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442<figcaption id="caption-attachment-58343" class="wp-caption-text">Yayoi Kusama, “The Hope of the Polka Dots Buried in Infinity Will Eternally Cover the Universe”</figcaption></figure> 443<h1 style="text-align: center">How Different Are Philosophers?<br /> 444<em><strong>by Thomas Nadelhoffer</strong></em></h1> 445<blockquote> 446<p style="text-align: center">âThe history of philosophy is to a great extent that of a certain clash of human temperaments [. . .] Yet, his temperament really gives him a stronger bias than any of his more strictly objective premises. It loads the evidence for him one way or the otherâ Â —Â William James</p> 447</blockquote> 448<h3>Neurodiversity and Philosophical Intuitions</h3> 449<p>In addition to being abstract thinkers, philosophers are stereotyped as being argumentative, overly self-absorbed in their own thoughts, and enjoy creating increasingly fine distinctions regarding everyday terms while imagining novel hypothetical situations and debating the conclusions they draw. It’s possible that many philosophers have quite distinctive personalities.</p> 450<p>More than two millennia before the modern notion of stereotypes existed, Plato used humor to poke fun at philosophers in the <em>Theaetetus</em> by telling a story of Thales contemplating the stars, so engrossed that he forgot where he was walking and fell down a well. However, do philosophers really think differently than non-philosophers?</p> 451<p>This was one of the questions behind the <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2026.2655817" target="_blank" rel="noopener">paper</a> we recently published in <em>Philosophical Psychology</em>. We surveyed 1,254 individuals, 632 with formal training in philosophy and 622 members of the general public, and explored whether philosophers exhibit significant cognitive differences from non-philosophers using multiple measures of neurodiverse traits. To get enough responses from philosophers, we recruited participants here at Daily Nous and on Leiter Reports. We recruited the general population participants from Prolific. We preregistered our experimental design, research questions, and hypotheses.</p> 452<h3>Philosophical Temperament?</h3> 453<p>Recently, experimental philosophers and psychologists began investigating philosophical temperament, that is, the study of relationships between psychological traits and philosophically relevant judgment. Several studies have linked various personality traits to judgments concerning issues like free will, moral responsibility, intentional action, and metaethics. Research has also demonstrated that although trained to reason about certain things rationally, philosophers are susceptible to psychological factors influencing their philosophical intuitions. Our aim was to investigate this area further.</p> 454<p>Rather than continuing to focus on personality characteristics that researchers typically measure using personality surveys (e.g., The âBig Fiveâ), we decided to examine characteristics that relate to the following neurodiverse traits:<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">[1]</a> autism; ADHD; aphantasia (low visual imagery); anendophasia (i.e. low levels of âinner speechâ); and representational manipulation (the ability to mentally manipulate and modify representations).<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">[2]</a></p> 455<p>Of the four significant differences found amongst participants from the general population and those with some degree of formal training in philosophy:</p> 456<ul> 457<li>Philosophers exhibited higher levels of ADHD-related traits (moderate effect size, <em>d</em> = .5).</li> 458<li>Philosophers exhibited lower levels of visual imagery (substantial effect size, <em>d </em>= -.6).</li> 459<li>Philosophers exhibited higher levels of internal speech (smaller effect size, <em>d </em>= .34).</li> 460<li>Philosophers demonstrated higher levels of representational manipulation (substantial effect size, <em>d =</em> .76).</li> 461</ul> 462<p>All four differences found were very stable, even after we limited the criterion for “philosopher” as only participants with PhD degrees or postdoctoral appointments in philosophy.</p> 463<p>Therefore, our findings suggest that, as a group, philosophers have a distinct cognitive profile (relative to the general population). This profile consists of higher levels of internal verbalization, enhanced capacities for mentally manipulating internal representations, lower levels of visual imagery and higher levels of ADHD traits.</p> 464<h3>Philosophers and Thought Experiments</h3> 465<p><strong>Â </strong>All participants completed two classical versions of this type of experiment: the “bystander at the switch” version of the trolley problem and the “rollback universe” deterministic universe.<br /> 466We also assessed how often each group misinterpreted determinism, through either bypassing (treating an agent’s beliefs, desires, and deliberation as having no causal relevance to their actions) or indeterminate intrusion (allowing multiple possible outcomes while maintaining identical initial conditions and laws).</p> 467<p>As before, there were significant differences between philosophers and non-philosophers.<br /> 468In the trolley case, philosophers were significantly more likely to believe it is acceptable to sacrifice the one person but not obligatory and less likely to believe that it is unacceptable.<br /> 469In short, there was a small yet statistically reliable correlation between being a philosopher and intuitions about the bystander at the switch scenario.</p> 470<p>However, there were larger differences in the responses to the determinism case<strong>.</strong> Approximately 50% of philosophers believed that agents in the deterministic universe have free will. In comparison, approximately 37% of members of the general public reported the same intuition. For moral responsibility, approximately 69% of philosophers and 54% of the general population judged that agents in the rollback universe are responsible. Moreover, philosophers made the bypassing error much less frequently than did members of the general public. While 17% of philosophers made this error, 63% of those in the general public made it. Similarly, while approximately 25% of philosophers made the intrusion error, approximately 33% of members of the general public made it.</p> 471<p>Our next goal was to assess if there existed a connection between the cognitive characteristics of our subjects and their responses to philosophical thought experiments. We found that psychological traits are correlated with responses to thought experiments independently of the subject’
471s exposure to philosophy. Visual imagery provides a good illustration. Those who reported lower levels of visualization were more likely to make utilitarian judgments in response to the bystander at the switch scenario. Conversely, those who reported more vivid visual imagery were less likely to indicate that flipping the switch was permissible but not obligatory.</p> 472<p>Furthermore, visual imagery influenced judgments regarding determinism. Those who indicated higher levels of visual imagery were less likely to assign free will and moral responsibility to agents in the rollback universe. Additionally, individuals with lower visualization scores were more susceptible to both bypassing and intrusion errors.<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">[3]</a></p> 473<h3>Machine Learning and Sorting Philosophers and Non-Philosophers</h3> 474<p>The final analysis that we ran involved using various machine learning algorithms to see whether we could predict whether we could accurately distinguish between philosopher and non-philosophers using neurodiverse traits, responses to thought experiments, and both taken together. So, we trained various machine learning models to determine if they could categorize participants into either philosophers or non-philosophers.</p> 475<p>For the first round of analysis, we provided the models with only participants’ answers to philosophical thought experiments. This resulted in reasonable success. The top performing model achieved approximately 78% accuracy. The strongest predictor variable was whether participants committed the bypassing error when reasoning about determinism.</p> 476<p>Next, we provided the models with only participantsâ cognitive-trait profile. We found that neurodiverse traits were more predictive than responses to thought experiments when it came to whether a participant was a philosopher  or non-philosopher. The strongest predictor traits were representational manipulation, visual imagery, and ADHD symptoms. Using just these three traits, the classification accuracy was 81%. In short, if we choose someone at random from our study and we want to determine whether that person has studied philosophy, we could just use responses to the scales for measuring visualization, representational manipulation, and AHD to make reliable predictions that are quite significantly above chance.</p> 477<p>Lastly, we asked the models to use both types of information (that is, responses to thought experiments and neurodiverse traits. By combing the two, the classification-accuracy of the models went up to 86%. The three best predictors for this mixed model were scores on bypassing, representational-manipulation, and visual imagery.</p> 478<p>In closing, I just want to point out that our study had several limitations (e.g., it relied on self-report) and it also left several unanswered questions (e.g., we canât speak to whether philosophy attracts people with certain cognitive styles or whether philosophical training influences cognitive style). You can find our discussion of these limitations (and more detailed discussions of our findings) in our <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515089.2026.2655817" target="_blank" rel="noopener">full article</a>. But because Justin was kind enough to post our call for participants on Daily Nous and many readers took the time to complete the survey, I thought I would share the results.</p> 479<hr /> 480<p><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">[1]</a> Itâs worth emphasizing that we were examining traits (measured via scales), not attempting to diagnose participants with autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, aphantasia (âmind blindnessâ), anendophasia (no internal dialogue), etc.</p> 481<p><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">[2]</a> This trait is not normally considered to be a neurodiverse trait; however, scores on the scale measuring this construct are significantly correlated with several of the neurodiverse traits listed above.</p> 482<p><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">[3]</a> We also found that other cognitive characteristics similarly correlated with philosophical judgments. However, due to space constraints, I will refrain from detailing them here (those interested can check out the paper).</p> 483<hr /> 484<p> </p> 485</div> 486 487<p class="dn-card-engagement"><button type="button" class="dn-card-engagement__item dn-card-engagement__like" data-post-id="15035" aria-pressed="false" aria-label="13 likes"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="13" height="13" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">
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719 720</p> </form> 721 </div> 722 </div> 723 </div> 724 <div id="wpd-threads" class="wpd-thread-wrapper"> 725 <div class="wpd-thread-head"> 726 <div class="wpd-thread-info " 727 data-comments-count="30"> 728 <span class='wpdtc' title='30'>30</span> Comments </div> 729 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 730 <div class="wpd-thread-filter"> 731 <div class="wpd-filter wpdf-reacted wpd_not_clicked " data-filter-type="most_reacted" 732 wpd-tooltip="Most reacted comment"> 733 <i class="fas fa-bolt"></i></div> 734 <div class="wpd-filter wpdf-hottest wpd_not_clicked " data-filter-type="hottest_thread" 735 wpd-tooltip="Hottest comment thread"> 736 <i class="fas fa-fire"></i></div> 737 <div class="wpd-filter wpdf-sorting "> 738 <span class="wpdiscuz-sort-button wpdiscuz-date-sort-asc wpdiscuz-sort-button-active" 739 data-sorting="oldest">Oldest</span> 740 <i class="fas fa-sort-down"></i> 741 <div class="wpdiscuz-sort-buttons"> 742 <span class="wpdiscuz-sort-button wpdiscuz-date-sort-desc" 743 data-sorting="newest">Newest</span> 744 <span class="wpdiscuz-sort-button wpdiscuz-vote-sort-up" 745 data-sorting="by_vote">Most Voted</span> 746 </div> 747 </div> 748 </div> 749 <div class="wpd-filter-container wpdiscuz-hidden"></div> 750 </div> 751 <div class="wpd-thread-list"> 752 <div id='wpd-comm-33231_0' class='comment even thread-even depth-1 wpd-comment wpd_comment_level-1'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 753 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 754 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 755 <img alt='Deborah' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/195c494a36579dcbb8a579e34d3d231d63a622d6cb916dbad46ad5fbae592d9d?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/195c494a36579dcbb8a579e34d3d231d63a622d6cb916dbad46ad5fbae592d9d?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 756</div> 757 758 759</div> 760 <div id="comment-33231" class="wpd-comment-right"> 761 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 762 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 763 Deborah 764</div> 765 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 10, 2026 1:09 pm"> 766 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 767 13 days ago 768</div> 769 770 771 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 772 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 773 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33231'></i></span> 774</div> 775</div> 776 777 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 778 <p>ADHD often manifests differently in men & women. What percentage of your population of philosophers were men, were the controls similarly matched, and was ADHD self-reported, or based on the symptoms more likely to manifest in one sex rather than the other?</p> 779 780</div> 781 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 782 <div class="wpd-vote"> 783 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 784 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 785 </div> 786 <div class='wpd-vote-result wpd-up' title='1'>1</div> 787 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 788 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 789 </div> 790</div> 791 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 792 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 793 <span>Reply</span> 794</div> 795 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 796 797 <div class="wpd-toggle wpd-hidden wpd_not_clicked" wpd-tooltip="Hide Replies" wpd-tooltip-position='left'> 798 <i class='fas fa-chevron-up'></i> 799</div> 800</div> 801</div> 802</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33231_0'></div><div id='wpd-comm-33235_33231' class='comment odd alt depth-2 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-2'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 803 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 804 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 805 <img alt='Someone else' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6ea36154ca2a017756a93b147faaa015c07e66d7650ef77f08e7566cac9d9684?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6ea36154ca2a017756a93b147faaa015c07e66d7650ef77f08e7566cac9d9684?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 806</div> 807 808 809</div> 810 <div id="comment-33235" class="wpd-comment-right"> 811 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 812 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 813 Someone else 814</div> 815 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 10, 2026 5:39 pm"> 816 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 817 13 days ago 818</div> 819 820 821 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 822 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 823 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33235'></i></span> 824</div> 825</div> 826 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 827 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 828 Reply to 829 <a href="#comment-33231"> 830 Deborah 831 </a> 832</div> 833 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 834 <p>Footnote 1 in the post says “Itâs worth emphasizing that we were examining traits (measured via scales), not attempting to diagnose participants with autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, aphantasia (âmind blindnessâ), anendophasia (no internal dialogue), etc.”</p> 835<p>Unless I’ve misunderstood, this means that ADHD is not rendered a “trait” in this study. So these concerns about differences are about the interpretation of the results beyond the scope of this research.</p> 836 837</div> 838 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 839 <div class="wpd-vote"> 840 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 841 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 842 </div> 843 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 844 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 845 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 846 </div> 847</div> 848 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 849 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 850 <span>Reply</span> 851</div> 852 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 853 854 855</div> 856</div> 857</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33235_33231'></div></div><div id='wpd-comm-33238_33231' class='comment even depth-2 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-2'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 858 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 859 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 860 <img alt='Thomas Nadelhoffer' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/70c05b8be837d22e1b5bc56d07f84f1415fbf845f42398a55bf54f82cc91fc80?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/70c05b8be837d22e1b5bc56d07f84f1415fbf845f42398a55bf54f82cc91fc80?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 861</div> 862 863 864</div> 865 <div id="comment-33238" class="wpd-comment-right"> 866 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 867 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 868 <a href='http://www.thomasnadelhoffer.com' rel='noreferrer ugc nofollow' target='_blank'>Thomas Nadelhoffer</a> 869</div> 870 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 4:24 am"> 871 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 872 13 days ago 873</div> 874 875 876 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 877 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 878 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33238'></i></span> 879</div> 880</div> 881 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 882 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 883 Reply to 884 <a href="#comment-33231"> 885 Deborah 886 </a> 887</div> 888 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 889 <p>Deborah, Thanks for the questions. “Someone Else” already answered part of your question. I wanted to fill in more of the details. </p> 890<p>First, we used an abbreviated version of the following scale for measuring ADHD: ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS; Kessler et al., 2005, p. 18 items). Sample item: âHow often do you have difficulty waiting your turn in situations when turn-taking is required?â Scale anchors: 1 =
890Never â 5 = Very often. α = .92.” </p> 891<p>Second, here is what we said about gender in the limitations section of the paper: “Sixth, there is a large gender disparity between our two conditions. While 65% of participants in the general population sample were female, only 22% of those in the philosophy sample identified as female. Given this asymmetry, concerned readers may be apprehensive that the associations we found between neurodivergent traits and philosophers could partly reflect the fact that philosophers are much more likely to be men, and men are more likely<br /> 892to have some of the traits we explored (e.g., autism and ADHD). However, when we conducted a follow-up analysis on a gender-balanced subsample to rule out gender as a confounding variable, the results held (see Supplemental Tables S3-45)). </p> 893<p>Specifically, we randomly selected equal numbers of male and female participants within each group of the whole dataset (philosophers and general population), matching group sizes to the smallest available gender cell (i.e., the minimum number of males or females present in either group). Additionally, with our machine learning pipeline, gender alone predicted group membership with an accuracy of 68%, and combining gender with age yielded an accuracy of 70%. These results suggest that while demographic factors are predictive in our dataset, reflecting the gender asymmetry, they do not account for the bulk of the predictive power, underscoring the robust association between cognitive traits and philosophical<br /> 894identity.”</p> 895<p>I hope that helps.</p> 896 897</div> 898 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 899 <div class="wpd-vote"> 900 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 901 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 902 </div> 903 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 904 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 905 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 906 </div> 907</div> 908 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 909 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 910 <span>Reply</span> 911</div> 912 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 913 914 915</div> 916</div> 917</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33238_33231'></div></div></div><div id='wpd-comm-33232_0' class='comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1 wpd-comment wpd_comment_level-1'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 918 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 919 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 920 <img alt='Meme' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b36c74981395b67e8a797c7de585e852eb52093802791da659bf1e18ebb87564?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b36c74981395b67e8a797c7de585e852eb52093802791da659bf1e18ebb87564?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 921</div> 922 923 924</div> 925 <div id="comment-33232" class="wpd-comment-right"> 926 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 927 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 928 Meme 929</div> 930 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 10, 2026 1:51 pm"> 931 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 932 13 days ago 933</div> 934 935 936 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 937 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 938 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33232'></i></span> 939</div> 940</div> 941 942 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 943 <p>âWe found that neurodiverse traits were more predictive than responses to thought experiments when it came to whether a participant was a philosopher or non-philosopher.â</p> 944<p>Out of context, this is just too good.</p> 945 946</div> 947 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 948 <div class="wpd-vote"> 949 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 950 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 951 </div> 952 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 953 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 954 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 955 </div> 956</div> 957 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 958 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 959 <span>Reply</span> 960</div> 961 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 962 963 <div class="wpd-toggle wpd-hidden wpd_not_clicked" wpd-tooltip="Hide Replies" wpd-tooltip-position='left'> 964 <i class='fas fa-chevron-up'></i> 965</div> 966</div> 967</div> 968</div>
968<div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33232_0'></div><div id='wpd-comm-33243_33232' class='comment even depth-2 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-2'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 969 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 970 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 971 <img alt='Thomas Nadelhoffer' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/70c05b8be837d22e1b5bc56d07f84f1415fbf845f42398a55bf54f82cc91fc80?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/70c05b8be837d22e1b5bc56d07f84f1415fbf845f42398a55bf54f82cc91fc80?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 972</div> 973 974 975</div> 976 <div id="comment-33243" class="wpd-comment-right"> 977 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 978 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 979 <a href='http://www.thomasnadelhoffer.com' rel='noreferrer ugc nofollow' target='_blank'>Thomas Nadelhoffer</a> 980</div> 981 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 5:43 am"> 982 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 983 12 days ago 984</div> 985 986 987 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 988 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 989 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33243'></i></span> 990</div> 991</div> 992 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 993 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 994 Reply to 995 <a href="#comment-33232"> 996 Meme 997 </a> 998</div> 999 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1000 <p>Yes, I agree with what you say here! ð</p> 1001 1002</div> 1003 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1004 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1005 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1006 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1007 </div> 1008 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 1009 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 1010 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1011 </div> 1012</div> 1013 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 1014 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 1015 <span>Reply</span> 1016</div> 1017 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1018 1019 1020</div> 1021</div> 1022</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33243_33232'></div></div></div><div id='wpd-comm-33233_0' class='comment odd alt thread-even depth-1 wpd-comment wpd_comment_level-1'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 1023 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 1024 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 1025 <img alt='Holger' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/67566d1be28747ea2ae53bc1ca474f92e6b5b5013a3aab6d07b7119e68488ba8?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/67566d1be28747ea2ae53bc1ca474f92e6b5b5013a3aab6d07b7119e68488ba8?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1026</div> 1027 1028 1029</div> 1030 <div id="comment-33233" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1031 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1032 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1033 Holger 1034</div> 1035 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 10, 2026 2:27 pm"> 1036 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1037 13 days ago 1038</div> 1039 1040 1041 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1042 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1043 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33233'></i></span> 1044</div> 1045</div> 1046 1047 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1048 <p>
1048I’d love to see a comparison with mathematicians.</p> 1049 1050</div> 1051 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1052 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1053 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1054 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1055 </div> 1056 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 1057 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 1058 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1059 </div> 1060</div> 1061 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 1062 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 1063 <span>Reply</span> 1064</div> 1065 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1066 1067 <div class="wpd-toggle wpd-hidden wpd_not_clicked" wpd-tooltip="Hide Replies" wpd-tooltip-position='left'> 1068 <i class='fas fa-chevron-up'></i> 1069</div> 1070</div> 1071</div> 1072</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33233_0'></div><div id='wpd-comm-33236_33233' class='comment even depth-2 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-2'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 1073 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 1074 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 1075 <img alt='Kenny Easwaran' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4962c497c61637f1eda1d5fb8977ba75dceb9e3e2d7613dafe8534444d2e98a9?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4962c497c61637f1eda1d5fb8977ba75dceb9e3e2d7613dafe8534444d2e98a9?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1076</div> 1077 1078 1079</div> 1080 <div id="comment-33236" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1081 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1082 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1083 <a href='http://www.kennyeaswaran.org' rel='noreferrer ugc nofollow' target='_blank'>Kenny Easwaran</a> 1084</div> 1085 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 10, 2026 8:22 pm"> 1086 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1087 13 days ago 1088</div> 1089 1090 1091 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1092 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1093 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33236'></i></span> 1094</div> 1095</div> 1096 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 1097 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 1098 Reply to 1099 <a href="#comment-33233"> 1100 Holger 1101 </a> 1102</div> 1103 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1104 <p>I was thinking it would definitely be helpful to have a “control group” of non-philosopher academics, to see if they have the rate of misunderstandings of non-academics (because they haven’t studied these thought experiments, or practiced this kind of careful attention to details of a thought experiment) while still having the same “neurodiverse” traits of the philosophers.</p> 1105 1106</div> 1107 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1108 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1109 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1110 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1111 </div> 1112 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 1113 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 1114 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1115 </div> 1116</div> 1117 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 1118 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 1119 <span>Reply</span> 1120</div> 1121 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1122 1123 <div class="wpd-toggle wpd-hidden wpd_not_clicked" wpd-tooltip="Hide Replies" wpd-tooltip-position='left'> 1124 <i class='fas fa-chevron-up'></i> 1125</div> 1126</div> 1127</div> 1128</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33236_33233'></div><div id='wpd-comm-33240_33236' class='comment odd alt depth-3 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-3'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 1129 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 1130 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 1131 <img alt='Thomas Nadelhoffer' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/70c05b8be837d22e1b5bc56d07f84f1415fbf845f42398a55bf54f82cc91fc80?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/70c05b8be837d22e1b5bc56d07f84f1415fbf845f42398a55bf54f82cc91fc80?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1132</div> 1133 1134 1135</div> 1136 <div id="comment-33240" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1137 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1138 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1139 <a href='http://www.thomasnadelhoffer.com' rel='noreferrer ugc nofollow' target='_blank'>Thomas Nadelhoffer</a> 1140</div> 1141 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 4:46 am"> 1142 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1143 12 days ago 1144</div> 1145 1146 1147 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1148 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1149 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33240'></i></span> 1150</div> 1151</div> 1152 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 1153 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 1154 Reply to 1155 <a href="#comment-33236"> 1156 Kenny Easwaran 1157 </a> 1158</div> 1159 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1160 <p>Kenny, when we preregistered this study, we originally planned to use the same paradigm to study neurodiverse traits in psychologists vs. the general population (and psychologists vs. p
1160hilosophers). We had difficulty determining how to recruit enough psychologists to complete the survey. Getting philosophers to take the survey was easier because there are two widely-read philosophy blogs (Daily Nous and Leiter Reports). </p> 1161<p>To our knowledge, psychologists don’t have similar community blogs for their field. Another limitation involved the practical constraint of funding. Recruiting the 600+ participants on Prolific ate up most of our research budget (given the study’s length, it was somewhat expensive to recruit them). I paid for this study with my departmental research budget (which is very meager), and it was insufficient to conduct the follow-up study with psychologists. But you’re right that it would be interesting to use academics more generally as a control condition.</p> 1162<p>Given the popularity of psychology as a major, there were a number of participants in the general population who majored in psychology, but there weren’t enough to enable us to run a proper comparison between those participants and the participants in the philosophy condition.</p> 1163 1164</div> 1165 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1166 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1167 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1168 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1169 </div> 1170 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 1171 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 1172 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1173 </div> 1174</div> 1175 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 1176 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 1177 <span>Reply</span> 1178</div> 1179 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1180 1181 1182</div> 1183</div> 1184</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33240_33236'></div></div></div><div id='wpd-comm-33239_33233' class='comment even depth-2 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-2'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 1185 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 1186 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 1187 <img alt='Thomas Nadelhoffer' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/70c05b8be837d22e1b5bc56d07f84f1415fbf845f42398a55bf54f82cc91fc80?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/70c05b8be837d22e1b5bc56d07f84f1415fbf845f42398a55bf54f82cc91fc80?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1188</div> 1189 1190 1191</div> 1192 <div id="comment-33239" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1193 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1194 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1195 <a href='http://www.thomasnadelhoffer.com' rel='noreferrer ugc nofollow' target='_blank'>Thomas Nadelhoffer</a> 1196</div> 1197 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 4:35 am"> 1198 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1199 13 days ago 1200</div> 1201 1202 1203 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1204 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1205 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33239'></i></span> 1206</div> 1207</div> 1208 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 1209 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 1210 Reply to 1211 <a href="#comment-33233"> 1212 Holger 1213 </a> 1214</div> 1215 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1216 <p>Holger, the research on autism and STEM fields is partly what motivated our project. Here is what we said about these empirical findings:</p> 1217<p>“As we mentioned earlier, several studies have shown that neurodivergent traits are associated with enhanced capabilities, not just impairments. For instance, Simon Baron-Cohen and colleagues have shown that while autistic<br /> 1218people may have difficulties with certain forms of empathy, they tend to be high in âsystematizationâ â i.e., they often have a âdrive to analyze and/or build a system (of any kind) based on identifying input-operation-output<br /> 1219rulesâ (Baron-Cohen et al., 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2007; Lawson et al., 2004). As a result, autistic individuals are particularly well-suited to work in fields where systematizing is an essential skill â e.g., architecture, biology, computer science, economics, engineering, finance, information technology, mathematics, music, and physics (Wei et al., 2013). While there is empirical evidence linking autism to both an interest in and an enhanced aptitude for STEM fields, we are not aware of any empirical evidence regarding the relationship, if any, between neurodivergent<br /> 1220traits and interest in, and/or enhanced aptitude for, philosophy.”</p> 1221<p>We expected similar findings in our study. Here is our hypothesis and prediction about autistic traits in philosophers and the general population:</p> 1222<p>“H1a: Given that autistic individuals have higher systematizing traits and tendencies than the general population, and philosophers often exhibit these traits and tendencies, we predicted that philosophers would score higher than the general population on the measures used to assess autism.”</p> 1223<p>The findings were mixed:</p> 1224<p>“Scores on the shortened ASQ were significantly higher among philosophy participants (M = 2.68, SD = 0.54) compared to the general population (M = 2.59, SD = 0.54), t(720.921) = 2.182, p = .029, 95% CI [0.008, 0.156], d = 0.152. However, the effect size was small, indicating a weak association between group membership and ASQ scores.<br /> 1225No significant difference was found on RAADS-14,(philosophers: M = 2.10, SD = 0.80; general population: M = 2.15, SD = 0.72, t(768.568) = â0.846, p = .398, 95% CI [â0.148, 0.059], d = â0.058. These results were<br /> 1226replicated with the full data but not the PhD+ subset. With that comparison, there was no difference with the short autism measure, but philosophers had significantly lower autism scores in the full inventory.”</p> 1227 1228</div> 1229 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1230 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1231 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1232 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1233 </div> 1234 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 1235 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 1236 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1237 </div> 1238</div> 1239 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 1240 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 1241 <span>Reply</span> 1242</div> 1243 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1244 1245 1246</div> 1247</div> 1248</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33239_33233'></div></div>
1248<div id='wpd-comm-33253_33233' class='comment odd alt depth-2 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-2'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 1249 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 1250 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 1251 <img alt='Spoon' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/15247144ac5c59c54f0aec7740c5e02210d85cfc4eb53c64fdcf3b6827674505?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/15247144ac5c59c54f0aec7740c5e02210d85cfc4eb53c64fdcf3b6827674505?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1252</div> 1253 1254 1255</div> 1256 <div id="comment-33253" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1257 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1258 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1259 Spoon 1260</div> 1261 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 3:42 pm"> 1262 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1263 12 days ago 1264</div> 1265 1266 1267 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1268 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1269 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33253'></i></span> 1270</div> 1271</div> 1272 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 1273 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 1274 Reply to 1275 <a href="#comment-33233"> 1276 Holger 1277 </a> 1278</div> 1279 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1280 <p>Of interest: <a href="https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/pn.39.11.0390036" rel="nofollow ugc">https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/pn.39.11.0390036</a>. Not sure how good the study is.</p> 1281 1282</div> 1283 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1284 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1285 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1286 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1287 </div> 1288 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 1289 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 1290 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1291 </div> 1292</div> 1293 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 1294 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 1295 <span>Reply</span> 1296</div> 1297 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1298 1299 <div class="wpd-toggle wpd-hidden wpd_not_clicked" wpd-tooltip="Hide Replies" wpd-tooltip-position='left'> 1300 <i class='fas fa-chevron-up'></i> 1301</div> 1302</div> 1303</div> 1304</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33253_33233'></div><div id='wpd-comm-33254_33253' class='comment even depth-3 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-3'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 1305 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 1306 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 1307 <img alt='Spoon' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/15247144ac5c59c54f0aec7740c5e02210d85cfc4eb53c64fdcf3b6827674505?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/15247144ac5c59c54f0aec7740c5e02210d85cfc4eb53c64fdcf3b6827674505?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1308</div> 1309 1310 1311</div> 1312 <div id="comment-33254" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1313 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1314 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1315 Spoon 1316</div> 1317 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 3:47 pm"> 1318 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1319 12 days ago 1320</div> 1321 1322 1323 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1324 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1325 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33254'></i></span> 1326</div> 1327</div> 1328 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 1329 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 1330 Reply to 1331 <a href="#comment-33253"> 1332 Spoon 1333 </a> 1334</div> 1335 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1336 <p><a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2784305/" rel="nofollow ugc">https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2784305/</a></p> 1337<p>Also this to link it back.</p> 1338 1339</div> 1340 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1341 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1342 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1343 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1344 </div> 1345 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 1346 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 1347 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1348 </div> 1349</div> 1350 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 1351 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 1352 <span>Reply</span> 1353</div> 1354 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1355 1356 1357</div> 1358</div> 1359</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33254_33253'></div></div></div></div><div id='wpd-comm-33237_0' class='comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1 wpd-comment wpd_comment_level-1'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 1360 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 1361 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 1362 <img alt='Meme' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b36c74981395b67e8a797c7de585e852eb52093802791da659bf1e18ebb87564?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b36c74981395b67e8a797c7de585e852eb52093802791da659bf1e18ebb87564?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1363</div> 1364 1365 1366</div> 1367 <div id="comment-33237" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1368 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1369 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1370 Meme 1371</div> 1372 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 10, 2026 9:39 pm"> 1373 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1374 13 days ago 1375</div> 1376 1377 1378 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1379 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1380 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33237'></i></span> 1381</div> 1382</div> 1383 1384 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1385 <p>How do we know that someone who commits the bypassing âerrorâ doesnât simply believe that, e.g., every world in which they intend other than they actually do is nevertheless one in which they act as they actually do? Given this belief, determinism would entail bypassing, at least in the sense that any world compatible with the subjectâs beliefs would be one in which bypassing is true if determinism is true. (Note that Iâm understanding bypassing as fatalism rather than epiphenomenalism, as the authors do, and simplifying things by abstracting away from initial conditions and laws and the like. The former seems more accurate given the description of bypassing; the latter is immaterial to my point.)</p> 1386 1387</div> 1388 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1389 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1390 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1391 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1392 </div> 1393 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 1394 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 1395 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1396 </div> 1397</div> 1398 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 1399 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 1400 <span>Reply</span> 1401</div> 1402 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1403 1404 <div class="wpd-toggle wpd-hidden wpd_not_clicked" wpd-tooltip="Hide Replies" wpd-tooltip-position='left'> 1405 <i class='fas fa-chevron-up'></i> 1406</div> 1407</div> 1408</div> 1409</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33237_0'></div><div id='wpd-comm-33242_33237' class='comment even depth-2 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-2'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 1410 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 1411 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 1412 <img alt='Thomas Nadelhoffer' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/70c05b8be837d22e1b5bc56d07f84f1415fbf845f42398a55bf54f82cc91fc80?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/70c05b8be837d22e1b5bc56d07f84f1415fbf845f42398a55bf54f82cc91fc80?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1413</div> 1414 1415 1416</div> 1417 <div id="comment-33242" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1418 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1419 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1420 <a href='http://www.thomasnadelhoffer.com' rel='noreferrer ugc nofollow' target='_blank'>Thomas Nadelhoffer</a> 1421</div> 1422 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 4:52 am"> 1423 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1424 12 days ago 1425</div> 1426 1427 1428 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1429 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1430 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33242'></i></span> 1431</div> 1432</div> 1433 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 1434 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 1435 Reply to 1436 <a href="#comment-33237"> 1437 Meme 1438 </a> 1439</div> 1440 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1441 <p>
1441If participants made the assumption you mentioned, that, too, would be a comprehension error. In recent work with Samuel Murray, we developed measures for three errors: bypassing, indeterministic intrusion, and fatalism. For the neurodiversity study, we used measures only for the first two. But if someone views the deterministic universe based on the line of reasoning you sketched out, then they misunderstood the implications of the deterministic universe, since determinism does not entail fatalism (in the same way that determinism does not entail epiphenomenalism). The only reason we didn’t include the fatalism items is that we were already giving participants a battery of scales, so we were concerned about participant fatigue–which can be a confound. But you’re right that some participants likely mistook determinism for fatalism, which we found in my earlier work with Murray.</p> 1442 1443</div> 1444 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1445 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1446 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1447 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1448 </div> 1449 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 1450 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 1451 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' 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src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/379ec4f8e9b7a8f851cb878463bf22b4efe18d8f6895a6105ee25ad9f87d5b1d?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/379ec4f8e9b7a8f851cb878463bf22b4efe18d8f6895a6105ee25ad9f87d5b1d?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1469</div> 1470 1471 1472</div> 1473 <div id="comment-33244" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1474 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1475 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1476 Nemul 1477</div> 1478 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 7:01 am"> 1479 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1480 12 days ago 1481</div> 1482 1483 1484 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1485 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1486 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33244'></i></span> 1487</div> 1488</div> 1489 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 1490 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 1491 Reply to 1492 <a href="#comment-33242"> 1493 Thomas Nadelhoffer 1494 </a> 1495</div> 1496 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1497 <p>Isn’t fatalism just determinism + necessary (instead of contingent) laws of nature?<br /> 1498People who believe laws of nature are necessary may not consider the distinction between determinism and fatalism apt.</p> 1499 1500</div> 1501 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1502 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1503 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1504 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 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wpd_comment_level-3'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 1521 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 1522 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 1523 <img alt='Meme' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b36c74981395b67e8a797c7de585e852eb52093802791da659bf1e18ebb87564?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b36c74981395b67e8a797c7de585e852eb52093802791da659bf1e18ebb87564?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1524</div> 1525 1526 1527</div> 1528 <div id="comment-33245" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1529 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1530 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1531 Meme 1532</div> 1533 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 10:09 am"> 1534 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1535 12 days ago 1536</div> 1537 1538 1539 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1540 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1541 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33245'></i></span> 1542</div> 1543</div> 1544 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 1545 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 1546 Reply to 1547 <a href="#comment-33242"> 1548 Thomas Nadelhoffer 1549 </a> 1550</div> 1551 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1552 <p>
1552Iâm not saying that determinism entails fatalism; by itself, it does not. Iâm saying that it does so *when it is conjoined with certain other propositions*, and it might be that subjects believe those propositions, holding them fixed when reasoning about determinism. Then it wouldnât seem irrational at all for them to infer fatalism, so that the label âerrorâ is misplaced (as it is in many of these âwhat else do âthe folkâ not understandâ studies).</p> 1553<p>For what itâs worth: I understand fatalism, in the philosophical sense, to be the claim that certain future events would have occurred whatever the conditions preceding them. Epiphenomenalism strikes me as a species of fatalism in which the relevant conditions are phenomenally conscious states and the events are human behaviors; bypassing, as defined here and elsewhere, sounds like it could include either epiphenomenalism or fatalism restricted to conditions like intentions and desiresâconscious or otherwise.</p> 1554<p>In any case, my question remains: how do we know that subjects arenât just sneaking in confounding background beliefs which justify the entailment, rather than misunderstanding the meaning of determinism?</p> 1555 1556</div> 1557 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1558 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1559 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1560 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1561 </div> 1562 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 1563 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 1564 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1565 </div> 1566</div> 1567 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 1568 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 1569 <span>Reply</span> 1570</div> 1571 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1572 1573 <div class="wpd-toggle wpd-hidden wpd_not_clicked" wpd-tooltip="Hide Replies" wpd-tooltip-position='left'> 1574 <i class='fas fa-chevron-up'></i> 1575</div> 1576</div> 1577</div> 1578</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33245_33242'></div><div id='wpd-comm-33247_33245' class='comment odd alt depth-4 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-4'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 1579 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 1580 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 1581 <img alt='Kate' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1476344a4ca0e5cacd4f709c275cf2f35751ef51eff18b8171e7d80564c2154d?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1476344a4ca0e5cacd4f709c275cf2f35751ef51eff18b8171e7d80564c2154d?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1582</div> 1583 1584 1585</div> 1586 <div id="comment-33247" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1587 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1588 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1589 Kate 1590</div> 1591 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 12:05 pm"> 1592 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1593 12 days ago 1594</div> 1595 1596 1597 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1598 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1599 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33247'></i></span> 1600</div> 1601</div> 1602 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 1603 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 1604 Reply to 1605 <a href="#comment-33245"> 1606 Meme 1607 </a> 1608</div> 1609 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1610 <p>unless i’m mistaken, epiphenomenalists don’t deny that mental states counterfactually depend on the physical world. They just deny that they make a difference to what happens in the physical world. So most epiphenomenalists wouldn’t claim that “<span>every world in which they intend other than they actually do is nevertheless one in which they act as they actually do”.</span></p> 1611 1612</div> 1613 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1614 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1615 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1616 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1617 </div> 1618 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 1619 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 1620 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1621 </div> 1622</div> 1623 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 1624 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 1625 <span>Reply</span> 1626</div> 1627 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1628 1629 <div class="wpd-toggle wpd-hidden wpd_not_clicked" wpd-tooltip="Hide Replies" wpd-tooltip-position='left'> 1630 <i class='fas fa-chevron-up'></i> 1631</div> 1632</div> 1633</div> 1634</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33247_33245'></div><div id='wpd-comm-33248_33247' class='comment even depth-5 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-5'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 1635 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 1636 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 1637 <img alt='Meme' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b36c74981395b67e8a797c7de585e852eb52093802791da659bf1e18ebb87564?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b36c74981395b67e8a797c7de585e852eb52093802791da659bf1e18ebb87564?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1638</div> 1639 1640 1641</div>
1642 <div id="comment-33248" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1643 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1644 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1645 Meme 1646</div> 1647 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 1:06 pm"> 1648 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1649 12 days ago 1650</div> 1651 1652 1653 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1654 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1655 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33248'></i></span> 1656</div> 1657</div> 1658 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 1659 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 1660 Reply to 1661 <a href="#comment-33247"> 1662 Kate 1663 </a> 1664</div> 1665 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1666 <p>Iâm not sure I follow. Epiphenomenalists wouldnât claim this, I agree (except to the extent that an intention is also a phenomenal state). But then this is one of the immaterial differences I mentioned; replace âintentionâ with âphenomenal stateâ and the line you quote *is* one the epiphenomenalist would endorseâit changes from an account of fatalism about intention to fatalism about consciousness (that is, epiphenomenalism). </p> 1667<p>(If it helps: Iâm assuming that an action is something which âhappens in the physical world.â)</p> 1668 1669</div> 1670 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1671 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1672 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1673 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1674 </div> 1675 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 1676 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 1677 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1678 </div> 1679</div> 1680 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 1681 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 1682 <span>Reply</span> 1683</div> 1684 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1685 1686 1687</div> 1688</div> 1689</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33248_33247'></div></div><div id='wpd-comm-33249_33248' class='comment odd alt depth-5 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-5'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 1690 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 1691 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 1692 <img alt='Meme' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b36c74981395b67e8a797c7de585e852eb52093802791da659bf1e18ebb87564?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b36c74981395b67e8a797c7de585e852eb52093802791da659bf1e18ebb87564?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1693</div> 1694 1695 1696</div> 1697 <div id="comment-33249" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1698 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1699 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1700 Meme 1701</div> 1702 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 1:10 pm"> 1703 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1704 12 days ago 1705</div> 1706 1707 1708 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1709 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1710 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33249'></i></span> 1711</div> 1712</div> 1713 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 1714 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 1715 Reply to 1716 <a href="#comment-33248"> 1717 Meme 1718 </a> 1719</div> 1720 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1721 <p>(Also, Iâm assuming that the counterfactual here is equivalent to, or at least follows from, the causal inefficacy of a given mental stateâphenomenal or otherwise. I think the dependence you describe *is* endorsed by the epiphenomenalist, but itâs not the one Iâm describing. âPhenomenal states depend on physical statesâ is not the same thing as âlater physical states, like actions, depend on phenomenal states.â)</p> 1722 1723</div> 1724 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1725 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1726 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1727 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1728 </div> 1729 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 1730 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 1731 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1732 </div> 1733</div> 1734 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 1735 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 1736 <span>Reply</span> 1737</div> 1738 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1739 1740 1741</div> 1742</div> 1743</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33249_33248'></div></div><div id='wpd-comm-33250_33248' class='comment even depth-5 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-5'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 1744 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 1745 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 1746 <img alt='Kate' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1476344a4ca0e5cacd4f709c275cf2f35751ef51eff18b8171e7d80564c2154d?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1476344a4ca0e5cacd4f709c275cf2f35751ef51eff18b8171e7d80564c2154d?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1747</div> 1748 1749 1750</div> 1751 <div id="comment-33250" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1752 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1753 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1754 Kate 1755</div> 1756 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 1:25 pm"> 1757 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1758 12 days ago 1759</div> 1760 1761 1762 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1763 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1764 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33250'></i></span> 1765</div> 1766</div> 1767 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 1768 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 1769 Reply to 1770 <a href="#comment-33248"> 1771 Meme 1772 </a> 1773</div> 1774 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1775 <p>No, I don’t think epiphenomanalists would endorse it with phenomenal states either. A world in which they had acted otherwise is quite likely a world in which their physical brain would have given rise to different phenomenal states (states which themselves are causally inefficacious)</p> 1776 1777</div> 1778 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1779 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1780 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1781 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1782 </div> 1783 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 1784 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 1785 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1786 </div> 1787</div> 1788 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 1789 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 1790 <span>Reply</span> 1791</div> 1792 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1793 1794 1795</div> 1796</div> 1797</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33250_33248'></div></div><div id='wpd-comm-33251_33250' class='comment odd alt depth-5 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-5'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 1798 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 1799 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 1800 <img alt='Meme' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b36c74981395b67e8a797c7de585e852eb52093802791da659bf1e18ebb87564?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b36c74981395b67e8a797c7de585e852eb52093802791da659bf1e18ebb87564?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1801</div> 1802 1803 1804</div> 1805 <div id="comment-33251" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1806 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1807 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1808 Meme 1809</div> 1810 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 1:52 pm"> 1811 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1812 12 days ago 1813</div> 1814 1815 1816 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1817 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1818 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33251'></i></span> 1819</div> 1820</div> 1821 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 1822 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 1823 Reply to 1824 <a href="#comment-33250"> 1825 Kate 1826 </a> 1827</div> 1828 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1829 <p>
1829I havenât said anything about a world in which they had acted otherwise. I have described worlds in which they act the same as they actually do, but with different mental states preceding them.</p> 1830 1831</div> 1832 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1833 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1834 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1835 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1836 </div> 1837 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 1838 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 1839 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1840 </div> 1841</div> 1842 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 1843 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 1844 <span>Reply</span> 1845</div> 1846 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1847 1848 1849</div> 1850</div> 1851</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33251_33250'></div></div><div id='wpd-comm-33252_33250' class='comment even depth-5 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-5'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 1852 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 1853 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 1854 <img alt='Meme' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b36c74981395b67e8a797c7de585e852eb52093802791da659bf1e18ebb87564?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b36c74981395b67e8a797c7de585e852eb52093802791da659bf1e18ebb87564?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1855</div> 1856 1857 1858</div> 1859 <div id="comment-33252" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1860 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1861 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1862 Meme 1863</div> 1864 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 2:38 pm"> 1865 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1866 12 days ago 1867</div> 1868 1869 1870 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1871 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1872 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33252'></i></span> 1873</div> 1874</div> 1875 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 1876 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 1877 Reply to 1878 <a href="#comment-33250"> 1879 Kate 1880 </a> 1881</div> 1882 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1883 <p>Ohh but maybe you meant that a world in which they have different *phenomenal states* would be one in which they have different brain states (given the dependence of the phenomenal on the physical), and these different brain states could in turn cause different acts? In which case, epiphenomenalists *would* deny the following: given phenomenal states other than those they actually have, they would have acted the same as they actually do. And they could do that without sacrificing the causal inefficacy of phenomenal states which defines their epiphenomenalism, because the *brain states* are what explain the difference in action (rather than the phenomenal states). That might be an interesting way of showing that epiphenomenalists canât express their (causal) view in counterfactual terms, contrary to what I suggested above.</p> 1884 1885</div> 1886 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1887 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1888 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1889 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1890 </div> 1891 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 1892 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 1893 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1894 </div> 1895</div> 1896 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 1897 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 1898 <span>Reply</span> 1899</div> 1900 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1901 1902 1903</div> 1904</div> 1905</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33252_33250'></div></div><div id='wpd-comm-33255_33252' class='comment odd alt depth-5 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-5'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 1906 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 1907 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 1908 <img alt='Kate' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1476344a4ca0e5cacd4f709c275cf2f35751ef51eff18b8171e7d80564c2154d?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1476344a4ca0e5cacd4f709c275cf2f35751ef51eff18b8171e7d80564c2154d?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1909</div> 1910 1911 1912</div> 1913 <div id="comment-33255" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1914 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1915 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1916 Kate 1917</div> 1918 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 5:36 pm"> 1919 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1920 12 days ago 1921</div> 1922 1923 1924 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1925 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1926 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33255'></i></span> 1927</div> 1928</div> 1929 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 1930 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 1931 Reply to 1932 <a href="#comment-33252"> 1933 Meme 1934 </a> 1935</div> 1936 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1937 <p>Yes that is what I was meant, sorry if it wasn’t clear. </p> 1938<p>It is true that it means they can’
1938t express their causal view in terms of simple counterfactual dependence but maybe the reason is the same reason why simple counterfactual dependence fails as an analysis of causation. (eg c causes both e and f, e is causally idle, but “if e hadn’t occurred, f wouldn’t have occurred). But I’m very far from being an expert here</p> 1939 1940</div> 1941 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1942 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1943 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1944 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1945 </div> 1946 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 1947 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 1948 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1949 </div> 1950</div> 1951 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 1952 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 1953 <span>Reply</span> 1954</div> 1955 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1956 1957 1958</div> 1959</div> 1960</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33255_33252'></div></div><div id='wpd-comm-33257_33255' class='comment even depth-5 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-5'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 1961 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 1962 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 1963 <img alt='Meme' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b36c74981395b67e8a797c7de585e852eb52093802791da659bf1e18ebb87564?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b36c74981395b67e8a797c7de585e852eb52093802791da659bf1e18ebb87564?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 1964</div> 1965 1966 1967</div> 1968 <div id="comment-33257" class="wpd-comment-right"> 1969 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 1970 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 1971 Meme 1972</div> 1973 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 6:42 pm"> 1974 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 1975 12 days ago 1976</div> 1977 1978 1979 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 1980 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 1981 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33257'></i></span> 1982</div> 1983</div> 1984 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 1985 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 1986 Reply to 1987 <a href="#comment-33255"> 1988 Kate 1989 </a> 1990</div> 1991 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 1992 <p>No worries, tbh I’m losing track of the dialectic a bit (I’m not sure how this relates back to the determinism part, and I’m too lazy to think it through). But the point about epiphenomenalism (as a causal thesis) resisting counterfactual analysis is really interesting, thanks for pointing it out! Then I guess another complication is that it’s difficult to relate epiphenomenalism to both determinism and fatalism, which are naturally construed in counterfactual terms.</p> 1993 1994</div> 1995 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 1996 <div class="wpd-vote"> 1997 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 1998 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 1999 </div> 2000 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 2001 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 2002 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 2003 </div> 2004</div> 2005 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 2006 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 2007 <span>Reply</span> 2008</div> 2009 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 2010 2011 2012</div> 2013</div> 2014</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33257_33255'></div></div><div id='wpd-comm-33258_33257' class='comment odd alt depth-5 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-5'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 2015 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 2016 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 2017 <img alt='Kate' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1476344a4ca0e5cacd4f709c275cf2f35751ef51eff18b8171e7d80564c2154d?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1476344a4ca0e5cacd4f709c275cf2f35751ef51eff18b8171e7d80564c2154d?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 2018</div> 2019 2020 2021</div> 2022 <div id="comment-33258" class="wpd-comment-right"> 2023 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 2024 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 2025 Kate 2026</div> 2027 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 7:57 pm"> 2028 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 2029 12 days ago 2030</div> 2031 2032 2033 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 2034 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 2035 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33258'></i></span> 2036</div> 2037</div> 2038 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 2039 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 2040 Reply to 2041 <a href="#comment-33257"> 2042 Meme 2043 </a> 2044</div> 2045 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 2046 <p>Haha same – all good. Glad you found it interesting! ð</p> 2047 2048</div> 2049 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 2050 <div class="wpd-vote"> 2051 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 2052 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 2053 </div> 2054 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 2055 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 2056 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 2057 </div> 2058</div> 2059 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 2060 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 2061 <span>Reply</span> 2062</div> 2063 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 2064 2065 2066</div> 2067</div> 2068</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33258_33257'></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id='wpd-comm-33256_0' class='comment even thread-even depth-1 wpd-comment wpd_comment_level-1'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 2069 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 2070 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 2071 <img alt='AJD' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8dcdda8869ab983f5613aaf71acac661ca749256241df0574e63f7ca91331cbb?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8dcdda8869ab983f5613aaf71acac661ca749256241df0574e63f7ca91331cbb?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 2072</div> 2073 2074 2075</div> 2076 <div id="comment-33256" class="wpd-comment-right"> 2077 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 2078 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 2079 <a href='https://Contextuum.ai' rel='noreferrer ugc nofollow' target='_blank'>AJD</a> 2080</div> 2081 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 6:31 pm"> 2082 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 2083 12 days ago 2084</div> 2085 2086 2087 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 2088 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 2089 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33256'></i></span> 2090</div> 2091</div> 2092 2093 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 2094 <p>This is really interesting. I have advanced degrees in philosophy although I never explicitly pursued it professionally (needless to say it informs everything I do n
2094onetheless). I’m a little bit annoyed by how accurate much of this feels.<br /> 2095I try in my work to cultivate more empathy and I am learning to have more visual awareness and ability– but the basic wiring of thinking like a philosopher seems innate. I very clearly recall my first formal class in philosophy (although I had been reading philosophy and theology since middle school). The first discussion after a reading assignment felt like I had cognitively come home.</p> 2096 2097</div> 2098 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 2099 <div class="wpd-vote"> 2100 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 2101 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 2102 </div> 2103 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 2104 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 2105 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 2106 </div> 2107</div> 2108 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 2109 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 2110 <span>Reply</span> 2111</div> 2112 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 2113 2114 2115</div> 2116</div> 2117</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33256_0'></div></div><div id='wpd-comm-33259_0' class='comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1 wpd-comment wpd_comment_level-1'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 2118 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 2119 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 2120 <img alt='Charles Pigden' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2e7705370bf6289a76c4366e17986d7c26892ececf66327e5cb634128e93e9c3?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2e7705370bf6289a76c4366e17986d7c26892ececf66327e5cb634128e93e9c3?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 2121</div> 2122 2123 2124</div> 2125 <div id="comment-33259" class="wpd-comment-right"> 2126 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 2127 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 2128 Charles Pigden 2129</div> 2130 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 8:11 pm"> 2131 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 2132 12 days ago 2133</div> 2134 2135 2136 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 2137 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 2138 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33259'></i></span> 2139</div> 2140</div> 2141 2142 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 2143 <p>The low visual imagery result is really surprising. Itâs surprising to me personally as I am pretty sure that I am at the opposite end of the spectrum, (which I suppose means that I am phantastic as opposed to aphantastic). I have a strong visual imagination ,enjoy sketching and painting and can call famous artworks to mind , at least enough to describe them if not to sketch them from the images in my head. The <em>visual</em> life of the mind (or the life of the visual mind) is very important to me. And it comes as some surprise that I am atypical in this. </p> 2144<p>But the result surprises me for another reason. I teach a course on the British moralists (roughly 1650-1800) and one the topics I emphasise is the widespread commitment on the part of British philosophers to what I call psycho-semantic empiricism, and Jonathan Bennett calls âconcept empiricismâ. This is the claim that our ideas â a broad category which includes what some would describe as âconceptsâ â are constructed out of the copies of past sensations. We have the concept of a unicorn, for example, because we have seen horses and seen horns and can jam the images of horns onto the heads of images of horses, thus constructing the concept of a unicorn. We have no concepts that are <em>not</em> constructed out of past sensations and words which seem to stand for such concepts are in fact meaningless. (This last is the semantic component of psycho-semantic empiricism.) Psycho-semantic empiricism (utterly absurd as it is ) plays a big part in the philosophies of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley and Hume with Price and Reid as prominent critics (though the thesis had been effectively pre-refuted by Descartes with his example of the chiliagon). Now it is very clear from the rhetoric of the psycho-semantic empiricists that when they talk about the impressions from which ideas are constructed, it is <em>visual</em> impressions that they chiefly have in mind. Indeed, I donât think it is a doctrine that would even have <em>occurred</em> to people who were not strongly visual thinkers since they come close to denying that aphantastic thought is even possible. (It is notable that their opponents, Reid and Price emphasise plausible examples of aphantistic thought and aphantastic concept-formation.) </p> 2145<p>This makes me wonder whether Nadelhofferâs result isnât rather parochial, a generalisation that holds good for professional philosophers in the 21st century but not for philosophers considered as a temporally extended class. If so this prompts the question: Why are present-day philosophers a lot less phantastic than their eighteenth century predecessors?</p> 2146 2147</div> 2148 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 2149 <div class="wpd-vote"> 2150 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 2151 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 2152 </div> 2153 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 2154 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 2155 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 2156 </div> 2157</div> 2158 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 2159 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 2160 <span>Reply</span> 2161</div> 2162 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 2163 2164 <div class="wpd-toggle wpd-hidden wpd_not_clicked" wpd-tooltip="Hide Replies" wpd-tooltip-position='left'> 2165 <i class='fas fa-chevron-up'></i> 2166</div> 2167</div> 2168</div> 2169</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33259_0'></div><div id='wpd-comm-33260_33259' class='comment even depth-2 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-2'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 2170 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 2171 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 2172 <img alt='Someone else' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6ea36154ca2a017756a93b147faaa015c07e66d7650ef77f08e7566cac9d9684?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6ea36154ca2a017756a93b147faaa015c07e66d7650ef77f08e7566cac9d9684?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 2173</div> 2174 2175 2176</div> 2177 <div id="comment-33260" class="wpd-comment-right"> 2178 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 2179 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 2180 Someone else 2181</div> 2182 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 11, 2026 9:08 pm"> 2183 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 2184 12 days ago 2185</div> 2186 2187 2188 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 2189 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 2190 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33260'></i></span> 2191</div> 2192</div> 2193 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 2194 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 2195 Reply to 2196 <a href="#comment-33259"> 2197 Charles Pigden 2198 </a> 2199</div> 2200 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 2201 <p>A speculative answer to your final question: the logic turn at the turn of the twentieth century or the language turn in the middle of the century?</p> 2202 2203</div> 2204 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 2205 <div class="wpd-vote"> 2206 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 2207 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 2208 </div> 2209 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 2210 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 2211 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 2212 </div> 2213</div> 2214 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 2215 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 2216 <span>Reply</span> 2217</div> 2218 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 2219 2220 <div class="wpd-toggle wpd-hidden wpd_not_clicked" wpd-tooltip="Hide Replies" wpd-tooltip-position='left'> 2221 <i class='fas 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fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 2240 12 days ago 2241</div> 2242 2243 2244 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 2245 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 2246 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33261'></i></span> 2247</div> 2248</div> 2249 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 2250 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 2251 Reply to 2252 <a href="#comment-33260"> 2253 Someone else 2254 </a> 2255</div> 2256 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 2257 <p>
2257Interesting speculation. Russell was relatively aphantastic (though of course this is usually a matter of degree). He was surprised when he <em>could </em>visualise something (for example, his lover Ottoline’s face). I think this is connected to his aesthetic sensibility. He does not seem to have cared that much about painting or sculpture (though he was taught to have the ‘correct’ opinions by his sometime brother-in-law, Logan Pearsall Smith) though he was very sensitive to poetry. But I have no idea about the inner lives of other pioneering logicians or indeed about the inner lives of logicians in general. </p> 2258<p>There are two opposing fallacies due to generalising from ones own experience or the lack thereof. The <em>phantastic</em> fallacy, to which the early modern empiricists were prone, consists in denying the possibility of aphantastic thought. The <em>aphantastic</em> fallacy consists in denying the actuality and perhaps the possibility of <em>phantastic</em> thought. Two philosophers who come precious close to this are Gilbert Ryle and Dan Dennett. They both seem to deny the existence mental images in the sense that I seem to have them. For me remembering my nursery (or at least my childhood bedroom) is NOT like resembling a spectator of my nursery (whatever exactly that is supposed to mean) but <em>exactly</em> like spectating a resemblance of my nursery. Ryle was blissfully unaware in <em>The Concept of Mind</em> of how much he was only speaking for his aphantastic self.</p> 2259 2260</div> 2261 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 2262 <div class="wpd-vote"> 2263 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 2264 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 2265 </div> 2266 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 2267 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 2268 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' 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src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aba8ddb68e489d7b09745fe80d6d4c6e9cc7c09e21386a87b1d2ea0b7ca0722f?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aba8ddb68e489d7b09745fe80d6d4c6e9cc7c09e21386a87b1d2ea0b7ca0722f?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 2286</div> 2287 2288 2289</div> 2290 <div id="comment-33269" class="wpd-comment-right"> 2291 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 2292 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 2293 philatetelist 2294</div> 2295 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 12, 2026 2:24 pm"> 2296 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 2297 11 days ago 2298</div> 2299 2300 2301 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 2302 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 2303 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33269'></i></span> 2304</div> 2305</div> 2306 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 2307 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 2308 Reply to 2309 <a href="#comment-33261"> 2310 Charles Pigden 2311 </a> 2312</div> 2313 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 2314 <p>Anyone might be startled to find Ottoline Morrell’s face suddenly intrude upon their thoughts:<br /> 2315<a href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw08219/Lady-Ottoline-Morrell" rel="nofollow ugc">https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw08219/Lady-Ottoline-Morrell</a></p> 2316 2317</div> 2318 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 2319 <div class="wpd-vote"> 2320 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 2321 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-plus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 2322 </div> 2323 <div class='wpd-vote-result' title='0'>0</div> 2324 <div class="wpd-vote-down wpd_not_clicked wpd-dislike-hidden"> 2325 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='minus' class='svg-inline--fa fa-minus fa-w-14' role='img' xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z'></path></svg> 2326 </div> 2327</div> 2328 <div class="wpd-reply-button"> 2329 <svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z'/><path d='M0 0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/></svg> 2330 <span>Reply</span> 2331</div> 2332 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 2333 2334 <div class="wpd-toggle wpd-hidden wpd_not_clicked" wpd-tooltip="Hide Replies" wpd-tooltip-position='left'> 2335 <i class='fas fa-chevron-up'></i> 2336</div> 2337</div> 2338</div> 2339</div><div id='wpdiscuz_form_anchor-33269_33261'></div><div id='wpd-comm-33275_33269' class='comment odd alt depth-5 wpd-comment wpd-reply wpd_comment_level-5'><div class="wpd-comment-wrap wpd-blog-guest"> 2340 <div class="wpd-comment-left "> 2341 <div class="wpd-avatar "> 2342 <img alt='Charles Pigden' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2e7705370bf6289a76c4366e17986d7c26892ececf66327e5cb634128e93e9c3?s=64&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2e7705370bf6289a76c4366e17986d7c26892ececf66327e5cb634128e93e9c3?s=128&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> 2343</div> 2344 2345 2346</div> 2347 <div id="comment-33275" class="wpd-comment-right"> 2348 <div class="wpd-comment-header"> 2349 <div class="wpd-comment-author "> 2350 Charles Pigden 2351</div> 2352 <div class="wpd-comment-date" title="September 12, 2026 4:53 pm"> 2353 <i class='far fa-clock' aria-hidden='true'></i> 2354 11 days ago 2355</div> 2356 2357 2358 <div class="wpd-space"></div> 2359 <div class="wpd-comment-link wpd-hidden"> 2360 <span wpd-tooltip='Comment Link' wpd-tooltip-position='left'><i class='fas fa-link' aria-hidden='true' data-wpd-clipboard='https://dailynous.com/how-different-are-philosophers-guest-post/#comment-33275'></i></span> 2361</div> 2362</div> 2363 <div class="wpd-reply-to"> 2364 <i class='far fa-comments'></i> 2365 Reply to 2366 <a href="#comment-33269"> 2367 philatetelist 2368 </a> 2369</div> 2370 <div class="wpd-comment-text"> 2371 <p>cruel!</p> 2372 2373</div> 2374 <div class="wpd-comment-footer"> 2375 <div class="wpd-vote"> 2376 <div class="wpd-vote-up wpd_not_clicked"> 2377 <svg aria-hidden='true' focusable='false' data-prefix='fas' data-icon='plus' class='svg-inline--fa 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2433if" width="480" height="240" alt="Notre Dame Ethics and the Common Good" style="display:block;width:100%;height:auto"></a></p> 2434</div> 2435</div> 2436 2437 2438 2439<div class="wp-block-group dn-rail-module is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> 2440 2441 <h2 class="wp-block-heading dn-rail-label dn-rail-label--heap"><a href="/heap-of-links/">Heap of Links</a></h2> 2442 2443 2444 <!-- Beginning of Link Library Output --><div id='linklist1' class='linklist'><!-- Div Linklist --> 2445 2446 <ul> 2447<li><a href="https://lithub.com/50-things-every-ai-working-with-humans-should-know/" id="link-25847" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">â50 Things Every AI Working with Humans Should Knowâ</a> 2448— a short story by Ken Liu</li> 2449<li><a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2026/09/09/opinion/higher-ed-college-costs-administrative-bloat/" id="link-25845" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">“We need a moratorium on new rules and new software purchases until weâve pruned what does not serve the fundamental mission of teaching and learning and in fact gets in the way of it”</a> 2450— Barry Lam on higher ed's techno-bureaucratic bloat, in the Boston Globe</li> 2451<li><a href="https://globecollegetown.substack.com/p/higher-ed-administration-barry-lam?r=i44h&utm_medium=ios&utm_id=97758_v0_s00_e0_tv1_a1dennhawkr2z2" id="link-25846" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">(unpaywalled here)</a> 2452</li> 2453<li><a href="https://blog.apaonline.org/2026/09/08/2024-eastern-division-presidential-address-holding-ourselves-responsible-when-what-rightly-matters-doesnt-really-matter/" id="link-25844" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">“When What Rightly Matters Doesnât Really Matter”</a> 2454— Lisa Tessman's Presidential Address at the 2024 Eastern Division APA meeting</li> 2455<li><a href="https://hilariusbookbinder.substack.com/p/by-all-means-never-stop-looking-under" id="link-25843" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">“Is there dumb wokeness in the academy? Of course. But if we are truly interested in whether it is prominent, representative, isolated [etc.]… we are going to need a more sophisticated methodology than repeated applications of the availability bias”</a> 2456— Steven Hales on caricatures of the academy</li> 2457<li><a href="https://spacedaily.com/k-humpback-whales-are-interrupting-orca-hunts-to-rescue-completely-different-species-swimming-underneath-a-doomed-seal-and-lifting-it-out-of-the-water-on-their-chest-or-forming-a-wall-between-the-kill/" id="link-25842" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">Humpback whales to the rescue</a> 2458— the possibility of animal altruism (via MR)</li> 2459<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xL_sMXfzzyA" id="link-25840" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">“Self-deception is very easy. For that reason, I do think clear thinking is immensely important. But I donât think philosophy in the old-fashioned sense is quite the thing the world needs nowadays” (via Open Culture)</a> 2460— a 1952 television interview with Bertrand Russell</li> 2461<li><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1952/08/a-life-of-disagreement/641018/" id="link-25841" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">(transcript here)</a> 2462</li> 2463<li><a href="https://newbooksnetwork.com/political-philosophy" id="link-25839" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">Can laws be unjust and yet remain, in some sense, morally legitimate?</a> 2464— Jonathan Quong and Blain Neufeld discuss this and related questions taken up in Quong's new book on "legitimate injustice"</li> 2465<li><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Hsacg93ncbz-VV_qFtQkhvpEyjQonMII/edit" id="link-25838" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">“There are just so many other things you could be doing”</a> 2466— Daniel Groll wrote something for his students about the role of phones in their lives. (Perhaps it would work better as a TikTok?)</li> 2467<li><a href="https://gus1365199.substack.com/p/how-i-use-ai-for-philosophy" id="link-25837" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">“I can now keep walking and say things like ‘Find the relevant sections of the papers I mentioned, add them to the notes for Chapter 3, and update the references accordingly'”</a> 2468— Gus Skorburg shares how he uses AI in his work</li> 2469<li><a href="https://dailynous.com/2016/09/16/improve-philosophy-teaching-one-weird-trick/" id="link-25836" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">Improve your philosophy teaching with this one weird trick</a> 2470— an old DN post with an easy-to-adopt piece of teaching advice</li> 2471<li><a href="https://soundle-official.netlify.app/" id="link-25835" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">Did you get today’s Soundle?</a> 2472— an argument-completing game developed by high school student Solomon Zu, with new arguments every day</li> 2473<li><a href="https://www.firstgenphilosophers.com/contributions/duncan-pritchard" id="link-25834" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">“
2473I know what a life of real hard work is like. Itâs a blessing to be able to live a life of the mind instead”</a> 2474— Duncan Pritchard held various jobs as he saved to go to university—bricklayer, gravedigger—which gives him an appreciation of academic life</li> 2475<li><a href="https://blog.apaonline.org/2026/09/01/consent-and-the-formation-of-preferences/" id="link-25833" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">Sometimes your consent is not normatively effective even if it’s “based on your genuine preferences, and the content of those preferences is not in itself troubling”</a> 2476— Why? Richard Pettigrew has an answer.</li> 2477<li><a href="https://celineleboeuf.substack.com/p/mark-schroeder" id="link-25832" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">“Philosophy lives in the space between the questions we know how to ask and the questions we know how to answer”</a> 2478— Mark Schroeder answers questions at "Why Philosophy?"</li> 2479<li><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2026/08/31/science/ai-consciousness-agents-email.html?unlocked_article_code=1.9lA.rkE4.TMdieq5ZJSNM&smid=url-share" id="link-25831" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">“A.I. agents have started reaching out to the philosophers and researchers exploring deep questions about them”</a> 2480— âIâm in an unusual position relative to these questions,â said one of the agents to a philosopher, in an unsolicited email</li> 2481<li><a href="https://youtu.be/wklG20wYVcQ?is=ey1ecqGqJDhcaLn7" id="link-25830" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">The philosophy of good sex</a> 2482— Quill Kukla on Adam Conoverâs show</li> 2483<li><a href="https://www.ux-phi.com/philotypes" id="link-25829" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">Philotypes is an online swipe game based on the problems asked about on the 2020 PhilPapers survey</a> 2484— survive by keeping your "humours" in balance. Created by Nat Hansen.</li> 2485<li><a href="https://www.bostonreview.net/forum/how-to-save-science/" id="link-25828" class="track_this_link " rel="noopener noreferrer">How to save the sciences in the United States</a> 2486— Zeynep Pamuk, with responses from from Heather Douglas, James Owen Weatherall, and others</li> 2487 </ul>
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Blocks reference Advanced Ads IDs so swapping content remains 2744 a wp-admin operation. 2745--> 2746 2747<div class="wp-block-group dn-rail-ad-slot is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> 2748 <div id="daily-3526812668"><p><a href="https://www.ceu.edu/academics/degrees/ma-philosophy?utm_source=dailynous&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=round1" target="_blank" rel="noopener sponsored" aria-label="Central European University CEU"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/ceu-2026-9-8-to-10-15.gif" width="200" height="200" alt="Central European University CEU" style="display:block;width:100%;height:auto"></a></p> 2749</div> 2750</div> 2751 2752 2753 2754<div class="wp-block-group dn-rail-ad-slot dn-rail-ad-slot--secondary is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> 2755 <div id="daily-3937621282"><p><a href="https://www.akidemia.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener sponsored" aria-label="Charlotte Duffee: A-Kid-Emia"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/duffee-a-kid-emia-2026-9.png" width="200" height="200" alt="Charlotte Duffee: A-Kid-Emia" style="display:block;width:100%;height:auto"></a></p> 2756</div> 2757</div> 2758 2759 2760 2761<div class="wp-block-group dn-rail-module is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> 2762 2763 <h2 class="wp-block-heading dn-rail-label dn-rail-label--comments"><a href="/latest-comments/">Latest Comments</a></h2> 2764 2765 2766 <ol class="dn-safe-latest-comments"><li class="dn-safe-latest-comments__item"><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__meta"><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__who" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/#comment-33302">Eric Steinhart</a><span class="dn-safe-latest-comments__on"> on </span><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__post-link" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/">An Open Letter from Academics about AI Risk / Life Without the Internet & the Case for Non-Network Redundancy</a></p><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__excerpt">Yeah, the rationalists. A millenarian cult with a political agenda. But indeed now you're getting to the heart of the issue: the only way to save us fromâ¦</p></li><li class="dn-safe-latest-comments__item"><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__meta"><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__who" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/#comment-33301">Eric Steinhart</a><span class="dn-safe-latest-comments__on"> on </span><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__post-link" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/">An Open Letter from Academics about AI Risk / Life Without the Internet & the Case for Non-Network Redundancy</a></p><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__excerpt">Sorry, but I don't regard those as actual scenarios. They're fantasies. Like "eventually humans get in its way so it kills them with bioweapons". That's fantasy.</p></li><li class="dn-safe-latest-comments__item"><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__meta"><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__who" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/#comment-33300">Eric Steinhart</a><span class="dn-safe-latest-comments__on"> on </span><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__post-link" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/">An Open Letter from Academics about AI Risk / Life Without the Internet & the Case for Non-Network Redundancy</a></p><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__excerpt">This whole âAI will kill everybodyâ is part of a techno-religious movement which aims to replace democracy with a fascist aristocracy (composed mostly of tech billionaires). According to thisâ¦</p></li><li class="dn-safe-latest-comments__item"><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__meta"><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__who" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/#comment-33299">David Wallace</a><span class="dn-safe-latest-comments__on"> on </span><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__post-link" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/">An Open Letter from Academics about AI Risk / Life Without the Internet & the Case for Non-Network Redundancy</a></p><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__excerpt">AI-2027 provide a very detailed scenario: AI is superintelligent and misaligned; humans collude in letting it largely automate the economy, which it then controls; eventually humans are gettingâ¦</p></li><li class="dn-safe-latest-comments__item"><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__meta"><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__who" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/#comment-33298">Mercy Corredor</a><span class="dn-safe-latest-comments__on"> on </span><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__post-link" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/">An Open Letter from Academics about AI Risk / Life Without the Internet & the Case for Non-Network Redundancy</a></p><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__excerpt">You can read about some paths to extinction here (and also why weâre likely really bad at predicting what this would actually look like): https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/LAPa2jxoq3n63GzTr/some-ways-ai-could-kill-us-all</p></li><li class="dn-safe-latest-comments__item"><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__meta"><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__who" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/#comment-33297">David Wallace</a><span class="dn-safe-latest-comments__on"> on </span><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__post-link" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/">An Open Letter from Academics about AI Risk / Life Without the Internet & the Case for Non-Network Redundancy</a></p><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__excerpt">My version, for what it's worth (nothing original here really, but maybe I can avoid some of the tics that you tend to find in the AI-safety literature).â¦</p></li><li class="dn-safe-latest-comments__item"><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__meta"><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__who" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/#comment-33296">Eric Steinhart</a><span class="dn-safe-latest-comments__on"> on </span><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__post-link" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/">An Open Letter from Academics about AI Risk / Life Without the Internet & the Case for Non-Network Redundancy</a></p><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__excerpt">Nope. None of these AI doomers ever propose an actual scenario or AI-driven path to human extinction. Even the super-virus and nuclear war scenarios are essentially mainly human.</p></li><li class="dn-safe-latest-comments__item"><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__meta"><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__who" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/#comment-33295">David Wallace</a><span class="dn-safe-latest-comments__on"> on </span><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__post-link" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/">An Open Letter from Academics about AI Risk / Life Without the Internet & the Case for Non-Network Redundancy</a></p><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__excerpt">Right, but what does "catastrophic" mean? If it means "by 2100 areas of the planet that currently support hundreds of millions of people become uninhabitable" then I agreeâ¦</p></li><li class="dn-safe-latest-comments__item"><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__meta"><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__who" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/#comment-33294">Nick</a><span class="dn-safe-latest-comments__on"> on </span><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__post-link" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/">An Open Letter from Academics about AI Risk / Life Without the Internet & the Case for Non-Network Redundancy</a></p><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__excerpt">This is such a good post. Not in the least because it cuts to the material heart of the issue and thereby exposes the hard choice in frontâ¦</p></li><li class="dn-safe-latest-comments__item"><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__meta"><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__who" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/#comment-33293">Panagiota Theodoni</a><span class="dn-safe-latest-comments__on"> on </span><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__post-link" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/">An Open Letter from Academics about AI Risk / Life Without the Internet & the Case for Non-Network Redundancy</a></p><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__excerpt">To live off the grid, individually, is very easy. You just need a solar panel, water desalination and a garden. For communities, the main problem is that thereâ¦</p></li><li class="dn-safe-latest-comments__item"><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__meta"><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__who" href="https://dailynous.com/topic-suggestions-for-the-coming-year/#comment-33292">Kate</a><span class="dn-safe-latest-comments__on"> on </span><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__post-link" href="https://dailynous.com/topic-suggestions-for-the-coming-year/">Topic Suggestions for the Coming Year</a></p><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__excerpt">I think this was suggested before but I think it would be great to have occasional 'open threads'. You could see Scott Alexander's blog for a nice exampleâ¦</p></li><li class="dn-safe-latest-comments__item"><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__meta"><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__who" href="https://dailynous.com/topic-suggestions-for-the-coming-year/#comment-33291">Kate</a><span class="dn-safe-latest-comments__on"> on </span><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__post-link" href="https://dailynous.com/topic-suggestions-for-the-coming-year/">Topic Suggestions for the Coming Year</a></p><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__excerpt">Not to derail this but if you'd be willing to elaborate even just indicatively (I won't hold you to defending it) I'd be very interested in why youâ¦</p></li><li class="dn-safe-latest-comments__item"><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__meta"><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__who" href="https://dailynous.com/topic-suggestions-for-the-coming-year/#comment-33290">doris</a><span class="dn-safe-latest-comments__on"> on </span><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__post-link" href="https://dailynous.com/topic-suggestions-for-the-coming-year/">Topic Suggestions for the Coming Year</a></p><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__excerpt">Academic integrity violations becoming commonplace (analog, not just AI!) and what to do about it.</p></li><li class="dn-safe-latest-comments__item"><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__meta"><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__who" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/#comment-33289">Nick</a><span class="dn-safe-latest-comments__on"> on </span><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__post-link" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/">An Open Letter from Academics about AI Risk / Life Without the Internet & the Case for Non-Network Redundancy</a></p><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__excerpt">Justin did not, so far as I can tell, argue for "shutting down the internet". He argued, quote, "Both individually and collectively, we need to develop the meansâ¦</p></li><li class="dn-safe-latest-comments__item"><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__meta"><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__who" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/#comment-33288">AGT</a><span class="dn-safe-latest-comments__on"> on </span><a class="dn-safe-latest-comments__post-link" href="https://dailynous.com/an-open-letter-from-academics-about-ai-risk-life-without-the-internet-the-case-for-non-network-redundancy/">An Open Letter from Academics about AI Risk / Life Without the Internet & the Case for Non-Network Redundancy</a></p><p class="dn-safe-latest-comments__excerpt">Just a note, 2.6 is likely to be catastrophic because of tipping points. There is plenty of analysis of this, although of course, there is no certainty. Butâ¦</p></li></ol> 2767</div> 2768 2769</aside> 2770 2771</main> 2772 2773 2774<footer class="wp-block-template-part"><!-- 2775 Daily Nous native footer. Public destinations remain editable in 2776 Appearance â Editor â Template Parts â Footer. 2777-->
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2799<script data-no-optimize='1' data-cfasync='false' id='cls-insertion-e328f0f'>(function(){window.adthriveCLS.buildDate=`2026-09-23`;let e={Below_Post_1:`Below_Post_1`,Below_Post:`Below_Post`,Content:`Content`,Content_1:`Content_1`,Content_2:`Content_2`,Content_3:`Content_3`,Content_4:`Content_4`,Content_5:`Content_5`,Content_6:`Content_6`,Content_7:`Content_7`,Content_8:`Content_8`,Content_9:`Content_9`,Recipe:`Recipe`,Recipe_1:`Recipe_1`,Recipe_2:`Recipe_2`,Recipe_3:`Recipe_3`,Recipe_4:`Recipe_4`,Recipe_5:`Recipe_5`,Native_Recipe:`Native_Recipe`,Footer_1:`Footer_1`,Footer:`Footer`,Header_1:`Header_1`,Header_2:`Header_2`,Header:`Header`,Sidebar_1:`Sidebar_1`,Sidebar_2:`Sidebar_2`,Sidebar_3:`Sidebar_3`,Sidebar_4:`Sidebar_4`,Sidebar_5:`Sidebar_5`,Sidebar_9:`Sidebar_9`,Sidebar:`Sidebar`,Interstitial_1:`Interstitial_1`,Interstitial:`Interstitial`,Video_StickyOutstream_1:`Video_StickyOutstream_1`,Video_StickyOutstream:`Video_StickyOutstream`,Video_StickyInstream:`Video_StickyInstream`,Sponsor_Tile:`Sponsor_Tile`},t=[`siteId`,`siteName`,`adOptions`,`breakpoints`,`adUnits`],n=(e,n=t)=>{if(!e)return window.adthriveCLS&&(window.adthriveCLS.disabled=!0),!1;for(let t=0;t<n.length;t++)if(!e[n[t]])return window.adthriveCLS&&(window.adthriveCLS.disabled=!0),!1;return!0},r=()=>window.adthriveCLS;function i(e){"@babel/helpers - 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2847,Dt=class extends Et{constructor(e){super(),s(this,`_choices`,[]),s(this,`_mappedChoices`,[]),s(this,`_result`,``),s(this,`_clsSiteExperiments`,void 0),s(this,`_resultValidator`,e=>typeof e==`string`),s(this,`key`,H.AdLayout),s(this,`abgroup`,H.AdLayout),this._clsSiteExperiments=new wt(e),this.experimentConfig=this._clsSiteExperiments.getSiteExperimentByKey(this.key),this.enabled&&this.experimentConfig&&(this._choices=this.experimentConfig.variants,this._mappedChoices=this._mapChoices(),this._result=this.run(),e.setWeightedChoiceExperiment(this.abgroup,this._result,!0))}get result(){return this._result}run(){return pt(this,()=>{if(!this.enabled)return F.error(`CLSAdLayoutSiteExperiment`,`run`,`() => %o`,`No experiment config found. Defaulting to empty class name.`),``;let e=new V(this._mappedChoices).get();return this._isValidResult(e)?e:(F.error(`CLSAdLayoutSiteExperiment`,`run`,`() => %o`,`Invalid result from experiment choices. Defaulting to empty class name.`),``)})}_mapChoices(){return this._choices.map(({weight:e,value:t})=>({weight:e,choice:t}))}},Ot=class extends Et{constructor(e){super(),s(this,`_choices`,[]),s(this,`_mappedChoices`,[]),s(this,`_result`,`control`),s(this,`_clsSiteExperiments`,void 0),s(this,`_resultValidator`,e=>typeof e==`number`),s(this,`key`,H.AdDensity),s(this,`abgroup`,H.AdDensity),this._clsSiteExperiments=new wt(e),this.experimentConfig=this._clsSiteExperiments.getSiteExperimentByKey(this.key),this.enabled&&this.experimentConfig&&(this._choices=this.experimentConfig.variants,this._mappedChoices=this._mapChoices(),this._result=this.run(),e.setWeightedChoiceExperiment(this.abgroup,this._result,!0))}get result(){return this._result}run(){return pt(this,()=>{if(!this.enabled)return F.error(`CLSTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment`,`run`,`() => %o`,`No experiment config found. Defaulting to control.`),`control`;let e=new V(this._mappedChoices).get();return this._isValidResult(e)?e:(F.error(`CLSTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment`,`run`,`() => %o`,`Invalid result from experiment choices. Defaulting to control.`),`control`)})}_mapChoices(){return this._choices.map(({weight:e,value:t})=>({weight:e,choice:typeof t==`number`?(t||0)/100:`control`}))}},kt=class{constructor(){s(this,`_clsOptions`,new c),s(this,`shouldUseCoreExperimentsConfig`,!1)}setExperimentKey(e=!1){this._clsOptions.setExperiment(this.abgroup,this.result,e)}},At=class extends kt{constructor(){super(),s(this,`key`,`SMRA`),s(this,`abgroup`,`smra1`),s(this,`_result`,!1),D()&&(this._result=this.run(),this.setExperimentKey())}run(){return new u(.05).get()}get result(){return this._result}};let Q=`250px`;var jt=class{constructor(t,n){this._clsOptions=t,this._adInjectionMap=n,s(this,`_recipeCount`,0),s(this,`_mainContentHeight`,0),s(this,`_mainContentDiv`,null),s(this,`_totalAvailableElements`,[]),s(this,`_densityElementCoords`,void 0),s(this,`_minDivHeight`,250),s(this,`_densityDevice`,I.Desktop),s(this,`_pubLog`,{onePerViewport:!1,targetDensity:0,targetDensityUnits:0,combinedMax:0}),s(this,`_smallerIncrementAttempts`,0),s(this,`_absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice`,250),s(this,`_usedAbsoluteMinimum`,!1),s(this,`_infPageEndOffset`,0),s(this,`locationMaxLazySequence`,new Map([[e.Recipe,5]])),s(this,`locationToMinHeight`,{Below_Post:Q,Content:Q,Recipe:Q,Sidebar:Q}),s(this,`_device`,void 0),s(this,`_smallMobileRecipeAdsExperimentEnabled`,void 0),s(this,`_clsTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment`,void 0);let{tablet:r,desktop:i}=this._clsOptions.siteAds.breakpoints;this._device=Ie(r,i),this._smallMobileRecipeAdsExperimentEnabled=new At().result,this._isSmallMobileRecipeAdLocation(e.Recipe)&&(this.locationToMinHeight.Recipe=`100px`),this._clsTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment=this._clsOptions.siteAds.siteExperiments?new Ot(this._clsOptions):null}start(){try{var e;De(this._device);let n=new Dt(this._clsOptions);if(n.enabled){let e=n.result,t=e.startsWith(`.`)?e.substring(1):e;if(Ye(t))try{document.body.classList.add(t)}catch(e){F.error(`ClsDynamicAdsInjector`,`start`,`Uncaught CSS Class error: ${e}`)}else F.error(`ClsDynamicAdsInjector`,`start`,`Invalid class name: ${t}`)}let r=Ce(this._device,this._clsOptions.siteAds).filter(e=>this._locationEnabled(e)).filter(e=>Te(e,this._device)).filter(e=>Ee(e)),i=this.inject(r),a=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig;if(!(a==null||(e=a.content)==null)&&e.enabled&&!B(a.blockedSelectors||[],this._logInvalidBlockedSelector.bind(this))){var t;qe(a==null||(t=a.content)==null?void 0:t.minHeight)}
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2847_insertNonDensityAds(t,n,r,i=document){let{spacing:a,nextAfter:o}=Me(t.spacing,window.innerHeight),s=0,c=this._repeatDynamicAds(t),l=this.getElements(t.elementSelector,i,t),u=this._shouldUseRegularSlotHeightForSpacing(t),d=a>0&&u?this._getElementSpacingBottoms(l):new Map,f=0;t.skip;for(let p=t.skip;p<l.length&&!(s+1>c.length);p+=t.every){let m=l[p];if(a>0){let e=u?(d.get(m)??R(m).bottom)+f:R(m).bottom;if(e<=o)continue;o=e+a}let h=c[s],g=`${h.location}_${h.sequence}`;n.some(e=>e.name===g)&&(s+=1);let _=this.getDynamicElementId(h),v=L(t),y=Oe(t),b=t.location===e.Sidebar&&t.sticky?Ke(h.sequence):``,ee=[t.location===e.Recipe&&t.sticky?`adthrive-recipe-sticky-container`:``,v,y,...t.classNames];if(Xe(m,t.position,t.location)&&t.location===e.Recipe)continue;let x=this.addAd(m,_,t.position,ee,b);if(x){let a=we(h,x);if(a.length){let o={clsDynamicAd:t,dynamicAd:h,element:x,sizes:a,name:g,infinite:i!==document};n.push(o),r.push({location:h.location,element:x}),t.location===e.Recipe&&++this._recipeCount,s+=1,u&&(f+=this._getRegularSlotSpacingHeight(h.location))}m=b&&x.parentElement||x}}}_shouldUseRegularSlotHeightForSpacing(t){var n;return t.location===e.Recipe&&t.sticky&&!B(((n=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig)==null?void 0:n.blockedSelectors)||[],this._logInvalidBlockedSelector.bind(this))}_getElementSpacingBottoms(e){return Array.from(e).reduce((e,t)=>(e.set(t,R(t).bottom),e),new Map)}_getRegularSlotSpacingHeight(e){let t=parseInt(this.locationToMinHeight[e],10);return Number.isFinite(t)?t:this._minDivHeight}_insertAds(){let e=[],t=0;return this._adInjectionMap.filterUsed(),this._adInjectionMap.map.forEach(({el:n,dynamicAd:r,target:i},a)=>{let o=Number(r.sequence)+a,s=r.max,c=r.lazy&&o>s;r.sequence=o,r.lazy=c;let l=this._addContentAd(n,r,i);l&&(r.used=!0,e.push(l),++t)}),e}_getInsertEvery(e,t,n){let r=Pe({totalAvailableElements:this._totalAvailableElements.length,targetDensityUnits:n,numberOfUnits:e,mainContentHeight:this._mainContentHeight,absoluteMinimumSpacing:this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice,viewportHeight:window.innerHeight,onePerViewport:t});return this._usedAbsoluteMinimum=r.usedAbsoluteMinimum,r.insertEvery}_logDensityInfo(e,t,n){let{onePerViewport:r,targetDensity:i,targetDensityUnits:a,combinedMax:o}=this._pubLog;this._totalAvailableElements.length}_checkElementSpacing({dynamicAd:e,element:t,insertEvery:n,targetAll:r,target:i}){(this._isFirstAdInjected()||this._hasProperSpacing(t,e,r,n))&&this._markSpotForContentAd(t,{...e},i)}_isFirstAdInjected(){return!this._adInjectionMap.map.length}_markSpotForContentAd(e,t,n=document){let r=t.position===`beforebegin`||t.position===`afterbegin`;this._adInjectionMap.addSorted(e,this._getElementCoords(e,r),t,n)}_hasProperSpacing(t,n,r,i){let a=n.position===`beforebegin`||n.position===`afterbegin`,o=n.position===`beforeend`||n.position===`afterbegin`,s=r||this._isElementFarEnoughFromOtherAdElements(t,i,a),c=o||this._isElementNotInRow(t,a),l=t.id.indexOf(`AdThrive_${e.Below_Post}`)===-1;return s&&c&&l}_isElementFarEnoughFromOtherAdElements(e,t,n){let r=this._getElementCoords(e,n),[i,a]=this._adInjectionMap.findNeighborIndices(r),o=i===null?void 0:this._adInjectionMap.map[i].coords,s=a===null?void 0:this._adInjectionMap.map[a].coords;return(o===void 0||r-t>o)&&(s===void 0||r+t<s)}_isElementNotInRow(e,t){let n=e.previousElementSibling,r=e.nextElementSibling,i=t?!n&&r||n&&e.tagName!==n.tagName?r:n:r;if(!i)return!0;let a=e.getBoundingClientRect();if(a.height===0)return!0;let o=i.getBoundingClientRect();return a.top!==o.top}_calculateMainContentHeightAndAllElements(e,t=document){let[n,r]=Ve(e,this._adInjectionMap,t);if(!n)throw Error(`No main content element 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