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36 37 38 <div class="page-wrap" > 39 40 <div id="map" class="map"></div> 41 42 <div class="nav-wrap"> 43 44 <nav class="nav__inner-wrap"> 45 <a href="#intro" class="nav-item w-inline-block"></a> 46 <a href="#urban_heat_island" class="nav-item w-inline-block"></a> 47 <a href="#urban_cool_island" class="nav-item w-inline-block"></a> 48 <a href="#heat_from_cooling" class="nav-item w-inline-block"></a> 49 <a href="#sensing_heat" class="nav-item w-inline-block"></a> 50 <a href="#visualizing_heat" class="nav-item w-inline-block"></a> 51 <a href="#energy_from_heat" class="nav-item w-inline-block"></a> 52 <a href="#framing_context" class="nav-item w-inline-block"></a> 53 <a href="#case_studies" class="nav-item w-inline-block"></a> 54 <a href="#probing_heat" class="nav-item w-inline-block"></a> 55 <a href="#urban_morphologies" class="nav-item w-inline-block"></a> 56 <a href="#micro_to_macro" class="nav-item w-inline-block"></a> 57 <a href="#credits_references" class="nav-item w-inline-block"></a> 58 <!-- <a href="#references" class="nav-item w-inline-block"></a> --> 59 </nav> 60 </div> 61 62 <div id="features" class="features"> 63 64 <div class="intro-section" id="intro" > 65 <h1 class="intro-title">Hacking Heat</h1> 66 67 <span class="intro__sub-title">Waste heat as air pollution as energy</span> 68 <span style="margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;font-size: 1.2rem;color:grey">A project by Ahmad Saleh</span> 69 <div style="max-width:420px"><p1>Realized as part of the Transversal Studio conducted at DIDI in the Spring 2023, co-taught by Joanne Hayek and Mirko Daneluzzo, with the support of the DIDI Future City Lab</p1></div> 70 71 <span style="margin-top:10px"> 72 <a href="https://didi.ac.ae/" target="_blank"><img src="assets/DIDI_Logo_Primary_ENG.png" style="height:40px"></a> 73 <img src="assets/DIDI Future City Lab Logo.png" style="margin-left:20px;height:30px"> 74 </span> 75 <br><br> 76 77 78 </div> 79 80 81 <div class="section__inner-wrap"> 82 <p> 83 This project stems from an interest in <b>urban heat waste</b>, as a <b>source of pollution</b> and <b>potentially a resource</b> that could be harvested as energy. 84 <br><br> 85 Focusing particularly on <b>the heat wasted by AC units in Dubai</b>, the project proposes to implement a system of <b>real-time mapping to measure and compute</b> the amount of heat generated by the AC exhausts <b>throughout the year</b>, in different neighborhoods and areas of Dubai, and propose <b>methods to repurpose it as a source of energy</b>. 86 </p> 87 </div> 88 89 <div id="urban_heat_island" class="section active wf-section"> 90 <div class="section__inner-wrap"> 91 92 <h2>Dubai, a heating city?</h2> 93 <br><br> 94 <!-- <div class="bg"></div> --> 95 <h1 class="heading">Urban Heat Island</h1> 96 <p>The Urban Heat Island phenomenon occurs when natural land is replaced by buildings and pavements resulting in <b>higher temperatures in city centers</b> in relation to more suburban areas. 97 The presence of dark / paved surfaces are primary contributors to the absorbtion of heat within urban contexts that in turn increase temperatures of central areas within a city.</p> 98 <img src="assets/urbanheatisland.png" style="margin-bottom:30px"> 99 <br> 100 <h4 style=>Is it the case of Dubai?</h4> 101 </div> 102 103 </div> 104 <div id="urban_cool_island" class="section wf-section"> 105 <div class="section__inner-wrap"> 106 <h1 class="heading">
106Urban Cool Island</h1> 107 <p>In fact, in desert cities like Dubai, this phenomenon is usually <b>reversed into an Urban Cool Island effect</b>. 108 This is due to the suburban desert areas being so void of vegetation and moisture that they heat up more rapidly than the city, and in contrast, urban planning in desert cities take into consideration <b>dedicated spaces for vegetation and green landscapes</b>.</p> 109 <br> 110 <img src="assets/urbancoolisland.png" alt="" style="margin-bottom:30px"> 111 112 <br><br> 113 <h4 style=>And what about heat waste?</h4> 114 </div> 115 </div> 116 <div id="heat_from_cooling" class="section wf-section"> 117 <div class="section__inner-wrap"> 118 <h1 class="heading">Heat from Cooling</h1> 119 <p>Through the documentation of my surroundings, I was able to build bridges between my experience of air and external contributing factors.<br><br>My focus shifted to the heat exuded from everyday objects. I took on both a macro and micro view. As an example, I looked at how <b>an AC unit produces micro winds through its exhausts, and this expelled air has a certain level of heat attached to it that is transferred to its surroundings</b>. Then how buildings and households can heat up the city when all these micro heat emissions are combined.</p> 120 <div class="image-container"> 121 <img src="assets/ACvent.png" alt=""> <img src="assets/ACvent2.png" alt=""> 122 </div> 123 </div> 124 </div> 125 <div id="sensing_heat" class="section wf-section"> 126 <div class="section__inner-wrap"> 127 <h1 class="heading">Sensing Heat</h1> 128 <p>To further explore this new found direction, I proposed to implement <b>a sensing probe to collect data from the exhaust</b> of my bedroomâs AC unit to gain <b>insights on how much heat is being lost throughout the day</b>.<br><br> 129 The data was collected over 7 days at regular time intervals of 1pm, 6pm, and 11pm. At each point, data was collected and averaged out over a one minute time period. The AC was set at a constant temperature of 23°c in the bedroom. 130 Six data parameters were collected, as visualized in the chart below: (1) exhaust temperature, (2) ambient temperature, (3) weather app temperature, (4) room temperature, (5) exhaust wind speed, (6) whether the AC was on or off prior to the data collection. 131 <br><br> 132 <div class="image-container"> 133 <img src="assets/initialprobe.png" alt=""> <img src="assets/IMG_6870.png" alt=""> 134 </div> 135 </p> 136 137 </div> 138 </div> 139 <div id="visualizing_heat" class="section wf-section"> 140 <div class="section__inner-wrap"> 141 <h1 class="heading">Visualizing Heat</h1> 142 <p>The following diagram visualizes the area of temperature difference between the ambient air and the air exhausted.</p> 143 <img src="assets/initialdatavis cropped2.png" alt="" style="padding-top: 30px; padding-bottom: 20px;"> 144 <div style="color:grey;font-size: smaller;"> 145 <div style="display:flex"><div style="height:7px;width:15px;margin-right:5px;border-style:none;border-bottom: solid;border-color: #a7a9ac;border-width:3px;"></div>Recorded Exhaust Temperature<br></div> 146 <div style="display:flex"><div style="height:7px;width:15px;margin-right:5px;border-style:none;border-bottom: solid;border-color: #000000;border-width:3px;"></div>Recorded Ambient Temperature<br></div> 147 <div style="display:flex"><div style="height:7px;width:15px;margin-right:5px;border-style:none;border-bottom: solid;border-color: #3a3a3c;border-width:3px;"></div>Weather App Temperature<br></div> 148 <div style="display:flex"><div style="height:7px;width:15px;margin-right:5px;border-style:none;border-bottom: solid;border-color: #58585a;border-width:3px;"></div>Recorded Room Temperature<br></div> 149 <div style="display:flex"><div style="height:6px;width:6px;margin-top:5px;margin-right:10px;margin-left:4px;background-color: #6d6e71;border-radius:50%"></div>Recorded Exhaust Wind Speed<br></div> 150 <div style="display:flex"><div style="height:10px;width:10px;margin-top:3px;margin-right:8px;margin-left:2px;background-color: #818285;border-radius:50%"></div>Air Conditioner On Prior to Data Collection<br></div> 151 <div style="display:flex"><div style="height:10px;width:10px;margin-top:3px;margin-right:8px;margin-left:2px;border-color: #818285;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-radius:50%"></div>Air Conditioner Off Prior to Data Collection<br></div> 152 <div style="display:flex"><div style="height:15px;width:15px;margin-right:5px;background-color: #bf1e2d;"></div>Delta Temperature Between Exhaust and Ambient Temperatures<br></div> 153 </div> 154 155 <!-- <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles2.css" /> 156 <button id="missing-data">Enable missing data</button> 157 158 <ul class="color-key"></ul> 159
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163</div> 164 --> 165 <br><br> 166 <h4 style=>What does that represent in terms of energy?</h4> 167 </div> 168 </div> 169 170 171 <div id="energy_from_heat" class="section wf-section"> 172 <div class="section__inner-wrap"> 173 <h1 class="heading">Energy from Heat</h1> 174 <p>In order to be able to <b>contextualize the amount of waste heat</b> produced from the AC unit, I needed to formulate a way to convert the temperature difference between the ambient and exhaust temperature, along with the the speed of the wind, to <b>calculate the potential energy being produced in this heat exchange</b>. The quanitfied amount can then be placed in relation to more graspable scales in order to understand the magnitude of the oppurtunities for interventions. The below diagram details <b>the formula and methodology used for measuring and converting waste heat into energy</b>.</p> 175 176 <div style="color:grey;font-size: smaller;"> 177 <img src="assets/Formula.png" alt="" style="padding-top:40px;"> 178 <span style="text-transform: uppercase;">Formula and methodology used for measuring and converting waste heat into energy</span> 179 <br>Reviewed by electrical engineer Mina Hassan. However, <b> it is important to note that the results are not taking into consideration energy loss in the process of harvesting.</b> These results should be taken as such that they were conducted in optimum vacuum conditions where no energy was lost in the process of collection. 180 </div> 181 <br><br> 182 183 <p>The below visualization illustrates the <b>amount of potential energy</b> that the volume of air exhausted carries due to its difference of temperature from the ambient air temperature.</p> 184 <img src="assets/en" alt="" style="padding-top:30px; padding-bottom:20px;"> 185 186 <br><br> 187 188 <h4 style=>What is this energy equivalent to?</h4> 189 </div> 190 191 </div> 192 <div id="framing_context" class="section wf-section"> 193 <div class="section__inner-wrap"> 194 <h1 class="heading">Framing Context</h1> 195 <p>To put these findings into context, a simple phone charger uses 4.5 watts of energy to charge a smartphone. If we isolate the first data point of 4.74 J/s and transfer it, without loss, then we can charge a smartphone with the energy produced from waste heat. This illustrates the potential for harvesting waste heat around the city as an energy resource. </b> </p> 196 <div class="image-container-align-left"> 197 <img src="assets/phone.png" alt="" style="padding-top:10px; width:50%; height:auto"> </div> 198 <p>Alternatively, in a household with 10 AC units, with 70% of them operating at normal capacity, we can potentially harvest the energy produced for 24 hours to operate a 800W washing machine for one hour. </b> </p> 199 <div class="image-container-align-left"> 200 <img src="assets/washingmachine.jpg" alt="" style="padding-top:10px; width:50%; height:auto"> </div> 201 </div> 202 </div> 203 <div id="case_studies" class="section wf-section"> 204 <div class="section__inner-wrap"> 205 <h1 class="heading">Interventions as Inspiration</h1> 206 <p><b>Studying existing interventions that harvest waste heat as a renewable energy source.</b></p> 207 <br> 208 <div style="display: flex; align-items: center;"> 209 <img src="assets/AC.jpg" alt="your image" style="width: 50%; height: auto; margin-right: 10px;"> 210 <span style="flex: 1; display: flex; align-items: center;">Centralizing cooling systems at homes can allow opportunities for waste heat harvesting.</span> 211 </div> 212 <br> 213 <div style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
214 <span style="flex: 1; display: flex; align-items: center;">Thermoelectric device that uses heat to generate electricity that can then used to power appliances.</span> 215 <img src="assets/Toaster.jpg" alt="your image" style="width: 50%; height: auto; margin-left: 10px;"> 216 </div> 217 <br> 218 <div style="display: flex; align-items: center;"> 219 <img src="assets/Grocery.jpg" alt="your image" style="width: 50%; height: auto; margin-right: 10px;"> 220 <span style="flex: 1; display: flex; align-items: center;">Waste heat from refrigeration systems in supermarkets used for store and water heating.</span> 221 </div> 222 <br> 223 <div style="display: flex; align-items: center;"> 224 <span style="flex: 1; display: flex; align-items: center;">Heat recovery from the London Underground system used to produce local district heating.</span> 225 <img src="assets/subway.jpg" alt="your image" style="width: 50%; height: auto; margin-left: 10px;"> 226 </div> 227 <br> 228 <div style="display: flex; align-items: center;"> 229 <img src="assets/greenhouse.jpg" alt="your image" style="width: 50%; height: auto; margin-right: 10px;"> 230 <span style="flex: 1; display: flex; align-items: center;">Waste heat used to heat up greenhouses in colder climates can save on heating energy.</span> 231 </div> 232 <br> 233 <div style="display: flex; align-items: center;"> 234 <span style="flex: 1; display: flex; align-items: center;">Excess heat from cooling of data center servers used to heat up nearby buildings.</span> 235 <img src="assets/server.jpg" alt="your image" style="width: 50%; height: auto; margin-left: 10px;"> 236 </div> 237 <br> 238 <h4>Are any of these interventions applicable in a city like Dubai?</h4> 239 </div> 240 </div> 241 <div id="probing_heat" class="section wf-section"> 242 <div class="section__inner-wrap"> 243 <h1 class="heading">Probing Heat</h1> 244 <div class="image-container"> 245 <img src="assets/pointofdatacollection.png"> <img src="assets/New Probe.png"> </div> 246 <p>As a starting point, an IoT probe has been deployed at Villa 19, st 38C, Al Twar 1 to monitor the ambient and exhaust temperatures alongside the the exhaust windspeed of one of the 247 AC unit on the rooftop in order to get a <b>preliminary understanding </b> of <b>how much waste heat is being emmitted </b>and <b>how that waste heat translates into potential renewable energy.</b></p> 248 <img src="assets/Exploded View labeled.png"> 249 </div> 250 </div> 251 <div id="real_time_data" class="section wf-section"> 252 <div class="section__inner-wrap"> 253 <h1 class="heading">Real-Time Data Visualization</h1> 254 255 <div class="container" style="height:400px"> 256 257 <br> 258 259 <div class="scalable" style="--original-width: 1200px;"> 260 <ul class="color-key"></ul> 261 <div id="viewDiv"></div> 262 </div> 263 </div> 264
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265 266 </div> 267 </div> 268 <div id="urban_morphologies" class="section wf-section"> 269 <div class="section__inner-wrap"> 270 <h1 class="heading">Urban Morphologies</h1> 271 <p>It is essential to study these three types of buildings to better understand how each of them contribute to the city's overall waste heat keeping in mind the kind of AC system they use in the building.</p> 272 <h4 id="villas">Villas</h4> 273 <div class="image-container-align-left"> 274 <img src="assets/villas.png" style="width:50%; height:auto;"></div> 275 <br><br> 276 277 <h4 id="midrise">Mid-Rise Buildings</h4> 278 <div class="image-container-align-right"> 279 <img src="assets/midrise.png" style="width:50%; height:auto;"></div> 280 <br><br> 281 <h4 id="skyscrapers">Skyscrapers</h4> 282 <div class="image-container-align-left"> 283 <img src="assets/skyscraper.png" style="width: 40%; height:auto;"></div> 284 <br><br> 285 </div> 286 </div> 287 <div id="micro_to_macro" class="section wf-section"> 288 <div class="section__inner-wrap"> 289 <h1 class="heading">Micro to Macro</h1> 290 <p>In the next steps of project, <b>I will be expanding my vantage point</b> for <b>data collection over three different types of buildings </b> across Dubai: villas, mid-rise buildings and skyscrapers. The data collected will be projected 291 against their respective neighborhoods to get a better understanding of the collective heat waste. 292 </p> 293 <br> 294 <!-- <img src="assets/densitymapaltwar.png" alt="" style="padding-top:30px; padding-bottom: 20px;"> --> 295 <p>The idea is to collect data from the various collection points: villas, mid-rise buildings, and skyscrapers <b>for a period of one year through the IoT probe</b>that would send the data to a database on the cloud. The database will then convert the data and run it through the necessary calculations to return the values needed for the visualization. <b>The database will be linked to a string of code that visualizes the data in real time,</b> allowing the user to explore and interact with levels of heat waste across the city.</p> 296 <br> 297 <p>After suffiecent data has been collected over the course of a year, we can average out the energy value from waste heat and apply it against the entire household and then similarly project those findings on other households based off surveryed data on the number of AC units in the house. The collective average energy can then be mapped out for the entire neighborhood. With future data points covering different urban morphologies, we can repeat this process to eventually map out the potentials of energy harvesting from waste across the entire city.</p> 298 299 <img src="assets/projections2x.png" style="padding-top:10px; padding-bottom: 20px;"> 300 <p>The limitations to these projections is the accuracy. Overtime, we can modify the algorithm and deploy more probes to get more accurate projections of the energy from waste heat of the city. However, these findings are meant to view waste heat as energy on a city-wide scale to raise awareness on the potentials of harvesting waste heat as a renewable energy source. </p> 301 302 </div> 303 </div> 304 305 306 <div id="credits_references" class="section wf-section"> 307 <div class="section__inner-wrap"> 308 <h1 class="heading">Credits</h1> 309 <p >A special thanks to: 310 <br> 311 Mina Hassan, electrical engineer: verified the formula for the conversion of waste heat into potential energy. 312 <br> 313 Yasmina Belhadi, computer science graduate: assited in the devolopment of the real-time mapping visualization.</p> 314 315 <br><br> 316 317 <h1 class="heading">References</h1> 318 <div class="small-font" style="line-height:0.8rem"> 319 <p>N/A (2019) 25 examples of utilisation of waste heat, State of Green. State of Green. Available at: https://stateofgreen.com/en/news/25-examples-of-utilisation-of-waste-heat/ (Accessed: March 7, 2023). 320 <br><br> 321 N/A (2018) Cities use waste heat to save energy and cut emissions, EC R&I Success stories. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/research-and-innovation/en/projects/success-stories/all/cities-use-waste-heat-save-energy-and-cut-emissions (Accessed: March 7, 2023). 322 <br><br> 323 N/A (2018) 25 cases of urban waste heat recovery, ReUseHeat. Available at: https://www.reuseheat.eu/25-cases-urban-waste-heat-recovery/ (Accessed: March 7, 2023). 324 <br><br> 325 N/A (n.d.) Waste heat, Waste heat - Energy Education. Available at: https://energyeducation.ca/encyclo
325pedia/Waste_heat (Accessed: March 7, 2023). 326 <br><br> 327 Somvanshi, A. (2019) Indian cities are simmering in their own waste heat, Down To Earth. Available at: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/indian-cities-are-simmering-in-their-own-waste-heat-65084 (Accessed: March 7, 2023). 328 <br><br> 329 N/A (2019) Home, Waste Heat. Available at: https://www.waste-heat.eu/about-waste-heat/waste-heat-utilization (Accessed: March 7, 2023). 330 <br><br> 331 Department of Energy & Climate Change (2014) The potential for recovering and using surplus heat from industry, GOV.UK. GOV.UK. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-potential-for-recovering-and-using-surplus-heat-from-industry (Accessed: March 7, 2023). 332 <br><br> 333 N/A (n.d.) Reduce Urban Heat Island Effect, EPA. Environmental Protection Agency. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/reduce-urban-heat-island-effect (Accessed: March 7, 2023). 334 <br><br> 335 N/A (n.d.) Studies & guidelines, Dubai Air Environment. Available at: https://dubaiairenvironment.dm.gov.ae/env_studies_research?lang=en (Accessed: March 7, 2023). 336 <br><br> 337 Bardsley, D. (2020) Why Dubai is a cooler city than others, Cool Coalition. Available at: https://coolcoalition.org/why-dubai-is-a-cooler-city-than-others/ (Accessed: March 7, 2023). 338 <br><br> 339 Penny, J. (2019) 6 causes of urban heat islands and 4 ways to offset them, Buildings. Available at: https://www.buildings.com/cooling/article/10185567/6-causes-of-urban-heat-islands-and-4-ways-to-offset-them (Accessed: March 7, 2023). 340 <br><br> 341 Emilio, M.D.D.P. (2022) Design considerations for thermal energy harvesting, EE Times. Available at: https://www.eetimes.com/design-considerations-for-thermal-energy-harvesting/ (Accessed: March 8, 2023). 342 <br><br> 343 Jones, J.S. (2020) Four emerging clean energy technologies you'll be hearing more about, Smart Energy International. Available at: https://www.smart-energy.com/regional-news/europe-uk/four-emerging-clean-energy-technologies-youll-be-hearing-more-about/ (Accessed: March 8, 2023). 344 </p></div> 345 346 </div> 347 </div> 348 349 <!-- new sections above --> 350 <div class="footer-wrap"></div> 351 352 353 </div> 354 355 </div> 356 357
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