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Karim Amherst College ASSIMILATION, IMMIGRATION AND CULTURAL CHANGE"> 19 <title>Week 11 Asian Immigrants in America</title> 20 <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> 21 <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent"> 22 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no, minimal-ui"> 23 <link rel="stylesheet" href="index_files/libs/revealjs/dist/reset.css"> 24 <link rel="stylesheet" href="index_files/libs/revealjs/dist/reveal.css"> 25 <style> 26 code{white-space: pre-wrap;} 27 span.smallcaps{font-variant: small-caps;} 28 div.columns{display: flex; gap: min(4vw, 1.5em);} 29 div.column{flex: auto; overflow-x: auto;} 30 div.hanging-indent{margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;} 31 ul.task-list{list-style: none;} 32 ul.task-list li input[type="checkbox"] { 33 width: 0.8em; 34 margin: 0 0.8em 0.2em -1em; /* quarto-specific, see https://github.com/quarto-dev/quarto-cli/issues/4556 */ 35 vertical-align: middle; 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361 362 <link rel="icon" type="media/png" href="media/migration.png"> 363 <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" integrity="sha384-EVSTQN3/azprG1Anm3QDgpJLIm9Nao0Yz1ztcQTwFspd3yD65VohhpuuCOmLASjC" crossorigin="anonymous"> 364</head> 365<body class="quarto-light"> 366 <div class="reveal"> 367 <div class="slides"> 368 369<section id="title-slide" class="quarto-title-block center"> 370 <h1 class="title"><p><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Week 11</span><br> 371Asian Immigrants in America</p></h1> 372 <p class="subtitle"><span style="color:#9c9c9c;">SOCI 231</span></p> 373 374<div class="quarto-title-authors"> 375<div class="quarto-title-author"> 376<div class="quarto-title-author-name"> 377Sakeef M. Karim <br><span style="font-size: 80%; color:#9c9c9c;"><em>Amherst College</em></span><br><br><a href="https://www.sakeefkarim.com"><svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewbox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#5d3c85;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M352 256c0 22.2-1.2 43.6-3.3 64H163.3c-2.2-20.4-3.3-41.8-3.3-64s1.2-43.6 3.3-64H348.7c2.2 20.4 3.3 41.8 3.3 64zm28.8-64H503.9c5.3 20.5 8.1 41.9 8.1 64s-2.8 43.5-8.1 64H380.8c2.1-20.6 3.2-42 3.2-64s-1.1-43.4-3.2-64zm112.6-32H376.7c-10-63.9-29.8-117.4-55.3-151.6c78.3 20.7 142 77.5 171.9 151.6zm-149.1 0H167.7c6.1-36.4 15.5-68.6 27-94.7c10.5-23.6 22.2-40.7 33.5-51.5C239.4 3.2 248.7 0 256 0s16.6 3.2 27.8 13.8c11.3 10.8 23 27.9 33.5 51.5c11.6 26 20.9 58.2 27 94.7zm-209 0H18.6C48.6 85.9 112.2 29.1 190.6 8.4C165.1 42.6 145.3 96.1 135.3 160zM8.1 192H131.2c-2.1 20.6-3.2 42-3.2 64s1.1 43.4 3.2 64H8.1C2.8 299.5 0 278.1 0 256s2.8-43.5 8.1-64zM194.7 446.6c-11.6-26-20.9-58.2-27-94.6H344.3c-6.1 36.4-15.5 68.6-27 94.6c-10.5 23.6-22.2 40.7-33.5 51.5C272.6 508.8 263.3 512 256 512s-16.6-3.2-27.8-13.8c-11.3-10.8-23-27.9-33.5-51.5zM135.3 352c10 63.9 29.8 117.4 55.3 151.6C112.2 482.9 48.6 426.1 18.6 352H135.3zm358.1 0c-30 74.1-93.6 130.9-171.9 151.6c25.5-34.2 45.2-87.7 55.3-151.6H493.4z"></path></svg></a> <a href="mailto:[email protected]"><svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewbox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#5d3c85;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M48 64C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112c0 15.1 7.1 29.3 19.2 38.4L236.8 313.6c11.4 8.5 27 8.5 38.4 0L492.8 150.4c12.1-9.1 19.2-23.3 19.2-38.4c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48zM0 176V384c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V176L294.4 339.2c-22.8 17.1-54 17.1-76.8 0L0 176z"></path></svg></a> <br> <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color:#9c9c9c;">ASSIMILATION, IMMIGRATION AND CULTURAL CHANGE</span> 378</div> 379</div> 380</div> 381 382</section> 383<section> 384<section id="lecture-i-november-13th" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B"> 385<h1>Lecture I: November 13<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span></h1> 386 387</section> 388<section id="reminders-and-updates" class="slide level2"> 389<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2> 390<p><br></p> 391<div class="callout callout-important callout-titled callout-style-default"> 392<div class="callout-body"> 393<div class="callout-title"> 394<div class="callout-icon-container"> 395<i class="callout-icon"></i> 396</div> 397<p><strong>Response Memo Deadline</strong></p> 398</div> 399<div class="callout-content"> 400<div style="text-align: center;"> 401<p>Your eighth response memoâwhich <em>has</em> to be between <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>250-400</strong></span> words and posted on our <a href="https://moodle.amherst.edu/mod/forum/view.php?id=891035" class="external" target="_blank">Moodle Discussion Board</a>âis due by 8:00 PM <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;">today</span> â¦</p> 402<div class="fragment"> 403<p><span style="color: white; font-size: 110%; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>Unless</em></strong></span> â¦</p> 404</div> 405<div class="fragment"> 406<p>⦠you attend the inaugural <a href="https://www.amherst.edu/news/events/calendar/node/917640" class="external" target="_blank">Cummings Lecture</a> tonight.</p> 407</div> 408</div> 409</div> 410</div> 411</div> 412</section> 413<section id="reminders-and-updates-1" class="slide level2"> 414<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2> 415<h4 id="the-cummings-lecture"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">The Cummings Lecture</span></h4> 416<div class="centre-aligned-div"> 417<div class="fragment"> 418<p>Title</p> 419<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>Place, Polarization, and the Future of Americaâs Political Divisions</em></strong></span></p> 420</div> 421<div class="fragment"> 422<p>Abstract</p> 423<details> 424<summary class="custom-box"> 425<span style="font-size:85%;">Click to Expand or Close</span> 426</summary> 427<div style="text-align: left;"> 428<p><span style="color: #9c9c9c; font-size:80%;"><strong>Note</strong>: Scroll <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewbox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;width:0.75em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#5d3c85;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M169.4 470.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L224 370.8 224 64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32l0 306.7L54.6 265.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l160 160z"></path></svg> to read entire abstract.</span></p> 429<div class="quote-block"> 430<p><span style="font-size:85%;">How does place shape Americaâs polarized politics? Decades of political-economic transformations have reshaped both the kinds of people and the kinds of places that give their support to the <span style="color: white; background-color: #00AEF3; padding: 1px 5px;">Democratic</span> and <span style="color: white; background-color: #E81B23; padding: 1px 5px;">Republican</span> Parties, hardening political boundaries along lines of race, class, religion, and context. Working-class, ex-urban, and industrial
430communities that were once the bedrock of the <span style="color: white; background-color: #00AEF3; padding: 1px 5px;">Democratic Party</span> are now the sites of greatest contestation every election cycle, while the affluent suburbs that once fomented conservative activism in the 1950s and 60s are the sites of greatest growth for the <span style="color: white; background-color: #00AEF3; padding: 1px 5px;">Democratic Party</span>. In this talk, sociologist <a href="https://stephanieternullo.com/" class="external" target="_blank">Stephanie Ternullo</a> (Harvard University) will consider the historical causes and contemporary consequences of these shifts in political geography, and the challenges they present for political representation in American elections, including the <a href="https://ig.ft.com/us-elections/2024/results/president/?seat_id=P-NV-00" data-preview-link="true">November 5<span style="font-size: 70%;"><sup>th</sup></span> presidential election</a>.</span></p> 431</div> 432</div> 433</details> 434</div> 435<div class="fragment"> 436<p>Date and Time</p> 437<p><a href="https://www.amherst.edu/mm_calendar_ical/917640/event.ics" class="noicons"><i class="fa-solid fa-clock" aria-label="clock"></i> November 13<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span> â 4:30 PM to 6:00 PM</a></p> 438</div> 439<div class="fragment"> 440<p>Location</p> 441<p><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d5895.306868906522!2d-72.52020499999999!3d42.3712246!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x89e6cdf87418b433%3A0xeb2f42e1dc01a62f!2s197%20S%20Pleasant%20St%2C%20Amherst%2C%20MA%2001002!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sus!4v1731186575957!5m2!1sen!2sus" data-preview-link="true"><i class="fa-solid fa-location-dot" aria-label="location-dot"></i> CHI Think Tank (101) at the Lyceum</a></p> 442</div> 443</div> 444</section> 445<section id="reminders-and-updates-2" class="slide level2"> 446<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2> 447<div class="shrinker"> 448<div style="text-align: center;"> 449<p>Dr. Stephanie Ternullo will join SOCI 229 at 2:45 PM. Feel free to join us, too.</p> 450<p align="center"> 451<iframe class="iframe" src="https://stephanieternullo.com/" height="500" width="500" style="border: 1px solid #2e3846;"> 452</iframe> 453</p> 454</div> 455<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%; margin-top:-40px"> 456<p><a href="https://stephanieternullo.com/" data-preview-link="true">Full Page</a></p> 457</div> 458</div> 459</section> 460<section id="reminders-and-updates-3" class="slide level2"> 461<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2> 462<h4 id="final-paper-proposal"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Final Paper Proposal</span></h4> 463<div class="callout callout-important callout-titled callout-style-default"> 464<div class="callout-body"> 465<div class="callout-title"> 466<div class="callout-icon-container"> 467<i class="callout-icon"></i> 468</div> 469<p><strong>Final Paper Proposal Deadline</strong></p> 470</div> 471<div class="callout-content"> 472<div style="text-align: center;"> 473<p>Your final paper proposals are due by <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 13px 5px;">8:00 PM on Friday, November 22<sup>nd</sup></span>.</p> 474</div> 475</div> 476</div> 477</div> 478</section> 479<section id="reminders-and-updates-4" class="slide level2"> 480<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2> 481<h4 id="final-paper-proposal-1"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Final Paper Proposal</span></h4> 482<div class="augmenter"> 483<div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 120px;"> 484<p>Guidelines for the final paper proposal can be found <a href="https://soci231.netlify.app/#finalpaperproposal" data-preview-link="true">here</a>.</p> 485</div> 486</div> 487</section> 488<section id="reminders-and-updates-5" class="slide level2"> 489<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2> 490<h4 id="final-paper-proposal-2"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Final Paper Proposal</span></h4> 491<div class="augmenter"> 492<div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 120px;"> 493<p>To submit your final paper proposal, click <a href="https://moodle.amherst.edu/mod/assign/view.php?id=899578" class="external" target="_blank">here</a>.</p> 494</div> 495</div> 496</section></section> 497<section> 498<section id="racialized-assimilation-of-asian-americans-jennifer-c.-lee-and-samuel-kye" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B"> 499<h1><em>Racialized Assimilation of<br>Asian Americans</em> â<br>Jennifer C. Lee and Samuel Kye</h1> 500 501</section> 502<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation" class="slide level2"> 503<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2> 504<h4 id="first-some-context-from-the-pew-research-center"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">First, Some Context from the Pew Research Center</span></h4> 505<div style="margin-top: 30px;"> 506 507</div> 508<div class="elegant-quote"> 509<p>Asian Americans recorded <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">the fastest population growth rate among all racial and ethnic groups in the United States between 2000 and 2019</span>. The Asian population in the U.S. grew 81% during that span, from roughly 10.5 million to a record 18.9 million.</p> 510<p><span class="citation" data-cites="abby_budiman_asian_2021">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Budiman and Ruiz 2021</a>
510, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p> 511</div> 512</section> 513<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-1" class="slide level2"> 514<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2> 515 516<img data-src="./media/asian_immigrants.svg" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center r-stretch"></section> 517<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-2" class="slide level2"> 518<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2> 519 520<img data-src="./media/asian_immigrants_t3.svg" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center r-stretch"></section> 521<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-3" class="slide level2"> 522<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2> 523<h4 id="more-context-from-the-pew-research-center"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">More Context from the Pew Research Center</span></h4> 524<div style="margin-top: 20px;"> 525 526</div> 527<p align="left"> 528<iframe class="iframe" src="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/04/29/key-facts-about-asian-americans/" height="500" width="1040" style="border: 1px solid #2e3846;"> 529</iframe> 530</p> 531<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%; margin-top:-40px"> 532<p><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/04/29/key-facts-about-asian-americans/" data-preview-link="true">Full Page</a></p> 533</div> 534</section> 535<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-4" class="slide level2"> 536<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2> 537<div class="center-text"> 538<div class="augmenter"> 539<p>The story of Asian American assimilation has been<br>framed in relatively sanguine terms.</p> 540</div> 541</div> 542</section> 543<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-5" class="slide level2"> 544<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2> 545<div style="margin-top: 40px;"> 546 547</div> 548<div class="elegant-quote"> 549<div class="shrinker-plus"> 550<p>[M]any scholars have consistently viewed the social standing of Asian Americans with remarkable optimism. <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asian Americans have been viewed as the flag bearers of new assimilation theory, achieving trajectories considered most proximate to the assimilation of European groups in the past</span> <span class="citation" data-cites="alba_remaking_2003">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Alba and Nee 2003</a>)</span>. Additionally, they have been viewed as key beneficiaries of Americaâs ever-increasing diversity due to the continuing erosion of some racial boundaries during the twenty-first century. Rather than being relegated as racialized minorities, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asian Americans appear to be approaching ânear whiteâ status</span> as continued acculturation and contact facilitate successful incorporation into American society.</p> 551<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 254</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p> 552</div> 553</div> 554</section> 555<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-6" class="slide level2"> 556<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2> 557<div style="margin-top: 30px; text-align: center; font-size: 105%;"> 558<p>There <em>is</em> some empirical basis to these claims. Consider Asian Americansââ</p> 559<div> 560<ul> 561<li class="fragment"><p>Relatively low levels of <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>bilingualism</em></span>âand marked predilections for Englishâby the second generation.</p></li> 562<li class="fragment"><p>High levels of <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>educational</em></span> and <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>occupational</em></span> attainment.</p></li> 563<li class="fragment"><p>High rates of <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>intermarriage</em></span> with white Americans.</p></li> 564</ul> 565</div> 566<div class="fragment"> 567<p>Together, these patterns appear to signal the <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>declining significance</em></strong></span> of race and ethnicity in shaping the life outcomes of Asians in America.</p> 568</div> 569</div> 570</section> 571<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-7" class="slide level2"> 572<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2> 573<div class="center-text"> 574<div class="augmenter"> 575<p>Yet, a growing literature â⦠challenges the idea of Asian American assim
575ilation and increasing parity with whites and continues to emphasize <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">the racialization of Asian Americans as<br>model minorities and perpetual foreigners</span>.â<br><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 254</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p> 576</div> 577</div> 578</section> 579<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-8" class="slide level2"> 580<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2> 581<div style="margin-top: 40px;"> 582 583</div> 584<div class="elegant-quote"> 585<p>This research is more critical, contending that <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">the average socioeconomic success of Asian Americans is exaggerated and masks the wide variation in educational and occupational outcomes among different Asian ethnic groups</span> ⦠Moreover, the success stories of select Asian groups are not simply due to individual efforts rewarded by a system free of racial inequality, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">but are in large part a result of American immigration policies that have targeted highly skilled professionals since the 1960s</span>.</p> 586<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 254â55</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p> 587</div> 588</section> 589<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-9" class="slide level2"> 590<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2> 591<div style="margin-top: 40px;"> 592 593</div> 594<div class="elegant-quote"> 595<div class="shrinker-plus"> 596<p>[T]he persistent image of Asians as a model minority <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">obscures the continuing racial subordination of and discrimination against Asian Americans</span> ⦠Despite Asian Americansâ perceived socioeconomic success, studies in multiple disciplines have provided evidence that the Asian American population ⦠<span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">is perceived as not fully American, a category that is often saved for those of European descent</span> ⦠Often as a result of this perpetual foreigner stereotype, Asians, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">no matter how long they have been in the United States, are perceived as unassimilable and in many cases their loyalty to the United States is questioned</span>.</p> 597<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 255</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p> 598</div> 599</div> 600</section> 601<section id="fastest-growing-subpopulation-10" class="slide level2 nostretch"> 602<h2>Fastest Growing Subpopulation</h2> 603<h4 id="preliminary-insights-from-okura-and-karim"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Preliminary Insights from Okura and Karim</span></h4> 604<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center"> 605<figure> 606<p><a href="./media/all_grid_classes.png" class="lightbox" data-gallery="quarto-lightbox-gallery-1"><img data-src="./media/all_grid_classes.png" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center" style="width:55.0%"></a></p> 607</figure> 608</div> 609<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 45%; margin-top: -45px; color: #a9a9a9;"> 610<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><em>Click Image to Expand</em></span></p> 611</div> 612</section></section> 613<section> 614<section id="socioeconomic-attainment" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B"> 615<h1>Socioeconomic Attainment</h1> 616 617</section> 618<section id="the-role-of-nativity" class="slide level2"> 619<h2>The Role of Nativity</h2> 620<div style="margin-top: 40px;"> 621 622</div> 623<div class="elegant-quote"> 624<p>As Sakamoto et al. <span class="citation" data-cites="sakamoto_socioeconomic_2009">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2009</a>)</span> convincingly argue, the assessment of Asian Americansâ socioeconomic attainment depends critically on the distinction between immigrant and native-born groups. <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Findings from this literature consistently show that, for the most part, any significant Asian American disadvantage persists only for foreign-born and foreign-educated workers, ultimately suggesting the achievement of labor market parity for native-born and US-educated Asian Americans</span>.</p> 625<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 256</a>
625, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p> 626</div> 627</section> 628<section id="nonminority-minorities" class="slide level2"> 629<h2>Nonminority Minorities?</h2> 630<div style="margin-top: 40px;"> 631 632</div> 633<div class="elegant-quote"> 634<p>These findings suggest that <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asian Americans pose an exception to the majority/minority paradigm âthat is, the perspective that whites, as the dominant group, will have higher SES than minority groups</span> ⦠Indeed, having achieved socioeconomic parity with whites, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asian Americans may perhaps be better understood as a ânonminority minority,â</span> or a minority group whose high levels of achievement and accomplishment in the labor market should be acknowledged as characteristics worthy of further study in their own right.</p> 635<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 256</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p> 636</div> 637</section> 638<section id="within-group-dispersion-and-inequality" class="slide level2"> 639<h2>Within-Group Dispersion and Inequality</h2> 640<div class="center-text"> 641<div class="augmenter"> 642<p>This aggregate statistical portrait masks<br><span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>significant</em></span> within-group disparities.</p> 643</div> 644</div> 645</section></section> 646<section> 647<section id="group-discussion-i" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B"> 648<h1>Group Discussion I</h1> 649 650</section> 651<section id="ses-cleavages-among-asian-americans" class="slide level2"> 652<h2>SES Cleavages Among Asian Americans</h2> 653<div class="center-text"> 654<div class="augmenter"> 655<p>In groups of 2-3, discuss how Lee and Kye <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2016</a>)</span> summarize or map <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>socioeconomic heterogeneity</em></strong></span> among Asian Americansâand how they connect their synthesis to <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>boundary dynamics</em></span>.</p> 656</div> 657</div> 658</section></section> 659<section> 660<section id="interracial-and-interethnic-relationships-among-asians" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B"> 661<h1>Interracial and Interethnic Relationships Among Asians</h1> 662 663</section> 664<section id="intermarriage-and-assimilation" class="slide level2"> 665<h2>Intermarriage and Assimilation</h2> 666<div style="margin-top: 40px;"> 667 668</div> 669<div class="elegant-quote"> 670<div class="shrinker"> 671<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asian Americans have among the highest rates of interracial marriage in the United States</span>. According to the Pew Research Centerâs report on newlyweds in 2010, 28% of Asians in the United States married someone of a different race, compared to 9% of whites, 17% of blacks, and 26% of Hispanics ⦠<span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">The high rate of intermarriage among Asians, and particularly between Asians and whites, is seen as a signal of the breakdown or blurring of ethnic boundaries and is interpreted as evidence of the assimilation of Asian Americans</span>. When examining trends in intermarriage rates over time, however, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">scholars have found that the rate of interracial marriage among Asian Americans has actually decreased in the past decade, particularly among foreign-born Asians</span>.</p> 672<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 257</a>
672, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p> 673</div> 674</div> 675</section> 676<section id="intermarriage-and-assimilation-1" class="slide level2"> 677<h2>Intermarriage and Assimilation</h2> 678<h4 id="more-recent-data-from-the-pew-research-center"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">More Recent Data From the Pew Research Center</span></h4> 679<div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 30px;"> 680<p align="center"> 681<iframe class="iframe" src="https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2017/05/Intermarriage-May-2017-Full-Report.pdf" height="450" width="500" style="border: 1px solid #2e3846;"> 682</iframe> 683</p> 684</div> 685<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%; margin-top:-42px"> 686<p><a href="https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2017/05/Intermarriage-May-2017-Full-Report.pdf" data-preview-link="true">Access <i class="fa-solid fa-file-pdf" aria-label="file-pdf"></i></a></p> 687</div> 688</section> 689<section id="intermarriage-and-assimilation-2" class="slide level2"> 690<h2>Intermarriage and Assimilation</h2> 691<div class="center-text"> 692<div class="augmenter"> 693<details> 694<summary class="custom-box"> 695A Question 696</summary> 697<span style="font-size:85%;">Why do you think Asian intermarriage rates have declined?</span> 698</details> 699</div> 700</div> 701</section> 702<section id="intermarriage-and-assimilation-3" class="slide level2"> 703<h2>Intermarriage and Assimilation</h2> 704<div class="center-text"> 705<div class="augmenter"> 706<p>Still, Asian American intermarriage rates<br>remain <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>comparatively</em></span> high.</p> 707</div> 708</div> 709</section> 710<section id="intermarriage-and-assimilation-4" class="slide level2"> 711<h2>Intermarriage and Assimilation</h2> 712<div style="margin-top: 40px;"> 713 714</div> 715<div class="elegant-quote"> 716<div class="shrinker"> 717<p>[T]he evidence provided in most studies of predictors of intermarriage exhibits strong undertones of assimilation into, and parity with, the US mainstream. <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asian intermarriage is related to subprocesses of acculturation; English proficiency, years in the United States, and generational status have all been shown to increase intermarriage rates</span> ⦠Assimilation theories also explain differences in intermarriage by ethnic groups, which are highest for long-established Japanese groups ⦠<span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Additionally, studies of individualsâ marital preferences indicate decreasing social distance between Asians and whites</span>.</p> 718<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 257</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p> 719</div> 720</div> 721</section> 722<section id="intermarriage-and-assimilation-5" class="slide level2"> 723<h2>Intermarriage and Assimilation</h2> 724<div class="center-text"> 725<div class="augmenter"> 726<p>However, as Lee and Kye <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2016</a>)</span> explain, â[s]ome scholars suggest that despite high levels of intermarriage, marriage patterns still reflect distinct racial boundaries and a racial hierarchy in which<br>whites are the dominant group.â</p> 727</div> 728</div> 729</section> 730<section id="intermarriage-and-assimilation-6" class="slide level2"> 731<h2>Intermarriage and Assimilation</h2> 732<div style="margin-top: 10px;"> 733 734</div> 735<p>Lee and Kye <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2016</a>)</span> identify five reasons why marriage trends among Asian Americans reflect a <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>racialized</em></strong></span> and highly contingent assimilation patternâ</p> 736<div> 737<ul> 738<li class="fragment"><p>Intermarriage rates lag behind those of European immigrants.</p></li> 739<li class="fragment"><p>Uneven or insignificant associations linking socioeconomic and educational attainment to intermarriage among Asians in America.</p></li> 740<li class="fragment"><p>Asians who intermarry sometimes evince a devaluation of <em>potential</em> Asian partnersâand a valorization of whiteness. Conversely, endogamous relationships among Asians in the U.S. often stem from shared experiences of exclusion.</p></li> 741<li class="fragment"><p>Intermarriage among U.S. Asians is deeply gendered.</p></li> 742<li class="fragment"><p>Ethnic intermarrige is increasingly common <em>among</em> Asians in the U.S.</p></li> 743</ul> 744</div> 745</section></section> 746<section> 747<section id="residential-outcomes" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B"> 748<h1>Residential Outcomes</h1> 749 750</section> 751<section id="embeddedness-in-integrated-neighbourhoods" class="slide level2"> 752<h2>Embeddedness in Integrated Neighbourhoods</h2> 753<div style="margin-top: 40px;"> 754 755</div> 756<div class="elegant-quote"> 757<p>[M]ost research indicates that <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asians remain the least segregated of the major racial/ethnic groups, with segregation levels remaining stable or slightly increasing since 1980</span> ⦠In general, researchers have largely explained these trends through the framework of the classic spatial assimilation model, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">which predicts increased integration and suburbanization for immigrant groups with socioeconomic and acculturation gains</span>.</p> 758<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 259</a>
758, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p> 759</div> 760</section> 761<section id="embeddedness-in-integrated-neighbourhoods-1" class="slide level2"> 762<h2>Embeddedness in Integrated Neighbourhoods</h2> 763<div style="margin-top: 40px;"> 764 765</div> 766<div class="elegant-quote"> 767<div class="shrinker-plus"> 768<p>Accordingly, for these groups, and especially for Asian residents, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">research has shown a strong connection of the residential outcomes of integration and suburban residency with income, educational attainment, labor market status, and home ownership</span>⦠Upwardly mobile Asian Americans have also <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">successfully attained residence in suburban neighborhoods with racial compositions that are comparable to those of white middle-class neighborhoods, a pattern that is absent for middle-class black residents</span> ⦠Collectively, the established role of social mobility and continued acculturation of Asian Americans in furthering residential gains has proven to be <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">an example of the classic spatial assimilation model, and of assimilation theory more generally</span> <span class="citation" data-cites="alba_remaking_2003">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Alba and Nee 2003</a>)</span>.</p> 769<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 259â60</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p> 770</div> 771</div> 772</section> 773<section id="embeddedness-in-integrated-neighbourhoods-2" class="slide level2"> 774<h2>Embeddedness in Integrated Neighbourhoods</h2> 775<div style="margin-top: 40px;"> 776 777</div> 778<div class="elegant-quote"> 779<div class="shrinker-plus"> 780<p>Having successfully leveraged class and status gains into residence in quality suburban neighborhoodsâand with Asian immigrants increasingly bypassing urban enclaves altogetherâ<span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asian Americans appear to have taken a key step toward entering the US mainstream</span> ⦠Thus, although a limited number of enclaves may persist, Asian Americans ultimately appear poised to complete trajectories of structural assimilation, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">as residence alongside majority groups creates further opportunities for interaction and familiarity with US culture and society</span>.</p> 781<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Kye 2016, 260</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p> 782</div> 783</div> 784</section> 785<section id="embeddedness-in-integrated-neighbourhoods-3" class="slide level2"> 786<h2>Embeddedness in Integrated Neighbourhoods</h2> 787<h4 id="some-caveats"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Some Caveats</span></h4> 788<div style="margin-top: 15px;"> 789 790</div> 791<p>The spatial assimilation of Asians in America may not map onto received wisdom. Lee and Kye <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_racialized_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2016</a>)</span> point to a few reasons whyâ</p> 792<div> 793<ul> 794<li class="fragment"><p>Diminishing associations between <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>suburbanization</em></span> and <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>acculturation</em></span>.</p></li> 795<li class="fragment"><p>In some instances, an inversion of associations linking <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>socioeconomic status</em></span> to <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>white integration</em></span>.</p></li> 796<li class="fragment"><p>The emergence of Asian <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>ethnoburbs</em></span>.</p></li> 797<li class="fragment"><p>Meaningful variation <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>among</em></span> heterogeneous ethnonational communities classified as âAsianâ in the U.S.</p></li> 798</ul> 799</div> 800</section></section> 801<section> 802<section id="group-exercise-i" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B"> 803<h1>Group Exercise I</h1> 804 805</section> 806<section id="politics-and-mental-health" class="slide level2"> 807<h2>Politics and Mental Health</h2> 808<div style="margin-top: 40px;"> 809 810</div> 811<div class="augmenter"> 812<div style="text-align: left;"> 813<div class="fragment"> 814<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>Group 1</strong></span></p> 815<p>Discuss the <em>political participation</em> of Asians in America. Does the âSES resource theoryâ help explain participation rates? Why or why not?</p> 816</div> 817<div class="fragment"> 818<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>Group 2</strong></span></p> 819<p>Do Asian Americans have âgood mental healthâ on balance? Why or why not? Relatedly, is there a âSES gradientâ associated with mental health among Asians in America?</p> 820</div> 821</div> 822</div> 823</section></section> 824<section> 825<section id="lecture-ii-november-18th" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B"> 826<h1>Lecture II: November 18<span style="font-size: 60%;"><sup>th</sup></span></h1> 827 828</section> 829<section id="reminders-and-updates-6" class="slide level2"> 830<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2> 831<p><br></p> 832<div class="callout callout-important callout-titled callout-style-default"> 833<div class="callout-body"> 834<div class="callout-title"> 835<div class="callout-icon-container"> 836<i class="callout-icon"></i> 837</div> 838<p><strong>Response Memo Deadline</strong></p> 839</div> 840<div class="callout-content"> 841<div style="text-align: center;"> 842<p>Your ninth response memoâwhich <em>has</em> to be between <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>250-400</strong></span> words and posted on our <a href="https://moodle.amherst.edu/mod/forum/view.php?id=891035" class="external" target="_blank">Moodle Discussion Board</a>âis due by 8:00 PM on <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;">Wednesday</span>.</p> 843</div> 844</div> 845</div> 846</div> 847</section> 848<section id="reminders-and-updates-7" class="slide level2"> 849<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2> 850<h4 id="final-paper-proposal-3"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Final Paper Proposal</span></h4> 851<div class="callout callout-important callout-titled callout-style-default"> 852<div class="callout-body"> 853<div class="callout-title"> 854<div class="callout-icon-container"> 855<i class="callout-icon"></i> 856</div> 857<p><strong>Final Paper Proposal Deadline</strong></p> 858</div> 859<div class="callout-content"> 860<div style="text-align: center;"> 861<p>Your final paper proposals are due by <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 13px 5px;">
8618:00 PM on Friday, November 22<sup>nd</sup></span>.</p> 862</div> 863</div> 864</div> 865</div> 866</section> 867<section id="reminders-and-updates-8" class="slide level2"> 868<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2> 869<h4 id="final-paper-proposal-4"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Final Paper Proposal</span></h4> 870<div class="augmenter"> 871<div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 120px;"> 872<p>Guidelines for the final paper proposal can be found <a href="https://soci231.netlify.app/#finalpaperproposal" data-preview-link="true">here</a>.</p> 873</div> 874</div> 875</section> 876<section id="reminders-and-updates-9" class="slide level2"> 877<h2>Reminders and Updates</h2> 878<h4 id="final-paper-proposal-5"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">Final Paper Proposal</span></h4> 879<div class="augmenter"> 880<div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 120px;"> 881<p>To submit your final paper proposal, click <a href="https://moodle.amherst.edu/mod/assign/view.php?id=899578" class="external" target="_blank">here</a>.</p> 882</div> 883</div> 884</section></section> 885<section> 886<section id="the-asian-american-assimilation-paradox-jennifer-c.-lee-and-dian-sheng" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B"> 887<h1><em>The Asian American<br>Assimilation Paradox</em> â<br>Jennifer C. Lee and Dian Sheng</h1> 888 889</section> 890<section id="the-new-face-of-u.s.-immigration" class="slide level2"> 891<h2>The New Face of U.S. Immigration</h2> 892<div style="margin-top: 40px;"> 893 894</div> 895<div class="elegant-quote"> 896<div class="shrinker-plus"> 897<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Unlike other groups, including Hispanics, that are growing mainly through natural births, the U.S. Asian population is growing primarily through immigration</span> ⦠China and India have long surpassed Mexico as the leading sources of new immigrants to the United States, and by 2055, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asians will surpass Hispanics as the largest immigrant group in the country</span> ⦠Three in five Asians in the United States are immigrants â a figure that increases to four in five among adults â and nine in ten are either immigrants or the children of immigrants. <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">The new face of U.S. immigration is Asian, making the study of Asian Americans essential to theory and research on assimilation</span>.</p> 898<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Sheng 2024, 68â69</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p> 899</div> 900</div> 901</section> 902<section id="the-new-face-of-u.s.-immigration-1" class="slide level2"> 903<h2>The New Face of U.S. Immigration</h2> 904<div style="margin-top: 40px;"> 905 906</div> 907<div class="elegant-quote"> 908<div class="shrinker-plus"> 909<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Diversity is a hallmark of the U.S. Asian population</span> ⦠Despite their diversity in origins, Asian Americans are, on average, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">the most highly educated, the highest earning, and the most likely to intermarry of all U.S. ethnoracial groups</span>. More than one-quarter are interracially married, and among the U.S.-born, the share is nearly double that ⦠And at $101,481, their median household income surpasses that of non-Hispanic Whites ($77,999), Hispanics ($57,981), and Blacks ($48,297) ⦠<span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Based on normative measures, Asians have not only successfully assimilated into the American mainstream, but they are remaking it in the process</span> <span class="citation" data-cites="alba_remaking_2003">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Alba and Nee 2003</a>)</span>.</p> 910<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Sheng 2024, 69</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p> 911</div> 912</div> 913</section> 914<section id="the-new-face-of-u.s.-immigration-2" class="slide level2"> 915<h2>The New Face of U.S. Immigration</h2> 916<div class="center-text"> 917<div class="augmenter"> 918<p>These figures would have been <span style="text-decoration: underline; 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1368} 1369 1370#agkaazpvet .katex-display { 1371 display: inline-flex !important; 1372 margin-bottom: 0.75em !important; 1373} 1374 1375#agkaazpvet div.Reactable > div.rt-table > div.rt-thead > div.rt-tr.rt-tr-group-header > div.rt-th-group:after { 1376 height: 0px !important; 1377} 1378</style> 1379 1380<table class="gt_table caption-top" data-quarto-postprocess="true" data-quarto-disable-processing="false" data-quarto-bootstrap="false"> 1381<caption>Abridged Version of Table 3.1 from <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>Culling the Masses</em></strong></span><br> <span class="citation" data-cites="fitzgerald_culling_2014">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">FitzGerald and Cook-MartÃn 2014</a>)</span></caption> 1382<colgroup> 1383<col style="width: 50%"> 1384<col style="width: 50%"> 1385</colgroup> 1386<thead> 1387<tr class="header gt_col_headings"> 1388<th id="Law" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" scope="col">Law</th> 1389<th id="Result" class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" data-quarto-table-cell-role="th" scope="col">Result</th> 1390</tr> 1391</thead> 1392<tbody class="gt_table_body"> 1393<tr class="odd"> 1394<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Law"><p>1908 Root-Takahira Agreement</p></td> 1395<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Result"><p>
1395âGentlemenâs Agreementâ restricts Japanese</p></td> 1396</tr> 1397<tr class="even"> 1398<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Law"><p>1917 Immigration Act</p></td> 1399<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Result"><p>Creation of Asiatic Barred Zone and literacy tests</p></td> 1400</tr> 1401<tr class="odd"> 1402<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Law"><p>1921 Emergency Quota Law</p></td> 1403<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Result"><p>Quota system favoring northwestern Europeans</p></td> 1404</tr> 1405<tr class="even"> 1406<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Law"><p>1924 Immigration Act</p></td> 1407<td class="gt_row gt_center" headers="Result"><p>Quota system further favoring northwestern Europeans and banning aliens ineligible to citizenship</p></td> 1408</tr> 1409</tbody><tfoot class="gt_footnotes"> 1410<tr class="odd"> 1411<td colspan="2" class="gt_footnote"><p>Table is <em>abridged</em> and <em>slightly</em> modified. Text is largely the same (see p. 86 of the source material).</p></td> 1412</tr> 1413</tfoot> 1414 1415</table> 1416 1417</div> 1418</div> 1419</div> 1420</section> 1421<section id="the-new-face-of-u.s.-immigration-4" class="slide level2"> 1422<h2>The New Face of U.S. Immigration</h2> 1423<div style="margin-top: 40px;"> 1424 1425</div> 1426<div class="elegant-quote"> 1427<div class="shrinker-plus"> 1428<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">The socioeconomic attainment of Asian Americans in the twenty-first century is remarkable in light of their racial status in the nineteenth</span>. Once deemed filthy, diseased, sub-human, and unassimilable, <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">Asians were denied the rights of citizenship and endured a series of exclusion laws that choked immigration and the growth of the U.S. Asian population</span>. When the United States finally abolished national origins quotas with the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, it opened the door to a new wave of Asian immigrants. <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">By privileging the professionally skilled, the change in U.S. immigration law <em>legally engineered</em> a new stream of highly educated Asian immigrants into the United States, thereby elevating the racial status of Asian Americans from âunassimilable to exceptional.â</span></p> 1429<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Sheng 2024, 69</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p> 1430</div> 1431</div> 1432</section> 1433<section id="the-new-face-of-u.s.-immigration-5" class="slide level2"> 1434<h2>The New Face of U.S. Immigration</h2> 1435<div class="center-text"> 1436<div class="augmenter"> 1437<p>Once again, we see the explanatory power<br>of <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>immigrant selectivity</em></span>.</p> 1438</div> 1439</div> 1440</section> 1441<section id="the-new-face-of-u.s.-immigration-6" class="slide level2"> 1442<h2>The New Face of U.S. Immigration</h2> 1443<div style="margin-top: 40px;"> 1444 1445</div> 1446<div class="elegant-quote"> 1447<div class="shrinker-plus"> 1448<p>Today, the majority of contemporary Asian immigrants are <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">doubly positively selected</span>, or what Lee and Zhou <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2015">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2015</a>)</span> describe as <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><em>hyper-selected</em>: they are not only more likely to be college-educated than their non-migrant counterparts from their countries of origin, but they are also more highly educated than the U.S. mean</span>. Their hyper-selectivity places them and their U.S.-born children at favourable starting points in the quest to get ahead ⦠(<em>That being said</em>), <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">their racial mobility has not shielded them from the surge in anti-Asian violence and hate incidents that has touched one in six adults since the wake of COVID-19</span>.</p> 1449<p><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Sheng 2024, 69</a>
1449, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p> 1450</div> 1451</div> 1452</section> 1453<section id="an-assimilation-paradox" class="slide level2"> 1454<h2>An Assimilation Paradox</h2> 1455<div class="center-text"> 1456<div class="augmenter-mini"> 1457<p>âAsian Americansâ racial mobility defies theories of racial disadvantage yet their experiences with xenophobia, racism, and anti-Asian violence <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;">vex theories of assimilation â pointing to an <em>assimilation paradox</em></span>.â<br><span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Lee and Sheng 2024, 70</a>, <span style="font-size: 55%; font-family: Red Hat Display; color: white; background-color: #5d3c85"><strong>EMPHASIS ADDED</strong></span>)</span></p> 1458</div> 1459</div> 1460</section> 1461<section id="an-assimilation-paradox-1" class="slide level2"> 1462<h2>An Assimilation Paradox</h2> 1463<div style="margin-top: 35px;"> 1464 1465</div> 1466<div class="augmenter-mini"> 1467<p>In demystifying this paradox, Lee and Sheng <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2024</a>)</span> point to three key factors that have hampered research on Asian American assimilation â</p> 1468<div style="text-align: center;"> 1469<div> 1470<ul> 1471<li class="fragment"><p>The <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>ahistorical</em></strong></span> treatment of immigration from Asia.</p></li> 1472<li class="fragment"><p>The <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>tautology</em></strong></span> of using educational capital acquired elsewhere to measure structural assimilation in the receiving society.</p></li> 1473<li class="fragment"><p>The reliance on <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>normative indicators</em></strong></span> to measure assimilation in lieu of individualsâ lived experiences or beliefs about the social world.</p></li> 1474</ul> 1475</div> 1476</div> 1477</div> 1478</section></section> 1479<section> 1480<section id="group-exercise-ii" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B"> 1481<h1>Group Exercise II</h1> 1482 1483</section> 1484<section id="legacies-of-exclusion" class="slide level2"> 1485<h2>Legacies of Exclusion</h2> 1486<div style="margin-top: 20px;"> 1487 1488</div> 1489<div class="augmenter-mini"> 1490<div style="text-align: left;"> 1491<div class="fragment"> 1492<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>Group 1</strong></span></p> 1493<p>Lee and Sheng <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2024</a>)</span> use two landmark Supreme Court decisions from the 1920s to illustrate the <em>longue durée</em> of Asian exclusion in America. Describe these cases in some detail. What do they reveal about the Asian American <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>assimilation paradox</em></span>?</p> 1494</div> 1495<div class="fragment"> 1496<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>Group 2</strong></span></p> 1497<p>Lee and Sheng <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2024</a>)</span> also posit that the <em>Page Act</em> set the stage for a series of restrictive policies targeting Asians in America. Explain the origins of this actâand how its proponents linked <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>disease</em></span>, <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>sexuality</em></span>, <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>morality</em></span> and <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>race</em></span> to institutionalize their exclusionary ideas. Broadly speaking, what does this episode reveal about the Asian American <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>assimilation paradox</em></span>?</p> 1498</div> 1499</div> 1500</div> 1501</section></section> 1502<section> 1503<section id="issues-of-measurement-and-conceptualization" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B"> 1504<h1>Issues of Measurement and Conceptualization</h1> 1505 1506</section> 1507<section id="hyper-selectivity-and-assimilation" class="slide level2"> 1508<h2>Hyper-Selectivity and Assimilation</h2> 1509<div class="center-text"> 1510<div class="augmenter"> 1511<p>How can we measureâor conceptualizeâthe <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>structural assimilation</em></span> of a population that comes armed with exceedingly high levels of educational attainment (on average)?</p> 1512</div> 1513</div> 1514</section> 1515<section id="hyper-selectivity-and-assimilation-1" class="slide level2"> 1516<h2>Hyper-Selectivity and Assimilation</h2> 1517<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 65%; margin-top: 40px; color:#a9a9a9;"> 1518<p>Adaptation of <strong>Figure 1</strong>
1518 from Tran, Lee and Huang <span class="citation" data-cites="tran_revisiting_2019">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2019</a>)</span>.</p> 1519</div> 1520<div class="centred" style="margin-top: -13px;"> 1521<div class="cell" data-layout-align="right"> 1522<div class="cell-output-display"> 1523<div class="plotly html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-988d4790437ec9aadcd3" style="width:576px;height:576px;"></div>
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1524 1525</div> 1526</div> 1527</div> 1528</section> 1529<section id="hyper-selectivity-and-assimilation-2" class="slide level2"> 1530<h2>Hyper-Selectivity and Assimilation</h2> 1531<div class="center-text"> 1532<div class="augmenter"> 1533<p>If we <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>donât</em></span> account for selectivity, we run the risk of making <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>tautological</em></strong></span> arguments. If we <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>do</em></span> adjust for Asian immigrantsâ hyper-selectivity, we run the risk of compromising <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>external validity</em></strong></span>.</p> 1534</div> 1535</div> 1536</section> 1537<section id="normative-indicators-vs-lived-experiences" class="slide level2"> 1538<h2>Normative Indicators <em>vs</em> Lived Experiences</h2> 1539<div class="center-text"> 1540<div class="augmenter-mini"> 1541<p>To measure assimilation across time and space, analysts often zoom-in on a specific set of <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>socioeconomic</em></span> or <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>structural</em></span> variablesâfrom labour market outcomes to intermarriage ratesâin lieu of capturing how individuals understand themselves and their place in the world.</p> 1542</div> 1543</div> 1544</section> 1545<section id="normative-indicators-vs-lived-experiences-1" class="slide level2"> 1546<h2>Normative Indicators <em>vs</em> Lived Experiences</h2> 1547<div class="center-text"> 1548<div class="augmenter"> 1549<p>As the experiences of Asian Americans lay bare, these analytic choices can lead to faulty inferences.</p> 1550</div> 1551</div> 1552</section> 1553<section id="normative-indicators-vs-lived-experiences-2" class="slide level2"> 1554<h2>Normative Indicators <em>vs</em> Lived Experiences</h2> 1555<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 65%; margin-top: 40px; color:#a9a9a9;"> 1556<p>Adaptation of <strong>Figure 2</strong> from Lee and Sheng <span class="citation" data-cites="lee_asian_2024">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2024</a>)</span>.</p> 1557</div> 1558 1559<img data-src="./media/asian_perception.svg" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center r-stretch"></section> 1560<section id="normative-indicators-vs-lived-experiences-3" class="slide level2"> 1561<h2>Normative Indicators <em>vs</em> Lived Experiences</h2> 1562<div class="center-text"> 1563<div class="augmenter"> 1564<details> 1565<summary class="custom-box"> 1566A Question 1567</summary> 1568<span style="font-size:85%;">Do these disjuncturesâi.e., between Asian Americansâ <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>social mobility</em></span> and sustained <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>sociocultural exclusion</em></span>âpose a problem for neo-assimilationism?</span> 1569</details> 1570</div> 1571</div> 1572</section></section> 1573<section> 1574<section id="group-exercise-iii" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B"> 1575<h1>Group Exercise III</h1> 1576 1577</section> 1578<section id="asian-americans-and-the-whitening-literature" class="slide level2"> 1579<h2>Asian Americans and the <em>Whitening</em> Literature</h2> 1580<div class="center-text"> 1581<div class="augmenter"> 1582<p>In her article, Kim <span class="citation" data-cites="kim_critical_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2016</a>)</span> systematically critiques the idea that Asian Americans will, in due time, become <span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong><em>honourary whites</em></strong></span>.<br>Letâs unpack her ideas in <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>groups</em></span>.</p> 1583</div> 1584</div> 1585</section> 1586<section id="asian-americans-and-the-whitening-literature-1" class="slide level2"> 1587<h2>Asian Americans and the <em>Whitening</em> Literature</h2> 1588<div style="margin-top: 45px;"> 1589 1590</div> 1591<div class="augmenter-mini"> 1592<div style="text-align: left;"> 1593<div class="fragment"> 1594<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>Group 1</strong></span></p> 1595<p>What is Kimâs <span class="citation" data-cites="kim_critical_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2016</a>)</span> central thesis or argument? Link this argument to the idea of <sp
1595an style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>citizenship</em></span> and the <span style="text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #5d3c85;"><em>racialization of Asian Americans across borders</em></span>.</p> 1596</div> 1597<div style="margin-top: 30px;"> 1598 1599</div> 1600<div class="fragment"> 1601<p><span style="color: white; background-color: #5d3c85; padding: 1px 5px;"><strong>Group 2</strong></span></p> 1602<p>What is Kimâs <span class="citation" data-cites="kim_critical_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2016</a>)</span> central thesis or argument? How did Kim <span class="citation" data-cites="kim_critical_2016">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2016</a>)</span> advance this argument by ârexaminingâ sociodemographic data?</p> 1603</div> 1604</div> 1605</div> 1606</section></section> 1607<section> 1608<section id="see-you-wednesday" class="title-slide slide level1 center" data-background-color="#43464B"> 1609<h1>See You Wednesday</h1> 1610 1611</section> 1612<section id="references" class="slide level2 smaller scrollable"> 1613<h2>References</h2> 1614<p><span style="color: #9c9c9c; font-size:95%;"><strong>Note</strong>: Scroll <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewbox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;width:0.75em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#5d3c85;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M169.4 470.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L224 370.8 224 64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32l0 306.7L54.6 265.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l160 160z"></path></svg> to access the entire bibliography</span></p> 1615<div class="quarto-auto-generated-content"> 1616<p><img src="media/amherst seal.png" class="slide-logo"></p> 1617<div class="footer footer-default"> 1618 1619</div> 1620</div> 1621<div id="refs" class="references csl-bib-body hanging-indent" data-entry-spacing="0" role="list"> 1622<div id="ref-alba_remaking_2003" class="csl-entry" role="listitem"> 1623Alba, Richard D., and Victor Nee. 2003. <em>Remaking the <span>American</span> <span>Mainstream</span>: <span>Assimilation</span> and <span>Contemporary</span> <span>Immigration</span></em>. Harvard University Press. 1624</div> 1625<div id="ref-abby_budiman_asian_2021" class="csl-entry" role="listitem"> 1626Budiman, Aby, and Neil G. Ruiz. 2021. <span>âAsian <span>Americans</span> Are the Fastest-Growing Racial or Ethnic Group in the <span>U</span>.<span>S</span>.â</span> <em>Pew Research Center</em>. <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/04/09/asian-americans-are-the-fastest-growing-racial-or-ethnic-group-in-the-u-s/">https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/04/09/asian-americans-are-the-fastest-growing-racial-or-ethnic-group-in-the-u-s/</a>. 1627</div> 1628<div id="ref-fitzgerald_culling_2014" class="csl-entry" role="listitem"> 1629FitzGerald, David Scott, and David A. Cook-MartÃn. 2014. <em>Culling the <span>Masses</span>: <span>The</span> <span>Democratic</span> <span>Origins</span> of <span>Racist</span> <span>Immigration</span> <span>Policy</span> in the <span>Americas</span></em>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674369665">https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674369665</a>. 1630</div> 1631<div id="ref-kim_critical_2016" class="csl-entry" role="listitem"> 1632Kim, Nadia Y. 2016. <span>âCritical <span>Thoughts</span> on <span>Asian</span> <span>American</span> <span>Assimilation</span> in the <span>Whitening</span> <span>Literature</span>.â</span> In <em>Contemporary <span>Asian</span> <span>America</span> (Third Edition)</em>, edited by Min Zhou and Anthony C. Ocampo, 554â75. A <span>Multidisciplinary</span> <span>Reader</span>. New York: NYU Press. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt18040wj.32">http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt18040wj.32</a>. 1633</div> 1634<div id="ref-lee_racialized_2016" class="csl-entry" role="listitem"> 1635Lee, Jennifer, and Samuel Kye. 2016. <span>âRacialized <span>Assimilation</span> of <span>Asian</span> <span>Americans</span>.â</span> <em>Annual Review of Sociology</em> 42 (Volume 42, 2016): 253â73. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074310">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074310</a>. 1636</div> 1637<div id="ref-lee_asian_2024" class="csl-entry" role="listitem"> 1638Lee, Jennifer, and Dian Sheng. 2024. <span>âThe <span>Asian</span> <span>American</span> Assimilation Paradox.â</span> <em>Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies</em> 50 (1): 68â94. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2183965">https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2183965</a>. 1639</div> 1640<div id="ref-lee_asian_2015" class="csl-entry" role="listitem"> 1641Lee, Jennifer, and Min Zhou. 2015. <em>The <span>Asian</span> <span>American</span> <span>Achievement</span> <span>Paradox</span></em>. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. <a href="http://www.jstor.org.amherst.idm.oclc.org/stable/10.7758/9781610448505">http://www.jstor.org.amherst.idm.oclc.org/stable/10.7758/9781610448505</a>. 1642</div> 1643<div id="ref-sakamoto_socioeconomic_2009" class="csl-entry" role="listitem"> 1644Sakamoto, Arthur, Kimberly A. Goyette, and ChangHwan Kim. 2009. <span>âSocioeconomic <span>Attainments</span> of <span>Asian</span> <span>Americans</span>.â</span> <em>Annual Review of Sociology</em> 35 (Volume 35, 2009): 255â76. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115958">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115958</a>. 1645</div> 1646<div id="ref-tran_revisiting_2019" class="csl-entry" role="listitem"> 1647Tran, Van C., Jennifer Lee, and Tiffany J. Huang. 2019. <span>âRevisiting the <span>Asian</span> Second-Generation Advantage.â</span> <em>Ethnic and Racial Studies</em> 42 (13): 2248â69. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1579920">https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1579920</a>. 1648</div> 1649</div> 1650</section></section> 1651 </div> 1652 </div> 1653 1654
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1900 1901 1902
1902<script id="quarto-html-after-body" type="application/javascript"> 1903 window.document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function (event) { 1904 const toggleBodyColorMode = (bsSheetEl) => { 1905 const mode = bsSheetEl.getAttribute("data-mode"); 1906 const bodyEl = window.document.querySelector("body"); 1907 if (mode === "dark") { 1908 bodyEl.classList.add("quarto-dark"); 1909 bodyEl.classList.remove("quarto-light"); 1910 } else { 1911 bodyEl.classList.add("quarto-light"); 1912 bodyEl.classList.remove("quarto-dark"); 1913 } 1914 } 1915 const toggleBodyColorPrimary = () => { 1916 const bsSheetEl = window.document.querySelector("link#quarto-bootstrap"); 1917 if (bsSheetEl) { 1918 toggleBodyColorMode(bsSheetEl); 1919 } 1920 } 1921 toggleBodyColorPrimary(); 1922 const tabsets = window.document.querySelectorAll(".panel-tabset-tabby") 1923 tabsets.forEach(function(tabset) { 1924 const tabby = new Tabby('#' + tabset.id); 1925 }); 1926 const isCodeAnnotation = (el) => { 1927 for (const clz of el.classList) { 1928 if (clz.startsWith('code-annotation-')) { 1929 return true; 1930 } 1931 } 1932 return false; 1933 } 1934 const onCopySuccess = function(e) { 1935 // button target 1936 const button = e.trigger; 1937 // don't keep focus 1938 button.blur(); 1939 // flash "checked" 1940 button.classList.add('code-copy-button-checked'); 1941 var currentTitle = button.getAttribute("title"); 1942 button.setAttribute("title", "Copied!"); 1943 let tooltip; 1944 if (window.bootstrap) { 1945 button.setAttribute("data-bs-toggle", "tooltip"); 1946 button.setAttribute("data-bs-placement", "left"); 1947 button.setAttribute("data-bs-title", "Copied!"); 1948 tooltip = new bootstrap.Tooltip(button, 1949 { trigger: "manual", 1950 customClass: "code-copy-button-tooltip", 1951 offset: [0, -8]}); 1952 tooltip.show(); 1953 } 1954 setTimeout(function() { 1955 if (tooltip) { 1956 tooltip.hide(); 1957 button.removeAttribute("data-bs-title"); 1958 button.removeAttribute("data-bs-toggle"); 1959 button.removeAttribute("data-bs-placement"); 1960 } 1961 button.setAttribute("title", currentTitle); 1962 button.classList.remove('code-copy-button-checked'); 1963 }, 1000); 1964 // clear code selection 1965 e.clearSelection(); 1966 } 1967 const getTextToCopy = function(trigger) { 1968 const codeEl = trigger.previousElementSibling.cloneNode(true); 1969 for (const childEl of codeEl.children) { 1970 if (isCodeAnnotation(childEl)) { 1971 childEl.remove(); 1972 } 1973 } 1974 return codeEl.innerText; 1975 } 1976 const clipboard = new window.ClipboardJS('.code-copy-button:not([data-in-quarto-modal])', { 1977 text: getTextToCopy 1978 }); 1979 clipboard.on('success', onCopySuccess); 1980 if (window.document.getElementById('quarto-embedded-source-code-modal')) { 1981 // For code content inside modals, clipBoardJS needs to be initialized with a container option 1982 // TODO: Check when it could be a function (https://github.com/zenorocha/clipboard.js/issues/860) 1983 const clipboardModal = new window.ClipboardJS('.code-copy-button[data-in-quarto-modal]', { 1984 text: getTextToCopy, 1985 container: window.document.getElementById('quarto-embedded-source-code-modal') 1986 }); 1987 clipboardModal.on('success', onCopySuccess); 1988 } 1989 var localhostRegex = new RegExp(/^(?:http|https):\/\/localhost\:?[0-9]*\//); 1990 var mailtoRegex = new RegExp(/^mailto:/); 1991 var filterRegex = new RegExp('/' + window.location.host + '/'); 1992 var isInternal = (href) => { 1993 return filterRegex.test(href) || localhostRegex.test(href) || mailtoRegex.test(href); 1994 } 1995 // Inspect non-navigation links and adorn them if external 1996 var links = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[href]:not(.nav-link):not(.navbar-brand):not(.toc-action):not(.sidebar-link):not(.sidebar-item-toggle):not(.pagination-link):not(.no-external):not([aria-hidden]):not(.dropdown-item):not(.quarto-navigation-tool):not(.about-link)'); 1997 for (var i=0; i<links.length; i++) { 1998 const link = links[i]; 1999 if (!isInternal(link.href)) { 2000 // undo the damage that might have been done by quarto-nav.js in the case of 2001 // links that we want to consider external 2002 if (link.dataset.originalHref !== undefined) { 2003 link.href = link.dataset.originalHref; 2004 } 2005 // default icon 2006 link.classList.add("external"); 2007 } 2008 } 2009 function tippyHover(el, contentFn, onTriggerFn, onUntriggerFn) { 2010 const config = { 2011 allowHTML: true, 2012 maxWidth: 500, 2013 delay: 100,
2014 arrow: false, 2015 appendTo: function(el) { 2016 return el.closest('section.slide') || el.parentElement; 2017 }, 2018 interactive: true, 2019 interactiveBorder: 10, 2020 theme: 'light-border', 2021 placement: 'bottom-start', 2022 }; 2023 if (contentFn) { 2024 config.content = contentFn; 2025 } 2026 if (onTriggerFn) { 2027 config.onTrigger = onTriggerFn; 2028 } 2029 if (onUntriggerFn) { 2030 config.onUntrigger = onUntriggerFn; 2031 } 2032 config['offset'] = [0,0]; 2033 config['maxWidth'] = 700; 2034 window.tippy(el, config); 2035 } 2036 const noterefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-noteref"]'); 2037 for (var i=0; i<noterefs.length; i++) { 2038 const ref = noterefs[i]; 2039 tippyHover(ref, function() { 2040 // use id or data attribute instead here 2041 let href = ref.getAttribute('data-footnote-href') || ref.getAttribute('href'); 2042 try { href = new URL(href).hash; } catch {} 2043 const id = href.replace(/^#\/?/, ""); 2044 const note = window.document.getElementById(id); 2045 if (note) { 2046 return note.innerHTML; 2047 } else { 2048 return ""; 2049 } 2050 }); 2051 } 2052 let selectedAnnoteEl; 2053 const selectorForAnnotation = ( cell, annotation) => { 2054 let cellAttr = 'data-code-cell="' + cell + '"'; 2055 let lineAttr = 'data-code-annotation="' + annotation + '"'; 2056 const selector = 'span[' + cellAttr + '][' + lineAttr + ']'; 2057 return selector; 2058 } 2059 const selectCodeLines = (annoteEl) => { 2060 const doc = window.document; 2061 const targetCell = annoteEl.getAttribute("data-target-cell"); 2062 const targetAnnotation = annoteEl.getAttribute("data-target-annotation"); 2063 const annoteSpan = window.document.querySelector(selectorForAnnotation(targetCell, targetAnnotation)); 2064 const lines = annoteSpan.getAttribute("data-code-lines").split(","); 2065 const lineIds = lines.map((line) => { 2066 return targetCell + "-" + line; 2067 }) 2068 let top = null; 2069 let height = null; 2070 let parent = null; 2071 if (lineIds.length > 0) { 2072 //compute the position of the single el (top and bottom and make a div) 2073 const el = window.document.getElementById(lineIds[0]); 2074 top = el.offsetTop; 2075 height = el.offsetHeight; 2076 parent = el.parentElement.parentElement; 2077 if (lineIds.length > 1) { 2078 const lastEl = window.document.getElementById(lineIds[lineIds.length - 1]); 2079 const bottom = lastEl.offsetTop + lastEl.offsetHeight; 2080 height = bottom - top; 2081 } 2082 if (top !== null && height !== null && parent !== null) { 2083 // cook up a div (if necessary) and position it 2084 let div = window.document.getElementById("code-annotation-line-highlight"); 2085 if (div === null) { 2086 div = window.document.createElement("div"); 2087 div.setAttribute("id", "code-annotation-line-highlight"); 2088 div.style.position = 'absolute'; 2089 parent.appendChild(div); 2090 } 2091 div.style.top = top - 2 + "px"; 2092 div.style.height = height + 4 + "px"; 2093 div.style.left = 0; 2094 let gutterDiv = window.document.getElementById("code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter"); 2095 if (gutterDiv === null) { 2096 gutterDiv = window.document.createElement("div"); 2097 gutterDiv.setAttribute("id", "code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter"); 2098 gutterDiv.style.position = 'absolute'; 2099 const codeCell = window.document.getElementById(targetCell); 2100 const gutter = codeCell.querySelector('.code-annotation-gutter'); 2101 gutter.appendChild(gutterDiv); 2102 } 2103 gutterDiv.style.top = top - 2 + "px"; 2104 gutterDiv.style.height = height + 4 + "px"; 2105 } 2106 selectedAnnoteEl = annoteEl; 2107 } 2108 }; 2109 const unselectCodeLines = () => { 2110 const elementsIds = ["code-annotation-line-highlight", "code-annotation-line-highlight-gutter"]; 2111 elementsIds.forEach((elId) => { 2112 const div = window.document.getElementById(elId); 2113 if (div) { 2114 div.remove(); 2115 } 2116 }); 2117 selectedAnnoteEl = undefined; 2118 }; 2119 // Handle positioning of the toggle 2120 window.addEventListener( 2121 "resize", 2122 throttle(() => { 2123 elRect = undefined; 2124 if (selectedAnnoteEl) { 2125 selectCodeLines(selectedAnnoteEl); 2126 } 2127 }, 10) 2128 ); 2129 function throttle(fn, ms) { 2130 let throttle = false;
2131 let timer; 2132 return (...args) => { 2133 if(!throttle) { // first call gets through 2134 fn.apply(this, args); 2135 throttle = true; 2136 } else { // all the others get throttled 2137 if(timer) clearTimeout(timer); // cancel #2 2138 timer = setTimeout(() => { 2139 fn.apply(this, args); 2140 timer = throttle = false; 2141 }, ms); 2142 } 2143 }; 2144 } 2145 const annoteTargets = window.document.querySelectorAll('.code-annotation-anchor'); 2146 for (let i=0; i<annoteTargets.length; i++) { 2147 const annoteTarget = annoteTargets[i]; 2148 const targetCell = annoteTarget.getAttribute("data-target-cell"); 2149 const targetAnnotation = annoteTarget.getAttribute("data-target-annotation"); 2150 const contentFn = () => { 2151 const content = window.document.querySelector(selectorForAnnotation(targetCell, targetAnnotation)); 2152 if (content) { 2153 const tipContent = content.cloneNode(true); 2154 tipContent.classList.add("code-annotation-tip-content"); 2155 return tipContent.outerHTML; 2156 } 2157 } 2158 const config = { 2159 allowHTML: true, 2160 content: contentFn, 2161 onShow: (instance) => { 2162 selectCodeLines(instance.reference); 2163 instance.reference.classList.add('code-annotation-active'); 2164 window.tippy.hideAll(); 2165 }, 2166 onHide: (instance) => { 2167 unselectCodeLines(); 2168 instance.reference.classList.remove('code-annotation-active'); 2169 }, 2170 maxWidth: 300, 2171 delay: [50, 0], 2172 duration: [200, 0], 2173 offset: [5, 10], 2174 arrow: true, 2175 trigger: 'click', 2176 appendTo: function(el) { 2177 return el.parentElement.parentElement.parentElement; 2178 }, 2179 interactive: true, 2180 interactiveBorder: 10, 2181 theme: 'light-border', 2182 placement: 'right', 2183 positionFixed: true, 2184 popperOptions: { 2185 modifiers: [ 2186 { 2187 name: 'flip', 2188 options: { 2189 flipVariations: false, // true by default 2190 allowedAutoPlacements: ['right'], 2191 fallbackPlacements: ['right', 'top', 'top-start', 'top-end', 'bottom', 'bottom-start', 'bottom-end', 'left'], 2192 }, 2193 }, 2194 { 2195 name: 'preventOverflow', 2196 options: { 2197 mainAxis: false, 2198 altAxis: false 2199 } 2200 } 2201 ] 2202 } 2203 }; 2204 window.tippy(annoteTarget, config); 2205 } 2206 const findCites = (el) => { 2207 const parentEl = el.parentElement; 2208 if (parentEl) { 2209 const cites = parentEl.dataset.cites; 2210 if (cites) { 2211 return { 2212 el, 2213 cites: cites.split(' ') 2214 }; 2215 } else { 2216 return findCites(el.parentElement) 2217 } 2218 } else { 2219 return undefined; 2220 } 2221 }; 2222 var bibliorefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-biblioref"]'); 2223 for (var i=0; i<bibliorefs.length; i++) { 2224 const ref = bibliorefs[i]; 2225 const citeInfo = findCites(ref); 2226 if (citeInfo) { 2227 tippyHover(citeInfo.el, function() { 2228 var popup = window.document.createElement('div'); 2229 citeInfo.cites.forEach(function(cite) { 2230 var citeDiv = window.document.createElement('div'); 2231 citeDiv.classList.add('hanging-indent'); 2232 citeDiv.classList.add('csl-entry'); 2233 var biblioDiv = window.document.getElementById('ref-' + cite); 2234 if (biblioDiv) { 2235 citeDiv.innerHTML = biblioDiv.innerHTML; 2236 } 2237 popup.appendChild(citeDiv); 2238 }); 2239 return popup.innerHTML; 2240 }); 2241 } 2242 } 2243 }); 2244 </script>
2244 2245
2245<script>var lightboxQuarto = GLightbox({"descPosition":"bottom","openEffect":"zoom","closeEffect":"zoom","loop":false,"selector":".lightbox"}); 2246 (function() { 2247 let previousOnload = window.onload; 2248 window.onload = () => { 2249 if (previousOnload) { 2250 previousOnload(); 2251 } 2252 lightboxQuarto.on('slide_before_load', (data) => { 2253 const { slideIndex, slideNode, slideConfig, player, trigger } = data; 2254 const href = trigger.getAttribute('href'); 2255 if (href !== null) { 2256 const imgEl = window.document.querySelector(`a[href="${href}"] img`); 2257 if (imgEl !== null) { 2258 const srcAttr = imgEl.getAttribute("src"); 2259 if (srcAttr && srcAttr.startsWith("data:")) { 2260 slideConfig.href = srcAttr; 2261 } 2262 } 2263 } 2264 }); 2265 2266 lightboxQuarto.on('slide_after_load', (data) => { 2267 const { slideIndex, slideNode, slideConfig, player, trigger } = data; 2268 if (window.Quarto?.typesetMath) { 2269 window.Quarto.typesetMath(slideNode); 2270 } 2271 }); 2272 2273 }; 2274 2275 })(); 2276 </script>
2276 2277 2278 2279</body></html>
Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.