory</em></strong></span> and <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>neo-assimilationism</em></strong></span><br>can be used to understand disparities between<br>native- and foreign-born Black Americans.</p>
812</div>
813</div>
814</section></section>
815<section>
816<section id="lecture-ii-november-11th" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
817<h1>Lecture II: November 11<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span></h1>
818
819</section>
820<section id="reminders-and-updates" class="slide level2">
821<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2>
822<p><br></p>
823<div class="callout callout-important callout-titled callout-style-default">
824<div class="callout-body">
825<div class="callout-title">
826<div class="callout-icon-container">
827<i class="callout-icon"></i>
828</div>
829<p><strong>Response Memo Deadline</strong></p>
830</div>
831<div class="callout-content">
832<div style="text-align: center;">
833<p>Your eighth response memo—which <em>has</em> to be between <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>250-400</strong></span> words and posted on our <a href="https://moodle.amherst.edu/mod/forum/view.php?id=891035" class="external" target="_blank">Moodle Discussion Board</a>—is due by 8:00 PM on <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;">Wednesday</span> …</p>
834<div class="fragment">
835<p><span style="color: white; font-size: 110%; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>Unless</em></strong></span> …</p>
836</div>
837<div class="fragment">
838<p>… you attend the first <a href="https://www.amherst.edu/news/events/calendar/node/917640" class="external" target="_blank">Cummings Lecture</a> this Wednesday.</p>
839</div>
840</div>
841</div>
842</div>
843</div>
844</section>
845<section id="reminders-and-updates-1" class="slide level2">
846<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2>
847<h4 id="the-cummings-lecture"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">The Cummings Lecture</span></h4>
848<div class="centre-aligned-div">
849<div class="fragment">
850<p>Title</p>
851<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>Place, Polarization, and the Future of America’s Political Divisions</em></strong></span></p>
852</div>
853<div class="fragment">
854<p>Abstract</p>
855<details>
856<summary class="custom-box">
857<span style="font-size:85%;">Click to Expand or Close</span>
858</summary>
859<div style="text-align: left;">
860<p><span style="color: #9c9c9c; font-size:80%;"><strong>Note</strong>: Scroll <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewbox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;width:0.75em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#5d3c85;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M169.4 470.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L224 370.8 224 64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32l0 306.7L54.6 265.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l160 160z"></path></svg> to read entire abstract.</span></p>
861<div class="quote-block">
862<p><span style="font-size:85%;">How does place shape America’s polarized politics? Decades of political-economic transformations have reshaped both the kinds of people and the kinds of places that give their support to the <span style="color: white; background-color: #00AEF3; padding: 1px 5px;">Democratic</span> and <span style="color: white; background-color: #E81B23; padding: 1px 5px;">Republican</span> Parties, hardening political boundaries along lines of race, class, religion, and context. Working-class, ex-urban, and industrial 
862communities that were once the bedrock of the <span style="color: white; background-color: #00AEF3; padding: 1px 5px;">Democratic Party</span> are now the sites of greatest contestation every election cycle, while the affluent suburbs that once fomented conservative activism in the 1950s and 60s are the sites of greatest growth for the <span style="color: white; background-color: #00AEF3; padding: 1px 5px;">Democratic Party</span>. In this talk, sociologist <a href="https://stephanieternullo.com/" class="external" target="_blank">Stephanie Ternullo</a> (Harvard University) will consider the historical causes and contemporary consequences of these shifts in political geography, and the challenges they present for political representation in American elections, including the <a href="https://ig.ft.com/us-elections/2024/results/president/?seat_id=P-NV-00" data-preview-link="true">November 5<span style="font-size: 70%;"><sup>th</sup></span> presidential election</a>.</span></p>
863</div>
864</div>
865</details>
866</div>
867<div class="fragment">
868<p>Date and Time</p>
869<p><a href="https://www.amherst.edu/mm_calendar_ical/917640/event.ics" class="noicons"><i class="fa-solid fa-clock" aria-label="clock"></i> &nbsp; November 13<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span> — 4:30 PM to 6:00 PM</a></p>
870</div>
871<div class="fragment">
872<p>Location</p>
873<p><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d5895.306868906522!2d-72.52020499999999!3d42.3712246!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x89e6cdf87418b433%3A0xeb2f42e1dc01a62f!2s197%20S%20Pleasant%20St%2C%20Amherst%2C%20MA%2001002!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sus!4v1731186575957!5m2!1sen!2sus" data-preview-link="true"><i class="fa-solid fa-location-dot" aria-label="location-dot"></i> &nbsp; CHI Think Tank (101) at the Lyceum</a></p>
874</div>
875</div>
876</section>
877<section id="reminders-and-updates-2" class="slide level2">
878<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2>
879<div class="shrinker">
880<div style="text-align: center;">
881<p>Dr.&nbsp;Stephanie Ternullo will join SOCI 229 before her talk. Feel free to join us.</p>
882<p align="center">
883<iframe class="iframe" src="https://stephanieternullo.com/" height="500" width="500" style="border: 1px solid #2e3846;">
884</iframe>
885</p>
886</div>
887<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%; margin-top:-40px">
888<p><a href="https://stephanieternullo.com/" data-preview-link="true">Full Page</a></p>
889</div>
890</div>
891</section>
892<section id="reminders-and-updates-3" class="slide level2">
893<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2>
894<h4 id="final-paper-proposal-2"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Final Paper Proposal</span></h4>
895<div class="callout callout-important callout-titled callout-style-default">
896<div class="callout-body">
897<div class="callout-title">
898<div class="callout-icon-container">
899<i class="callout-icon"></i>
900</div>
901<p><strong>Final Paper Proposal Deadline</strong></p>
902</div>
903<div class="callout-content">
904<div style="text-align: center;">
905<p>Your final paper proposals are due by <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 13px 5px;">8:00 PM on Friday, November 22<sup>nd</sup></span>.</p>
906</div>
907</div>
908</div>
909</div>
910</section>
911<section id="reminders-and-updates-4" class="slide level2">
912<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2>
913<h4 id="final-paper-proposal-3"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Final Paper Proposal</span></h4>
914<div class="augmenter">
915<div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 120px;">
916<p>Guidelines for the final paper proposal can be found <a href="https://soci231.netlify.app/#finalpaperproposal" data-preview-link="true">here</a>.</p>
917</div>
918</div>
919</section>
920<section id="reminders-and-updates-5" class="slide level2">
921<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2>
922<h4 id="final-paper-proposal-4"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Final Paper Proposal</span></h4>
923<div class="augmenter">
924<div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 120px;">
925<p>To submit your final paper proposal, click <a href="https://moodle.amherst.edu/mod/assign/view.php?id=899578" class="external" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
926</div>
927</div>
928</section></section>
929<section>
930<section id="sidebar-a-few-more-reflections-on-the-2024-presidential-election" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
931<h1><em>Sidebar</em>—<br>A Few More Reflections on the 2024 Presidential Election</h1>
932
933</section>
934<section id="once-againlet-the-dust-settle" class="slide level2">
935<h2>Once Again—Let the Dust Settle</h2>
936<iframe data-external="1" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XLiagIdA84c" width="100%" height="85%" title="" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
937</section>
938<section id="once-againlet-the-dust-settle-1" class="slide level2">
939<h2>Once Again—Let the Dust Settle</h2>
940<div class="center-text">
941<div class="augmenter">
942<p>Working hypotheses are necessary. However, we have to embrace uncertainty and the possibility that <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>our initial hunches are wrong</em></span>. Falsification is simply not possible in the wake of an election.</p>
943</div>
944</div>
945</section>
946<section id="some-potentially-useful-charts" class="slide level2 nostretch">
947<h2>Some (Potentially) Useful Charts</h2>
948<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
949
950</div>
951<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
952<figure>
953<p><img data-src="./media/incumbent_graveyard.jpeg" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center" style="width:72.0%"></p>
954</figure>
955</div>
956<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 70%; margin-top:-30px">
957<p><a href="https://x.com/jburnmurdoch/status/1854485866548195735/photo/1" class="external" target="_blank">Source Tweet</a></p>
958</div>
959</section>
960<section id="some-potentially-useful-charts-1" class="slide level2">
961<h2>Some (Potentially) Useful Charts</h2>
962<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
963
964</div>
965<p align="left">
966<iframe class="iframe" src="https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/elections/poll-tracker/canada/" height="540" width="1040" style="border: 1px solid #2e3846;">
967</iframe>
968</p>
969<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%; margin-top:-40px">
970<p><a href="https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/elections/poll-tracker/canada/" data-preview-link="true">Full Page</a></p>
971</div>
972</section>
973<section id="some-potentially-useful-charts-2" class="slide level2 nostretch">
974<h2>Some (Potentially) Useful Charts</h2>
975<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
976
977</div>
978<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
979<figure>
980<p><img data-src="./media/nyt-economic-sentiment.png" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center" style="width:57.0%"></p>
981</figure>
982</div>
983<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 70%; margin-top:-30px">
984<p>
984<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/23/briefing/economy-inflation-housing.html" class="external" target="_blank">Source Article</a></p>
985</div>
986</section>
987<section id="a-few-basic-takes" class="slide level2">
988<h2>A Few Basic Takes</h2>
989<div class="center-text">
990<div class="augmenter">
991<p>Material economic conditions matter.</p>
992</div>
993</div>
994</section>
995<section id="a-few-basic-takes-1" class="slide level2">
996<h2>A Few Basic Takes</h2>
997<div class="center-text">
998<div class="augmenter">
999<p>Cultural contestation matters, too.</p>
1000</div>
1001</div>
1002</section>
1003<section id="a-few-basic-takes-2" class="slide level2">
1004<h2>A Few Basic Takes</h2>
1005<div class="center-text">
1006<div class="augmenter">
1007<p>As Bonikowski, Feinstein, and Bock <span class="citation" data-cites="bonikowski_partisan_2021">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2021</a>)</span> remind us, “the economy-versus-culture dichotomy … (<em>is</em>) misplaced … [I]t ignores that culture shapes economic perceptions and that economic anxieties are themselves mediated by cultural frames” <span class="citation" data-cites="lukk_politics_2024">(cf. <a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lukk 2024</a>)</span>.</p>
1008</div>
1009</div>
1010</section>
1011<section id="a-few-basic-takes-3" class="slide level2">
1012<h2>A Few Basic Takes</h2>
1013<div class="center-text">
1014<div class="augmenter">
1015<p>Moreover, exit polls—as noted last week—can be <a href="https://www.vox.com/21552679/exit-poll-accuracy" class="external" target="_blank">very misleading</a>.</p>
1016</div>
1017</div>
1018</section>
1019<section id="a-few-basic-takes-4" class="slide level2">
1020<h2>A Few Basic Takes</h2>
1021<div class="center-text">
1022<div class="augmenter">
1023<p>Worse, they can foment <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>groupism</em></strong></span> <span class="citation" data-cites="brubaker_ethnicity_2004">(see <a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Brubaker, Loveman, and Stamatov 2004</a>)</span> and its analytic corollaries: reification, essentialization, homogenization and so on.</p>
1024</div>
1025</div>
1026</section>
1027<section id="a-few-basic-takes-5" class="slide level2">
1028<h2>A Few Basic Takes</h2>
1029<div class="center-text">
1030<div class="augmenter">
1031<p><span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>This can lead to faulty inferences and spurious conclusions</em></span>.</p>
1032</div>
1033</div>
1034</section></section>
1035<section>
1036<section id="identities-of-the-black-second-generation-mary-waters" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
1037<h1><em>Identities of the Black Second Generation</em> — Mary Waters</h1>
1038
1039</section>
1040<section id="challenging-assumptions" class="slide level2">
1041<h2>Challenging Assumptions</h2>
1042<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
1043
1044</div>
1045<div class="elegant-quote">
1046<div class="shrinker-plus">
1047<p>The growth of nonwhite voluntary immigrants to the United States since 1965 <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">challenges the dichotomy which once explained different patterns of American inclusion and assimilation</span> — the ethnic pattern of assimilation of immigrants from Europe and their children and the racial pattern of exclusion of America’s nonwhite peoples. <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">The new wave of immigrants includes people who are still defined “racially” in the United States</span>, but who migrate to the United States voluntarily and often under an immigrant preference system which selects for people with jobs and education that puts them well above their “co-ethnics” in the economy.</p>
1048<p><span class="citation" data-cites="waters_ethnic_1994">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Waters 1994, 795</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
1049</div>
1050</div>
1051</section>
1052<section id="challenging-assumptions-1" class="slide level2">
1053<h2>Challenging Assumptions</h2>
1054<div class="center-text">
1055<div class="augmenter">
1056<p>With this in mind, Waters <span class="citation" data-cites="waters_ethnic_1994">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">1994</a>)</span> examines the <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>ethno-racial identities</em></strong></span> of second-generation Black Americans in New York City (of the <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;">early-1990s</span>) with roots in the Caribbean.</p>
1057</div>
1058</div>
1059</section>
1060<section id="challenging-assumptions-2" class="slide level2">
1061<h2>Challenging Assumptions</h2>
1062<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
1063
1064</div>
1065<div class="elegant-quote">
1066<div class="shrinker">
1067<p>The children of black immigrants in the United States face a choice about <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">whether they will identify as black Americans or whether they will maintain an ethnic identity reflecting their parents’ national origins</span>
1067. First-generation black immigrants to the United States have tended to distance themselves from American blacks, stressing their national origins and ethnic identities as Jamaican or Haitian or Trinidadian, but <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">they also face overwhelming pressures in the United States to identify only as “blacks.”</span></p>
1068<p><span class="citation" data-cites="waters_ethnic_1994">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Waters 1994, 796</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
1069</div>
1070</div>
1071</section>
1072<section id="invisible-immigrants" class="slide level2">
1073<h2>Invisible Immigrants</h2>
1074<div class="center-text">
1075<div class="augmenter">
1076<p>Consequently, Black Americans with <em>non-American</em> roots have been described as <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>invisible immigrants</em></strong></span>.</p>
1077</div>
1078</div>
1079</section>
1080<section id="invisible-immigrants-1" class="slide level2">
1081<h2>Invisible Immigrants</h2>
1082<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
1083
1084</div>
1085<div class="elegant-quote">
1086<div class="shrinker">
1087<p>[R]ather than being contrasted with other immigrants (for example, contrasting how Jamaicans are doing as compared with Chinese), … (<em>Black immigrants</em>) <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">have been compared to black Americans</span>. The children of black immigrants, because they lack their parents’ distinctive accents, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">can choose to be even more invisible as ethnics than their parents</span>. Second-generation West Indians in the United States will most often be seen by others as merely “American” — and must <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">actively work to assert their ethnic identities</span>.</p>
1088<p><span class="citation" data-cites="waters_ethnic_1994">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Waters 1994, 796</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
1089</div>
1090</div>
1091</section>
1092<section id="intraracial-divisions" class="slide level2">
1093<h2>Intraracial Divisions</h2>
1094<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
1095
1096</div>
1097<div class="elegant-quote">
1098<div class="shrinker">
1099<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Longstanding tensions between newly arrived West Indians and American blacks have left a legacy of mutual stereotyping</span> <span class="citation" data-cites="kasinitz1992caribbean">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Kasinitz 1992</a>)</span>. The immigrants see themselves as hard-working, ambitious, militant about their racial identities but not oversensitive or obsessed with race, and committed to education and family … American blacks describe the immigrants as arrogant, selfish, exploited in the workplace, oblivious to racial tensions and politics in the United States, and unfriendly and unwilling to have relations with black Americans.</p>
1100<p><span class="citation" data-cites="waters_ethnic_1994">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Waters 1994, 797</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
1101</div>
1102</div>
1103</section>
1104<section id="intraracial-divisions-1" class="slide level2">
1105<h2>Intraracial Divisions</h2>
1106<p><br></p>
1107<div class="elegant-quote">
1108<p>The first generation believes that their status as foreign-born blacks is higher than American blacks, and <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">they tend to accentuate their identities as immigrants. Their accent is usually a clear and unambiguous signal to other Americans that they are foreign born</span>.</p>
1109<p><span class="citation" data-cites="waters_ethnic_1994">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Waters 1994, 797–98</a>
1109, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
1110</div>
1111</section>
1112<section id="intraracial-divisions-2" class="slide level2">
1113<h2>Intraracial Divisions</h2>
1114<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
1115
1116</div>
1117<div class="elegant-quote">
1118<p>The dilemma facing the second generation is that they grow up <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">exposed to the negative opinions voiced by their parents about American blacks and exposed to the belief that whites respond more favorably to foreign-born blacks</span>. But they also realize that because they lack their parents’ accents and other identifying characteristics, other people, including their peers, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">are likely to identify them as American blacks. How does the second generation handle this dilemma?</span></p>
1119<p><span class="citation" data-cites="waters_ethnic_1994">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Waters 1994, 798</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
1120</div>
1121</section></section>
1122<section>
1123<section id="applying-assimilation-theory" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
1124<h1>Applying Assimilation Theory</h1>
1125
1126</section>
1127<section id="subverting-the-straight-line" class="slide level2">
1128<h2>Subverting the Straight Line?</h2>
1129<div class="elegant-quote">
1130<div class="shrinker-plus">
1131<p>(<em>The</em>) “straight line” assimilation model assumes that with each succeeding generation the groups become more similar to mainstream Americans and more economically successful … <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">However, the situation faced by immigrant blacks in the 1990s differs in many of the background assumptions of the straight line model. The immigrants do not enter a society that assumes an undifferentiated monolithic American culture, but rather a consciously pluralistic society in which a variety of subcultures and racial and ethnic identities coexist. In fact, if these immigrants assimilate they assimilate to being not just Americans but black Americans</span>. It is generally believed by the immigrants that it is higher social status to be an immigrant black than to be an American black.</p>
1132<p><span class="citation" data-cites="waters_ethnic_1994">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Waters 1994, 798</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
1133</div>
1134</div>
1135</section>
1136<section id="subverting-the-straight-line-1" class="slide level2">
1137<h2>Subverting the Straight Line?</h2>
1138<div style="margin-top: 20px;">
1139
1140</div>
1141<div class="augmenter-mini">
1142<p>There are, to be sure, other important differences that distinguish the America that inspired <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>straight-line theory</em></strong></span> from the America that <em>most</em> Black immigrants encountered in the post-1965 era—</p>
1143<div style="text-align: center;">
1144<div>
1145<ul>
1146<li class="fragment"><p>Different <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>economic and structural conditions</em></strong></span> for <em>all</em> workers.</p></li>
1147<li class="fragment"><p>More <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>heterogeneity</em></strong></span> in the human capital profile(s) of immigrant-origin subpopulations.</p></li>
1148<li class="fragment"><p>More durable and deeply entrenched forms of <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>residential segregation</strong></span> (i.e., along racial lines).</p></li>
1149</ul>
1150</div>
1151</div>
1152</div>
1153</section></section>
1154<section>
1155<section id="group-discussion-iv" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
1156<h1>Group Discussion IV</h1>
1157
1158</section>
1159<section id="applying-segmented-assimilation-theory" class="slide level2">
1160<h2>Applying Segmented Assimilation Theory</h2>
1161<div class="center-text">
1162<div class="augmenter">
1163<p>How does Waters <span class="citation" data-cites="waters_ethnic_1994">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">1994</a>)</span> draw on <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>
1163segmented assimilation theory</em></strong></span>—as well as Gans’ <span class="citation" data-cites="gans_secondgeneration_1992">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">1992</a>)</span> work on <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>second generation decline</em></strong></span>—to understand the ethno-racial identities of her interviewees?<br>Discuss in groups of 2-3.</p>
1164</div>
1165</div>
1166</section></section>
1167<section>
1168<section id="identificational-patterns" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
1169<h1>Identificational Patterns</h1>
1170
1171</section>
1172<section id="three-general-types" class="slide level2">
1173<h2>Three General Types</h2>
1174<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
1175
1176</div>
1177<div class="augmenter">
1178<p>Waters <span class="citation" data-cites="waters_ethnic_1994">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">1994</a>)</span> identifies three <em>general kinds</em> of identificational profiles that her interviewees acquired—</p>
1179<div style="text-align: center;">
1180<div>
1181<ul>
1182<li class="fragment"><p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>Black American</em></strong></span></p></li>
1183<li class="fragment"><p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>Ethnic American</em></strong></span> (e.g., Jamaican American)</p></li>
1184<li class="fragment"><p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>Immigrant</em></strong></span> (e.g., Haitian)</p></li>
1185</ul>
1186</div>
1187</div>
1188</div>
1189</section>
1190<section id="three-general-types-1" class="slide level2 nostretch">
1191<h2>Three General Types</h2>
1192<h4 id="a-stylized-illustration"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">A Stylized Illustration</span></h4>
1193<div style="margin-top: -33.5px;">
1194
1195</div>
1196<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
1197<figure>
1198<p><img data-src="./media/stylized_identities.svg" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center" style="width:55.0%"></p>
1199</figure>
1200</div>
1201</section>
1202<section id="three-general-types-2" class="slide level2">
1203<h2>Three General Types</h2>
1204<div class="panel-tabset">
1205<ul id="tabset-1" class="panel-tabset-tabby"><li><a data-tabby-default="" href="#tabset-1-1">Ethnic-Identified</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-1-2">American-Identified</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-1-3">Immigrant-Identified</a></li></ul>
1206<div class="tab-content">
1207<div id="tabset-1-1">
1208<div class="quote-block">
1209<div class="shrinker">
1210<p>In general, the <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">ethnic-identified teens agreed with their parents and reported seeing a strong difference between themselves and black Americans</span>, stressing that being black is not synonymous with being black American. They accept their parents’ and the wider society’s negative portrayals of poor blacks and wanted to avoid any chance that they will be identified with them.</p>
1211<p><span class="citation" data-cites="waters_ethnic_1994">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Waters 1994, 805</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
1212</div>
1213</div>
1214</div>
1215<div id="tabset-1-2">
1216<div class="quote-block">
1217<div class="shrinker-plus">
1218<p>The American-identified second-generation teenagers … follow a path which is more similar to the model posed in the straight line theory. They stress that they are American because they were born here, and they are disdainful of their parents’ lack of understanding of the American social system. <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Instead of rejecting the black American culture, it becomes their peer culture and they embrace many aspects of it. This brings them in conflict with their parents’ generation, most especially with their parents’ understandings of American blacks</span>. The assimilation to America that they undergo is most definitely to black America; they speak black English with their peers, they listen to rap music, and they accept the peer culture of their black American friends</p>
1219<p><span class="citation" data-cites="waters_ethnic_1994">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Waters 1994, 807</a>
1219, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
1220</div>
1221</div>
1222</div>
1223<div id="tabset-1-3">
1224<div class="quote-block">
1225<div class="shrinker">
1226<p>The more recently arrived young people who are still immigrant-identified differed from both the ethnic and the American-identified youth. <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">They did not feel as much pressure to “choose” between identifying with or distancing from black Americans as did either the American or the ethnic teens</span>. Strong in their identities with their own or their parents’ national origins, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">they were neutral toward American distinctions between ethnics and black Americans. They tended to stress their nationality or their birthplace as defining their identity</span>.</p>
1227<p><span class="citation" data-cites="waters_ethnic_1994">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Waters 1994, 809–10</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
1228</div>
1229</div>
1230</div>
1231</div>
1232</div>
1233</section></section>
1234<section>
1235<section id="group-exercise" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
1236<h1>Group Exercise</h1>
1237
1238</section>
1239<section id="a-class-debate" class="slide level2">
1240<h2>A Class Debate</h2>
1241<div class="{augmenter}">
1242<p>In your assigned groups —</p>
1243<div>
1244<ul>
1245<li class="fragment"><p>Discuss the first chapter in Orly Clergé’s <span class="citation" data-cites="clerge_new_2019">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2019</a>)</span> <em>The New Noir</em>.</p></li>
1246<li class="fragment"><p>Specifically, discuss how Clergé <span class="citation" data-cites="clerge_new_2019">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2019</a>)</span> uses the concept of <em>diaspora</em> to push back against the assimilation paradigm.</p></li>
1247<li class="fragment"><p>As a group, develop a comprehensive argument <em>in line</em> with your assigned “position” on the persuasiveness of Clergé’s critique of <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>assimilation theory</em></strong></span>.</p></li>
1248</ul>
1249</div>
1250<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 105%;">
1251<div class="fragment">
1252<p>After some quick presentations, groups will reconvene to critically<br>assess the claims put forward by the “competition.”</p>
1253</div>
1254</div>
1255</div>
1256</section></section>
1257<section>
1258<section id="see-you-soon" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
1259<h1>See You Soon</h1>
1260
1261</section>
1262<section id="references" class="slide level2 smaller scrollable">
1263<h2>References</h2>
1264<p><span style="color: #9c9c9c; font-size:95%;"><strong>Note</strong>: Scroll <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewbox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;width:0.75em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#5d3c85;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M169.4 470.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L224 370.8 224 64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32l0 306.7L54.6 265.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l160 160z"></path></svg> to access the entire bibliography</span></p>
1265<div class="quarto-auto-generated-content">
1266<p><img src="media/amherst seal.png" class="slide-logo"></p>
1267<div class="footer footer-default">
1268
1269</div>
1270</div>
1271<div id="refs" class="references csl-bib-body hanging-indent" data-entry-spacing="0" role="list">
1272<div id="ref-bonikowski_partisan_2021" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1273Bonikowski, Bart, Yuval Feinstein, and Sean Bock. 2021. <span>“The <span>Partisan</span> <span>Sorting</span> of <span>‘<span>America</span>’</span>: <span>How</span> <span>Nationalist</span> <span>Cleavages</span> <span>Shaped</span> the 2016 <span>U</span>.<span>S</span>. <span>Presidential</span> <span>Election</span>.”</span> <em>American Journal of Sociology</em> 127 (2): 492–561. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/717103">https://doi.org/10.1086/717103</a>.
1274</div>
1275<div id="ref-brubaker_ethnicity_2004" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1276Brubaker, Rogers, Mara Loveman, and Peter Stamatov. 2004. <span>“Ethnicity as <span>Cognition</span>.”</span> <em>Theory and Society</em> 33 (1): 31–64. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4144890">http://www.jstor.org/stable/4144890</a>.
1277</div>
1278<div id="ref-clerge_new_2019" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1279Clergé, Orly. 2019. <em>The <span>New</span> <span>Noir</span>: <span>Race</span>, <span>Identity</span>, and <span>Diaspora</span> in <span>Black</span> <span>Suburbia</span></em>. University of California Press. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520969131">https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520969131</a>.
1280</div>
1281<div id="ref-foner_race_1985" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1282Foner, Nancy. 1985. <span>“Race and <span>Color</span>: <span>Jamaican</span> <span>Migrants</span> in <span>London</span> and <span>New</span> <span>York</span> <span>City</span>.”</span> <em>International Migration Review</em> 19 (4): 708–27. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918385019004
128203">https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838501900403</a>.
1283</div>
1284<div id="ref-gans_secondgeneration_1992" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1285Gans, Herbert J. 1992. <span>“Second‐generation Decline: <span>Scenarios</span> for the Economic and Ethnic Futures of the Post‐1965 <span>American</span> Immigrants.”</span> <em>Ethnic and Racial Studies</em> 15 (2): 173–92. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1992.9993740">https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1992.9993740</a>.
1286</div>
1287<div id="ref-hamilton2019immigration" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1288Hamilton, Tod G. 2019. <em>Immigration and the Remaking of Black America</em>. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
1289</div>
1290<div id="ref-hamilton_black_2020" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1291———. 2020. <span>“Black <span>Immigrants</span> and the <span>Changing</span> <span>Portrait</span> of <span>Black</span> <span>America</span>.”</span> <em>Annual Review of Sociology</em> 46 (Volume 46, 2020): 295–313. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054728">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054728</a>.
1292</div>
1293<div id="ref-kasinitz1992caribbean" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1294Kasinitz, Philip. 1992. <em>Caribbean New York: Black Immigrants and the Politics of Race</em>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
1295</div>
1296<div id="ref-lukk_politics_2024" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1297Lukk, Martin. 2024. <span>“Politics of <span>Boundary</span> <span>Consolidation</span>: <span>Income</span> <span>Inequality</span>, <span>Ethnonationalism</span>, and <span>Radical</span>-<span>Right</span> <span>Voting</span>.”</span> <em>Socius</em> 10 (January): 23780231241251714. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231241251714">https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231241251714</a>.
1298</div>
1299<div id="ref-reid_1939" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1300Reid, Ira De A. 1939. <em>The Negro Immigrant: His Background, Characteristics and Social Adjustment, 1899–1937</em>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.7312/reid93840">https://doi.org/doi:10.7312/reid93840</a>.
1301</div>
1302<div id="ref-waters_ethnic_1994" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1303Waters, Mary C. 1994. <span>“Ethnic and <span>Racial</span> <span>Identities</span> of <span>Second</span>-<span>Generation</span> <span>Black</span> <span>Immigrants</span> in <span>New</span> <span>York</span> <span>City</span>.”</span> <em>The International Migration Review</em> 28 (4): 795–820. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2547158">https://doi.org/10.2307/2547158</a>.
1304</div>
1305<div id="ref-waters1999" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1306———. 1999. <em>Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities</em>. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
1307</div>
1308</div>
1309</section></section>
1310    </div>
1311  </div>
1312
1313  
1313<script>window.backupDefine = window.define; window.define = undefined;</script>
1313
1314  
1314<script src="index_files/libs/revealjs/dist/reveal.js"></script>
1314
1315  <!-- reveal.js plugins -->
1316  
1316<script src="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/quarto-line-highlight/line-highlight.js"></script>
1316
1317  
1317<script src="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/pdf-export/pdfexport.js"></script>
1317
1318  
1318<script src="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-menu/menu.js"></script>
1318
1319  
1319<script src="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-menu/quarto-menu.js"></script>
1319
1320  
1320<script src="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-chalkboard/plugin.js"></script>
1320
1321  
1321<script src="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-attribution/attribution.js"></script>
1321
1322  
1322<script src="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/quarto-support/support.js"></script>
1322
1323  
1324
1325  
1325<script src="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/notes/notes.js"></script>
1325
1326  
1326<script src="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/search/search.js"></script>
1326
1327  
1327<script src="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/zoom/zoom.js"></script>
1327
1328  
1328<script src="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/math/math.js"></script>
1328
1329  
1329<script>window.define = window.backupDefine; window.backupDefine = undefined;</script>
1329
1330
1331  
1331<script>
1332
1333      // Full list of configuration options available at:
1334      // https://revealjs.com/config/
1335      Reveal.initialize({
1336'controlsAuto': true,
1337'previewLinksAuto': true,
1338'pdfSeparateFragments': false,
1339'autoAnimateEasing': "ease",
1340'autoAnimateDuration': 1,
1341'autoAnimateUnmatched': true,
1342'menu': {"side":"left","useTextContentForMissingTitles":true,"markers":false,"loadIcons":false,"custom":[{"title":"Tools","icon":"<i class=\"fas fa-gear\"></i>","content":"<ul class=\"slide-menu-items\">\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item active\" data-item=\"0\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.fullscreen(event)\"><kbd>f</kbd> Fullscreen</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"1\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.speakerMode(event)\"><kbd>s</kbd> Speaker View</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"2\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.overview(event)\"><kbd>o</kbd> Slide Overview</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"3\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.togglePdfExport(event)\"><kbd>e</kbd> PDF Export Mode</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"4\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.toggleChalkboard(event)\"><kbd>b</kbd> Toggle Chalkboard</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"5\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.toggleNotesCanvas(event)\"><kbd>c</kbd> Toggle Notes Canvas</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"6\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.downloadDrawings(event)\"><kbd>d</kbd> Download Drawings</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"7\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.keyboardHelp(event)\"><kbd>?</kbd> Keyboard Help</a></li>\n</ul>"}],"openButton":true,"numbers":true,"width":"wide"},
1343'chalkboard': {"buttons":true},
1344'smaller': false,
1345 
1346        // Display controls in the bottom right corner
1347        controls: false,
1348
1349        // Help the user learn the controls by providing hints, for example by
1350        // bouncing the down arrow when they first encounter a vertical slide
1351        controlsTutorial: false,
1352
1353        // Determines where controls appear, "edges" or "bottom-right"
1354        controlsLayout: 'edges',
1355
1356        // Visibility rule for backwards navigation arrows; "faded", "hidden"
1357        // or "visible"
1358        controlsBackArrows: 'faded',
1359
1360        // Display a presentation progress bar
1361        progress: true,
1362
1363        // Display the page number of the current slide
1364        slideNumber: false,
1365
1366        // 'all', 'print', or 'speaker'
1367        showSlideNumber: 'all',
1368
1369        // Add the current slide number to the URL hash so that reloading the
1370        // page/copying the URL will return you to the same slide
1371        hash: true,
1372
1373        // Start with 1 for the hash rather than 0
1374        hashOneBasedIndex: false,
1375
1376        // Flags if we should monitor the hash and change slides accordingly
1377        respondToHashChanges: true,
1378
1379        // Push each slide change to the browser history
1380        history: true,
1381
1382        // Enable keyboard shortcuts for navigation
1383        keyboard: true,
1384
1385        // Enable the slide overview mode
1386        overview: true,
1387
1388        // Disables the default reveal.js slide layout (scaling and centering)
1389        // so that you can use custom CSS layout
1390        disableLayout: false,
1391
1392        // Vertical centering of slides
1393        center: false,
1394
1395        // Enables touch navigation on devices with touch input
1396        touch: true,
1397
1398        // Loop the presentation
1399        loop: false,
1400
1401        // Change the presentation direction to be RTL
1402        rtl: false,
1403
1404        // see https://revealjs.com/vertical-slides/#navigation-mode
1405        navigationMode: 'linear',
1406
1407        // Randomizes the order of slides each time the presentation loads
1408        shuffle: false,
1409
1410        // Turns fragments on and off globally
1411        fragments: true,
1412
1413        // Flags whether to include the current fragment in the URL,
1414        // so that reloading brings you to the same fragment position
1415        fragmentInURL: false,
1416
1417        // Flags if the presentation is running in an embedded mode,
1418        // i.e. contained within a limited portion of the screen
1419        embedded: false,
1420
1421        // Flags if we should show a help overlay when the questionmark
1422        // key is pressed
1423        help: true,
1424
1425        // Flags if it should be possible to pause the presentation (blackout)
1426        pause: true,
1427
1428        // Flags if speaker notes should be visible to all viewers
1429        showNotes: false,
1430
1431        // Global override for autoplaying embedded media (null/true/false)
1432        autoPlayMedia: null,
1433
1434        // Global override for preloading lazy-loaded iframes (null/true/false)
1435        preloadIframes: null,
1436
1437        // Number of milliseconds between automatically proceeding to the
1438        // next slide, disabled when set to 0, this value can be overwritten
1439        // by using a data-autoslide attribute on your slides
1440        autoSlide: 0,
1441
1442        // Stop auto-sliding after user input
1443        autoSlideStoppable: true,
1444
1445        // Use this method for navigation when auto-sliding
1446        autoSlideMethod: null,
1447
1448        // Specify the average time in seconds that you think you will spend
1449        // presenting each slide. This is used to show a pacing timer in the
1450        // speaker view
1451        defaultTiming: null,
1452
1453        // Enable slide navigation via mouse wheel
1454        mouseWheel: false,
1455
1456        // The display mode that will be used to show slides
1457        display: 'block',
1458
1459        // Hide cursor if inactive
1460        hideInactiveCursor: true,
1461
1462        // Time before the cursor is hidden (in ms)
1463        hideCursorTime: 5000,
1464
1465        // Opens links in an iframe preview overlay
1466        previewLinks: false,
1467
1468        // Transition style (none/fade/slide/convex/concave/zoom)
1469        transition: 'none',
1470
1471        // Transition speed (default/fast/slow)
1472        transitionSpeed: 'default',
1473
1474        // Transition style for full page slide backgrounds
1475        // (none/fade/slide/convex/concave/zoom)
1476        backgroundTransition: 'none',
1477
1478        // Number of slides away from the current that are visible
1479        viewDistance: 3,
1480
1481        // Number of slides away from the current that are visible on mobile
1482        // devices. It is advisable to set this to a lower number than
1483        // viewDistance in order to save resources.
1484        mobileViewDistance: 2,
1485
1486        // The "normal" size of the presentation, aspect ratio will be preserved
1487        // when the presentation is scaled to fit different resolutions. Can be
1488        // specified using percentage units.
1489        width: 1050,
1490
1491        height: 700,
1492
1493        // Factor of the display size that should remain empty around the content
1494        margin: 0.1,
1495
1496        math: {
1497          mathjax: 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js',
1498          config: 'TeX-AMS_HTML-full',
1499          tex2jax: {
1500            inlineMath: [['\\(','\\)']],
1501            displayMath: [['\\[','\\]']],
1502            balanceBraces: true,
1503            processEscapes: false,
1504            processRefs: true,
1505            processEnvironments: true,
1506            preview: 'TeX',
1507            skipTags: ['script','noscript','style','textarea','pre','code'],
1508            ignoreClass: 'tex2jax_ignore',
1509            processClass: 'tex2jax_process'
1510          },
1511        },
1512
1513        // reveal.js plugins
1514        plugins: [QuartoLineHighlight, PdfExport, RevealMenu, RevealChalkboard, RevealAttribution, QuartoSupport,
1515
1516          RevealMath,
1517          RevealNotes,
1518          RevealSearch,
1519          RevealZoom
1520        ]
1521      });
1522    </script>
1522
1523    
1524    
1524<script>
1525      // htmlwidgets need to know to resize themselves when slides are shown/hidden.
1526      // Fire the "slideenter" event (handled by htmlwidgets.js) when the current
1527      // slide changes (different for each slide format).
1528      (function () {
1529        // dispatch for htmlwidgets
1530        function fireSlideEnter() {
1531          const event = window.document.createEvent("Event");
1532          event.initEvent("slideenter", true, true);
1533          window.document.dispatchEvent(event);
1534        }
1535
1536        function fireSlideChanged(previousSlide, currentSlide) {
1537          fireSlideEnter();
1538
1539          // dispatch for shiny
1540          if (window.jQuery) {
1541            if (previousSlide) {
1542              window.jQuery(previousSlide).trigger("hidden");
1543            }
1544            if (currentSlide) {
1545              window.jQuery(currentSlide).trigger("shown");
1546            }
1547          }
1548        }
1549
1550        // hookup for slidy
1551        if (window.w3c_slidy) {
1552          window.w3c_slidy.add_observer(function (slide_num) {
1553            // slide_num starts at position 1
1554            fireSlideChanged(null, w3c_slidy.slides[slide_num - 1]);
1555          });
1556        }
1557
1558      })();
1559    </script>
1559
1560
1561    
1561<script id="quarto-html-after-body" type="application/javascript">
1562    window.document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function (event) {
1563      const toggleBodyColorMode = (bsSheetEl) => {
1564        const mode = bsSheetEl.getAttribute("data-mode");
1565        const bodyEl = window.document.querySelector("body");
1566        if (mode === "dark") {
1567          bodyEl.classList.add("quarto-dark");
1568          bodyEl.classList.remove("quarto-light");
1569        } else {
1570          bodyEl.classList.add("quarto-light");
1571          bodyEl.classList.remove("quarto-dark");
1572        }
1573      }
1574      const toggleBodyColorPrimary = () => {
1575        const bsSheetEl = window.document.querySelector("link#quarto-bootstrap");
1576        if (bsSheetEl) {
1577          toggleBodyColorMode(bsSheetEl);
1578        }
1579      }
1580      toggleBodyColorPrimary();  
1581      const tabsets =  window.document.querySelectorAll(".panel-tabset-tabby")
1582      tabsets.forEach(function(tabset) {
1583        const tabby = new Tabby('#' + tabset.id);
1584      });
1585      const isCodeAnnotation = (el) => {
1586        for (const clz of el.classList) {
1587          if (clz.startsWith('code-annotation-')) {                     
1588            return true;
1589          }
1590        }
1591        return false;
1592      }
1593      const onCopySuccess = function(e) {
1594        // button target
1595        const button = e.trigger;
1596        // don't keep focus
1597        button.blur();
1598        // flash "checked"
1599        button.classList.add('code-copy-button-checked');
1600        var currentTitle = button.getAttribute("title");
1601        button.setAttribute("title", "Copied!");
1602        let tooltip;
1603        if (window.bootstrap) {
1604          button.setAttribute("data-bs-toggle", "tooltip");
1605          button.setAttribute("data-bs-placement", "left");
1606          button.setAttribute("data-bs-title", "Copied!");
1607          tooltip = new bootstrap.Tooltip(button, 
1608            { trigger: "manual", 
1609              customClass: "code-copy-button-tooltip",
1610              offset: [0, -8]});
1611          tooltip.show();    
1612        }
1613        setTimeout(function() {
1614          if (tooltip) {
1615            tooltip.hide();
1616            button.removeAttribute("data-bs-title");
1617            button.removeAttribute("data-bs-toggle");
1618            button.removeAttribute("data-bs-placement");
1619          }
1620          button.setAttribute("title", currentTitle);
1621          button.classList.remove('code-copy-button-checked');
1622        }, 1000);
1623        // clear code selection
1624        e.clearSelection();
1625      }
1626      const getTextToCopy = function(trigger) {
1627          const codeEl = trigger.previousElementSibling.cloneNode(true);
1628          for (const childEl of codeEl.children) {
1629            if (isCodeAnnotation(childEl)) {
1630              childEl.remove();
1631            }
1632          }
1633          return codeEl.innerText;
1634      }
1635      const clipboard = new window.ClipboardJS('.code-copy-button:not([data-in-quarto-modal])', {
1636        text: getTextToCopy
1637      });
1638      clipboard.on('success', onCopySuccess);
1639      if (window.document.getElementById('quarto-embedded-source-code-modal')) {
1640        // For code content inside modals, clipBoardJS needs to be initialized with a container option
1641        // TODO: Check when it could be a function (https://github.com/zenorocha/clipboard.js/issues/860)
1642        const clipboardModal = new window.ClipboardJS('.code-copy-button[data-in-quarto-modal]', {
1643          text: getTextToCopy,
1644          container: window.document.getElementById('quarto-embedded-source-code-modal')
1645        });
1646        clipboardModal.on('success', onCopySuccess);
1647      }
1648        var localhostRegex = new RegExp(/^(?:http|https):\/\/localhost\:?[0-9]*\//);
1649        var mailtoRegex = new RegExp(/^mailto:/);
1650          var filterRegex = new RegExp('/' + window.location.host + '/');
1651        var isInternal = (href) => {
1652            return filterRegex.test(href) || localhostRegex.test(href) || mailtoRegex.test(href);
1653        }
1654        // Inspect non-navigation links and adorn them if external
1655     	var links = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[href]:not(.nav-link):not(.navbar-brand):not(.toc-action):not(.sidebar-link):not(.sidebar-item-toggle):not(.pagination-link):not(.no-external):not([aria-hidden]):not(.dropdown-item):not(.quarto-navigation-tool):not(.about-link)');
1656        for (var i=0; i<links.length; i++) {
1657          const link = links[i];
1658          if (!isInternal(link.href)) {
1659            // undo the damage that might have been done by quarto-nav.js in the case of
1660            // links that we want to consider external
1661            if (link.dataset.originalHref !== undefined) {
1662              link.href = link.dataset.originalHref;
1663            }
1664              // default icon
1665              link.classList.add("external");
1666          }
1667        }
1668      function tippyHover(el, contentFn, onTriggerFn, onUntriggerFn) {
1669        const config = {
1670          allowHTML: true,
1671          maxWidth: 500,
1672          delay: 100,
1673          arrow: false,
1674          appendTo: function(el) {
1675              return el.closest('section.slide') || el.parentElement;
1676          },
1677          interactive: true,
1678          interactiveBorder: 10,
1679          theme: 'light-border',
1680          placement: 'bottom-start',
1681        };
1682        if (contentFn) {
1683          config.content = contentFn;
1684        }
1685        if (onTriggerFn) {
1686          config.onTrigger = onTriggerFn;
1687        }
1688        if (onUntriggerFn) {
1689          config.onUntrigger = onUntriggerFn;
1690        }
1691          config['offset'] = [0,0];
1692          config['maxWidth'] = 700;
1693        window.tippy(el, config); 
1694      }
1695      const noterefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-noteref"]');
1696      for (var i=0; i<noterefs.length; i++) {
1697        const ref = noterefs[i];
1698        tippyHover(ref, function() {
1699          // use id or data attribute instead here
1700          let href = ref.getAttribute('data-footnote-href') || ref.getAttribute('href');
1701          try { href = new URL(href).hash; } catch {}
1702          const id = href.replace(/^#\/?/, "");
1703          const note = window.document.getElementById(id);
1704          if (note) {
1705            return note.innerHTML;
1706          } else {
1707            return "";
1708          }
1709        });
1710      }
1711          let selectedAnnoteEl;
1712          const selectorForAnnotation = ( cell, annotation) => {
1713            let cellAttr = 'data-code-cell="' + cell + '"';
1714            let lineAttr = 'data-code-annotation="' +  annotation + '"';
1715            const selector = 'span[' + cellAttr + '][' + lineAttr + ']';
1716            return selector;
1717          }
1718          const selectCodeLines = (annoteEl) => {
1719            const doc = window.document;
1720            const targetCell = annoteEl.getAttribute("data-target-cell");
1721            const targetAnnotation = annoteEl.getAttribute("data-target-annotation");
1722            const annoteSpan = window.document.querySelector(selectorForAnnotation(targetCell, targetAnnotation));
1723            const lines = annoteSpan.getAttribute("data-code-lines").split(",");
1724            const lineIds = lines.map((line) => {
1725              return targetCell + "-" + line;
1726            })
1727            let top = null;
1728            let height = null;
1729            let parent = null;
1730            if (lineIds.length > 0) {
1731                //compute the position of the single el (top and bottom and make a div)
1732                const el = window.document.getElementById(lineIds[0]);
1733                top = el.offsetTop;
1734                height = el.offsetHeight;
1735                parent = el.parentElement.parentElement;
1736              if (lineIds.length > 1) {
1737                const lastEl = window.document.getElementById(lineIds[lineIds.length - 1]);
1738                const bottom = lastEl.offsetTop + lastEl.offsetHeight;
1739                height = bottom - top;
1740              }
1741              if (top !== null && height !== null && parent !== null) {
1742                // cook up a div (if necessary) and position it 
1743                let div = window.document.getElementById("code-annotation-line-highlight");
1744                if (div === null) {
1745                  div = window.document.createElement("div");
1746                  div.setAttribute("id", "code-annotation-line-highlight");
1747                  div.style.position = 'absolute';
1748                  parent.appendChild(div);
1749                }
1750                div.style.top = top - 2 + "px";
1751                div.style.height = height + 4 + "px";
1752                div.style.left = 0;
1753                let gutterDiv = window.document.getElementById("code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter");
1754                if (gutterDiv === null) {
1755                  gutterDiv = window.document.createElement("div");
1756                  gutterDiv.setAttribute("id", "code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter");
1757                  gutterDiv.style.position = 'absolute';
1758                  const codeCell = window.document.getElementById(targetCell);
1759                  const gutter = codeCell.querySelector('.code-annotation-gutter');
1760                  gutter.appendChild(gutterDiv);
1761                }
1762                gutterDiv.style.top = top - 2 + "px";
1763                gutterDiv.style.height = height + 4 + "px";
1764              }
1765              selectedAnnoteEl = annoteEl;
1766            }
1767          };
1768          const unselectCodeLines = () => {
1769            const elementsIds = ["code-annotation-line-highlight", "code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter"];
1770            elementsIds.forEach((elId) => {
1771              const div = window.document.getElementById(elId);
1772              if (div) {
1773                div.remove();
1774              }
1775            });
1776            selectedAnnoteEl = undefined;
1777          };
1778            // Handle positioning of the toggle
1779        window.addEventListener(
1780          "resize",
1781          throttle(() => {
1782            elRect = undefined;
1783            if (selectedAnnoteEl) {
1784              selectCodeLines(selectedAnnoteEl);
1785            }
1786          }, 10)
1787        );
1788        function throttle(fn, ms) {
1789        let throttle = false;
1790        let timer;
1791          return (...args) => {
1792            if(!throttle) { // first call gets through
1793                fn.apply(this, args);
1794                throttle = true;
1795            } else { // all the others get throttled
1796                if(timer) clearTimeout(timer); // cancel #2
1797                timer = setTimeout(() => {
1798                  fn.apply(this, args);
1799                  timer = throttle = false;
1800                }, ms);
1801            }
1802          };
1803        }
1804          const annoteTargets = window.document.querySelectorAll('.code-annotation-anchor');
1805          for (let i=0; i<annoteTargets.length; i++) {
1806            const annoteTarget = annoteTargets[i];
1807            const targetCell = annoteTarget.getAttribute("data-target-cell");
1808            const targetAnnotation = annoteTarget.getAttribute("data-target-annotation");
1809            const contentFn = () => {
1810              const content = window.document.querySelector(selectorForAnnotation(targetCell, targetAnnotation));
1811              if (content) {
1812                const tipContent = content.cloneNode(true);
1813                tipContent.classList.add("code-annotation-tip-content");
1814                return tipContent.outerHTML;
1815              }
1816            }
1817            const config = {
1818              allowHTML: true,
1819              content: contentFn,
1820              onShow: (instance) => {
1821                selectCodeLines(instance.reference);
1822                instance.reference.classList.add('code-annotation-active');
1823                window.tippy.hideAll();
1824              },
1825              onHide: (instance) => {
1826                unselectCodeLines();
1827                instance.reference.classList.remove('code-annotation-active');
1828              },
1829              maxWidth: 300,
1830              delay: [50, 0],
1831              duration: [200, 0],
1832              offset: [5, 10],
1833              arrow: true,
1834              trigger: 'click',
1835              appendTo: function(el) {
1836                return el.parentElement.parentElement.parentElement;
1837              },
1838              interactive: true,
1839              interactiveBorder: 10,
1840              theme: 'light-border',
1841              placement: 'right',
1842              positionFixed: true,
1843              popperOptions: {
1844                modifiers: [
1845                {
1846                  name: 'flip',
1847                  options: {
1848                    flipVariations: false, // true by default
1849                    allowedAutoPlacements: ['right'],
1850                    fallbackPlacements: ['right', 'top', 'top-start', 'top-end', 'bottom', 'bottom-start', 'bottom-end', 'left'],
1851                  },
1852                },
1853                {
1854                  name: 'preventOverflow',
1855                  options: {
1856                    mainAxis: false,
1857                    altAxis: false
1858                  }
1859                }
1860                ]        
1861              }      
1862            };
1863            window.tippy(annoteTarget, config); 
1864          }
1865      const findCites = (el) => {
1866        const parentEl = el.parentElement;
1867        if (parentEl) {
1868          const cites = parentEl.dataset.cites;
1869          if (cites) {
1870            return {
1871              el,
1872              cites: cites.split(' ')
1873            };
1874          } else {
1875            return findCites(el.parentElement)
1876          }
1877        } else {
1878          return undefined;
1879        }
1880      };
1881      var bibliorefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-biblioref"]');
1882      for (var i=0; i<bibliorefs.length; i++) {
1883        const ref = bibliorefs[i];
1884        const citeInfo = findCites(ref);
1885        if (citeInfo) {
1886          tippyHover(citeInfo.el, function() {
1887            var popup = window.document.createElement('div');
1888            citeInfo.cites.forEach(function(cite) {
1889              var citeDiv = window.document.createElement('div');
1890              citeDiv.classList.add('hanging-indent');
1891              citeDiv.classList.add('csl-entry');
1892              var biblioDiv = window.document.getElementById('ref-' + cite);
1893              if (biblioDiv) {
1894                citeDiv.innerHTML = biblioDiv.innerHTML;
1895              }
1896              popup.appendChild(citeDiv);
1897            });
1898            return popup.innerHTML;
1899          });
1900        }
1901      }
1902    });
1903    </script>
1903
1904    
1904<script>var lightboxQuarto = GLightbox({"closeEffect":"zoom","loop":false,"descPosition":"bottom","openEffect":"zoom","selector":".lightbox"});
1905    (function() {
1906      let previousOnload = window.onload;
1907      window.onload = () => {
1908        if (previousOnload) {
1909          previousOnload();
1910        }
1911        lightboxQuarto.on('slide_before_load', (data) => {
1912          const { slideIndex, slideNode, slideConfig, player, trigger } = data;
1913          const href = trigger.getAttribute('href');
1914          if (href !== null) {
1915            const imgEl = window.document.querySelector(`a[href="${href}"] img`);
1916            if (imgEl !== null) {
1917              const srcAttr = imgEl.getAttribute("src");
1918              if (srcAttr && srcAttr.startsWith("data:")) {
1919                slideConfig.href = srcAttr;
1920              }
1921            }
1922          } 
1923        });
1924      
1925        lightboxQuarto.on('slide_after_load', (data) => {
1926          const { slideIndex, slideNode, slideConfig, player, trigger } = data;
1927          if (window.Quarto?.typesetMath) {
1928            window.Quarto.typesetMath(slideNode);
1929          }
1930        });
1931      
1932      };
1933      
1934    })();
1935              </script>
1935
1936    
1937
1938</body></html>

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.