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18  <meta name="author" content="Sakeef M. Karim  Amherst College     ASSIMILATION, IMMIGRATION AND CULTURAL CHANGE">
19  <title>Week 11 Asian Immigrants in America</title>
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369<section id="title-slide" class="quarto-title-block center">
370  <h1 class="title"><p><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Week 11</span><br>
371Asian Immigrants in America</p></h1>
372  <p class="subtitle"><span style="color:#9c9c9c;">SOCI 231</span></p>
373
374<div class="quarto-title-authors">
375<div class="quarto-title-author">
376<div class="quarto-title-author-name">
377Sakeef M. Karim <br><span style="font-size: 80%; color:#9c9c9c;"><em>Amherst College</em></span><br><br><a href="https://www.sakeefkarim.com"><svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewbox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#5d3c85;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M352 256c0 22.2-1.2 43.6-3.3 64H163.3c-2.2-20.4-3.3-41.8-3.3-64s1.2-43.6 3.3-64H348.7c2.2 20.4 3.3 41.8 3.3 64zm28.8-64H503.9c5.3 20.5 8.1 41.9 8.1 64s-2.8 43.5-8.1 64H380.8c2.1-20.6 3.2-42 3.2-64s-1.1-43.4-3.2-64zm112.6-32H376.7c-10-63.9-29.8-117.4-55.3-151.6c78.3 20.7 142 77.5 171.9 151.6zm-149.1 0H167.7c6.1-36.4 15.5-68.6 27-94.7c10.5-23.6 22.2-40.7 33.5-51.5C239.4 3.2 248.7 0 256 0s16.6 3.2 27.8 13.8c11.3 10.8 23 27.9 33.5 51.5c11.6 26 20.9 58.2 27 94.7zm-209 0H18.6C48.6 85.9 112.2 29.1 190.6 8.4C165.1 42.6 145.3 96.1 135.3 160zM8.1 192H131.2c-2.1 20.6-3.2 42-3.2 64s1.1 43.4 3.2 64H8.1C2.8 299.5 0 278.1 0 256s2.8-43.5 8.1-64zM194.7 446.6c-11.6-26-20.9-58.2-27-94.6H344.3c-6.1 36.4-15.5 68.6-27 94.6c-10.5 23.6-22.2 40.7-33.5 51.5C272.6 508.8 263.3 512 256 512s-16.6-3.2-27.8-13.8c-11.3-10.8-23-27.9-33.5-51.5zM135.3 352c10 63.9 29.8 117.4 55.3 151.6C112.2 482.9 48.6 426.1 18.6 352H135.3zm358.1 0c-30 74.1-93.6 130.9-171.9 151.6c25.5-34.2 45.2-87.7 55.3-151.6H493.4z"></path></svg></a> <a href="mailto:[email protected]"><svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewbox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#5d3c85;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M48 64C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112c0 15.1 7.1 29.3 19.2 38.4L236.8 313.6c11.4 8.5 27 8.5 38.4 0L492.8 150.4c12.1-9.1 19.2-23.3 19.2-38.4c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48zM0 176V384c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V176L294.4 339.2c-22.8 17.1-54 17.1-76.8 0L0 176z"></path></svg></a> <br> <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color:#9c9c9c;">ASSIMILATION, IMMIGRATION AND CULTURAL CHANGE</span> 
378</div>
379</div>
380</div>
381
382</section>
383<section>
384<section id="lecture-i-november-13th" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
385<h1>Lecture I: November 13<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span></h1>
386
387</section>
388<section id="reminders-and-updates" class="slide level2">
389<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2>
390<p><br></p>
391<div class="callout callout-important callout-titled callout-style-default">
392<div class="callout-body">
393<div class="callout-title">
394<div class="callout-icon-container">
395<i class="callout-icon"></i>
396</div>
397<p><strong>Response Memo Deadline</strong></p>
398</div>
399<div class="callout-content">
400<div style="text-align: center;">
401<p>Your eighth response memo—which <em>has</em> to be between <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>250-400</strong></span> words and posted on our <a href="https://moodle.amherst.edu/mod/forum/view.php?id=891035" class="external" target="_blank">Moodle Discussion Board</a>—is due by 8:00 PM <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;">today</span> …</p>
402<div class="fragment">
403<p><span style="color: white; font-size: 110%; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>Unless</em></strong></span> …</p>
404</div>
405<div class="fragment">
406<p>… you attend the inaugural <a href="https://www.amherst.edu/news/events/calendar/node/917640" class="external" target="_blank">Cummings Lecture</a> tonight.</p>
407</div>
408</div>
409</div>
410</div>
411</div>
412</section>
413<section id="reminders-and-updates-1" class="slide level2">
414<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2>
415<h4 id="the-cummings-lecture"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">The Cummings Lecture</span></h4>
416<div class="centre-aligned-div">
417<div class="fragment">
418<p>Title</p>
419<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>Place, Polarization, and the Future of America’s Political Divisions</em></strong></span></p>
420</div>
421<div class="fragment">
422<p>Abstract</p>
423<details>
424<summary class="custom-box">
425<span style="font-size:85%;">Click to Expand or Close</span>
426</summary>
427<div style="text-align: left;">
428<p><span style="color: #9c9c9c; font-size:80%;"><strong>Note</strong>: Scroll <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewbox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;width:0.75em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#5d3c85;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M169.4 470.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L224 370.8 224 64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32l0 306.7L54.6 265.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l160 160z"></path></svg> to read entire abstract.</span></p>
429<div class="quote-block">
430<p><span style="font-size:85%;">How does place shape America’s polarized politics? Decades of political-economic transformations have reshaped both the kinds of people and the kinds of places that give their support to the <span style="color: white; background-color: #00AEF3; padding: 1px 5px;">Democratic</span> and <span style="color: white; background-color: #E81B23; padding: 1px 5px;">Republican</span> Parties, hardening political boundaries along lines of race, class, religion, and context. Working-class, ex-urban, and industrial 
430communities that were once the bedrock of the <span style="color: white; background-color: #00AEF3; padding: 1px 5px;">Democratic Party</span> are now the sites of greatest contestation every election cycle, while the affluent suburbs that once fomented conservative activism in the 1950s and 60s are the sites of greatest growth for the <span style="color: white; background-color: #00AEF3; padding: 1px 5px;">Democratic Party</span>. In this talk, sociologist <a href="https://stephanieternullo.com/" class="external" target="_blank">Stephanie Ternullo</a> (Harvard University) will consider the historical causes and contemporary consequences of these shifts in political geography, and the challenges they present for political representation in American elections, including the <a href="https://ig.ft.com/us-elections/2024/results/president/?seat_id=P-NV-00" data-preview-link="true">November 5<span style="font-size: 70%;"><sup>th</sup></span> presidential election</a>.</span></p>
431</div>
432</div>
433</details>
434</div>
435<div class="fragment">
436<p>Date and Time</p>
437<p><a href="https://www.amherst.edu/mm_calendar_ical/917640/event.ics" class="noicons"><i class="fa-solid fa-clock" aria-label="clock"></i> &nbsp; November 13<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span> — 4:30 PM to 6:00 PM</a></p>
438</div>
439<div class="fragment">
440<p>Location</p>
441<p><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d5895.306868906522!2d-72.52020499999999!3d42.3712246!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x89e6cdf87418b433%3A0xeb2f42e1dc01a62f!2s197%20S%20Pleasant%20St%2C%20Amherst%2C%20MA%2001002!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sus!4v1731186575957!5m2!1sen!2sus" data-preview-link="true"><i class="fa-solid fa-location-dot" aria-label="location-dot"></i> &nbsp; CHI Think Tank (101) at the Lyceum</a></p>
442</div>
443</div>
444</section>
445<section id="reminders-and-updates-2" class="slide level2">
446<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2>
447<div class="shrinker">
448<div style="text-align: center;">
449<p>Dr.&nbsp;Stephanie Ternullo will join SOCI 229 at 2:45 PM. Feel free to join us, too.</p>
450<p align="center">
451<iframe class="iframe" src="https://stephanieternullo.com/" height="500" width="500" style="border: 1px solid #2e3846;">
452</iframe>
453</p>
454</div>
455<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%; margin-top:-40px">
456<p><a href="https://stephanieternullo.com/" data-preview-link="true">Full Page</a></p>
457</div>
458</div>
459</section>
460<section id="reminders-and-updates-3" class="slide level2">
461<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2>
462<h4 id="final-paper-proposal"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Final Paper Proposal</span></h4>
463<div class="callout callout-important callout-titled callout-style-default">
464<div class="callout-body">
465<div class="callout-title">
466<div class="callout-icon-container">
467<i class="callout-icon"></i>
468</div>
469<p><strong>Final Paper Proposal Deadline</strong></p>
470</div>
471<div class="callout-content">
472<div style="text-align: center;">
473<p>Your final paper proposals are due by <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 13px 5px;">8:00 PM on Friday, November 22<sup>nd</sup></span>.</p>
474</div>
475</div>
476</div>
477</div>
478</section>
479<section id="reminders-and-updates-4" class="slide level2">
480<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2>
481<h4 id="final-paper-proposal-1"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Final Paper Proposal</span></h4>
482<div class="augmenter">
483<div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 120px;">
484<p>Guidelines for the final paper proposal can be found <a href="https://soci231.netlify.app/#finalpaperproposal" data-preview-link="true">here</a>.</p>
485</div>
486</div>
487</section>
488<section id="reminders-and-updates-5" class="slide level2">
489<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2>
490<h4 id="final-paper-proposal-2"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Final Paper Proposal</span></h4>
491<div class="augmenter">
492<div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 120px;">
493<p>To submit your final paper proposal, click <a href="https://moodle.amherst.edu/mod/assign/view.php?id=899578" class="external" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
494</div>
495</div>
496</section></section>
497<section>
498<section id="racialized-assimilation-of-asian-americans-jennifer-c.-lee-and-samuel-kye" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
499<h1><em>Racialized Assimilation of<br>Asian Americans</em> —<br>Jennifer C. Lee and Samuel Kye</h1>
500
501</section>
502<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation" class="slide level2">
503<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2>
504<h4 id="first-some-context-from-the-pew-research-center"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">First, Some Context from the Pew Research Center</span></h4>
505<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
506
507</div>
508<div class="elegant-quote">
509<p>Asian Americans recorded <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">the fastest population growth rate among all racial and ethnic groups in the United States between 2000 and 2019</span>. The Asian population in the U.S. grew 81% during that span, from roughly 10.5 million to a record 18.9 million.</p>
510<p><span class="citation" data-cites="abby_budiman_asian_2021">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Budiman and Ruiz 2021</a>
510, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
511</div>
512</section>
513<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-1" class="slide level2">
514<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2>
515
516<img data-src="./media/asian_immigrants.svg" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center r-stretch"></section>
517<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-2" class="slide level2">
518<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2>
519
520<img data-src="./media/asian_immigrants_t3.svg" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center r-stretch"></section>
521<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-3" class="slide level2">
522<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2>
523<h4 id="more-context-from-the-pew-research-center"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">More Context from the Pew Research Center</span></h4>
524<div style="margin-top: 20px;">
525
526</div>
527<p align="left">
528<iframe class="iframe" src="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/04/29/key-facts-about-asian-americans/" height="500" width="1040" style="border: 1px solid #2e3846;">
529</iframe>
530</p>
531<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%; margin-top:-40px">
532<p><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/04/29/key-facts-about-asian-americans/" data-preview-link="true">Full Page</a></p>
533</div>
534</section>
535<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-4" class="slide level2">
536<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2>
537<div class="center-text">
538<div class="augmenter">
539<p>The story of Asian American assimilation has been<br>framed in relatively sanguine terms.</p>
540</div>
541</div>
542</section>
543<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-5" class="slide level2">
544<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2>
545<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
546
547</div>
548<div class="elegant-quote">
549<div class="shrinker-plus">
550<p>[M]any scholars have consistently viewed the social standing of Asian Americans with remarkable optimism. <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asian Americans have been viewed as the flag bearers of new assimilation theory, achieving trajectories considered most proximate to the assimilation of European groups in the past</span> <span class="citation" data-cites="alba_remaking_2003">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Alba and Nee 2003</a>)</span>. Additionally, they have been viewed as key beneficiaries of America’s ever-increasing diversity due to the continuing erosion of some racial boundaries during the twenty-first century. Rather than being relegated as racialized minorities, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asian Americans appear to be approaching “near white” status</span> as continued acculturation and contact facilitate successful incorporation into American society.</p>
551<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 254</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
552</div>
553</div>
554</section>
555<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-6" class="slide level2">
556<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2>
557<div style="margin-top: 30px; text-align: center; font-size: 105%;">
558<p>There <em>is</em> some empirical basis to these claims. Consider Asian Americans’—</p>
559<div>
560<ul>
561<li class="fragment"><p>Relatively low levels of <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>bilingualism</em></span>—and marked predilections for English—by the second generation.</p></li>
562<li class="fragment"><p>High levels of <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>educational</em></span> and <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>occupational</em></span> attainment.</p></li>
563<li class="fragment"><p>High rates of <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>intermarriage</em></span> with white Americans.</p></li>
564</ul>
565</div>
566<div class="fragment">
567<p>Together, these patterns appear to signal the <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>declining significance</em></strong></span> of race and ethnicity in shaping the life outcomes of Asians in America.</p>
568</div>
569</div>
570</section>
571<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-7" class="slide level2">
572<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2>
573<div class="center-text">
574<div class="augmenter">
575<p>Yet, a growing literature “… challenges the idea of Asian American assim
575ilation and increasing parity with whites and continues to emphasize <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">the racialization of Asian Americans as<br>model minorities and perpetual foreigners</span>.”<br><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 254</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
576</div>
577</div>
578</section>
579<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-8" class="slide level2">
580<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2>
581<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
582
583</div>
584<div class="elegant-quote">
585<p>This research is more critical, contending that <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">the average socioeconomic success of Asian Americans is exaggerated and masks the wide variation in educational and occupational outcomes among different Asian ethnic groups</span> … Moreover, the success stories of select Asian groups are not simply due to individual efforts rewarded by a system free of racial inequality, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">but are in large part a result of American immigration policies that have targeted highly skilled professionals since the 1960s</span>.</p>
586<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 254–55</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
587</div>
588</section>
589<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-9" class="slide level2">
590<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2>
591<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
592
593</div>
594<div class="elegant-quote">
595<div class="shrinker-plus">
596<p>[T]he persistent image of Asians as a model minority <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">obscures the continuing racial subordination of and discrimination against Asian Americans</span> … Despite Asian Americans’ perceived socioeconomic success, studies in multiple disciplines have provided evidence that the Asian American population … <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">is perceived as not fully American, a category that is often saved for those of European descent</span> … Often as a result of this perpetual foreigner stereotype, Asians, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">no matter how long they have been in the United States, are perceived as unassimilable and in many cases their loyalty to the United States is questioned</span>.</p>
597<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 255</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
598</div>
599</div>
600</section>
601<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-10" class="slide level2 nostretch">
602<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2>
603<h4 id="preliminary-insights-from-okura-and-karim"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Preliminary Insights from Okura and Karim</span></h4>
604<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
605<figure>
606<p><a href="./media/all_grid_classes.png" class="lightbox" data-gallery="quarto-lightbox-gallery-1"><img data-src="./media/all_grid_classes.png" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center" style="width:55.0%"></a></p>
607</figure>
608</div>
609<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 45%; margin-top: -45px; color: #a9a9a9;">
610<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><em>Click Image to Expand</em></span></p>
611</div>
612</section></section>
613<section>
614<section id="socioeconomic-attainment" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
615<h1>Socioeconomic Attainment</h1>
616
617</section>
618<section id="the-role-of-nativity" class="slide level2">
619<h2>The Role of Nativity</h2>
620<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
621
622</div>
623<div class="elegant-quote">
624<p>As Sakamoto et al. <span class="citation" data-cites="sakamoto_socioeconomic_2009">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2009</a>)</span> convincingly argue, the assessment of Asian Americans’ socioeconomic attainment depends critically on the distinction between immigrant and native-born groups. <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Findings from this literature consistently show that, for the most part, any significant Asian American disadvantage persists only for foreign-born and foreign-educated workers, ultimately suggesting the achievement of labor market parity for native-born and US-educated Asian Americans</span>.</p>
625<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 256</a>
625, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
626</div>
627</section>
628<section id="nonminority-minorities" class="slide level2">
629<h2>Nonminority Minorities?</h2>
630<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
631
632</div>
633<div class="elegant-quote">
634<p>These findings suggest that <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asian Americans pose an exception to the majority/minority paradigm —that is, the perspective that whites, as the dominant group, will have higher SES than minority groups</span> … Indeed, having achieved socioeconomic parity with whites, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asian Americans may perhaps be better understood as a “nonminority minority,”</span> or a minority group whose high levels of achievement and accomplishment in the labor market should be acknowledged as characteristics worthy of further study in their own right.</p>
635<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 256</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
636</div>
637</section>
638<section id="within-group-dispersion-and-inequality" class="slide level2">
639<h2>Within-Group Dispersion and Inequality</h2>
640<div class="center-text">
641<div class="augmenter">
642<p>This aggregate statistical portrait masks<br><span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>significant</em></span> within-group disparities.</p>
643</div>
644</div>
645</section></section>
646<section>
647<section id="group-discussion-i" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
648<h1>Group Discussion I</h1>
649
650</section>
651<section id="ses-cleavages-among-asian-americans" class="slide level2">
652<h2>SES Cleavages Among Asian Americans</h2>
653<div class="center-text">
654<div class="augmenter">
655<p>In groups of 2-3, discuss how Lee and Kye <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2016</a>)</span> summarize or map <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>socioeconomic heterogeneity</em></strong></span> among Asian Americans—and how they connect their synthesis to <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>boundary dynamics</em></span>.</p>
656</div>
657</div>
658</section></section>
659<section>
660<section id="interracial-and-interethnic-relationships-among-asians" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
661<h1>Interracial and Interethnic Relationships Among Asians</h1>
662
663</section>
664<section id="intermarriage-and-assimilation" class="slide level2">
665<h2>Intermarriage and Assimilation</h2>
666<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
667
668</div>
669<div class="elegant-quote">
670<div class="shrinker">
671<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asian Americans have among the highest rates of interracial marriage in the United States</span>. According to the Pew Research Center’s report on newlyweds in 2010, 28% of Asians in the United States married someone of a different race, compared to 9% of whites, 17% of blacks, and 26% of Hispanics … <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">The high rate of intermarriage among Asians, and particularly between Asians and whites, is seen as a signal of the breakdown or blurring of ethnic boundaries and is interpreted as evidence of the assimilation of Asian Americans</span>. When examining trends in intermarriage rates over time, however, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">scholars have found that the rate of interracial marriage among Asian Americans has actually decreased in the past decade, particularly among foreign-born Asians</span>.</p>
672<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 257</a>
672, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
673</div>
674</div>
675</section>
676<section id="intermarriage-and-assimilation-1" class="slide level2">
677<h2>Intermarriage and Assimilation</h2>
678<h4 id="more-recent-data-from-the-pew-research-center"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">More Recent Data From the Pew Research Center</span></h4>
679<div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 30px;">
680<p align="center">
681<iframe class="iframe" src="https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2017/05/Intermarriage-May-2017-Full-Report.pdf" height="450" width="500" style="border: 1px solid #2e3846;">
682</iframe>
683</p>
684</div>
685<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%; margin-top:-42px">
686<p><a href="https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2017/05/Intermarriage-May-2017-Full-Report.pdf" data-preview-link="true">Access <i class="fa-solid fa-file-pdf" aria-label="file-pdf"></i></a></p>
687</div>
688</section>
689<section id="intermarriage-and-assimilation-2" class="slide level2">
690<h2>Intermarriage and Assimilation</h2>
691<div class="center-text">
692<div class="augmenter">
693<details>
694<summary class="custom-box">
695A Question
696</summary>
697<span style="font-size:85%;">Why do you think Asian intermarriage rates have declined?</span>
698</details>
699</div>
700</div>
701</section>
702<section id="intermarriage-and-assimilation-3" class="slide level2">
703<h2>Intermarriage and Assimilation</h2>
704<div class="center-text">
705<div class="augmenter">
706<p>Still, Asian American intermarriage rates<br>remain <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>comparatively</em></span> high.</p>
707</div>
708</div>
709</section>
710<section id="intermarriage-and-assimilation-4" class="slide level2">
711<h2>Intermarriage and Assimilation</h2>
712<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
713
714</div>
715<div class="elegant-quote">
716<div class="shrinker">
717<p>[T]he evidence provided in most studies of predictors of intermarriage exhibits strong undertones of assimilation into, and parity with, the US mainstream. <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asian intermarriage is related to subprocesses of acculturation; English proficiency, years in the United States, and generational status have all been shown to increase intermarriage rates</span> … Assimilation theories also explain differences in intermarriage by ethnic groups, which are highest for long-established Japanese groups … <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Additionally, studies of individuals’ marital preferences indicate decreasing social distance between Asians and whites</span>.</p>
718<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 257</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
719</div>
720</div>
721</section>
722<section id="intermarriage-and-assimilation-5" class="slide level2">
723<h2>Intermarriage and Assimilation</h2>
724<div class="center-text">
725<div class="augmenter">
726<p>However, as Lee and Kye <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2016</a>)</span> explain, “[s]ome scholars suggest that despite high levels of intermarriage, marriage patterns still reflect distinct racial boundaries and a racial hierarchy in which<br>whites are the dominant group.”</p>
727</div>
728</div>
729</section>
730<section id="intermarriage-and-assimilation-6" class="slide level2">
731<h2>Intermarriage and Assimilation</h2>
732<div style="margin-top: 10px;">
733
734</div>
735<p>Lee and Kye <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2016</a>)</span> identify five reasons why marriage trends among Asian Americans reflect a <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>racialized</em></strong></span> and highly contingent assimilation pattern—</p>
736<div>
737<ul>
738<li class="fragment"><p>Intermarriage rates lag behind those of European immigrants.</p></li>
739<li class="fragment"><p>Uneven or insignificant associations linking socioeconomic and educational attainment to intermarriage among Asians in America.</p></li>
740<li class="fragment"><p>Asians who intermarry sometimes evince a devaluation of <em>potential</em> Asian partners—and a valorization of whiteness. Conversely, endogamous relationships among Asians in the U.S. often stem from shared experiences of exclusion.</p></li>
741<li class="fragment"><p>Intermarriage among U.S. Asians is deeply gendered.</p></li>
742<li class="fragment"><p>Ethnic intermarrige is increasingly common <em>among</em> Asians in the U.S.</p></li>
743</ul>
744</div>
745</section></section>
746<section>
747<section id="residential-outcomes" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
748<h1>Residential Outcomes</h1>
749
750</section>
751<section id="embeddedness-in-integrated-neighbourhoods" class="slide level2">
752<h2>Embeddedness in Integrated Neighbourhoods</h2>
753<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
754
755</div>
756<div class="elegant-quote">
757<p>[M]ost research indicates that <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asians remain the least segregated of the major racial/ethnic groups, with segregation levels remaining stable or slightly increasing since 1980</span> … In general, researchers have largely explained these trends through the framework of the classic spatial assimilation model, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">which predicts increased integration and suburbanization for immigrant groups with socioeconomic and acculturation gains</span>.</p>
758<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 259</a>
758, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
759</div>
760</section>
761<section id="embeddedness-in-integrated-neighbourhoods-1" class="slide level2">
762<h2>Embeddedness in Integrated Neighbourhoods</h2>
763<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
764
765</div>
766<div class="elegant-quote">
767<div class="shrinker-plus">
768<p>Accordingly, for these groups, and especially for Asian residents, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">research has shown a strong connection of the residential outcomes of integration and suburban residency with income, educational attainment, labor market status, and home ownership</span>… Upwardly mobile Asian Americans have also <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">successfully attained residence in suburban neighborhoods with racial compositions that are comparable to those of white middle-class neighborhoods, a pattern that is absent for middle-class black residents</span> … Collectively, the established role of social mobility and continued acculturation of Asian Americans in furthering residential gains has proven to be <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">an example of the classic spatial assimilation model, and of assimilation theory more generally</span> <span class="citation" data-cites="alba_remaking_2003">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Alba and Nee 2003</a>)</span>.</p>
769<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 259–60</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
770</div>
771</div>
772</section>
773<section id="embeddedness-in-integrated-neighbourhoods-2" class="slide level2">
774<h2>Embeddedness in Integrated Neighbourhoods</h2>
775<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
776
777</div>
778<div class="elegant-quote">
779<div class="shrinker-plus">
780<p>Having successfully leveraged class and status gains into residence in quality suburban neighborhoods—and with Asian immigrants increasingly bypassing urban enclaves altogether—<span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asian Americans appear to have taken a key step toward entering the US mainstream</span> … Thus, although a limited number of enclaves may persist, Asian Americans ultimately appear poised to complete trajectories of structural assimilation, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">as residence alongside majority groups creates further opportunities for interaction and familiarity with US culture and society</span>.</p>
781<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 260</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
782</div>
783</div>
784</section>
785<section id="embeddedness-in-integrated-neighbourhoods-3" class="slide level2">
786<h2>Embeddedness in Integrated Neighbourhoods</h2>
787<h4 id="some-caveats"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Some Caveats</span></h4>
788<div style="margin-top: 15px;">
789
790</div>
791<p>The spatial assimilation of Asians in America may not map onto received wisdom. Lee and Kye <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2016</a>)</span> point to a few reasons why—</p>
792<div>
793<ul>
794<li class="fragment"><p>Diminishing associations between <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>suburbanization</em></span> and <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>acculturation</em></span>.</p></li>
795<li class="fragment"><p>In some instances, an inversion of associations linking <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>socioeconomic status</em></span> to <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>white integration</em></span>.</p></li>
796<li class="fragment"><p>The emergence of Asian <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>ethnoburbs</em></span>.</p></li>
797<li class="fragment"><p>Meaningful variation <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>among</em></span> heterogeneous ethnonational communities classified as “Asian” in the U.S.</p></li>
798</ul>
799</div>
800</section></section>
801<section>
802<section id="group-exercise-i" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
803<h1>Group Exercise I</h1>
804
805</section>
806<section id="politics-and-mental-health" class="slide level2">
807<h2>Politics and Mental Health</h2>
808<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
809
810</div>
811<div class="augmenter">
812<div style="text-align: left;">
813<div class="fragment">
814<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>Group 1</strong></span></p>
815<p>Discuss the <em>political participation</em> of Asians in America. Does the “SES resource theory” help explain participation rates? Why or why not?</p>
816</div>
817<div class="fragment">
818<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>Group 2</strong></span></p>
819<p>Do Asian Americans have “good mental health” on balance? Why or why not? Relatedly, is there a “SES gradient” associated with mental health among Asians in America?</p>
820</div>
821</div>
822</div>
823</section></section>
824<section>
825<section id="lecture-ii-november-18th" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
826<h1>Lecture II: November 18<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span></h1>
827
828</section>
829<section id="reminders-and-updates-6" class="slide level2">
830<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2>
831<p><br></p>
832<div class="callout callout-important callout-titled callout-style-default">
833<div class="callout-body">
834<div class="callout-title">
835<div class="callout-icon-container">
836<i class="callout-icon"></i>
837</div>
838<p><strong>Response Memo Deadline</strong></p>
839</div>
840<div class="callout-content">
841<div style="text-align: center;">
842<p>Your ninth response memo—which <em>has</em> to be between <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>250-400</strong></span> words and posted on our <a href="https://moodle.amherst.edu/mod/forum/view.php?id=891035" class="external" target="_blank">Moodle Discussion Board</a>—is due by 8:00 PM on <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;">Wednesday</span>.</p>
843</div>
844</div>
845</div>
846</div>
847</section>
848<section id="reminders-and-updates-7" class="slide level2">
849<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2>
850<h4 id="final-paper-proposal-3"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Final Paper Proposal</span></h4>
851<div class="callout callout-important callout-titled callout-style-default">
852<div class="callout-body">
853<div class="callout-title">
854<div class="callout-icon-container">
855<i class="callout-icon"></i>
856</div>
857<p><strong>Final Paper Proposal Deadline</strong></p>
858</div>
859<div class="callout-content">
860<div style="text-align: center;">
861<p>Your final paper proposals are due by <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 13px 5px;">
8618:00 PM on Friday, November 22<sup>nd</sup></span>.</p>
862</div>
863</div>
864</div>
865</div>
866</section>
867<section id="reminders-and-updates-8" class="slide level2">
868<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2>
869<h4 id="final-paper-proposal-4"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Final Paper Proposal</span></h4>
870<div class="augmenter">
871<div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 120px;">
872<p>Guidelines for the final paper proposal can be found <a href="https://soci231.netlify.app/#finalpaperproposal" data-preview-link="true">here</a>.</p>
873</div>
874</div>
875</section>
876<section id="reminders-and-updates-9" class="slide level2">
877<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2>
878<h4 id="final-paper-proposal-5"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Final Paper Proposal</span></h4>
879<div class="augmenter">
880<div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 120px;">
881<p>To submit your final paper proposal, click <a href="https://moodle.amherst.edu/mod/assign/view.php?id=899578" class="external" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
882</div>
883</div>
884</section></section>
885<section>
886<section id="the-asian-american-assimilation-paradox-jennifer-c.-lee-and-dian-sheng" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
887<h1><em>The Asian American<br>Assimilation Paradox</em> —<br>Jennifer C. Lee and Dian Sheng</h1>
888
889</section>
890<section id="the-new-face-of-u.s.-immigration" class="slide level2">
891<h2>The New Face of U.S. Immigration</h2>
892<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
893
894</div>
895<div class="elegant-quote">
896<div class="shrinker-plus">
897<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Unlike other groups, including Hispanics, that are growing mainly through natural births, the U.S. Asian population is growing primarily through immigration</span> … China and India have long surpassed Mexico as the leading sources of new immigrants to the United States, and by 2055, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asians will surpass Hispanics as the largest immigrant group in the country</span> … Three in five Asians in the United States are immigrants – a figure that increases to four in five among adults – and nine in ten are either immigrants or the children of immigrants. <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">The new face of U.S. immigration is Asian, making the study of Asian Americans essential to theory and research on assimilation</span>.</p>
898<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Sheng 2024, 68–69</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
899</div>
900</div>
901</section>
902<section id="the-new-face-of-u.s.-immigration-1" class="slide level2">
903<h2>The New Face of U.S. Immigration</h2>
904<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
905
906</div>
907<div class="elegant-quote">
908<div class="shrinker-plus">
909<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Diversity is a hallmark of the U.S. Asian population</span> … Despite their diversity in origins, Asian Americans are, on average, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">the most highly educated, the highest earning, and the most likely to intermarry of all U.S. ethnoracial groups</span>. More than one-quarter are interracially married, and among the U.S.-born, the share is nearly double that … And at $101,481, their median household income surpasses that of non-Hispanic Whites ($77,999), Hispanics ($57,981), and Blacks ($48,297) … <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Based on normative measures, Asians have not only successfully assimilated into the American mainstream, but they are remaking it in the process</span> <span class="citation" data-cites="alba_remaking_2003">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Alba and Nee 2003</a>)</span>.</p>
910<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Sheng 2024, 69</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
911</div>
912</div>
913</section>
914<section id="the-new-face-of-u.s.-immigration-2" class="slide level2">
915<h2>The New Face of U.S. Immigration</h2>
916<div class="center-text">
917<div class="augmenter">
918<p>These figures would have been <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>unimaginable</em></span> just a century ago.</p>
919</div>
920</div>
921</section>
922<section id="the-new-face-of-u.s.-immigration-3" class="slide level2">
923<h2>The New Face of U.S. Immigration</h2>
924<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
925
926</div>
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1379
1380<table class="gt_table caption-top" data-quarto-postprocess="true" data-quarto-disable-processing="false" data-quarto-bootstrap="false">
1381<caption>Abridged Version of Table 3.1 from <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>Culling the Masses</em></strong></span><br> <span class="citation" data-cites="fitzgerald_culling_2014">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">FitzGerald and Cook-Martín 2014</a>)</span></caption>
1382<colgroup>
1383<col style="width: 50%">
1384<col style="width: 50%">
1385</colgroup>
1386<thead>
1387<tr class="header gt_col_headings">
1388<th id="Law" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" scope="col">Law</th>
1389<th id="Result" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" scope="col">Result</th>
1390</tr>
1391</thead>
1392<tbody class="gt_table_body">
1393<tr class="odd">
1394<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Law"><p>1908 Root-Takahira Agreement</p></td>
1395<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Result"><p>
1395“Gentlemen’s Agreement” restricts Japanese</p></td>
1396</tr>
1397<tr class="even">
1398<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Law"><p>1917 Immigration Act</p></td>
1399<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Result"><p>Creation of Asiatic Barred Zone and literacy tests</p></td>
1400</tr>
1401<tr class="odd">
1402<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Law"><p>1921 Emergency Quota Law</p></td>
1403<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Result"><p>Quota system favoring northwestern Europeans</p></td>
1404</tr>
1405<tr class="even">
1406<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Law"><p>1924 Immigration Act</p></td>
1407<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Result"><p>Quota system further favoring northwestern Europeans and banning aliens ineligible to citizenship</p></td>
1408</tr>
1409</tbody><tfoot class="gt_footnotes">
1410<tr class="odd">
1411<td colspan="2" class="gt_footnote"><p>Table is <em>abridged</em> and <em>slightly</em> modified. Text is largely the same (see p.&nbsp;86 of the source material).</p></td>
1412</tr>
1413</tfoot>
1414
1415</table>
1416
1417</div>
1418</div>
1419</div>
1420</section>
1421<section id="the-new-face-of-u.s.-immigration-4" class="slide level2">
1422<h2>The New Face of U.S. Immigration</h2>
1423<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
1424
1425</div>
1426<div class="elegant-quote">
1427<div class="shrinker-plus">
1428<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">The socioeconomic attainment of Asian Americans in the twenty-first century is remarkable in light of their racial status in the nineteenth</span>. Once deemed filthy, diseased, sub-human, and unassimilable, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asians were denied the rights of citizenship and endured a series of exclusion laws that choked immigration and the growth of the U.S. Asian population</span>. When the United States finally abolished national origins quotas with the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, it opened the door to a new wave of Asian immigrants. <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">By privileging the professionally skilled, the change in U.S. immigration law <em>legally engineered</em> a new stream of highly educated Asian immigrants into the United States, thereby elevating the racial status of Asian Americans from ‘unassimilable to exceptional.’</span></p>
1429<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Sheng 2024, 69</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
1430</div>
1431</div>
1432</section>
1433<section id="the-new-face-of-u.s.-immigration-5" class="slide level2">
1434<h2>The New Face of U.S. Immigration</h2>
1435<div class="center-text">
1436<div class="augmenter">
1437<p>Once again, we see the explanatory power<br>of <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>immigrant selectivity</em></span>.</p>
1438</div>
1439</div>
1440</section>
1441<section id="the-new-face-of-u.s.-immigration-6" class="slide level2">
1442<h2>The New Face of U.S. Immigration</h2>
1443<div style="margin-top: 40px;">
1444
1445</div>
1446<div class="elegant-quote">
1447<div class="shrinker-plus">
1448<p>Today, the majority of contemporary Asian immigrants are <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">doubly positively selected</span>, or what Lee and Zhou <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2015">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2015</a>)</span> describe as <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><em>hyper-selected</em>: they are not only more likely to be college-educated than their non-migrant counterparts from their countries of origin, but they are also more highly educated than the U.S. mean</span>. Their hyper-selectivity places them and their U.S.-born children at favourable starting points in the quest to get ahead … (<em>That being said</em>), <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">their racial mobility has not shielded them from the surge in anti-Asian violence and hate incidents that has touched one in six adults since the wake of COVID-19</span>.</p>
1449<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Sheng 2024, 69</a>
1449, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
1450</div>
1451</div>
1452</section>
1453<section id="an-assimilation-paradox" class="slide level2">
1454<h2>An Assimilation Paradox</h2>
1455<div class="center-text">
1456<div class="augmenter-mini">
1457<p>“Asian Americans’ racial mobility defies theories of racial disadvantage yet their experiences with xenophobia, racism, and anti-Asian violence <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">vex theories of assimilation — pointing to an <em>assimilation paradox</em></span>.”<br><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Sheng 2024, 70</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p>
1458</div>
1459</div>
1460</section>
1461<section id="an-assimilation-paradox-1" class="slide level2">
1462<h2>An Assimilation Paradox</h2>
1463<div style="margin-top: 35px;">
1464
1465</div>
1466<div class="augmenter-mini">
1467<p>In demystifying this paradox, Lee and Sheng <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2024</a>)</span> point to three key factors that have hampered research on Asian American assimilation —</p>
1468<div style="text-align: center;">
1469<div>
1470<ul>
1471<li class="fragment"><p>The <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>ahistorical</em></strong></span> treatment of immigration from Asia.</p></li>
1472<li class="fragment"><p>The <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>tautology</em></strong></span> of using educational capital acquired elsewhere to measure structural assimilation in the receiving society.</p></li>
1473<li class="fragment"><p>The reliance on <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>normative indicators</em></strong></span> to measure assimilation in lieu of individuals’ lived experiences or beliefs about the social world.</p></li>
1474</ul>
1475</div>
1476</div>
1477</div>
1478</section></section>
1479<section>
1480<section id="group-exercise-ii" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
1481<h1>Group Exercise II</h1>
1482
1483</section>
1484<section id="legacies-of-exclusion" class="slide level2">
1485<h2>Legacies of Exclusion</h2>
1486<div style="margin-top: 20px;">
1487
1488</div>
1489<div class="augmenter-mini">
1490<div style="text-align: left;">
1491<div class="fragment">
1492<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>Group 1</strong></span></p>
1493<p>Lee and Sheng <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2024</a>)</span> use two landmark Supreme Court decisions from the 1920s to illustrate the <em>longue durée</em> of Asian exclusion in America. Describe these cases in some detail. What do they reveal about the Asian American <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>assimilation paradox</em></span>?</p>
1494</div>
1495<div class="fragment">
1496<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>Group 2</strong></span></p>
1497<p>Lee and Sheng <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2024</a>)</span> also posit that the <em>Page Act</em> set the stage for a series of restrictive policies targeting Asians in America. Explain the origins of this act—and how its proponents linked <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>disease</em></span>, <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>sexuality</em></span>, <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>morality</em></span> and <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>race</em></span> to institutionalize their exclusionary ideas. Broadly speaking, what does this episode reveal about the Asian American <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>assimilation paradox</em></span>?</p>
1498</div>
1499</div>
1500</div>
1501</section></section>
1502<section>
1503<section id="issues-of-measurement-and-conceptualization" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
1504<h1>Issues of Measurement and Conceptualization</h1>
1505
1506</section>
1507<section id="hyper-selectivity-and-assimilation" class="slide level2">
1508<h2>Hyper-Selectivity and Assimilation</h2>
1509<div class="center-text">
1510<div class="augmenter">
1511<p>How can we measure—or conceptualize—the <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>structural assimilation</em></span> of a population that comes armed with exceedingly high levels of educational attainment (on average)?</p>
1512</div>
1513</div>
1514</section>
1515<section id="hyper-selectivity-and-assimilation-1" class="slide level2">
1516<h2>Hyper-Selectivity and Assimilation</h2>
1517<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 65%; margin-top: 40px; color:#a9a9a9;">
1518<p>Adaptation of <strong>Figure 1</strong>
1518 from Tran, Lee and Huang <span class="citation" data-cites="tran_revisiting_2019">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2019</a>)</span>.</p>
1519</div>
1520<div class="centred" style="margin-top: -13px;">
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1524
1525</div>
1526</div>
1527</div>
1528</section>
1529<section id="hyper-selectivity-and-assimilation-2" class="slide level2">
1530<h2>Hyper-Selectivity and Assimilation</h2>
1531<div class="center-text">
1532<div class="augmenter">
1533<p>If we <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>don’t</em></span> account for selectivity, we run the risk of making <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>tautological</em></strong></span> arguments. If we <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>do</em></span> adjust for Asian immigrants’ hyper-selectivity, we run the risk of compromising <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>external validity</em></strong></span>.</p>
1534</div>
1535</div>
1536</section>
1537<section id="normative-indicators-vs-lived-experiences" class="slide level2">
1538<h2>Normative Indicators <em>vs</em> Lived Experiences</h2>
1539<div class="center-text">
1540<div class="augmenter-mini">
1541<p>To measure assimilation across time and space, analysts often zoom-in on a specific set of <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>socioeconomic</em></span> or <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>structural</em></span> variables—from labour market outcomes to intermarriage rates—in lieu of capturing how individuals understand themselves and their place in the world.</p>
1542</div>
1543</div>
1544</section>
1545<section id="normative-indicators-vs-lived-experiences-1" class="slide level2">
1546<h2>Normative Indicators <em>vs</em> Lived Experiences</h2>
1547<div class="center-text">
1548<div class="augmenter">
1549<p>As the experiences of Asian Americans lay bare, these analytic choices can lead to faulty inferences.</p>
1550</div>
1551</div>
1552</section>
1553<section id="normative-indicators-vs-lived-experiences-2" class="slide level2">
1554<h2>Normative Indicators <em>vs</em> Lived Experiences</h2>
1555<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 65%; margin-top: 40px; color:#a9a9a9;">
1556<p>Adaptation of <strong>Figure 2</strong> from Lee and Sheng <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2024</a>)</span>.</p>
1557</div>
1558
1559<img data-src="./media/asian_perception.svg" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center r-stretch"></section>
1560<section id="normative-indicators-vs-lived-experiences-3" class="slide level2">
1561<h2>Normative Indicators <em>vs</em> Lived Experiences</h2>
1562<div class="center-text">
1563<div class="augmenter">
1564<details>
1565<summary class="custom-box">
1566A Question
1567</summary>
1568<span style="font-size:85%;">Do these disjunctures—i.e., between Asian Americans’ <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>social mobility</em></span> and sustained <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>sociocultural exclusion</em></span>—pose a problem for neo-assimilationism?</span>
1569</details>
1570</div>
1571</div>
1572</section></section>
1573<section>
1574<section id="group-exercise-iii" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
1575<h1>Group Exercise III</h1>
1576
1577</section>
1578<section id="asian-americans-and-the-whitening-literature" class="slide level2">
1579<h2>Asian Americans and the <em>Whitening</em> Literature</h2>
1580<div class="center-text">
1581<div class="augmenter">
1582<p>In her article, Kim <span class="citation" data-cites="kim_critical_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2016</a>)</span> systematically critiques the idea that Asian Americans will, in due time, become <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>honourary whites</em></strong></span>.<br>Let’s unpack her ideas in <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>groups</em></span>.</p>
1583</div>
1584</div>
1585</section>
1586<section id="asian-americans-and-the-whitening-literature-1" class="slide level2">
1587<h2>Asian Americans and the <em>Whitening</em> Literature</h2>
1588<div style="margin-top: 45px;">
1589
1590</div>
1591<div class="augmenter-mini">
1592<div style="text-align: left;">
1593<div class="fragment">
1594<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>Group 1</strong></span></p>
1595<p>What is Kim’s <span class="citation" data-cites="kim_critical_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2016</a>)</span> central thesis or argument? Link this argument to the idea of <sp
1595an style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>citizenship</em></span> and the <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>racialization of Asian Americans across borders</em></span>.</p>
1596</div>
1597<div style="margin-top: 30px;">
1598
1599</div>
1600<div class="fragment">
1601<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>Group 2</strong></span></p>
1602<p>What is Kim’s <span class="citation" data-cites="kim_critical_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2016</a>)</span> central thesis or argument? How did Kim <span class="citation" data-cites="kim_critical_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2016</a>)</span> advance this argument by “rexamining” sociodemographic data?</p>
1603</div>
1604</div>
1605</div>
1606</section></section>
1607<section>
1608<section id="see-you-wednesday" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B">
1609<h1>See You Wednesday</h1>
1610
1611</section>
1612<section id="references" class="slide level2 smaller scrollable">
1613<h2>References</h2>
1614<p><span style="color: #9c9c9c; font-size:95%;"><strong>Note</strong>: Scroll <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewbox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;width:0.75em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#5d3c85;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M169.4 470.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L224 370.8 224 64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32l0 306.7L54.6 265.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l160 160z"></path></svg> to access the entire bibliography</span></p>
1615<div class="quarto-auto-generated-content">
1616<p><img src="media/amherst seal.png" class="slide-logo"></p>
1617<div class="footer footer-default">
1618
1619</div>
1620</div>
1621<div id="refs" class="references csl-bib-body hanging-indent" data-entry-spacing="0" role="list">
1622<div id="ref-alba_remaking_2003" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1623Alba, Richard D., and Victor Nee. 2003. <em>Remaking the <span>American</span> <span>Mainstream</span>: <span>Assimilation</span> and <span>Contemporary</span> <span>Immigration</span></em>. Harvard University Press.
1624</div>
1625<div id="ref-abby_budiman_asian_2021" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1626Budiman, Aby, and Neil G. Ruiz. 2021. <span>“Asian <span>Americans</span> Are the Fastest-Growing Racial or Ethnic Group in the <span>U</span>.<span>S</span>.”</span> <em>Pew Research Center</em>. <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/04/09/asian-americans-are-the-fastest-growing-racial-or-ethnic-group-in-the-u-s/">https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/04/09/asian-americans-are-the-fastest-growing-racial-or-ethnic-group-in-the-u-s/</a>.
1627</div>
1628<div id="ref-fitzgerald_culling_2014" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1629FitzGerald, David Scott, and David A. Cook-Martín. 2014. <em>Culling the <span>Masses</span>: <span>The</span> <span>Democratic</span> <span>Origins</span> of <span>Racist</span> <span>Immigration</span> <span>Policy</span> in the <span>Americas</span></em>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674369665">https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674369665</a>.
1630</div>
1631<div id="ref-kim_critical_2016" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1632Kim, Nadia Y. 2016. <span>“Critical <span>Thoughts</span> on <span>Asian</span> <span>American</span> <span>Assimilation</span> in the <span>Whitening</span> <span>Literature</span>.”</span> In <em>Contemporary <span>Asian</span> <span>America</span> (Third Edition)</em>, edited by Min Zhou and Anthony C. Ocampo, 554–75. A <span>Multidisciplinary</span> <span>Reader</span>. New York: NYU Press. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt18040wj.32">http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt18040wj.32</a>.
1633</div>
1634<div id="ref-lee_racialized_2016" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1635Lee, Jennifer, and Samuel Kye. 2016. <span>“Racialized <span>Assimilation</span> of <span>Asian</span> <span>Americans</span>.”</span> <em>Annual Review of Sociology</em> 42 (Volume 42, 2016): 253–73. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074310">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074310</a>.
1636</div>
1637<div id="ref-lee_asian_2024" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1638Lee, Jennifer, and Dian Sheng. 2024. <span>“The <span>Asian</span> <span>American</span> Assimilation Paradox.”</span> <em>Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies</em> 50 (1): 68–94. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2183965">https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2183965</a>.
1639</div>
1640<div id="ref-lee_asian_2015" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1641Lee, Jennifer, and Min Zhou. 2015. <em>The <span>Asian</span> <span>American</span> <span>Achievement</span> <span>Paradox</span></em>. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. <a href="http://www.jstor.org.amherst.idm.oclc.org/stable/10.7758/9781610448505">http://www.jstor.org.amherst.idm.oclc.org/stable/10.7758/9781610448505</a>.
1642</div>
1643<div id="ref-sakamoto_socioeconomic_2009" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1644Sakamoto, Arthur, Kimberly A. Goyette, and ChangHwan Kim. 2009. <span>“Socioeconomic <span>Attainments</span> of <span>Asian</span> <span>Americans</span>.”</span> <em>Annual Review of Sociology</em> 35 (Volume 35, 2009): 255–76. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115958">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115958</a>.
1645</div>
1646<div id="ref-tran_revisiting_2019" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
1647Tran, Van C., Jennifer Lee, and Tiffany J. Huang. 2019. <span>“Revisiting the <span>Asian</span> Second-Generation Advantage.”</span> <em>Ethnic and Racial Studies</em> 42 (13): 2248–69. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1579920">https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1579920</a>.
1648</div>
1649</div>
1650</section></section>
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1755        // so that reloading brings you to the same fragment position
1756        fragmentInURL: false,
1757
1758        // Flags if the presentation is running in an embedded mode,
1759        // i.e. contained within a limited portion of the screen
1760        embedded: false,
1761
1762        // Flags if we should show a help overlay when the questionmark
1763        // key is pressed
1764        help: true,
1765
1766        // Flags if it should be possible to pause the presentation (blackout)
1767        pause: true,
1768
1769        // Flags if speaker notes should be visible to all viewers
1770        showNotes: false,
1771
1772        // Global override for autoplaying embedded media (null/true/false)
1773        autoPlayMedia: null,
1774
1775        // Global override for preloading lazy-loaded iframes (null/true/false)
1776        preloadIframes: null,
1777
1778        // Number of milliseconds between automatically proceeding to the
1779        // next slide, disabled when set to 0, this value can be overwritten
1780        // by using a data-autoslide attribute on your slides
1781        autoSlide: 0,
1782
1783        // Stop auto-sliding after user input
1784        autoSlideStoppable: true,
1785
1786        // Use this method for navigation when auto-sliding
1787        autoSlideMethod: null,
1788
1789        // Specify the average time in seconds that you think you will spend
1790        // presenting each slide. This is used to show a pacing timer in the
1791        // speaker view
1792        defaultTiming: null,
1793
1794        // Enable slide navigation via mouse wheel
1795        mouseWheel: false,
1796
1797        // The display mode that will be used to show slides
1798        display: 'block',
1799
1800        // Hide cursor if inactive
1801        hideInactiveCursor: true,
1802
1803        // Time before the cursor is hidden (in ms)
1804        hideCursorTime: 5000,
1805
1806        // Opens links in an iframe preview overlay
1807        previewLinks: false,
1808
1809        // Transition style (none/fade/slide/convex/concave/zoom)
1810        transition: 'none',
1811
1812        // Transition speed (default/fast/slow)
1813        transitionSpeed: 'default',
1814
1815        // Transition style for full page slide backgrounds
1816        // (none/fade/slide/convex/concave/zoom)
1817        backgroundTransition: 'none',
1818
1819        // Number of slides away from the current that are visible
1820        viewDistance: 3,
1821
1822        // Number of slides away from the current that are visible on mobile
1823        // devices. It is advisable to set this to a lower number than
1824        // viewDistance in order to save resources.
1825        mobileViewDistance: 2,
1826
1827        // The "normal" size of the presentation, aspect ratio will be preserved
1828        // when the presentation is scaled to fit different resolutions. Can be
1829        // specified using percentage units.
1830        width: 1050,
1831
1832        height: 700,
1833
1834        // Factor of the display size that should remain empty around the content
1835        margin: 0.1,
1836
1837        math: {
1838          mathjax: 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js',
1839          config: 'TeX-AMS_HTML-full',
1840          tex2jax: {
1841            inlineMath: [['\\(','\\)']],
1842            displayMath: [['\\[','\\]']],
1843            balanceBraces: true,
1844            processEscapes: false,
1845            processRefs: true,
1846            processEnvironments: true,
1847            preview: 'TeX',
1848            skipTags: ['script','noscript','style','textarea','pre','code'],
1849            ignoreClass: 'tex2jax_ignore',
1850            processClass: 'tex2jax_process'
1851          },
1852        },
1853
1854        // reveal.js plugins
1855        plugins: [QuartoLineHighlight, PdfExport, RevealMenu, RevealChalkboard, RevealAttribution, QuartoSupport,
1856
1857          RevealMath,
1858          RevealNotes,
1859          RevealSearch,
1860          RevealZoom
1861        ]
1862      });
1863    </script>
1863
1864    
1865    
1865<script>
1866      // htmlwidgets need to know to resize themselves when slides are shown/hidden.
1867      // Fire the "slideenter" event (handled by htmlwidgets.js) when the current
1868      // slide changes (different for each slide format).
1869      (function () {
1870        // dispatch for htmlwidgets
1871        function fireSlideEnter() {
1872          const event = window.document.createEvent("Event");
1873          event.initEvent("slideenter", true, true);
1874          window.document.dispatchEvent(event);
1875        }
1876
1877        function fireSlideChanged(previousSlide, currentSlide) {
1878          fireSlideEnter();
1879
1880          // dispatch for shiny
1881          if (window.jQuery) {
1882            if (previousSlide) {
1883              window.jQuery(previousSlide).trigger("hidden");
1884            }
1885            if (currentSlide) {
1886              window.jQuery(currentSlide).trigger("shown");
1887            }
1888          }
1889        }
1890
1891        // hookup for slidy
1892        if (window.w3c_slidy) {
1893          window.w3c_slidy.add_observer(function (slide_num) {
1894            // slide_num starts at position 1
1895            fireSlideChanged(null, w3c_slidy.slides[slide_num - 1]);
1896          });
1897        }
1898
1899      })();
1900    </script>
1900
1901
1902    
1902<script id="quarto-html-after-body" type="application/javascript">
1903    window.document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function (event) {
1904      const toggleBodyColorMode = (bsSheetEl) => {
1905        const mode = bsSheetEl.getAttribute("data-mode");
1906        const bodyEl = window.document.querySelector("body");
1907        if (mode === "dark") {
1908          bodyEl.classList.add("quarto-dark");
1909          bodyEl.classList.remove("quarto-light");
1910        } else {
1911          bodyEl.classList.add("quarto-light");
1912          bodyEl.classList.remove("quarto-dark");
1913        }
1914      }
1915      const toggleBodyColorPrimary = () => {
1916        const bsSheetEl = window.document.querySelector("link#quarto-bootstrap");
1917        if (bsSheetEl) {
1918          toggleBodyColorMode(bsSheetEl);
1919        }
1920      }
1921      toggleBodyColorPrimary();  
1922      const tabsets =  window.document.querySelectorAll(".panel-tabset-tabby")
1923      tabsets.forEach(function(tabset) {
1924        const tabby = new Tabby('#' + tabset.id);
1925      });
1926      const isCodeAnnotation = (el) => {
1927        for (const clz of el.classList) {
1928          if (clz.startsWith('code-annotation-')) {                     
1929            return true;
1930          }
1931        }
1932        return false;
1933      }
1934      const onCopySuccess = function(e) {
1935        // button target
1936        const button = e.trigger;
1937        // don't keep focus
1938        button.blur();
1939        // flash "checked"
1940        button.classList.add('code-copy-button-checked');
1941        var currentTitle = button.getAttribute("title");
1942        button.setAttribute("title", "Copied!");
1943        let tooltip;
1944        if (window.bootstrap) {
1945          button.setAttribute("data-bs-toggle", "tooltip");
1946          button.setAttribute("data-bs-placement", "left");
1947          button.setAttribute("data-bs-title", "Copied!");
1948          tooltip = new bootstrap.Tooltip(button, 
1949            { trigger: "manual", 
1950              customClass: "code-copy-button-tooltip",
1951              offset: [0, -8]});
1952          tooltip.show();    
1953        }
1954        setTimeout(function() {
1955          if (tooltip) {
1956            tooltip.hide();
1957            button.removeAttribute("data-bs-title");
1958            button.removeAttribute("data-bs-toggle");
1959            button.removeAttribute("data-bs-placement");
1960          }
1961          button.setAttribute("title", currentTitle);
1962          button.classList.remove('code-copy-button-checked');
1963        }, 1000);
1964        // clear code selection
1965        e.clearSelection();
1966      }
1967      const getTextToCopy = function(trigger) {
1968          const codeEl = trigger.previousElementSibling.cloneNode(true);
1969          for (const childEl of codeEl.children) {
1970            if (isCodeAnnotation(childEl)) {
1971              childEl.remove();
1972            }
1973          }
1974          return codeEl.innerText;
1975      }
1976      const clipboard = new window.ClipboardJS('.code-copy-button:not([data-in-quarto-modal])', {
1977        text: getTextToCopy
1978      });
1979      clipboard.on('success', onCopySuccess);
1980      if (window.document.getElementById('quarto-embedded-source-code-modal')) {
1981        // For code content inside modals, clipBoardJS needs to be initialized with a container option
1982        // TODO: Check when it could be a function (https://github.com/zenorocha/clipboard.js/issues/860)
1983        const clipboardModal = new window.ClipboardJS('.code-copy-button[data-in-quarto-modal]', {
1984          text: getTextToCopy,
1985          container: window.document.getElementById('quarto-embedded-source-code-modal')
1986        });
1987        clipboardModal.on('success', onCopySuccess);
1988      }
1989        var localhostRegex = new RegExp(/^(?:http|https):\/\/localhost\:?[0-9]*\//);
1990        var mailtoRegex = new RegExp(/^mailto:/);
1991          var filterRegex = new RegExp('/' + window.location.host + '/');
1992        var isInternal = (href) => {
1993            return filterRegex.test(href) || localhostRegex.test(href) || mailtoRegex.test(href);
1994        }
1995        // Inspect non-navigation links and adorn them if external
1996     	var links = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[href]:not(.nav-link):not(.navbar-brand):not(.toc-action):not(.sidebar-link):not(.sidebar-item-toggle):not(.pagination-link):not(.no-external):not([aria-hidden]):not(.dropdown-item):not(.quarto-navigation-tool):not(.about-link)');
1997        for (var i=0; i<links.length; i++) {
1998          const link = links[i];
1999          if (!isInternal(link.href)) {
2000            // undo the damage that might have been done by quarto-nav.js in the case of
2001            // links that we want to consider external
2002            if (link.dataset.originalHref !== undefined) {
2003              link.href = link.dataset.originalHref;
2004            }
2005              // default icon
2006              link.classList.add("external");
2007          }
2008        }
2009      function tippyHover(el, contentFn, onTriggerFn, onUntriggerFn) {
2010        const config = {
2011          allowHTML: true,
2012          maxWidth: 500,
2013          delay: 100,
2014          arrow: false,
2015          appendTo: function(el) {
2016              return el.closest('section.slide') || el.parentElement;
2017          },
2018          interactive: true,
2019          interactiveBorder: 10,
2020          theme: 'light-border',
2021          placement: 'bottom-start',
2022        };
2023        if (contentFn) {
2024          config.content = contentFn;
2025        }
2026        if (onTriggerFn) {
2027          config.onTrigger = onTriggerFn;
2028        }
2029        if (onUntriggerFn) {
2030          config.onUntrigger = onUntriggerFn;
2031        }
2032          config['offset'] = [0,0];
2033          config['maxWidth'] = 700;
2034        window.tippy(el, config); 
2035      }
2036      const noterefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-noteref"]');
2037      for (var i=0; i<noterefs.length; i++) {
2038        const ref = noterefs[i];
2039        tippyHover(ref, function() {
2040          // use id or data attribute instead here
2041          let href = ref.getAttribute('data-footnote-href') || ref.getAttribute('href');
2042          try { href = new URL(href).hash; } catch {}
2043          const id = href.replace(/^#\/?/, "");
2044          const note = window.document.getElementById(id);
2045          if (note) {
2046            return note.innerHTML;
2047          } else {
2048            return "";
2049          }
2050        });
2051      }
2052          let selectedAnnoteEl;
2053          const selectorForAnnotation = ( cell, annotation) => {
2054            let cellAttr = 'data-code-cell="' + cell + '"';
2055            let lineAttr = 'data-code-annotation="' +  annotation + '"';
2056            const selector = 'span[' + cellAttr + '][' + lineAttr + ']';
2057            return selector;
2058          }
2059          const selectCodeLines = (annoteEl) => {
2060            const doc = window.document;
2061            const targetCell = annoteEl.getAttribute("data-target-cell");
2062            const targetAnnotation = annoteEl.getAttribute("data-target-annotation");
2063            const annoteSpan = window.document.querySelector(selectorForAnnotation(targetCell, targetAnnotation));
2064            const lines = annoteSpan.getAttribute("data-code-lines").split(",");
2065            const lineIds = lines.map((line) => {
2066              return targetCell + "-" + line;
2067            })
2068            let top = null;
2069            let height = null;
2070            let parent = null;
2071            if (lineIds.length > 0) {
2072                //compute the position of the single el (top and bottom and make a div)
2073                const el = window.document.getElementById(lineIds[0]);
2074                top = el.offsetTop;
2075                height = el.offsetHeight;
2076                parent = el.parentElement.parentElement;
2077              if (lineIds.length > 1) {
2078                const lastEl = window.document.getElementById(lineIds[lineIds.length - 1]);
2079                const bottom = lastEl.offsetTop + lastEl.offsetHeight;
2080                height = bottom - top;
2081              }
2082              if (top !== null && height !== null && parent !== null) {
2083                // cook up a div (if necessary) and position it 
2084                let div = window.document.getElementById("code-annotation-line-highlight");
2085                if (div === null) {
2086                  div = window.document.createElement("div");
2087                  div.setAttribute("id", "code-annotation-line-highlight");
2088                  div.style.position = 'absolute';
2089                  parent.appendChild(div);
2090                }
2091                div.style.top = top - 2 + "px";
2092                div.style.height = height + 4 + "px";
2093                div.style.left = 0;
2094                let gutterDiv = window.document.getElementById("code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter");
2095                if (gutterDiv === null) {
2096                  gutterDiv = window.document.createElement("div");
2097                  gutterDiv.setAttribute("id", "code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter");
2098                  gutterDiv.style.position = 'absolute';
2099                  const codeCell = window.document.getElementById(targetCell);
2100                  const gutter = codeCell.querySelector('.code-annotation-gutter');
2101                  gutter.appendChild(gutterDiv);
2102                }
2103                gutterDiv.style.top = top - 2 + "px";
2104                gutterDiv.style.height = height + 4 + "px";
2105              }
2106              selectedAnnoteEl = annoteEl;
2107            }
2108          };
2109          const unselectCodeLines = () => {
2110            const elementsIds = ["code-annotation-line-highlight", "code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter"];
2111            elementsIds.forEach((elId) => {
2112              const div = window.document.getElementById(elId);
2113              if (div) {
2114                div.remove();
2115              }
2116            });
2117            selectedAnnoteEl = undefined;
2118          };
2119            // Handle positioning of the toggle
2120        window.addEventListener(
2121          "resize",
2122          throttle(() => {
2123            elRect = undefined;
2124            if (selectedAnnoteEl) {
2125              selectCodeLines(selectedAnnoteEl);
2126            }
2127          }, 10)
2128        );
2129        function throttle(fn, ms) {
2130        let throttle = false;
2131        let timer;
2132          return (...args) => {
2133            if(!throttle) { // first call gets through
2134                fn.apply(this, args);
2135                throttle = true;
2136            } else { // all the others get throttled
2137                if(timer) clearTimeout(timer); // cancel #2
2138                timer = setTimeout(() => {
2139                  fn.apply(this, args);
2140                  timer = throttle = false;
2141                }, ms);
2142            }
2143          };
2144        }
2145          const annoteTargets = window.document.querySelectorAll('.code-annotation-anchor');
2146          for (let i=0; i<annoteTargets.length; i++) {
2147            const annoteTarget = annoteTargets[i];
2148            const targetCell = annoteTarget.getAttribute("data-target-cell");
2149            const targetAnnotation = annoteTarget.getAttribute("data-target-annotation");
2150            const contentFn = () => {
2151              const content = window.document.querySelector(selectorForAnnotation(targetCell, targetAnnotation));
2152              if (content) {
2153                const tipContent = content.cloneNode(true);
2154                tipContent.classList.add("code-annotation-tip-content");
2155                return tipContent.outerHTML;
2156              }
2157            }
2158            const config = {
2159              allowHTML: true,
2160              content: contentFn,
2161              onShow: (instance) => {
2162                selectCodeLines(instance.reference);
2163                instance.reference.classList.add('code-annotation-active');
2164                window.tippy.hideAll();
2165              },
2166              onHide: (instance) => {
2167                unselectCodeLines();
2168                instance.reference.classList.remove('code-annotation-active');
2169              },
2170              maxWidth: 300,
2171              delay: [50, 0],
2172              duration: [200, 0],
2173              offset: [5, 10],
2174              arrow: true,
2175              trigger: 'click',
2176              appendTo: function(el) {
2177                return el.parentElement.parentElement.parentElement;
2178              },
2179              interactive: true,
2180              interactiveBorder: 10,
2181              theme: 'light-border',
2182              placement: 'right',
2183              positionFixed: true,
2184              popperOptions: {
2185                modifiers: [
2186                {
2187                  name: 'flip',
2188                  options: {
2189                    flipVariations: false, // true by default
2190                    allowedAutoPlacements: ['right'],
2191                    fallbackPlacements: ['right', 'top', 'top-start', 'top-end', 'bottom', 'bottom-start', 'bottom-end', 'left'],
2192                  },
2193                },
2194                {
2195                  name: 'preventOverflow',
2196                  options: {
2197                    mainAxis: false,
2198                    altAxis: false
2199                  }
2200                }
2201                ]        
2202              }      
2203            };
2204            window.tippy(annoteTarget, config); 
2205          }
2206      const findCites = (el) => {
2207        const parentEl = el.parentElement;
2208        if (parentEl) {
2209          const cites = parentEl.dataset.cites;
2210          if (cites) {
2211            return {
2212              el,
2213              cites: cites.split(' ')
2214            };
2215          } else {
2216            return findCites(el.parentElement)
2217          }
2218        } else {
2219          return undefined;
2220        }
2221      };
2222      var bibliorefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-biblioref"]');
2223      for (var i=0; i<bibliorefs.length; i++) {
2224        const ref = bibliorefs[i];
2225        const citeInfo = findCites(ref);
2226        if (citeInfo) {
2227          tippyHover(citeInfo.el, function() {
2228            var popup = window.document.createElement('div');
2229            citeInfo.cites.forEach(function(cite) {
2230              var citeDiv = window.document.createElement('div');
2231              citeDiv.classList.add('hanging-indent');
2232              citeDiv.classList.add('csl-entry');
2233              var biblioDiv = window.document.getElementById('ref-' + cite);
2234              if (biblioDiv) {
2235                citeDiv.innerHTML = biblioDiv.innerHTML;
2236              }
2237              popup.appendChild(citeDiv);
2238            });
2239            return popup.innerHTML;
2240          });
2241        }
2242      }
2243    });
2244    </script>
2244
2245    
2245<script>var lightboxQuarto = GLightbox({"descPosition":"bottom","openEffect":"zoom","closeEffect":"zoom","loop":false,"selector":".lightbox"});
2246    (function() {
2247      let previousOnload = window.onload;
2248      window.onload = () => {
2249        if (previousOnload) {
2250          previousOnload();
2251        }
2252        lightboxQuarto.on('slide_before_load', (data) => {
2253          const { slideIndex, slideNode, slideConfig, player, trigger } = data;
2254          const href = trigger.getAttribute('href');
2255          if (href !== null) {
2256            const imgEl = window.document.querySelector(`a[href="${href}"] img`);
2257            if (imgEl !== null) {
2258              const srcAttr = imgEl.getAttribute("src");
2259              if (srcAttr && srcAttr.startsWith("data:")) {
2260                slideConfig.href = srcAttr;
2261              }
2262            }
2263          } 
2264        });
2265      
2266        lightboxQuarto.on('slide_after_load', (data) => {
2267          const { slideIndex, slideNode, slideConfig, player, trigger } = data;
2268          if (window.Quarto?.typesetMath) {
2269            window.Quarto.typesetMath(slideNode);
2270          }
2271        });
2272      
2273      };
2274      
2275    })();
2276              </script>
2276
2277    
2278
2279</body></html>

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.