1 2<!DOCTYPE html> 3<html lang="en-US"> 4<head> 5 <meta charset="UTF-8"> 6 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,shrink-to-fit=no,user-scalable=no"> 7 <meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> 8 <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> 9 <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Public Seminar"> 10 <meta name="application-name" content="Public Seminar"> 11 12 <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> 13 <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/cache/perfmatters/publicseminar.org/minify/30ebc1109796.fonts.min.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null;"> 14 15 16 <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/img/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png?v=GvmpA7dpxL"> 17 <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/img/favicons/favicon-32x32.png?v=GvmpA7dpxL"> 18 <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/img/favicons/favicon-16x16.png?v=GvmpA7dpxL"> 19 <link rel="manifest" href="/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/img/favicons/site.webmanifest?v=GvmpA7dpxL2"> 20 <link rel="mask-icon" href="/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/img/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg?v=GvmpA7dpxL" color="#e64c46"> 21 <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/img/favicons/favicon.ico?v=GvmpA7dpxL"> 22 23 <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/img/favicons/browserconfig.xml?v=GvmpA7dpxL2"> 24 25 <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> 26 27 <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https://yoast.com/product/yoast-seo-wordpress/ --> 28 <title>Economy Archives - Public Seminar</title><link rel="preload" href="" as="image" fetchpriority="high"><link rel="preload" href="/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/img/ps_logo_neue2.svg" as="image" fetchpriority="high"><link rel="preload" href="/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/img/ps-mobile-head_v2.svg" as="image" fetchpriority="high"><link rel="preload" href="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin><link rel="preload" href="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/fonts/neue-Bold.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin><link rel="preload" href="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/fonts/neue-Regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin><link rel="preload" href="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/fonts/neue-RegularItalic.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin><style id="perfmatters-used-css">@font-face{font-family:"FontAwesome";src:url("/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff2") format("woff2");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"neue";src:url("/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/fonts/neue-Bold.woff2") format("woff2");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"neue";src:url("/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/fonts/neue-Light.woff2") format("woff2");font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"neue";src:url("/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/fonts/neue-Regular.woff2") format("woff2");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"neue";src:url("/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/fonts/neue-RegularItalic.woff2") format("woff2");font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"neue-display";src:url("/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/fonts/neueDisplay-Regular.woff2") format("woff2");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"neue-display";src:url("/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/fonts/neueDisplay-Black.woff2") format("woff2");font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"neue";src:url("/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/fonts/neue-Black.woff2") format("woff2");font-weight:900;font-style:normal;font-display:optional}@font-face{font-family:"neue";src:url("/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/fonts/neue-LightItalic.woff2") format("woff2");font-weight:300;font-style:italic;font-display:optional}@-webkit-keyframes searchwp-spinner-line-fade-more{0%,to{opacity:0}
281%{opacity:1}}@keyframes searchwp-spinner-line-fade-more{0%,to{opacity:0}1%{opacity:1}}@-webkit-keyframes searchwp-spinner-line-fade-quick{0%,39%,to{opacity:.25}40%{opacity:1}}@keyframes searchwp-spinner-line-fade-quick{0%,39%,to{opacity:.25}40%{opacity:1}}@-webkit-keyframes searchwp-spinner-line-fade-default{0%,to{opacity:.22}1%{opacity:1}}@keyframes searchwp-spinner-line-fade-default{0%,to{opacity:.22}1%{opacity:1}}:root{--blue:#007bff;--indigo:#6610f2;--purple:#6f42c1;--pink:#e83e8c;--red:#dc3545;--orange:#fd7e14;--yellow:#ffc107;--green:#28a745;--teal:#20c997;--cyan:#17a2b8;--white:#fff;--gray:#6c757d;--gray-dark:#343a40;--primary:rgba(0,0,0,.95);--secondary:#bfbeab;--success:#28a745;--info:#17a2b8;--warning:#ffc107;--danger:#d4473f;--light:#f8f9fa;--dark:#343a40;--breakpoint-xs:0;--breakpoint-sm:576px;--breakpoint-md:768px;--breakpoint-lg:992px;--breakpoint-xl:1300px;--font-family-sans-serif:"neue",sans-serif;--font-family-monospace:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,"Liberation Mono","Courier New",monospace}*,:after,:before{box-sizing:border-box}html{font-family:sans-serif;line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)}article,aside,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,nav,section{display:block}body{margin:0;font-family:neue,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.625;color:rgba(0,0,0,.75);text-align:left;background-color:#fff}[tabindex="-1"]:focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:0 !important}hr{box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.5rem}p{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}address,dl,ol,ul{margin-bottom:1rem}dl,ol,ul{margin-top:0}ol ol,ol ul,ul ol,ul ul{margin-bottom:0}a{text-decoration:none;background-color:transparent}a,a:hover{color:rgba(0,0,0,.95)}a:hover{text-decoration:underline}a:not([href]):not([class]),a:not([href]):not([class]):hover{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}img{border-style:none}img,svg{vertical-align:middle}svg{overflow:hidden}label{display:inline-block;margin-bottom:.5rem}button{border-radius:0}button:focus{outline:1px dotted;outline:5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{margin:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}button,input{overflow:visible}button,select{text-transform:none}[role=button]{cursor:pointer}[type=button],[type=reset],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}
28[type=button]:not(:disabled),[type=reset]:not(:disabled),[type=submit]:not(:disabled),button:not(:disabled){cursor:pointer}[type=button]::-moz-focus-inner,[type=reset]::-moz-focus-inner,[type=submit]::-moz-focus-inner,button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border-style:none}input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type=number]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto}[type=search]{outline-offset:-2px;-webkit-appearance:none}[type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-file-upload-button{font:inherit;-webkit-appearance:button}[hidden]{display:none !important}.entry-subtitle,.entry-title,.h1,.h2,.h3,.h4,.h5,.h6,.issues-list.single-list .issues-week-title,.page-title,.post-listing .entry-title,.post-listing.post-listing-large .entry-title,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{margin-bottom:.5rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.3}.h1,h1{font-size:2rem}@media (max-width:1200px){.h1,h1{font-size:calc(1.325rem + .9vw)}}.h2,h2{font-size:1.625rem}@media (max-width:1200px){.h2,h2{font-size:calc(1.2875rem + .45vw)}}.entry-subtitle,.entry-title,.h3,.issues-list.single-list .issues-week-title,.page-title,.post-listing.post-listing-large .entry-title,h3{font-size:1.2rem;text-decoration:none;padding-top:.3rem;font-weight:400}@media (max-width:1200px){.entry-subtitle,.entry-title,.h3,.issues-list.single-list .issues-week-title,.page-title,.post-listing.post-listing-large .entry-title,h3{font-size:calc(1.275rem + .3vw)}}hr{margin-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1rem;border:0;border-top:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1)}#comments .form-group label,.author-bio-group .author-group-title,.menu-title,.sidebar-title,.small,.widget-title,small{font-size:.75rem;font-weight:400}.container,.container-fluid,.container-lg,.container-md,.container-sm,.container-xl{width:100%;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}@media (min-width:576px){.container,.container-sm{max-width:540px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container,.container-md,.container-sm{max-width:720px}}@media (min-width:992px){.container,.container-lg,.container-md,.container-sm{max-width:960px}}@media (min-width:1300px){.container,.container-lg,.container-md,.container-sm,.container-xl{max-width:1240px}}.row{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px}.col,.col-1,.col-2,.col-3,.col-4,.col-5,.col-6,.col-7,.col-8,.col-9,.col-10,.col-11,.col-12,.col-auto,.col-lg,.col-lg-1,.col-lg-2,.col-lg-3,.col-lg-4,.col-lg-5,.col-lg-6,.col-lg-7,.col-lg-8,.col-lg-9,.col-lg-10,.col-lg-11,.col-lg-12,.col-lg-auto,.col-md,.col-md-1,.col-md-2,.col-md-3,.col-md-4,.col-md-5,.col-md-6,.col-md-7,.col-md-8,.col-md-9,.col-md-10,.col-md-11,.col-md-12,.col-md-auto,.col-sm,.col-sm-1,.col-sm-2,.col-sm-3,.col-sm-4,.col-sm-5,.col-sm-6,.col-sm-7,.col-sm-8,.col-sm-9,.col-sm-10,.col-sm-11,.col-sm-12,.col-sm-auto,.col-xl,.col-xl-1,.col-xl-2,.col-xl-3,.col-xl-4,.col-xl-5,.col-xl-6,.col-xl-7,.col-xl-8,.col-xl-9,.col-xl-10,.col-xl-11,.col-xl-12,.col-xl-auto,.contributors-list li{position:relative;width:100%;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px}@media (min-width:768px){.col-md-4{flex:0 0 33.33333%;max-width:33.33333%}.col-md-8{flex:0 0 66.66667%;max-width:66.66667%}.col-md-12{flex:0 0 100%;max-width:100%}}.form-control{display:block;width:100%;height:calc(1.625em + .75rem + 2px);padding:.375rem .75rem;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.625;color:#495057;background-color:#fff;background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #ced4da;border-radius:.25rem;transition:border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.form-control{transition:none}}.form-control::-ms-expand{background-color:transparent;border:0}.form-control:-moz-focusring{color:transparent;text-shadow:0 0 0 #495057}.form-control:focus{color:#495057;background-color:#fff;border-color:rgba(64,64,64,.95);outline:0;box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(0,0,0,.25)}.form-control::-moz-placeholder{color:#6c757d;opacity:1}.form-control:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#6c757d;opacity:1}.form-control::placeholder{color:#6c757d;opacity:1}.form-control:disabled,.form-control[readonly]{background-color:#e9ecef;opacity:1}input[type=date].form-control,input[type=datetime-local].form-control,input[type=month].form-control,input[type=time].form-control{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none}#comments .reply a,.btn,.comment-button,.edd-submit.button.red,.footer-widget input[type=submit]{display:inline-block;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,.95);text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;background-color:transparent;border:1px solid transparent;padding:.375rem .75rem;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.625;border-radius:.25rem;transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){#comments .reply a,.btn,.comment-button,.edd-submit.button.red,.footer-widget input[type=submit]{transition:none}}#comments .reply a:hover,.btn:hover,.comment-button:hover,.edd-submit.button.red:hover,.footer-widget input:hover[type=submit]{color:rgba(0,0,0,.95);text-decoration:none}#comments .reply a.focus,#comments .reply a:focus,.btn.focus,.btn:focus,.comment-button:focus,.edd-submit.button.red:focus,.focus.comment-button,.focus.edd-submit.button.red,.footer-widget input.focus[type=submit],.footer-widget input:focus[type=submit]{outline:0;box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(0,0,0,.25)}#comments .reply a.disabled,#comments .reply a:disabled,.btn.disabled,.btn:disabled,.comment-button:disabled,.disabled.comment-button,.disabled.edd-submit.button.red,.edd-submit.button.red:disabled,.footer-widget input.disabled[type=submit],.footer-widget input:disabled[type=submit]{opacity:.65}
28#comments .reply a:not(:disabled):not(.disabled),.btn:not(:disabled):not(.disabled),.comment-button:not(:disabled):not(.disabled),.edd-submit.button.red:not(:disabled):not(.disabled),.footer-widget input:not(:disabled):not(.disabled)[type=submit]{cursor:pointer}.btn-primary.disabled,.btn-primary:disabled,.btn-primary:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.btn-primary:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.disabled.edd-submit.button.red,.edd-submit.button.red:disabled,.edd-submit.button.red:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.edd-submit.button.red:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.show>.btn-primary.dropdown-toggle,.show>.dropdown-toggle.edd-submit.button.red{color:#fff;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.95);border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.95)}.btn-primary:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.btn-primary:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.edd-submit.button.red:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.edd-submit.button.red:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.show>.btn-primary.dropdown-toggle:focus,.show>.dropdown-toggle.edd-submit.button.red:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(42,42,42,.5)}.btn-secondary,.footer-widget input[type=submit]{color:#212529;background-color:#bfbeab;border-color:#bfbeab}.btn-secondary:hover,.footer-widget input:hover[type=submit]{color:#212529;background-color:#aead95;border-color:#a9a88e}.btn-secondary.focus,.btn-secondary:focus,.footer-widget input.focus[type=submit],.footer-widget input:focus[type=submit]{color:#212529;background-color:#aead95;border-color:#a9a88e;box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(167,167,152,.5)}.btn-secondary.disabled,.btn-secondary:disabled,.footer-widget input.disabled[type=submit],.footer-widget input:disabled[type=submit]{color:#212529;background-color:#bfbeab;border-color:#bfbeab}.btn-secondary:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.btn-secondary:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.footer-widget .show>input.dropdown-toggle[type=submit],.footer-widget input:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active[type=submit],.footer-widget input:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active[type=submit],.show>.btn-secondary.dropdown-toggle{color:#212529;background-color:#a9a88e;border-color:#a3a287}.btn-secondary:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.btn-secondary:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.footer-widget .show>input.dropdown-toggle:focus[type=submit],.footer-widget input:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus[type=submit],.footer-widget input:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus[type=submit],.show>.btn-secondary.dropdown-toggle:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(167,167,152,.5)}.btn-success:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.btn-success:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.show>.btn-success.dropdown-toggle{color:#fff;background-color:#1e7e34;border-color:#1c7430}.btn-success:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.btn-success:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.show>.btn-success.dropdown-toggle:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(72,180,97,.5)}.btn-info:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.btn-info:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.show>.btn-info.dropdown-toggle{color:#fff;background-color:#117a8b;border-color:#10707f}.btn-info:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.btn-info:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.show>.btn-info.dropdown-toggle:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(58,176,195,.5)}.btn-warning:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.btn-warning:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.show>.btn-warning.dropdown-toggle{color:#212529;background-color:#d39e00;border-color:#c69500}.btn-warning:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.btn-warning:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.show>.btn-warning.dropdown-toggle:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(222,170,12,.5)}.btn-danger:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.btn-danger:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.btn-donate:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.btn-donate:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.show>.btn-danger.dropdown-toggle,.show>.dropdown-toggle.btn-donate{color:#fff;background-color:#b73129;border-color:#ad2e27}.btn-danger:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.btn-danger:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.btn-donate:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.btn-donate:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.show>.btn-danger.dropdown-toggle:focus,.show>.dropdown-toggle.btn-donate:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(218,99,92,.5)}.btn-light:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.btn-light:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.show>.btn-light.dropdown-toggle{color:#212529;background-color:#dae0e5;border-color:#d3d9df}.btn-light:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.btn-light:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.show>.btn-light.dropdown-toggle:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(216,217,219,.5)}
28.btn-dark:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.btn-dark:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.show>.btn-dark.dropdown-toggle{color:#fff;background-color:#1d2124;border-color:#171a1d}.btn-dark:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.btn-dark:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.show>.btn-dark.dropdown-toggle:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(82,88,93,.5)}.btn-outline-primary:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.btn-outline-primary:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.show>.btn-outline-primary.dropdown-toggle{color:#fff;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.95);border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.95)}.btn-outline-primary:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.btn-outline-primary:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.show>.btn-outline-primary.dropdown-toggle:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(0,0,0,.5)}.btn-outline-secondary:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.btn-outline-secondary:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.show>.btn-outline-secondary.dropdown-toggle{color:#212529;background-color:#bfbeab;border-color:#bfbeab}.btn-outline-secondary:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.btn-outline-secondary:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.show>.btn-outline-secondary.dropdown-toggle:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(191,190,171,.5)}.btn-outline-success:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.btn-outline-success:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.show>.btn-outline-success.dropdown-toggle{color:#fff;background-color:#28a745;border-color:#28a745}.btn-outline-success:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.btn-outline-success:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.show>.btn-outline-success.dropdown-toggle:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(40,167,69,.5)}.btn-outline-info:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.btn-outline-info:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.show>.btn-outline-info.dropdown-toggle{color:#fff;background-color:#17a2b8;border-color:#17a2b8}.btn-outline-info:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.btn-outline-info:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.show>.btn-outline-info.dropdown-toggle:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(23,162,184,.5)}.btn-outline-warning:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.btn-outline-warning:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.show>.btn-outline-warning.dropdown-toggle{color:#212529;background-color:#ffc107;border-color:#ffc107}.btn-outline-warning:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.btn-outline-warning:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.show>.btn-outline-warning.dropdown-toggle:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(255,193,7,.5)}#comments .reply .show>a.dropdown-toggle,#comments .reply a:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,#comments .reply a:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.btn-outline-danger:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.btn-outline-danger:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.show>.btn-outline-danger.dropdown-toggle{color:#fff;background-color:#d4473f;border-color:#d4473f}#comments .reply .show>a.dropdown-toggle:focus,#comments .reply a:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,#comments .reply a:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.btn-outline-danger:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.btn-outline-danger:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.show>.btn-outline-danger.dropdown-toggle:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(212,71,63,.5)}.btn-outline-light:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.btn-outline-light:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.show>.btn-outline-light.dropdown-toggle{color:#212529;background-color:#f8f9fa;border-color:#f8f9fa}.btn-outline-light:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.btn-outline-light:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.show>.btn-outline-light.dropdown-toggle:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(248,249,250,.5)}
28.btn-outline-dark:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.btn-outline-dark:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.comment-button:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active,.comment-button:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active,.show>.btn-outline-dark.dropdown-toggle,.show>.dropdown-toggle.comment-button{color:#fff;background-color:#343a40;border-color:#343a40}.btn-outline-dark:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.btn-outline-dark:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.comment-button:not(:disabled):not(.disabled).active:focus,.comment-button:not(:disabled):not(.disabled):active:focus,.show>.btn-outline-dark.dropdown-toggle:focus,.show>.dropdown-toggle.comment-button:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(52,58,64,.5)}.btn-block,.comment-button,.footer-widget input[type=submit]{display:block;width:100%}.btn-block+.btn-block,.btn-block+.comment-button,.comment-button+.btn-block,.comment-button+.comment-button,.footer-widget .btn-block+input[type=submit],.footer-widget .comment-button+input[type=submit],.footer-widget input[type=submit]+.btn-block,.footer-widget input[type=submit]+.comment-button,.footer-widget input[type=submit]+input[type=submit]{margin-top:.5rem}.footer-widget input[type=button][type=submit],.footer-widget input[type=reset][type=submit],.footer-widget input[type=submit][type=submit],input.comment-button[type=button],input.comment-button[type=reset],input.comment-button[type=submit],input[type=button].btn-block,input[type=reset].btn-block,input[type=submit].btn-block{width:100%}.collapse:not(.show){display:none}.dropdown,.dropleft,.dropright,.dropup{position:relative}.dropdown-toggle{white-space:nowrap}.dropdown-toggle:after{display:inline-block;margin-left:.255em;vertical-align:.255em;content:"";border-top:.3em solid;border-right:.3em solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-left:.3em solid transparent}.dropdown-toggle:empty:after{margin-left:0}.dropdown-menu{position:absolute;top:100%;left:0;z-index:1000;display:none;float:left;min-width:10rem;padding:.5rem 0;margin:.125rem 0 0;font-size:1rem;color:rgba(0,0,0,.95);text-align:left;list-style:none;background-color:#fff;background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.15);border-radius:.25rem}.dropdown-menu[x-placement^=bottom],.dropdown-menu[x-placement^=left],.dropdown-menu[x-placement^=right],.dropdown-menu[x-placement^=top]{right:auto;bottom:auto}.dropdown-item{display:block;width:100%;padding:.25rem 1.5rem;clear:both;font-weight:400;color:#212529;text-align:inherit;white-space:nowrap;background-color:transparent;border:0}.dropdown-item:focus,.dropdown-item:hover{color:#16181b;text-decoration:none;background-color:#f8f9fa}.dropdown-item.active,.dropdown-item:active{color:#fff;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.95)}.dropdown-item.disabled,.dropdown-item:disabled{color:#6c757d;pointer-events:none;background-color:transparent}#comments .reply .btn-group-vertical>a.active,#comments .reply .btn-group-vertical>a:active,#comments .reply .btn-group-vertical>a:focus,#comments .reply .btn-group-vertical>a:hover,#comments .reply .btn-group>a.active,#comments .reply .btn-group>a:active,#comments .reply .btn-group>a:focus,#comments .reply .btn-group>a:hover,.btn-group-vertical>.active.comment-button,.btn-group-vertical>.active.edd-submit.button.red,.btn-group-vertical>.btn.active,.btn-group-vertical>.btn:active,.btn-group-vertical>.btn:focus,.btn-group-vertical>.btn:hover,.btn-group-vertical>.comment-button:active,.btn-group-vertical>.comment-button:focus,.btn-group-vertical>.comment-button:hover,.btn-group-vertical>.edd-submit.button.red:active,.btn-group-vertical>.edd-submit.button.red:focus,.btn-group-vertical>.edd-submit.button.red:hover,.btn-group>.active.comment-button,.btn-group>.active.edd-submit.button.red,.btn-group>.btn.active,.btn-group>.btn:active,.btn-group>.btn:focus,.btn-group>.btn:hover,.btn-group>.comment-button:active,.btn-group>.comment-button:focus,.btn-group>.comment-button:hover,.btn-group>.edd-submit.button.red:active,.btn-group>.edd-submit.button.red:focus,.btn-group>.edd-submit.button.red:hover,.footer-widget .btn-group-vertical>input.active[type=submit],.footer-widget .btn-group-vertical>input:active[type=submit],.footer-widget .btn-group-vertical>input:focus[type=submit],.footer-widget .btn-group-vertical>input:hover[type=submit],.footer-widget .btn-group>input.active[type=submit],.footer-widget .btn-group>input:active[type=submit],.footer-widget .btn-group>input:focus[type=submit],.footer-widget .btn-group>input:hover[type=submit]{z-index:1}.input-group{position:relative;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:stretch;width:100%}.input-group>.custom-file,.input-group>.custom-select,.input-group>.form-control,.input-group>.form-control-plaintext{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;width:1%;min-width:0;margin-bottom:0}.input-group>.custom-file+.custom-file,.input-group>.custom-file+.custom-select,.input-group>.custom-file+.form-control,.input-group>.custom-select+.custom-file,.input-group>.custom-select+.custom-select,.input-group>.custom-select+.form-control,.input-group>.form-control+.custom-file,.input-group>.form-control+.custom-select,.input-group>.form-control+.form-control,.input-group>.form-control-plaintext+.custom-file,.input-group>.form-control-plaintext+.custom-select,.input-group>.form-control-plaintext+.form-control{margin-left:-1px}.input-group>.custom-file .custom-file-input:focus~.custom-file-label,.input-group>.custom-select:focus,.input-group>.form-control:focus{z-index:3}.input-group>
28.custom-select:not(:last-child),.input-group>.form-control:not(:last-child){border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0}.input-group>.custom-select:not(:first-child),.input-group>.form-control:not(:first-child){border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0}.nav-link{display:block;padding:.5rem 1rem}.nav-link:focus,.nav-link:hover{text-decoration:none}.nav-tabs .nav-item.show .nav-link,.nav-tabs .nav-link.active{color:#495057;border-color:#dee2e6 #dee2e6}.nav-pills .nav-link.active,.nav-pills .show>.nav-link{color:#fff;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.95)}.tab-content>.active{display:block}.navbar{position:relative;padding:.5rem 1rem}.navbar,.navbar .container,.navbar .container-fluid,.navbar .container-lg,.navbar .container-md,.navbar .container-sm,.navbar .container-xl{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}.navbar-brand{display:inline-block;padding-top:.29688rem;padding-bottom:.29688rem;margin-right:1rem;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:inherit;white-space:nowrap}.navbar-brand:focus,.navbar-brand:hover{text-decoration:none}.navbar-nav{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:0;padding-left:0}.navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:static;float:none}.navbar-collapse{flex-basis:100%;flex-grow:1;align-items:center}.navbar-toggler{padding:.25rem .75rem;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1;background-color:transparent;border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:.25rem}.navbar-toggler:focus,.navbar-toggler:hover{text-decoration:none}.navbar-toggler-icon{display:inline-block;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;vertical-align:middle;content:"";background:no-repeat 50%;background-size:100% 100%}@media (max-width:991.98px){.navbar-expand-lg>.container,.navbar-expand-lg>.container-fluid,.navbar-expand-lg>.container-lg,.navbar-expand-lg>.container-md,.navbar-expand-lg>.container-sm,.navbar-expand-lg>.container-xl{padding-right:0;padding-left:0}}@media (min-width:992px){.navbar-expand-lg{flex-flow:row nowrap;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:absolute}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:.575rem;padding-left:.575rem}.navbar-expand-lg>.container,.navbar-expand-lg>.container-fluid,.navbar-expand-lg>.container-lg,.navbar-expand-lg>.container-md,.navbar-expand-lg>.container-sm,.navbar-expand-lg>.container-xl{flex-wrap:nowrap}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-collapse{display:flex !important;flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand-lg .navbar-toggler{display:none}}.navbar-light .navbar-nav .active>.nav-link,.navbar-light .navbar-nav .nav-link.active,.navbar-light .navbar-nav .nav-link.show,.navbar-light .navbar-nav .show>.nav-link{color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)}.navbar-dark .navbar-nav .active>.nav-link,.navbar-dark .navbar-nav .nav-link.active,.navbar-dark .navbar-nav .nav-link.show,.navbar-dark .navbar-nav .show>.nav-link{color:#fff}.page-item.active .page-link{z-index:3;color:#fff;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.95);border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.95)}.list-group-item.active{z-index:2;color:#fff;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.95);border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.95)}.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-top:-1px;border-top-width:1px}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:-1px;border-left-width:1px}@media (min-width:576px){.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-sm>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:-1px;border-left-width:1px}}@media (min-width:768px){.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-md>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:-1px;border-left-width:1px}}@media (min-width:992px){.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-lg>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:-1px;border-left-width:1px}}@media (min-width:1300px){.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item.active{margin-top:0}.list-group-horizontal-xl>.list-group-item+.list-group-item.active{margin-left:-1px;border-left-width:1px}}.list-group-item-primary.list-group-item-action.active{color:#fff;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.974);border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.974)}.list-group-item-secondary.list-group-item-action.active{color:#fff;background-color:#636359;border-color:#636359}.list-group-item-success.list-group-item-action.active{color:#fff;background-color:#155724;border-color:#155724}.list-group-item-info.list-group-item-action.active{color:#fff;background-color:#0c5460;border-color:#0c5460}.list-group-item-warning.list-group-item-action.active{color:#fff;background-color:#856404;border-color:#856404}.list-group-item-danger.list-group-item-action.active{color:#fff;background-color:#6e2521;border-color:#6e2521}.list-group-item-light.list-group-item-action.active{color:#fff;background-color:#818182;border-color:#818182}.list-group-item-dark.list-group-item-action.active{color:#fff;background-color:#1b1e21;border-color:#1b1e21}.d-none{display:none !important}.d-inline-block{display:inline-block !important}.d-block{display:block !important}.d-flex{display:flex !important}@media (min-width:992px){.d-lg-none{display:none !important}.d-lg-block{display:block !important}}.flex-grow-1{flex-grow:1 !important}.align-items-center{align-items:center !important}.screen-reader-text,.sr-only{white-space:nowrap}.sr-only-focusable:active,.sr-only-focusable:focus{white-space:normal}.mb-0,.my-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-3,.my-3{margin-bottom:1rem !important}.mb-4,.my-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem !important}.text-left{text-align:left !important}.text-center{text-align:center !important}.author-bio-group .author-group-title,.cat-tag,.menu-title,.mini-label,.sidebar-title,.text-uppercase,.widget-title{text-transform:uppercase !important}@media print{*,:after,:before{text-shadow:none !important;box-shadow:none !important}
28a:not(.btn):not(.comment-button):not(.edd-submit.button.red){text-decoration:underline}img,tr{page-break-inside:avoid}h2,h3,p{orphans:3;widows:3}h2,h3{page-break-after:avoid}@page{size:a3}.container,body{min-width:992px !important}.navbar{display:none}}.fa{display:inline-block;font:normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;font-size:inherit;text-rendering:auto;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}@-webkit-keyframes fa-spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}to{transform:rotate(359deg)}}@keyframes fa-spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}to{transform:rotate(359deg)}}.fa-search:before{content:"ï"}.fa-close:before,.fa-remove:before,.fa-times:before{content:"ï"}.fa-twitter:before{content:"ï"}.fa-facebook-f:before,.fa-facebook:before{content:"ï"}.fa-instagram:before{content:"ï
"}.screen-reader-text,.sr-only{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0}.sr-only-focusable:active,.sr-only-focusable:focus{position:static;width:auto;height:auto;margin:0;overflow:visible;clip:auto}.wrapper{padding:30px 0}#secondary img,article img,figure,img,img.wp-post-image{max-width:100%;height:auto;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}a.skip-link{position:fixed;z-index:1000;top:0;right:0}.navbar-dark .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu .nav-link.active,.navbar-dark .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu .nav-link:active{color:#fff !important;text-decoration:none;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.95)}.navbar h1{font-weight:400}.entry-subtitle,.entry-title,.h1,.h2,.h3,.h4,.h5,.h6,.heading,.issues-list.single-list .issues-week-title,.page-title,.post-listing .entry-title,.post-listing.post-listing-large .entry-title{display:block}.entry-title,.heavy,.issues-list.single-list .issues-week-title,.menu-title,.page-title,.post-listing .entry-title,.post-listing.post-listing-large .entry-title,.widget-title{font-weight:400}.wrapper{padding-top:0}.page-header{margin:.5rem 0}@media (min-width:768px){.page-header{margin:1.5rem 0}}@media (min-width:992px){.page-header{margin:2rem 0}}.sidebar-right{border:none;padding:1rem 0}@media (min-width:992px){.sidebar-right{border-top:none;padding:1rem 0 1rem 1.5rem}}@media (min-width:1300px){.sidebar-right{padding:1.5rem 0 1.5rem 2rem}}.content-area{padding:0 1rem}.page-item.active .page-link{background:none;border:none;color:#d4473f;font-weight:700}hr{border-color:hsla(0,0%,70.2%,.85);margin:1rem 0}.navbar{margin-top:.5rem}.nav-item,.navbar-brand{font-family:neue-display,sans-serif;font-size:.75rem;text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:400}.nav-item.current-menu-item a,.nav-item a:hover,.navbar-brand.current-menu-item a,.navbar-brand a:hover{color:#d4473f}.navbar-brand{font-weight:700;display:block;margin:2rem auto;text-align:center;overflow:visible}.navbar-brand a{display:inline-block;color:#d4473f;text-decoration:none}.navbar-brand a:before{content:"";display:block;width:62px;height:96px;background-image:url("/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/img/ps_logo_neue2.svg");background-size:100% auto;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;margin:1rem auto}.navbar .container{justify-content:center}.navbar-toggler{position:absolute;top:4em;left:1em}.navbar-toggler:focus{outline:none}.navbar-toggler .navbar-toggler-icon{width:32px;height:21px;background-image:url("/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/img/menu_toggle.svg")}.navbar-collapse .nav-link,.secondary-menu .nav-link{padding-left:.575rem;padding-right:.575rem}.more-menu-toggler{flex-grow:999}@media (min-width:992px){.navbar .container{justify-content:left}.navbar .navbar-brand{margin:0}.navbar .navbar-brand a{display:flex;align-items:center;margin-right:.5rem}.navbar .navbar-brand a:before{margin:0 .5em 0 0;display:inline-block}}.load-more-item{opacity:0}.search-form{border-bottom:1px solid hsla(0,0%,53.3%,.95);max-width:400px;margin:0 auto}.search-form .search-icon{color:#d4473f;font-size:1.5em}.search-form .search-clear-icon{color:rgba(0,0,0,.95);cursor:pointer}.search-form:invalid .search-clear-icon{display:none}.search-form #s{background-color:transparent !important;border:none;outline:none;font-size:2em;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,.95);margin:-.25em 0;line-height:1;box-shadow:none}.search-form #s:-internal-autofill-previewed,.search-form #s:-internal-autofill-selected{background:none !important}.mini-search{width:100%}.mini-search .mini-search-form{display:none;width:100%;max-width:300px}@media (min-width:992px){.mini-search .mini-search-form{width:220px}}@media (min-width:1300px){.mini-search .mini-search-form{width:320px}}.mini-search .mini-search-toggle{cursor:pointer}.mini-search .mini-search-toggle>*{pointer-events:none}.mini-search .mini-search-toggle label{margin:0}.mini-search .mini-search-form .search-icon,.mini-search .mini-search-toggle .search-icon{font-size:.875rem;margin-right:.25em}.mini-search .search-form{border-bottom:1px solid #d4473f}.mini-search .search-form #s{font-size:1.25em;font-family:neue,sans-serif}.mini-search .search-form:invalid .search-clear-icon{display:inline-block}.issues-background,.issues-list,body.global-background,body.global-background .issue-tag-background{background-color:#fff;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-attachment:fixed;background-size:100vw auto;background-position:bottom}@media (min-width:768px){.issues-background,.issues-list,body.global-background,body.global-background .issue-tag-background{background-attachment:fixed;background-size:75vw auto;background-position:bottom}}@media (min-width:1300px){.issues-background,.issues-list,body.global-background,body.global-background .issue-tag-background{}}.alt-background-image{position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;z-index:-1;display:none}@media (min-width:768px){.alt-background-image{width:75%;left:12.5%}}.menu-title,.widget-title{font-family:neue-display,sans-serif}.footer-widget .textwidget{line-height:1.9375;margin-right:1em}.footer-widget .widget-title{margin:0 0 1rem}@media (min-width:768px){.footer-widget .widget-title{margin:4rem 0 1rem}}.footer-widget i.fa{display:inline-block;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.21869;width:1em;text-align:center;margin:0 .25em 0 0;vertical-align:middle}.footer-widget i.fa:first-of-type{margin-top:0}.footer-widget input[type=email],.footer-widget input[type=text]{font-size:.75rem;padding:.25rem .5rem;border:solid hsla(0,0%,70.2%,.85);border-width:0 0 1px}.footer-widget input[type=email]::-moz-placeholder,.footer-widget input[type=text]::-moz-placeholder{color:hsla(0,0%,53.3%,.95)}.footer-widget input[type=email]:-ms-input-placeholder,.footer-widget input[type=text]:-ms-input-placeholder{color:hsla(0,0%,53.3%,.95)}.footer-widget input[type=email]::placeholder,.footer-widget input[type=text]::placeholder{color:hsla(0,0%,53.3%,.95)}.footer-widget input[type=submit]{border:none;border-radius:0;font-size:inherit}[style]{background-image:url("") !important}.top-left-col-head,.top-center-col-head,.top-right-col-head{font-size:.9rem;padding-bottom:3px;text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.05rem;border-bottom:1px solid silver;margin-bottom:25px;text-align:left}.ps-right-section{margin-bottom:1.5rem}.top-left-col-head{font-size:.85rem;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.5px;margin-bottom:1rem;font-family:neue,sans-serif}.top-left-col-head a{text-decoration:none;color:#000}.top-left-col-head a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.ps-right-subscribe{margin-bottom:2rem}.ps-subscribe-tagline{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:1rem}.ps-right-popular{margin-bottom:4rem}.ps-popular-posts{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:1rem}.ps-popular-item{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:.5rem;padding-bottom:1rem}.ps-popular-item:last-child{padding-bottom:0;border-bottom:none}.ps-popular-rank{flex-shrink:0;width:30px;height:30px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:.9rem;font-weight:700;color:hsla(0,0%,53.3%,.95);font-family:neue,sans-serif}.ps-popular-content{flex:1;min-width:0}.ps-popular-title{font-size:.8rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:.25rem}.ps-popular-title a{text-decoration:none;color:#000}.ps-popular-title a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.ps-popular-meta{font-size:.7rem;color:#666}.ps-popular-author{font-style:italic}.ps-popular-image{flex-shrink:0;width:100px;height:100px}.ps-popular-image img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;display:block}.ps-right-category{margin-bottom:1.5rem}.ps-category-post-item{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.ps-category-post-item:last-child{padding-bottom:0;margin-bottom:0;border-bottom:none}.ps-category-post-content{flex:1;min-width:0}.ps-category-post-cat{font-size:.7rem;text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.5px;font-family:neue,sans-serif;margin-bottom:.25rem}.ps-category-post-cat a{text-decoration:none;color:#d4473f}.ps-category-post-cat a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.ps-category-post-title{font-size:.8rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:.25rem}.ps-category-post-title a{text-decoration:none;color:#000}.ps-category-post-title a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.ps-category-post-meta{font-size:.7rem;color:#666}.ps-category-post-author{font-style:italic}.ps-category-post-image{flex-shrink:0;width:100px;height:100px}.ps-category-post-image img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;display:block}@media screen and (max-width: 767px){.ps-right-section{margin-bottom:2rem}.ps-popular-item{flex-direction:row;gap:1rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem;padding-bottom:1.25rem}.ps-popular-rank{width:auto;height:auto;font-size:.9rem;align-items:flex-start;padding-top:.25rem;flex-shrink:0}.ps-popular-content{flex:2;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.5rem}.ps-popular-title,.ps-popular-meta{text-align:left !important;width:100%}.ps-popular-title{font-size:1.1rem;margin:0;line-height:1.4}.ps-popular-meta{font-size:.875rem}.ps-popular-image{width:125px;height:125px}.ps-popular-image img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}.ps-category-post-item{flex-direction:row;gap:1rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem;padding-bottom:1.25rem}.ps-category-post-content{flex:2;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.5rem}.ps-category-post-cat,.ps-category-post-title,.ps-category-post-meta{text-align:left !important;width:100%}.ps-category-post-title{font-size:1.1rem;margin:0;line-height:1.4}.ps-category-post-meta{font-size:.875rem}.ps-category-post-image{width:125px;height:125px}.ps-category-post-image img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}}@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px){.ps-popular-item,.ps-category-post-item{gap:.75rem}.ps-popular-title{font-size:.85rem}.ps-category-post-title{font-size:.85rem}}body.archive .col-md-8,body.author .col-md-8,body.archive .col-md-8 *,body.author .col-md-8 *{box-sizing:border-box !important}body.archive .archive-posts,body.archive .load-more,body.archive .archive-post-wrapper,body.archive .archive-post-item,body.archive .post-content-wrapper,body.author .archive-posts,body.author .load-more,body.author .archive-post-wrapper,body.author .archive-post-item,body.author .post-content-wrapper{width:100% !important;max-width:none !important;float:none !important;position:relative !important;left:auto !important;right:auto !important;top:auto !important;margin-left:0 !important;margin-right:0 !important;clear:both !important}body.archive .archive-posts,body.author .archive-posts{display:block !important;visibility:visible !important;opacity:1 !important}body.archive .archive-post-wrapper,body.author .archive-post-wrapper{display:block !important;visibility:visible !important;opacity:1 !important}body.archive .post-content-wrapper,body.author .post-content-wrapper{display:flex !important;visibility:visible !important;opacity:1 !important}body.archive .load-more-item,body.author .load-more-item{display:block !important;visibility:visible !important;opacity:1 !important;position:relative !important}body.archive .load-more-item .post-content-wrapper,body.archive .archive-post-wrapper .post-content-wrapper,body.author .load-more-item .post-content-wrapper,body.author .archive-post-wrapper .post-content-wrapper{display:flex !important;flex-direction:row !important;flex-wrap:nowrap !important;gap:1.5rem !important;align-items:flex-start !important;width:100% !important;max-width:100% !important}body.archive .load-more-item .archive-post-details,body.archive .archive-post-wrapper .archive-post-details,body.author .load-more-item .archive-post-details,body.author .archive-post-wrapper .archive-post-details{flex:1 1 auto !important;min-width:0 !important}body.archive .load-more-item .archive-post-image,body.archive .archive-post-wrapper .archive-post-image,body.author .load-more-item .archive-post-image,body.author .archive-post-wrapper .archive-post-image{flex:0 0 250px !important;width:250px !important;min-width:250px !important;max-width:250px !important}.col-md-8 .archive-posts,.col-md-8 .load-more,.col-md-8 .archive-post-wrapper,.col-md-8 .archive-post-item{width:100% !important;max-width:none !important;flex:none !important;float:none !important;clear:both !important}.archive-page-header{border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:.5rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.archive-page-title{font-size:1.5rem;margin:0;text-align:center}*,*:before,*:after{box-sizing:border-box}.archive-posts{margin-top:1rem;display:block;width:100%}.archive-posts::after{content:"";display:table;clear:both}.load-more{display:block;width:100%}.load-more::after{content:"";display:table;clear:both}.archive-post-wrapper{width:100% !important;max-width:100% !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;clear:both}.archive-post-item{width:100% !important;max-width:100% !important;display:block !important;position:relative}.post-content-wrapper{display:flex;gap:1.5rem;margin-bottom:2rem;padding-bottom:2rem;width:100%;max-width:100%;flex-wrap:nowrap}.archive-post-details{flex:1;min-width:0}.archive-post-category{font-size:.775rem;color:#d4473f;margin-bottom:.9rem;text-transform:uppercase}.archive-post-category a{color:#d4473f;text-decoration:none;transition:opacity .3s ease}.archive-post-category a:hover{opacity:.7;text-decoration:underline}.archive-entry-title{font-size:1.2rem;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-weight:700}.archive-entry-title :hover{text-decoration:underline}.archive-entry-subtitle{font-size:.9rem;color:#888;margin-bottom:.8rem;font-weight:normal}.archive-post-meta{font-size:1.2rem;margin-bottom:.5rem}.archive-post-meta .archive-date{color:#888;font-size:.8rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.archive-bullet{font-size:.9rem;margin-bottom:.8rem;font-weight:normal}.archive-by-text{font-size:.9rem;color:#888;margin-bottom:.8rem;font-weight:normal}.archive-author{font-size:1.1rem;margin-bottom:.8rem;font-weight:normal}.archive-post-excerpt{margin-bottom:1rem;line-height:1.6}.read-more-link{font-size:.9rem;text-decoration:none;transition:color .3s ease}.archive-post-image{flex-shrink:0}.post-thumbnail-img{width:250px;height:250px;object-fit:cover;display:block}body.archive .load-more-item .post-thumbnail-img,body.archive .archive-post-wrapper .post-thumbnail-img,body.author .load-more-item .post-thumbnail-img,body.author .archive-post-wrapper .post-thumbnail-img{width:250px !important;min-width:250px !important;max-width:250px !important;height:250px !important;min-height:250px !important;max-height:250px !important;flex-shrink:0 !important}.post-pagination{margin-top:3rem;margin-bottom:2rem;text-align:center;width:100%;display:block}.load-more-item{opacity:0;transform:translateY(20px);transition:all .5s ease}.load-more-item,.load-more-item.reveal{display:block !important;width:100% !important}@media (max-width: 768px){body.archive .col-md-8,body.author .col-md-8{padding-right:15px !important}.post-content-wrapper{display:flex !important;flex-direction:row !important;gap:1rem !important;margin-bottom:1.25rem !important;padding-bottom:1.25rem !important;align-items:flex-start !important}.archive-post-details{flex:1 !important;min-width:0 !important;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.5rem;order:1}.archive-post-image{display:block !important;flex:0 0 125px !important;width:125px !important;min-width:125px !important;max-width:125px !important;height:auto !important;order:2}.post-thumbnail-img{width:125px !important;height:125px !important;min-width:125px !important;max-width:125px !important;min-height:125px !important;max-height:125px !important;obj
28ect-fit:cover;display:block}body.archive .load-more-item .post-thumbnail-img,body.archive .archive-post-wrapper .post-thumbnail-img,body.author .load-more-item .post-thumbnail-img,body.author .archive-post-wrapper .post-thumbnail-img{width:125px !important;min-width:125px !important;max-width:125px !important;height:125px !important;min-height:125px !important;max-height:125px !important}body.archive .load-more-item .archive-post-image,body.archive .archive-post-wrapper .archive-post-image,body.author .load-more-item .archive-post-image,body.author .archive-post-wrapper .archive-post-image{flex:0 0 125px !important;width:125px !important;min-width:125px !important;max-width:125px !important}.archive-post-category{font-size:.775rem !important;margin-bottom:0 !important;padding-bottom:.2rem;text-align:left !important;width:100%}.archive-entry-title{font-size:1.1rem !important;margin-bottom:0 !important;line-height:1.4 !important;text-align:left !important;width:100%;font-weight:400}.archive-entry-subtitle{font-size:.85rem !important;margin-bottom:0 !important;text-align:left !important;width:100%}.archive-post-meta{font-size:.875rem !important;margin-bottom:0 !important;text-align:left !important;width:100%}.archive-post-meta .archive-date{font-size:.875rem !important;color:#888}.archive-bullet{font-size:.875rem !important}.archive-by-text{font-size:.875rem !important}.archive-author{font-size:.875rem !important}.archive-post-excerpt{display:none !important}.read-more-link{display:none !important}}.post-pagination{margin-top:3rem;margin-bottom:2rem;text-align:center;width:100%;display:block}.bluesky-icon{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:.5rem;width:1em;height:1em}.ps-right-subscribe{}.ps-subscribe-tagline{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.4}.ps-right-popular{margin-bottom:1.5rem}.ps-popular-posts{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:1rem}.ps-popular-item{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:.5rem;padding-bottom:1rem}.ps-popular-item:last-child{padding-bottom:0}.ps-popular-rank{flex-shrink:0;width:30px;height:30px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:.9rem;font-weight:700;color:hsla(0,0%,53.3%,.95);font-family:neue,sans-serif}.ps-popular-content{flex:1;min-width:0}.ps-popular-title{font-size:.8rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:.25rem}.ps-popular-title a{text-decoration:none;color:#000}.ps-popular-title a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.ps-popular-meta{font-size:.7rem;color:#666}.ps-popular-author{font-style:italic}.ps-popular-image{flex-shrink:0;width:100px;height:100px}.ps-popular-image img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}.ps-right-category{margin-bottom:1.5rem}.ps-category-post-item{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.ps-category-post-item:last-child{padding-bottom:0;margin-bottom:0}.ps-category-post-content{flex:1;min-width:0}.ps-category-post-cat{font-size:.7rem;text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.5px;font-family:neue,sans-serif;margin-bottom:.25rem}.ps-category-post-cat a{text-decoration:none;color:#d4473f}.ps-category-post-title{font-size:.8rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:.25rem}.ps-category-post-title a{text-decoration:none;color:#000}.ps-category-post-title a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.ps-category-post-meta{font-size:.7rem;color:#666}.ps-category-post-author{font-style:italic}.ps-category-post-image{flex-shrink:0;width:100px;height:100px}.ps-category-post-image img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}@media screen and (max-width: 767px){.ps-right-section{margin-bottom:2rem}.ps-popular-item{flex-direction:row;gap:1rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem;padding-bottom:1.25rem}.ps-popular-rank{width:auto;height:auto;font-size:.9rem;align-items:flex-start;padding-top:.25rem;flex-shrink:0}.ps-popular-content{flex:2;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.5rem}.ps-popular-title,.ps-popular-meta{text-align:left !important;width:100%}.ps-popular-title{font-size:1.1rem;margin:0;line-height:1.4}.ps-popular-meta{font-size:.875rem}.ps-popular-image{width:125px;height:125px}.ps-popular-image img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}.ps-category-post-item{flex-direction:row;gap:1rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem;padding-bottom:1.25rem}.ps-category-post-content{flex:2;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.5rem}.ps-category-post-cat,.ps-category-post-title,.ps-category-post-meta{text-align:left !important;width:100%}.ps-category-post-title{font-size:1.1rem;margin:0;line-height:1.4}.ps-category-post-meta{font-size:.875rem}.ps-category-post-image{width:125px;height:125px}.ps-category-post-image img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}}.load-more.row{display:flex !important;flex-wrap:wrap !important}.load-more.row>div[class*="col-"]{display:block !important;width:auto !important;max-width:none !important}</style> 29 <link rel="canonical" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/economy/" /> 30 <link rel="next" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/economy/page/2/" /> 31 <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> 32 <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> 33 <meta property="og:title" content="Economy Archives - Public Seminar" /> 34 <meta property="og:url" content="https://publicseminar.org/category/economy/" /> 35 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Public Seminar" /> 36 <meta property="og:image" content="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/public_seminar_preview_960x540.png" /> 37 <meta property="og:image:width" content="960" /> 38 <meta property="og:image:height" content="540" /> 39 <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> 40 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> 41 <meta name="twitter:site" content="@PublicSeminar" /> 42
42<script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https:\/\/publicseminar.org\/category\/economy\/","url":"https:\/\/publicseminar.org\/category\/economy\/","name":"Economy Archives - Public Seminar","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/publicseminar.org\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/publicseminar.org\/category\/economy\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/publicseminar.org\/category\/economy\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/publicseminar.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/shutterstock_2747572875-scaled.jpg","inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/publicseminar.org\/category\/economy\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/publicseminar.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/shutterstock_2747572875-scaled.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/publicseminar.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/shutterstock_2747572875-scaled.jpg","width":1500,"height":1000,"caption":"President Donald J. Trump at the Port of Corpus Christi, Texas (February 27, 2026) | Official White House Photo by Molly Riley \/ Shutterstock Editorial License"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/publicseminar.org\/#website","url":"https:\/\/publicseminar.org\/","name":"Public Seminar","description":"A global intellectual commons","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/publicseminar.org\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>
42 43 <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> 44 45 46<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' />
47<script data-api-url="https://publicseminar.org/wp-json/wordpress-popular-posts" data-debug="0" data-lang="0" data-post="0" data-sampling-rate="100" data-sampling="0" data-token="d4b6f64cbe" id="wpp-js" src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-popular-posts/assets/js/wpp.min.js?ver=7.4.2" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
47 48<style id="wp-emoji-styles-inline-css"> 49 50 img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { 51 display: inline !important; 52 border: none !important; 53 box-shadow: none !important; 54 height: 1em !important; 55 width: 1em !important; 56 margin: 0 0.07em !important; 57 vertical-align: -0.1em !important; 58 background: none !important; 59 padding: 0 !important; 60 } 61/*# sourceURL=wp-emoji-styles-inline-css */ 62</style> 63<style id="wp-block-library-inline-css"> 64:root{--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color);--wp-editor-canvas-background:#ddd;--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,160.5;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;
64--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}:root .has-text-align-center{text-align:center}:root .has-text-align-left{text-align:left}:root .has-text-align-right{text-align:right}.has-fit-text{white-space:nowrap!important}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{word-wrap:normal!important;border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-break:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-color],[style*=";border-color"],[style*="; border-color"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-color],[style*=";border-top-color"],[style*="; border-top-color"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-color],[style*=";border-right-color"],[style*="; border-right-color"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-color],[style*=";border-bottom-color"],[style*="; border-bottom-color"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-color],[style*=";border-left-color"],[style*="; border-left-color"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-width],[style*=";border-width"],[style*="; border-width"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-width],[style*=";border-top-width"],[style*="; border-top-width"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-width],[style*=";border-right-width"],[style*="; border-right-width"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-width],[style*=";border-bottom-width"],[style*="; border-bottom-width"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-width],[style*=";border-left-width"],[style*="; border-left-width"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}} 65 66/*# sourceURL=/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/common.min.css */ 67</style> 68<style id="classic-theme-styles-inline-css"> 69/*! This file is auto-generated */ 70.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} 71/*# sourceURL=/wp-includes/css/classic-themes.min.css */ 72</style> 73 74<style id="global-styles-inline-css"> 75:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #FFF;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--primary: #17a2b8;--wp--preset--color--secondary: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--dark-gray: #212529;--wp--preset--color--light-gray: #767676;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(6,147,227) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(252,185,
750) 0%,rgb(255,105,0) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,105,0) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 12px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 24px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--normal: 16px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge: 36px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgb(255, 255, 255), 6px 6px rgb(0, 0, 0);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgb(0, 0, 0);}.wp-block-button{--wp--preset--dimension--25: 25%;--wp--preset--dimension--50: 50%;--wp--preset--dimension--75: 75%;--wp--preset--dimension--100: 100%;}:where(body) { margin: 0; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit;letter-spacing: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding-top: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-right: calc(1.333em + 2px);padding-bottom: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-left: calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;text-transform: inherit;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-primary-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary) !important;}.has-secondary-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary) !important;}.has-dark-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray) !important;}.has-light-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-gray) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-primary-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary) !important;}.has-secondary-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary) !important;}.has-dark-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray) !important;}.has-light-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-gray) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-primary-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary) !important;}.has-secondary-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--secondary) !important;}.has-dark-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray) !important;}.has-light-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-gray) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}
75.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-normal-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal) !important;}.has-huge-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge) !important;} 76/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */ 77</style> 78 79<link rel="stylesheet" id="wordpress-popular-posts-css-css" href="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/cache/perfmatters/publicseminar.org/minify/07409ca3d49b.wpp.min.css?ver=7.4.2" media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null;"> 80<link rel="stylesheet" id="theme-css-css" href="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/cache/perfmatters/publicseminar.org/minify/e39c25a9d47f.ps-redesign-bundle.min.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null;"> 81 82<!-- Google tag (gtag.js) snippet added by Site Kit --> 83<!-- Google Analytics snippet added by Site Kit -->
vendor: 80 bytes, lines 83-84
83 84<script id="google_gtagjs-js" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=
84GT-PL3D84TW
vendor: 120 bytes, line 84
84" async type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
85<script id="google_gtagjs-js-after" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> 86window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} 87gtag("set","linker",{"domains":["publicseminar.org"]}); 88gtag("js", new Date()); 89gtag("set", "developer_id.dZTNiMT", true); 90gtag("config", "GT-PL3D84TW"); 91//# sourceURL=google_gtagjs-js-after 92</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 92
92
93<script id="jquery-js" src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/js/lib/jquery.min.js?ver=3.3.1"></script>
93 94<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://publicseminar.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://publicseminar.org/wp-json/wp/v2/categories/7861" /><meta name="generator" content="Site Kit by Google 1.188.0" /> <style id="wpp-loading-animation-styles">@-webkit-keyframes bgslide{from{background-position-x:0}to{background-position-x:-200%}}@keyframes bgslide{from{background-position-x:0}to{background-position-x:-200%}}.wpp-widget-block-placeholder,.wpp-shortcode-placeholder{margin:0 auto;width:60px;height:3px;background:#dd3737;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#dd3737 0%,#571313 10%,#dd3737 100%);background-size:200% auto;border-radius:3px;-webkit-animation:bgslide 1s infinite linear;animation:bgslide 1s infinite linear}</style> 95 96 <style> 97 /* ============================================================ 98 Mobile Header: [Logo LEFT] [head_v2 TRUE CENTER] [â° RIGHT] 99 Center graphic is absolutely positioned so it is always 100 screen-centered regardless of left/right element widths. 101 Minimum 7px gap enforced on all sides. 102 ============================================================ */ 103 @media screen and (max-width: 991px) { 104 105 .mobile-header-flex { 106 display: flex !important; 107 justify-content: space-between; 108 align-items: center; 109 position: relative; /* anchor for absolute center child */ 110 width: 100%; 111 padding: 0.75rem 1rem; 112 margin-top: 0.5rem; 113 background: white; 114 box-sizing: border-box; 115 } 116 117 /* LEFT: PS roundel logo */ 118 .mobile-header-left { 119 display: flex !important; 120 align-items: center; 121 flex: 0 0 auto; 122 order: 1; 123 z-index: 2; 124 } 125 126 /* CENTER: head_v2 â pinned to true screen center via absolute */ 127 .mobile-header-center { 128 display: flex !important; 129 align-items: center; 130 justify-content: center; 131 position: absolute; 132 left: 50%; 133 transform: translateX(-50%); 134 z-index: 1; /* sits behind left/right if overlap occurs */ 135 /* prevent graphic from colliding with flanking elements */ 136 max-width: calc(100% - 160px); 137 pointer-events: auto; 138 } 139 140 .mobile-header-center a { 141 display: flex; 142 align-items: center; 143 } 144 145 /* RIGHT: hamburger toggle */ 146 .mobile-header-right { 147 display: flex !important; 148 align-items: center; 149 flex: 0 0 auto; 150 order: 3; 151 z-index: 2; 152 } 153 154 .mobile-header-right .navbar-toggler { 155 position: static !important; 156 top: auto !important; 157 left: auto !important; 158 padding: 0.25rem 0.5rem; 159 margin: 0; 160 } 161 162 /* PS roundel logo */ 163 .mobile-logo { 164 height: 60px !important; 165 width: auto !important; 166 max-height: 60px !important; 167 min-height: 60px !important; 168 display: block !important; 169 visibility: visible !important; 170 opacity: 1 !important; 171 } 172 173 /* head_v2 wordmark â centered */ 174 .mobile-site-name-graphic { 175 height: 40px !important; 176 width: auto !important; 177 max-height: 40px !important; 178 min-height: 40px !important; 179 display: block !important; 180 visibility: visible !important; 181 opacity: 1 !important; 182 } 183 184 /* Keep the container but suppress duplicate inner controls */ 185 .navbar > .container { 186 display: flex !important; 187 } 188 189 .navbar > .container > .navbar-brand { 190 display: none !important; 191 } 192 193 .navbar > .container > .navbar-toggler { 194 display: none !important; 195 } 196 197 .navbar > .container > .secondary-menu { 198 display: none !important; 199 } 200 201 /* Drop nav menu below the mobile header bar */ 202 .navbar > .container #navbarNavDropdown { 203 position: absolute; 204 top: 100%; 205 left: 0; 206 right: 0; 207 background: white; 208 z-index: 1000; 209 } 210 211 /* Hide front page header elements on mobile */ 212 .home-nav-head { 213 display: none !important; 214 } 215 216 .ps-entry-title-home { 217 display: none !important; 218 } 219 } 220 221 /* Hide mobile bar on desktop */ 222 @media screen and (min-width: 992px) { 223 .mobile-header-flex { 224 display: none !important; 225 } 226 } 227 228 229 </style> 230</head> 231 232<body class="archive category category-economy category-7861 wp-embed-responsive wp-theme-probd wp-child-theme-publicseminar global-background group-blog hfeed" style="background-image: url()"> 233 234<img data-perfmatters-preload src class="alt-background-image" fetchpriority="high"> 235 236<div class="site" id="page"> 237 238 <!-- The Navbar Area --> 239 <div id="wrapper-navbar" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebSite"> 240 241 <a class="skip-link sr-only sr-only-focusable" href="#content"> 242 Skip to content </a> 243 244 <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg"> 245 246 <!-- ===================================================== 247 MOBILE HEADER 248 [PS Logo LEFT] [head_v2 TRUE CENTER] [â° RIGHT] 249 ===================================================== --> 250 <div class="mobile-header-flex"> 251 252 <!-- LEFT: PS roundel logo --> 253 <div class="mobile-header-left"> 254 <a rel="home" href="https://publicseminar.org/" 255 title="Public Seminar"> 256 <img data-perfmatters-preload src="/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/img/ps_logo_neue2.svg" alt="Public Seminar" class="mobile-logo" fetchpriority="high"> 257 </a> 258 </div> 259 260 <!-- CENTER: head_v2 wordmark â absolutely pinned to screen center --> 261 <div class="mobile-header-center"> 262 <a rel="home" href="https://publicseminar.org/" 263 title="Public Seminar"> 264 <img data-perfmatters-preload src="/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/img/ps-mobile-head_v2.svg" alt="Public Seminar" class="mobile-site-name-graphic" fetchpriority="high"> 265 </a> 266 </div> 267 268 <!-- RIGHT: hamburger toggle --> 269 <div class="mobile-header-right"> 270 <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" 271 data-toggle="collapse" 272 data-target="#navbarNavDropdown" 273 aria-controls="navbarNavDropdown" 274 aria-expanded="false" 275 aria-label="Toggle navigation"> 276 <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> 277 </button> 278 </div> 279 280 </div> 281 <!-- ===== End Mobile Header ===== --> 282 283 <div class="container"> 284 285 <!-- Site title as branding in the menu --> 286 <!-- removed blog info name but logo remains --> 287 <span class="site-branding navbar-brand" id="site-title"> 288 <a rel="home" href="https://publicseminar.org/" title="Public Seminar" itemprop="url"> 289 </a> 290 </span> 291 292 <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarNavDropdown" aria-controls="navbarNavDropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> 293 <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> 294 </button> 295 296 <!-- The WordPress Menu goes here --> 297 <div id="navbarNavDropdown" class="navbar-collapse collapse" style=""> 298 <div class="menu-main-menu-v2-container"><ul id="main-menu" class="navbar-nav"><li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-75789" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-75789 nav-item"><a title="Reviews" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/art/reviews/" class="nav-link">Reviews</a></li> 299<li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-75790" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-75790 nav-item"><a title="Interviews" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/from-the-editors/interviews/" class="nav-link">Interviews</a></li> 300<li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63497" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current_page_parent current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children dropdown active menu-item-63497 nav-item"><a title="Sections" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" class="dropdown-toggle nav-link" id="menu-item-dropdown-63497">Sections</a> 301<ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="menu-item-dropdown-63497" role="menu"> 302 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-66515" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-66515 nav-item"><a title="The Arts" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/art/" class="dropdown-item">The Arts</a></li> 303 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63512" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-menu-item active menu-item-63512 nav-item"><a title="Economy" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/economy/" class="dropdown-item">Economy</a></li> 304 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63503" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-63503 nav-item"><a title="Education" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/ps-education/" class="dropdown-item">Education</a></li> 305 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-75791" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-75791 nav-item"><a title="Habitats" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/habitats/" class="dropdown-item">Habitats</a></li> 306 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63510" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-63510 nav-item"><a title="History" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/history/" class="dropdown-item">History</a></li> 307 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63513" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-63513 nav-item"><a title="Migration" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/habitats/migration/" class="dropdown-item">Migration</a></li> 308 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-66511" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-66511 nav-item"><a title="Philosophy" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/philosophy/" class="dropdown-item">Philosophy</a></li> 309 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63502" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-63502 nav-item"><a title="Politics" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/politics/" class="dropdown-item">Politics</a></li> 310 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-66509" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-66509 nav-item"><a title="Race" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/ps-race/" class="dropdown-item">Race</a></li> 311 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63511" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-63511 nav-item"><a title="Sex & Gender" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/sex-gender/" class="dropdown-item">Sex & Gender</a></li> 312 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63514" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-63514 nav-item"><a title="Science & Technology" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/science-technology/" class="dropdown-item">Science & Technology</a></li> 313</ul> 314</li> 315<li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63501" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children dropdown menu-item-63501 nav-item"><a title="Podcasts" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" class="dropdown-toggle nav-link" id="menu-item-dropdown-63501">Podcasts</a> 316<ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="menu-item-dropdown-63501" role="menu"> 317 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-77634" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-77634 nav-item"><a title="Unsettled" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/multi-media/podcast/unsettled/" class="dropdown-item">Unsettled</a></li> 318 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-75214" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-75214 nav-item"><a title="The Ostriches" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/multi-media/podcast/the-ostriches/" class="dropdown-item">The Ostriches</a></li> 319 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63515" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-63515 nav-item"><a title="Multi-Verse" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/multi-media/podcast/multi-verse-podcast/" class="dropdown-item">Multi-Verse</a></li> 320 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63516" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-63516 nav-item"><a title="Past Present" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/multi-media/podcast/past-and-present-podcast/" class="dropdown-item">Past Present</a></li> 321 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-75792" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-75792 nav-item"><a title="Exiles on 12th Street" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/multi-media/podcast/exiles-on-12th-street/" class="dropdown-item">
321Exiles on 12th Street</a></li> 322 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63518" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-63518 nav-item"><a title="Why Now?" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/multi-media/podcast/why-now/" class="dropdown-item">Why Now?</a></li> 323 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63517" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-63517 nav-item"><a title="Unproductive Labor" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/multi-media/podcast/unproductive-labor/" class="dropdown-item">Unproductive Labor</a></li> 324</ul> 325</li> 326<li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63506" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children dropdown menu-item-63506 nav-item"><a title="About" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" class="dropdown-toggle nav-link" id="menu-item-dropdown-63506">About</a> 327<ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="menu-item-dropdown-63506" role="menu"> 328 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63507" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-63507 nav-item"><a title="About" href="https://publicseminar.org/about/" class="dropdown-item">About</a></li> 329 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63499" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-63499 nav-item"><a title="Submissions" href="https://publicseminar.org/about/submit/" class="dropdown-item">Submissions</a></li> 330 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63498" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-63498 nav-item"><a title="Our Team" href="https://publicseminar.org/about/authors/" class="dropdown-item">Our Team</a></li> 331 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63500" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-63500 nav-item"><a title="Donate" href="https://publicseminar.org/donate-2/" class="dropdown-item">Donate</a></li> 332 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-63508" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-63508 nav-item"><a title="Issues Archive" href="/issues/" class="dropdown-item">Issues Archive</a></li> 333</ul> 334</li> 335<li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-75811" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children dropdown menu-item-75811 nav-item"><a title="Symposia" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" class="dropdown-toggle nav-link" id="menu-item-dropdown-75811">Symposia</a> 336<ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="menu-item-dropdown-75811" role="menu"> 337 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-78029" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-78029 nav-item"><a title="Rethinking Orozco" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/symposia/rethinking-orozco/" class="dropdown-item">Rethinking Orozco</a></li> 338 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-75820" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-75820 nav-item"><a title="The Anti-Immigrant Election" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/symposia/anti-immigrant-election/" class="dropdown-item">The Anti-Immigrant Election</a></li> 339 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-75815" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-75815 nav-item"><a title="The Mysteries of Taylor Swift" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/symposia/mysteries-of-taylor-swift/" class="dropdown-item">The Mysteries of Taylor Swift</a></li> 340 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-75816" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-75816 nav-item"><a title="Rats: A Cautionary Tail" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/symposia/rats/" class="dropdown-item">Rats: A Cautionary Tail</a></li> 341 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-75822" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-75822 nav-item"><a title="Teaching While Black" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/symposia/teaching-while-black/" class="dropdown-item">Teaching While Black</a></li> 342 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-75819" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-75819 nav-item"><a title="Authority and Freedom: A Defense of the Arts" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/symposia/authority-and-freedom-a-defense-of-the-arts/" class="dropdown-item">Authority and Freedom: A Defense of the Arts</a></li> 343 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-75821" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-75821 nav-item"><a title="Constitutional Politics" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/symposia/constitutional-politics/" class="dropdown-item">Constitutional Politics</a></li> 344 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-75817" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-75817 nav-item"><a title="Symposium on Love" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/symposia/symposium-on-love/" class="dropdown-item">Symposium on Love</a></li> 345 <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-75818" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-75818 nav-item"><a title="The Left and the Crisis of Democracy" href="https://publicseminar.org/category/symposia/the-left-and-the-crisis-of-democracya-symposium/" class="dropdown-item">The Left and the Crisis of Democracy</a></li> 346</ul> 347</li> 348</ul></div> 349 <div class="d-block d-lg-none mobile-nav-items"> 350 <div class="menu-item nav-item"> 351 352 </div> 353 <div class="d-inline-block menu-item nav-item mini-search"> 354 <div class="nav-link mini-search-toggle" href="/search/"> 355 <i class="fa fa-search search-icon"></i> 356 <label for="s" class="mb-0">Search</label> 357 </div> 358 <div class="nav-link mini-search-form"> 359 360<form class="d-flex align-items-center search-form" method="get" id="searchform" action="https://publicseminar.org/" role="search"> 361 362 <label class="sr-only" for="s">Search</label> 363 364 <i class="fa fa-search search-icon"></i> 365 366 <div class="input-group"> 367 368 <input class="field form-control flex-grow-1 search-input" id="s" name="s" type="text" autocomplete="off" value="" maxlength="50" 369 370 required> 371 372 <!-- <span class="input-group-append"> 373 <input class="submit btn btn-info" id="searchsubmit" name="submit" type="submit" 374 value="Search"> 375 </span> --> 376 377 </div><!-- .input-group --> 378 379 <i class="fa fa-close search-clear-icon"></i> 380 381</form> </div> 382 </div> 383 </div>
384 </div> 385 386 <div class="d-none d-lg-block secondary-menu more-menu-toggler text-left"> 387 <div class="d-inline-block menu-item nav-item"> 388 389 </div> 390 </div> 391 392 <div class="secondary-menu d-none d-lg-block"> 393 <div class="d-inline-block menu-item nav-item mini-search"> 394 <div class="nav-link mini-search-toggle" href="/search/"> 395 <i class="fa fa-search search-icon"></i> 396 <label for="s" class="mb-0">Search</label> 397 </div> 398 <div class="mini-search-form"> 399 400<form class="d-flex align-items-center search-form" method="get" id="searchform" action="https://publicseminar.org/" role="search"> 401 402 <label class="sr-only" for="s">Search</label> 403 404 <i class="fa fa-search search-icon"></i> 405 406 <div class="input-group"> 407 408 <input class="field form-control flex-grow-1 search-input" id="s" name="s" type="text" autocomplete="off" value="" maxlength="50" 409 410 required> 411 412 <!-- <span class="input-group-append"> 413 <input class="submit btn btn-info" id="searchsubmit" name="submit" type="submit" 414 value="Search"> 415 </span> --> 416 417 </div><!-- .input-group --> 418 419 <i class="fa fa-close search-clear-icon"></i> 420 421</form> </div> 422 </div> 423 </div> 424 425 </div><!-- .container --> 426 427 </nav><!-- .site-navigation --> 428 429 </div><!-- #wrapper-navbar end -->
430<div class="wrapper" id="archive-wrapper"> 431 432 <div class="container" id="content" tabindex="-1"> 433 434 435 <!-- Category Header --> 436 <header class="page-header archive-page-header"> 437 <h1 class="page-title archive-page-title">Economy</h1> </header><!-- .page-header --> 438 439 <!-- Two Column Layout --> 440 <div class="row"> 441 442 <!-- Left Column - Post Content (2/3 width) --> 443 <div class="col-md-8 content-area" id="primary"> 444 445 <main class="site-main" id="main"> 446 447 <div class="archive-posts load-more"> 448 <!-- Start the Loop --> 449 450 <div class="load-more-item archive-post-wrapper"> 451 <article id="post-79379" class="archive-post-item post-79379 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-labor category-north-america tag-capitalism-2 tag-economics tag-labor tag-migrant-workers tag-tariffs tag-trump tag-united-states names-donald-trump names-thomas-liess names-william-milberg topics-capitalism topics-economics topics-labor topics-tariffs topics-trump topics-united-states"> 452 453 <div class="post-content-wrapper"> 454 455 <!-- Left Side - Post Details --> 456 <div class="archive-post-details"> 457 458 <!-- Category --> 459 <div class="archive-post-category"> 460 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/category/economy/labor/">Labor</a> </div> 461 462 <!-- Post Title --> 463 <h2 class="archive-entry-title"> 464 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/08/tariffs-to-eliminate-forced-labor/" rel="bookmark"> 465 Tariffs to Eliminate Forced Labor </a> 466 </h2> 467 468 <!-- Subtitle --> 469 <h2 class="archive-entry-subtitle">Trumpâs cynical, ineffective and misguided trade policy</h2> 470 <!-- Date and Author --> 471 <div class="archive-post-meta"> 472 <span class="archive-date"> 473 August 27, 2026 </span> 474 <span class="archive-bullet"> ⢠</span> 475 <span class="archive-by-text">by </span> 476 <span class="archive-author"> 477 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/tliess/" title="Posts by Thomas Liess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Thomas Liess</a> and <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/wmilberg/" title="Posts by William Milberg" class="author url fn" rel="author">William Milberg</a> </span> 478 </div> 479 480 <!-- Excerpt --> 481 <div class="archive-post-excerpt"> 482 President Trumpâs latest effort to impose tariffs on 60 trading partners (collectively accounting for 99.4 percent of US imports) is the use of Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 to tax them for failing âto impose and effectively enforce a prohibition on the importation of goods produced with ... </div> 483 484 <!-- Read More Link --> 485 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/08/tariffs-to-eliminate-forced-labor/" class="read-more-link"> 486 Read More 487 </a> 488 489 </div><!-- .archive-post-details --> 490 491 <!-- Right Side - Post Image --> 492 <div class="archive-post-image"> 493 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/08/tariffs-to-eliminate-forced-labor/"> 494 <picture><source data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/shutterstock_2747572875-300x200.webp 300w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/shutterstock_2747572875-1024x683.webp 1024w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/shutterstock_2747572875-768x512.webp 768w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/shutterstock_2747572875-scaled.webp 1500w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/shutterstock_2747572875-2048x1365.jpg 2048w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/shutterstock_2747572875-256x171.webp 256w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" type="image/webp"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='300'%20height='225'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20225'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="225" width="300" class="post-thumbnail-img wp-post-image sp-no-webp perfmatters-lazy" alt="Tariffs to Eliminate Forced Labor" decoding="async" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/shutterstock_2747572875-300x200.jpg" data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/shutterstock_2747572875-300x200.jpg 300w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/shutterstock_2747572875-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/shutterstock_2747572875-768x512.jpg 768w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/shutterstock_2747572875-scaled.jpg 1500w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/shutterstock_2747572875-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/shutterstock_2747572875-256x171.jpg 256w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100v
494w, 300px" /> </picture> </a> 495 </div><!-- .archive-post-image --> 496 497 </div><!-- .post-content-wrapper --> 498 499 </article><!-- #post-## --> 500 </div><!-- .load-more-item --> 501 502 503 <div class="load-more-item archive-post-wrapper"> 504 <article id="post-78848" class="archive-post-item post-78848 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-capitalism category-the-right tag-conservatism tag-politics tag-right tag-united-states names-adam-tooze names-branko-milanovic names-donald-trump names-james-e-miller names-tucker-carlson names-xi-jinping topics-capitalism topics-conservatism topics-the-right topics-trump topics-united-states"> 505 506 <div class="post-content-wrapper"> 507 508 <!-- Left Side - Post Details --> 509 <div class="archive-post-details"> 510 511 <!-- Category --> 512 <div class="archive-post-category"> 513 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/category/economy/capitalism/">Capitalism</a> </div> 514 515 <!-- Post Title --> 516 <h2 class="archive-entry-title"> 517 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/06/has-conservatism-outlived-its-usefulness/" rel="bookmark"> 518 Has Conservatism Outlived Its Usefulness? </a> 519 </h2> 520 521 <!-- Subtitle --> 522 <h2 class="archive-entry-subtitle">A short note on a hoary concept</h2> 523 <!-- Date and Author --> 524 <div class="archive-post-meta"> 525 <span class="archive-date"> 526 June 9, 2026 </span> 527 <span class="archive-bullet"> ⢠</span> 528 <span class="archive-by-text">by </span> 529 <span class="archive-author"> 530 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/jamesmiller/" title="Posts by James Miller" class="author url fn" rel="author">James Miller</a> </span> 531 </div> 532 533 <!-- Excerpt --> 534 <div class="archive-post-excerpt"> 535 Matt Walsh: The definition of conservatism ⦠It has no definition, I think. We talk about the words that donât mean anything anymore, words that used to be useful and maybe used to mean something and they just donât anymore because of how theyâve been used and abused and overused. ... </div> 536 537 <!-- Read More Link --> 538 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/06/has-conservatism-outlived-its-usefulness/" class="read-more-link"> 539 Read More 540 </a> 541 542 </div><!-- .archive-post-details --> 543 544 <!-- Right Side - Post Image --> 545 <div class="archive-post-image"> 546 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/06/has-conservatism-outlived-its-usefulness/"> 547 <picture><source data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Push_ball_competition_at_Miami_University_freshman-sophomore_contest_1910_3191738392-300x219.webp 300w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Push_ball_competition_at_Miami_University_freshman-sophomore_contest_1910_3191738392-1024x746.webp 1024w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Push_ball_competition_at_Miami_University_freshman-sophomore_contest_1910_3191738392-768x560.webp 768w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Push_ball_competition_at_Miami_University_freshman-sophomore_contest_1910_3191738392.webp 1500w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Push_ball_competition_at_Miami_University_freshman-sophomore_contest_1910_3191738392-256x187.webp 256w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" type="image/webp"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='300'%20height='225'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20225'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="225" width="300" class="post-thumbnail-img wp-post-image sp-no-webp perfmatters-lazy" alt="Has Conservatism Outlived Its Usefulness?" decoding="async" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Push_ball_competition_at_Miami_University_freshman-sophomore_contest_1910_3191738392-300x219.webp" data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Push_ball_competition_at_Miami_University_freshman-sophomore_contest_1910_3191738392-300x219.webp 300w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Push_ball_competition_at_Miami_University_freshman-sophomore_contest_1910_3191738392-1024x746.webp 1024w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Push_ball_competition_at_Miami_University_freshman-sophomore_contest_1910_3191738392-768x560.webp 768w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Push_ball_competition_at_Miami_University_freshman-sophomore_contest_1910_3191738392.webp 1500w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Push_ball_competition_at_Miami_University_freshman-sophomore_contest_1910_3191738392-256x187.webp 256w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100v
547w, 300px" /> </picture> </a> 548 </div><!-- .archive-post-image --> 549 550 </div><!-- .post-content-wrapper --> 551 552 </article><!-- #post-## --> 553 </div><!-- .load-more-item --> 554 555 556 <div class="load-more-item archive-post-wrapper"> 557 <article id="post-78325" class="archive-post-item post-78325 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-labor category-politics category-art tag-art tag-economics tag-europe tag-labor tag-politics"> 558 559 <div class="post-content-wrapper"> 560 561 <!-- Left Side - Post Details --> 562 <div class="archive-post-details"> 563 564 <!-- Category --> 565 <div class="archive-post-category"> 566 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/category/economy/labor/">Labor</a> </div> 567 568 <!-- Post Title --> 569 <h2 class="archive-entry-title"> 570 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/06/belgium-artist-status/" rel="bookmark"> 571 The Artist Status as Managed Retreat </a> 572 </h2> 573 574 <!-- Subtitle --> 575 <h2 class="archive-entry-subtitle">On the Artist Status in Belgium and the underlying issues caused by defunding cultural labor</h2> 576 <!-- Date and Author --> 577 <div class="archive-post-meta"> 578 <span class="archive-date"> 579 June 8, 2026 </span> 580 <span class="archive-bullet"> ⢠</span> 581 <span class="archive-by-text">by </span> 582 <span class="archive-author"> 583 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/dominick-dejoy/" title="Posts by Dominick DeJoy" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dominick DeJoy</a> </span> 584 </div> 585 586 <!-- Excerpt --> 587 <div class="archive-post-excerpt"> 588 In March last year, several hundred cultural workers gathered at the Place de la Monnaie in Brussels as part of a national strike. They were there because the Belgian federal government was considering whether to limit the Artist Status, a social protection system that provides unemployment benefits to freelance cultural ... </div> 589 590 <!-- Read More Link --> 591 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/06/belgium-artist-status/" class="read-more-link"> 592 Read More 593 </a> 594 595 </div><!-- .archive-post-details --> 596 597 <!-- Right Side - Post Image --> 598 <div class="archive-post-image"> 599 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/06/belgium-artist-status/"> 600 <picture><source data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Place_de_la_Monnaie_Muntplein_Brussels_Belgium_ca._1890-1900-300x220.webp 300w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Place_de_la_Monnaie_Muntplein_Brussels_Belgium_ca._1890-1900-768x563.webp 768w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Place_de_la_Monnaie_Muntplein_Brussels_Belgium_ca._1890-1900-256x188.webp 256w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Place_de_la_Monnaie_Muntplein_Brussels_Belgium_ca._1890-1900.webp 1024w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" type="image/webp"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='300'%20height='225'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20225'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="225" width="300" class="post-thumbnail-img wp-post-image sp-no-webp perfmatters-lazy" alt="The Artist Status as Managed Retreat" decoding="async" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Place_de_la_Monnaie_Muntplein_Brussels_Belgium_ca._1890-1900-300x220.jpg" data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Place_de_la_Monnaie_Muntplein_Brussels_Belgium_ca._1890-1900-300x220.jpg 300w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Place_de_la_Monnaie_Muntplein_Brussels_Belgium_ca._1890-1900-768x563.jpg 768w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Place_de_la_Monnaie_Muntplein_Brussels_Belgium_ca._1890-1900-256x188.jpg 256w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Place_de_la_Monnaie_Muntplein_Brussels_Belgium_ca._1890-1900.jpg 1024w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100v
600w, 300px" /> </picture> </a> 601 </div><!-- .archive-post-image --> 602 603 </div><!-- .post-content-wrapper --> 604 605 </article><!-- #post-## --> 606 </div><!-- .load-more-item --> 607 608 609 <div class="load-more-item archive-post-wrapper"> 610 <article id="post-78340" class="archive-post-item post-78340 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-economy category-politics tag-apartheid tag-capitalism-2 tag-elon-musk tag-internet tag-politics tag-technology names-ben-tarnoff names-elon-musk names-l-zhang names-peter-thiel names-quinn-slobodian topics-artificial-intelligence topics-capitalism topics-muskism topics-silicon-valley topics-sovereignty"> 611 612 <div class="post-content-wrapper"> 613 614 <!-- Left Side - Post Details --> 615 <div class="archive-post-details"> 616 617 <!-- Category --> 618 <div class="archive-post-category"> 619 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/category/economy/">Economy</a> </div> 620 621 <!-- Post Title --> 622 <h2 class="archive-entry-title"> 623 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/06/interview-slobodian-tarnoff-muskism/" rel="bookmark"> 624 Sovereignty Through Technology </a> 625 </h2> 626 627 <!-- Subtitle --> 628 <h2 class="archive-entry-subtitle">A conversation with Quinn Slobodian and Ben Tarnoff on Muskism: A Guide for the Perplexed</h2> 629 <!-- Date and Author --> 630 <div class="archive-post-meta"> 631 <span class="archive-date"> 632 June 1, 2026 </span> 633 <span class="archive-bullet"> ⢠</span> 634 <span class="archive-by-text">by </span> 635 <span class="archive-author"> 636 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/bentarnoff/" title="Posts by Ben Tarnoff" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ben Tarnoff</a>, <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/qslobodian/" title="Posts by Quinn Slobodian" class="author url fn" rel="author">Quinn Slobodian</a> and <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/lzhang/" title="Posts by L. Zhang" class="author url fn" rel="author">L. Zhang</a> </span> 637 </div> 638 639 <!-- Excerpt --> 640 <div class="archive-post-excerpt"> 641 If Fordism named the operating system of the twentieth-century economy, what governs the twenty-first? Quinn Slobodian and Ben Tarnoffâa historian of global capitalism and a technology writer respectivelyâsuggest that the answer lies in Muskism. Their new book, Muskism: A Guide for the Perplexed (Harper, 2026) is not so much an ... </div> 642 643 <!-- Read More Link --> 644 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/06/interview-slobodian-tarnoff-muskism/" class="read-more-link"> 645 Read More 646 </a> 647 648 </div><!-- .archive-post-details --> 649 650 <!-- Right Side - Post Image --> 651 <div class="archive-post-image"> 652 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/06/interview-slobodian-tarnoff-muskism/"> 653 <picture><source data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/shutterstock_1755361466-300x200.webp 300w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/shutterstock_1755361466-1024x683.webp 1024w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/shutterstock_1755361466-768x512.webp 768w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/shutterstock_1755361466-scaled.webp 1500w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/shutterstock_1755361466-2048x1365.jpg 2048w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/shutterstock_1755361466-256x171.webp 256w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" type="image/webp"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='300'%20height='225'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20225'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="225" width="300" class="post-thumbnail-img wp-post-image sp-no-webp perfmatters-lazy" alt="Sovereignty Through Technology" decoding="async" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/shutterstock_1755361466-300x200.jpg" data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/shutterstock_1755361466-300x200.jpg 300w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/shutterstock_1755361466-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/shutterstock_1755361466-768x512.jpg 768w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/shutterstock_1755361466-scaled.jpg 1500w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/shutterstock_1755361466-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/shutterstock_1755361466-256x171.jpg 256w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100v
653w, 300px" /> </picture> </a> 654 </div><!-- .archive-post-image --> 655 656 </div><!-- .post-content-wrapper --> 657 658 </article><!-- #post-## --> 659 </div><!-- .load-more-item --> 660 661 662 <div class="load-more-item archive-post-wrapper"> 663 <article id="post-77801" class="archive-post-item post-77801 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-interviews category-labor tag-book tag-interview tag-labor names-annie-mcclanahan names-lina-moe topics-book topics-interview topics-labor topics-unionization"> 664 665 <div class="post-content-wrapper"> 666 667 <!-- Left Side - Post Details --> 668 <div class="archive-post-details"> 669 670 <!-- Category --> 671 <div class="archive-post-category"> 672 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/category/from-the-editors/interviews/">Interviews</a> </div> 673 674 <!-- Post Title --> 675 <h2 class="archive-entry-title"> 676 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/04/interview-annie-mcclanahan-beneath-the-wage/" rel="bookmark"> 677 Whoâs the Boss? </a> 678 </h2> 679 680 <!-- Subtitle --> 681 <h2 class="archive-entry-subtitle">In her new book, <em>Beneath the Wage</em>, Annie McClanahan offers an alternative history of service work that spans Pullman porters and Amazon Mechanical Turk clickworkers</h2> 682 <!-- Date and Author --> 683 <div class="archive-post-meta"> 684 <span class="archive-date"> 685 April 27, 2026 </span> 686 <span class="archive-bullet"> ⢠</span> 687 <span class="archive-by-text">by </span> 688 <span class="archive-author"> 689 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/amcclanahan/" title="Posts by Annie McClanahan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Annie McClanahan</a> and <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/lmoe/" title="Posts by Lina Moe" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lina Moe</a> </span> 690 </div> 691 692 <!-- Excerpt --> 693 <div class="archive-post-excerpt"> 694 Eighty percent of the US workforce now does service work, yet the protagonist that still anchors most histories of capitalism is the unionized, hourly, goods-producing manufacturing worker. In Beneath the Wage: Tips, Tasks, and Gigs in the Age of Service Work (Zone Books/Princeton University Press, 2026), Annie McClanahan argues that this framing ... </div> 695 696 <!-- Read More Link --> 697 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/04/interview-annie-mcclanahan-beneath-the-wage/" class="read-more-link"> 698 Read More 699 </a> 700 701 </div><!-- .archive-post-details --> 702 703 <!-- Right Side - Post Image --> 704 <div class="archive-post-image"> 705 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/04/interview-annie-mcclanahan-beneath-the-wage/"> 706 <picture><source data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Barman-and-Waitress-1920â1925-Unknown-Courtauld-Gallery-London-Samuel-Courtauld-Trust-CC-BY-NC-4.0-300x198.webp 300w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Barman-and-Waitress-1920â1925-Unknown-Courtauld-Gallery-London-Samuel-Courtauld-Trust-CC-BY-NC-4.0-1024x677.webp 1024w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Barman-and-Waitress-1920â1925-Unknown-Courtauld-Gallery-London-Samuel-Courtauld-Trust-CC-BY-NC-4.0-768x508.webp 768w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Barman-and-Waitress-1920â1925-Unknown-Courtauld-Gallery-London-Samuel-Courtauld-Trust-CC-BY-NC-4.0.webp 1500w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Barman-and-Waitress-1920â1925-Unknown-Courtauld-Gallery-London-Samuel-Courtauld-Trust-CC-BY-NC-4.0-2048x1354.jpg 2048w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Barman-and-Waitress-1920â1925-Unknown-Courtauld-Gallery-London-Samuel-Courtauld-Trust-CC-BY-NC-4.0-256x169.webp 256w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100v
706w, 300px" type="image/webp"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='300'%20height='225'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20225'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="225" width="300" class="post-thumbnail-img wp-post-image sp-no-webp perfmatters-lazy" alt="Whoâs the Boss?" decoding="async" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Barman-and-Waitress-1920â1925-Unknown-Courtauld-Gallery-London-Samuel-Courtauld-Trust-CC-BY-NC-4.0-300x198.jpg" data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Barman-and-Waitress-1920â1925-Unknown-Courtauld-Gallery-London-Samuel-Courtauld-Trust-CC-BY-NC-4.0-300x198.jpg 300w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Barman-and-Waitress-1920â1925-Unknown-Courtauld-Gallery-London-Samuel-Courtauld-Trust-CC-BY-NC-4.0-1024x677.jpg 1024w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Barman-and-Waitress-1920â1925-Unknown-Courtauld-Gallery-London-Samuel-Courtauld-Trust-CC-BY-NC-4.0-768x508.jpg 768w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Barman-and-Waitress-1920â1925-Unknown-Courtauld-Gallery-London-Samuel-Courtauld-Trust-CC-BY-NC-4.0.jpg 1500w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Barman-and-Waitress-1920â1925-Unknown-Courtauld-Gallery-London-Samuel-Courtauld-Trust-CC-BY-NC-4.0-2048x1354.jpg 2048w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Barman-and-Waitress-1920â1925-Unknown-Courtauld-Gallery-London-Samuel-Courtauld-Trust-CC-BY-NC-4.0-256x169.jpg 256w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /> </picture> </a> 707 </div><!-- .archive-post-image --> 708 709 </div><!-- .post-content-wrapper --> 710 711 </article><!-- #post-## --> 712 </div><!-- .load-more-item --> 713 714 715 <div class="load-more-item archive-post-wrapper"> 716 <article id="post-77374" class="archive-post-item post-77374 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-capitalism category-kinships tag-care-work tag-feminism tag-marxism tag-political-theory tag-queer-studies names-sophie-lewis topics-capitalism topics-care-work topics-family topics-marxism"> 717 718 <div class="post-content-wrapper"> 719 720 <!-- Left Side - Post Details --> 721 <div class="archive-post-details"> 722 723 <!-- Category --> 724 <div class="archive-post-category"> 725 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/category/economy/capitalism/">Capitalism</a> </div> 726 727 <!-- Post Title --> 728 <h2 class="archive-entry-title"> 729 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/03/abolish-capitalist-family/" rel="bookmark"> 730 Resurgent Dreams of the Capitalist Family’s Positive Supersession </a> 731 </h2> 732 733 <!-- Subtitle --> 734 <h2 class="archive-entry-subtitle">To have family is to own something</h2> 735 <!-- Date and Author --> 736 <div class="archive-post-meta"> 737 <span class="archive-date"> 738 March 30, 2026 </span> 739 <span class="archive-bullet"> ⢠</span> 740 <span class="archive-by-text">by </span> 741 <span class="archive-author"> 742 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/solewis/" title="Posts by Sophie Lewis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sophie Lewis</a> </span> 743 </div> 744 745 <!-- Excerpt --> 746 <div class="archive-post-excerpt"> 747 âThe Left has largely abandoned questions of the family,â charged the queer and trans Marxists K. D. Griffiths and J. J. Gleeson in 2015. âTacitly, at least, leftist organizations today have accepted families as a feature of contemporary capitalist society, which they will do nothing to end.â The authorsâ timely ... </div> 748 749 <!-- Read More Link --> 750 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/03/abolish-capitalist-family/" class="read-more-link"> 751 Read More 752 </a> 753 754 </div><!-- .archive-post-details --> 755 756 <!-- Right Side - Post Image --> 757 <div class="archive-post-image"> 758 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/03/abolish-capitalist-family/"> 759 <picture><source data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/6833688727_00bcd31eaa_o-300x197.webp 300w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/6833688727_00bcd31eaa_o-1024x673.webp 1024w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/6833688727_00bcd31eaa_o-768x505.webp 768w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/6833688727_00bcd31eaa_o-scaled.webp 1500w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/6833688727_00bcd31eaa_o-2048x1347.jpg 2048w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/6833688727_00bcd31eaa_o-256x168.webp 256w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100v
759w, 300px" type="image/webp"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='300'%20height='225'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20225'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="225" width="300" class="post-thumbnail-img wp-post-image sp-no-webp perfmatters-lazy" alt="Resurgent Dreams of the Capitalist Familyâs Positive Supersession" decoding="async" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/6833688727_00bcd31eaa_o-300x197.jpg" data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/6833688727_00bcd31eaa_o-300x197.jpg 300w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/6833688727_00bcd31eaa_o-1024x673.jpg 1024w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/6833688727_00bcd31eaa_o-768x505.jpg 768w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/6833688727_00bcd31eaa_o-scaled.jpg 1500w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/6833688727_00bcd31eaa_o-2048x1347.jpg 2048w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/6833688727_00bcd31eaa_o-256x168.jpg 256w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /> </picture> </a> 760 </div><!-- .archive-post-image --> 761 762 </div><!-- .post-content-wrapper --> 763 764 </article><!-- #post-## --> 765 </div><!-- .load-more-item --> 766 767 768 <div class="load-more-item archive-post-wrapper"> 769 <article id="post-76459" class="archive-post-item post-76459 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-activism category-labor tag-income-inequality tag-occupy-movement tag-recession tag-unions names-david-kamper topics-books topics-occupy-movement topics-unions"> 770 771 <div class="post-content-wrapper"> 772 773 <!-- Left Side - Post Details --> 774 <div class="archive-post-details"> 775 776 <!-- Category --> 777 <div class="archive-post-category"> 778 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/category/politics/activism/">Activism</a> </div> 779 780 <!-- Post Title --> 781 <h2 class="archive-entry-title"> 782 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/03/excerpt_whos-got-the-power/" rel="bookmark"> 783 Children of 2008 </a> 784 </h2> 785 786 <!-- Subtitle --> 787 <h2 class="archive-entry-subtitle">A guide to the changing landscape of the labor movement</h2> 788 <!-- Date and Author --> 789 <div class="archive-post-meta"> 790 <span class="archive-date"> 791 March 12, 2026 </span> 792 <span class="archive-bullet"> ⢠</span> 793 <span class="archive-by-text">by </span> 794 <span class="archive-author"> 795 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/dkamper/" title="Posts by Dave Kamper" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dave Kamper</a> </span> 796 </div> 797 798 <!-- Excerpt --> 799 <div class="archive-post-excerpt"> 800 Solidarity, weâve always thought, is more difficult at a distance. The great, mythic union victories of the 1930s, like the Flint Sit-Down Strike of 1936â37, when the United Auto Workers beat General Motors and opened the door to organizing the auto industry, were won by workers who lived and worked ... </div> 801 802 <!-- Read More Link --> 803 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/03/excerpt_whos-got-the-power/" class="read-more-link"> 804 Read More 805 </a> 806 807 </div><!-- .archive-post-details --> 808 809 <!-- Right Side - Post Image --> 810 <div class="archive-post-image"> 811 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/03/excerpt_whos-got-the-power/"> 812 <img width="300" height="225" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='300'%20height='225'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20225'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="post-thumbnail-img wp-post-image perfmatters-lazy" alt="Children of 2008" decoding="async" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Whos-got-the-power-200x300.jpg" data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Whos-got-the-power-200x300.jpg 200w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Whos-got-the-power-171x256.jpg 171w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Whos-got-the-power.jpg 683w" data-sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100v
812w, 200px" /> </a> 813 </div><!-- .archive-post-image --> 814 815 </div><!-- .post-content-wrapper --> 816 817 </article><!-- #post-## --> 818 </div><!-- .load-more-item --> 819 820 821 <div class="load-more-item archive-post-wrapper"> 822 <article id="post-76723" class="archive-post-item post-76723 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-interviews category-labor tag-amazon tag-labor tag-occupy-movement tag-starbucks tag-unions names-david-kamper names-shea-dean topics-amazon topics-labor topics-unions"> 823 824 <div class="post-content-wrapper"> 825 826 <!-- Left Side - Post Details --> 827 <div class="archive-post-details"> 828 829 <!-- Category --> 830 <div class="archive-post-category"> 831 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/category/from-the-editors/interviews/">Interviews</a> </div> 832 833 <!-- Post Title --> 834 <h2 class="archive-entry-title"> 835 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/03/interview-david-kamper-labor/" rel="bookmark"> 836 Fresh Hope for Labor </a> 837 </h2> 838 839 <!-- Subtitle --> 840 <h2 class="archive-entry-subtitle">A conversation with labor historian Dave Kamper on the growing strength of American unions, as recounted in his new book, <em>Whoâs Got the Power?</em></h2> 841 <!-- Date and Author --> 842 <div class="archive-post-meta"> 843 <span class="archive-date"> 844 March 12, 2026 </span> 845 <span class="archive-bullet"> ⢠</span> 846 <span class="archive-by-text">by </span> 847 <span class="archive-author"> 848 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/sdean/" title="Posts by Shea Dean" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shea Dean</a> and <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/dkamper/" title="Posts by Dave Kamper" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dave Kamper</a> </span> 849 </div> 850 851 <!-- Excerpt --> 852 <div class="archive-post-excerpt"> 853 In his new book Whoâs Got the Power? The Resurgence of American Unions (The New Press, 2025), labor writer and organizer Dave Kamper delivers a bit of good news in a dark time. âMuch of the last half century has, for the labor movement, sucked beyond the telling,â he writes. ... </div> 854 855 <!-- Read More Link --> 856 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/03/interview-david-kamper-labor/" class="read-more-link"> 857 Read More 858 </a> 859 860 </div><!-- .archive-post-details --> 861 862 <!-- Right Side - Post Image --> 863 <div class="archive-post-image"> 864 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/03/interview-david-kamper-labor/"> 865 <picture><source data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Amazon-workers-300x200.webp 300w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Amazon-workers-1024x682.webp 1024w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Amazon-workers-768x511.webp 768w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Amazon-workers.webp 1500w,https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Amazon-workers-256x170.webp 256w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" type="image/webp"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='300'%20height='225'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20225'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="225" width="300" class="post-thumbnail-img wp-post-image sp-no-webp perfmatters-lazy" alt="Fresh Hope for Labor" decoding="async" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Amazon-workers-300x200.jpg" data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Amazon-workers-300x200.jpg 300w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Amazon-workers-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Amazon-workers-768x511.jpg 768w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Amazon-workers.jpg 1500w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Amazon-workers-256x170.jpg 256w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100v
865w, 300px" /> </picture> </a> 866 </div><!-- .archive-post-image --> 867 868 </div><!-- .post-content-wrapper --> 869 870 </article><!-- #post-## --> 871 </div><!-- .load-more-item --> 872 873 874 <div class="load-more-item archive-post-wrapper"> 875 <article id="post-75470" class="archive-post-item post-75470 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-economy category-finance category-history category-politics category-the-right tag-books tag-economics tag-gold-standard tag-history tag-investment tag-neoliberalism tag-politics tag-the-right names-friedrich-hayek names-milton-friedman names-quinn-slobodian topics-economics topics-far-right topics-gold-standard topics-history topics-investment topics-politics"> 876 877 <div class="post-content-wrapper"> 878 879 <!-- Left Side - Post Details --> 880 <div class="archive-post-details"> 881 882 <!-- Category --> 883 <div class="archive-post-category"> 884 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/category/economy/">Economy</a> </div> 885 886 <!-- Post Title --> 887 <h2 class="archive-entry-title"> 888 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2025/11/goldbugs-excerpt-hayeks-bastards/" rel="bookmark"> 889 Goldbugs </a> 890 </h2> 891 892 <!-- Subtitle --> 893 <h2 class="archive-entry-subtitle">An excerpt from <em>Hayekâs Bastards: Race, Gold, IQ, and the Capitalism of the Far Right</em></h2> 894 <!-- Date and Author --> 895 <div class="archive-post-meta"> 896 <span class="archive-date"> 897 November 17, 2025 </span> 898 <span class="archive-bullet"> ⢠</span> 899 <span class="archive-by-text">by </span> 900 <span class="archive-author"> 901 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/qslobodian/" title="Posts by Quinn Slobodian" class="author url fn" rel="author">Quinn Slobodian</a> </span> 902 </div> 903 904 <!-- Excerpt --> 905 <div class="archive-post-excerpt"> 906 People make bad money, and that money makes bad people.â Peter Boehringer 907 908Monetary issues have long divided neoliberals. Can you trust a central bank to manage currency? Can the growth of the money supply be made automatic? Should fixed or floating rates reign in global currency markets? Must money be backed ... </div> 909 910 <!-- Read More Link --> 911 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2025/11/goldbugs-excerpt-hayeks-bastards/" class="read-more-link"> 912 Read More 913 </a> 914 915 </div><!-- .archive-post-details --> 916 917 <!-- Right Side - Post Image --> 918 <div class="archive-post-image"> 919 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2025/11/goldbugs-excerpt-hayeks-bastards/"> 920 <img width="300" height="225" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='300'%20height='225'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20225'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="post-thumbnail-img wp-post-image perfmatters-lazy" alt="Goldbugs" decoding="async" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Hayek-coin-300x147.jpeg" data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Hayek-coin-300x147.jpeg 300w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Hayek-coin-768x377.jpeg 768w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Hayek-coin-256x126.jpeg 256w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Hayek-coin.jpeg 1000w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /> </a> 921 </div><!-- .archive-post-image --> 922 923 </div><!-- .post-content-wrapper --> 924 925 </article><!-- #post-## --> 926 </div><!-- .load-more-item --> 927 928 929 <div class="load-more-item archive-post-wrapper"> 930 <article id="post-75102" class="archive-post-item post-75102 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-democracy category-economy category-north-america tag-democracy tag-economics tag-originalism tag-republic tag-textualism tag-the-constitution tag-the-framers tag-united-states names-benjamin-franklin names-larry-schwartz names-thomas-jefferson names-thomas-paine topics-constitution topics-democracy topics-economy topics-united-states"> 931 932 <div class="post-content-wrapper"> 933 934 <!-- Left Side - Post Details --> 935 <div class="archive-post-details"> 936 937 <!-- Category --> 938 <div class="archive-post-category"> 939 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/category/politics/democracy/">Democracy</a> </div> 940 941 <!-- Post Title --> 942 <h2 class="archive-entry-title"> 943 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2025/11/a-republic-if-we-can-afford-it/" rel="bookmark"> 944 A Republic, If We Can Afford It </a> 945 </h2> 946 947 <!-- Subtitle --> 948 <h2 class="archive-entry-subtitle">Our Republic depends on both economic stability and civic participation</h2> 949 <!-- Date and Author --> 950 <div class="archive-post-meta"> 951 <span class="archive-date"> 952 November 6, 2025 </span> 953 <span class="archive-bullet"> ⢠</span> 954 <span class="archive-by-text">by </span> 955 <span class="archive-author"> 956 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/lschwartz/" title="Posts by Larry Schwartz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Larry Schwartz</a> </span> 957 </div> 958 959 <!-- Excerpt --> 960 <div class="archive-post-excerpt">
961 When the Constitutional Convention of 1787 ended, Benjamin Franklin was asked what form of government the delegates had created. His replyââA republic, if you can keep itââwas no mere quip from an aging sage. It was a warning that republics are fragile, rare, and never self-sustaining. 962 963What Franklin implied was that ... </div> 964 965 <!-- Read More Link --> 966 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2025/11/a-republic-if-we-can-afford-it/" class="read-more-link"> 967 Read More 968 </a> 969 970 </div><!-- .archive-post-details --> 971 972 <!-- Right Side - Post Image --> 973 <div class="archive-post-image"> 974 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2025/11/a-republic-if-we-can-afford-it/"> 975 <img width="300" height="225" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='300'%20height='225'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20225'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="post-thumbnail-img wp-post-image perfmatters-lazy" alt="A Republic, If We Can Afford It" decoding="async" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/NPG-NPG_69_30_int-000001_screen-e1762370912808-300x274.jpg" data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/NPG-NPG_69_30_int-000001_screen-e1762370912808-300x274.jpg 300w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/NPG-NPG_69_30_int-000001_screen-e1762370912808-768x700.jpg 768w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/NPG-NPG_69_30_int-000001_screen-e1762370912808-256x233.jpg 256w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/NPG-NPG_69_30_int-000001_screen-e1762370912808.jpg 838w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /> </a> 976 </div><!-- .archive-post-image --> 977 978 </div><!-- .post-content-wrapper --> 979 980 </article><!-- #post-## --> 981 </div><!-- .load-more-item --> 982 983 984 <div class="load-more-item archive-post-wrapper"> 985 <article id="post-74747" class="archive-post-item post-74747 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-economy category-latin-america_caribbean category-north-america category-politics tag-latin-america tag-panama tag-politics tag-protests tag-trump tag-us-military names-donald-trump names-jose-raul-mulino names-manuel-noriega topics-economy topics-latin-america topics-military topics-panama topics-politics topics-trump topics-united-states"> 986 987 <div class="post-content-wrapper"> 988 989 <!-- Left Side - Post Details --> 990 <div class="archive-post-details"> 991 992 <!-- Category --> 993 <div class="archive-post-category"> 994 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/category/economy/">Economy</a> </div> 995 996 <!-- Post Title --> 997 <h2 class="archive-entry-title"> 998 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2025/10/panama-against-trump/" rel="bookmark"> 999 Panama Against Trump </a> 1000 </h2> 1001 1002 <!-- Subtitle --> 1003 <h2 class="archive-entry-subtitle">A countryâs fate hangs in the balance as protestors take to the streets</h2> 1004 <!-- Date and Author --> 1005 <div class="archive-post-meta"> 1006 <span class="archive-date"> 1007 October 13, 2025 </span> 1008 <span class="archive-bullet"> ⢠</span> 1009 <span class="archive-by-text">by </span> 1010 <span class="archive-author"> 1011 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/noyoung/" title="Posts by Nolan Young" class="author url fn" rel="author">Nolan Young</a> </span> 1012 </div> 1013 1014 <!-- Excerpt --> 1015 <div class="archive-post-excerpt"> 1016 As Donald Trump prepared to take office in late 2024, the American president-elect issued a stunning threat: to âtake backâ the Panama Canal, almost a quarter century after the United States had returned control of the canal and the zone around it to the sovereign state of Panama. 1017 1018Once in office, ... </div> 1019 1020 <!-- Read More Link --> 1021 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2025/10/panama-against-trump/" class="read-more-link"> 1022 Read More 1023 </a> 1024 1025 </div><!-- .archive-post-details --> 1026 1027 <!-- Right Side - Post Image --> 1028 <div class="archive-post-image"> 1029 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2025/10/panama-against-trump/"> 1030 <img width="300" height="225" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='300'%20height='225'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20225'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="post-thumbnail-img wp-post-image perfmatters-lazy" alt="Panama Against Trump" decoding="async" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/opening-lower-guard-gates-300x193.jpg" data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/opening-lower-guard-gates-300x193.jpg 300w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/opening-lower-guard-gates-768x494.jpg 768w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/opening-lower-guard-gates-256x165.jpg 256w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/opening-lower-guard-gates.jpg 800w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100v
1030w, 300px" /> </a> 1031 </div><!-- .archive-post-image --> 1032 1033 </div><!-- .post-content-wrapper --> 1034 1035 </article><!-- #post-## --> 1036 </div><!-- .load-more-item --> 1037 1038 1039 <div class="load-more-item archive-post-wrapper"> 1040 <article id="post-74331" class="archive-post-item post-74331 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-capitalism category-religion category-science-technology tag-capitalism-2 tag-christianity tag-islam tag-science-and-technology tag-the-west names-ahmed-bouzid names-peter-thiel topics-christianity topics-entrepreneurship topics-islam topics-silicon-valley"> 1041 1042 <div class="post-content-wrapper"> 1043 1044 <!-- Left Side - Post Details --> 1045 <div class="archive-post-details"> 1046 1047 <!-- Category --> 1048 <div class="archive-post-category"> 1049 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/category/economy/capitalism/">Capitalism</a> </div> 1050 1051 <!-- Post Title --> 1052 <h2 class="archive-entry-title"> 1053 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2025/09/peter-thiel-and-the-decline-of-the-west/" rel="bookmark"> 1054 Peter Thiel and the Decline of the West </a> 1055 </h2> 1056 1057 <!-- Subtitle --> 1058 <h2 class="archive-entry-subtitle">The last priest of a dead faith</h2> 1059 <!-- Date and Author --> 1060 <div class="archive-post-meta"> 1061 <span class="archive-date"> 1062 September 24, 2025 </span> 1063 <span class="archive-bullet"> ⢠</span> 1064 <span class="archive-by-text">by </span> 1065 <span class="archive-author"> 1066 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/abouzid/" title="Posts by Ahmed Bouzid" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ahmed Bouzid</a> </span> 1067 </div> 1068 1069 <!-- Excerpt --> 1070 <div class="archive-post-excerpt"> 1071 In the twilight of the secular Western project, as its elites scramble for a vision to forestall cultural entropy, Peter Thiel has emerged as one of its most articulate and celebrated prophets. In a remarkably candid interview with The New York Times, Thiel laments the stagnation of modern lifeânot just ... </div> 1072 1073 <!-- Read More Link --> 1074 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2025/09/peter-thiel-and-the-decline-of-the-west/" class="read-more-link"> 1075 Read More 1076 </a> 1077 1078 </div><!-- .archive-post-details --> 1079 1080 <!-- Right Side - Post Image --> 1081 <div class="archive-post-image"> 1082 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2025/09/peter-thiel-and-the-decline-of-the-west/"> 1083 <img width="300" height="225" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='300'%20height='225'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20225'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="post-thumbnail-img wp-post-image perfmatters-lazy" alt="Peter Thiel and the Decline of the West" decoding="async" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/sf1982-60-397s1-256x300.jpg" data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/sf1982-60-397s1-256x300.jpg 256w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/sf1982-60-397s1-872x1024.jpg 872w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/sf1982-60-397s1-768x901.jpg 768w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/sf1982-60-397s1.jpg 1065w, https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/sf1982-60-397s1-218x256.jpg 218w" data-sizes="(max-width: 256px) 100v
1083w, 256px" /> </a> 1084 </div><!-- .archive-post-image --> 1085 1086 </div><!-- .post-content-wrapper --> 1087 1088 </article><!-- #post-## --> 1089 </div><!-- .load-more-item --> 1090 1091 </div><!-- .archive-posts --> 1092 1093 <!-- Pagination --> 1094 <div class="post-pagination"> 1095 <button class="btn btn-link load-more-btn" 1096 data-loop="archive" 1097 data-wrapper="archive-post-wrapper"> 1098 Show more </button> 1099 </div> 1100 1101 </main><!-- #main --> 1102 1103 </div><!-- .col-md-8 --> 1104 1105 <!-- Right Column - Sidebar (1/3 width) --> 1106 <div class="col-md-4"> 1107 <div class="sidebar-right"> 1108 1109<!-- SUBSCRIBE SECTION --> 1110<div class="ps-right-section ps-right-subscribe"> 1111 <div class="top-left-col-head"> 1112 <span>Subscribe</span> 1113 </div> 1114 <div class="ps-subscribe-content"> 1115 <p class="ps-subscribe-tagline">Join our global intellectual commons</p> 1116 <form class="ps-newsletter-form" 1117 action="https://publicseminar.substack.com/api/v1/free?nojs=true" 1118 method="post" 1119 target="_blank"> 1120 1121 <div class="ps-newsletter-row"> 1122 <input class="ps-newsletter-input" 1123 type="email" 1124 name="email" 1125 placeholder="Your email address" 1126 autocomplete="email" 1127 required> 1128 <button class="ps-newsletter-btn" type="submit">Subscribe</button> 1129 </div> 1130 1131 <p class="ps-newsletter-note"> 1132 Free to subscribe. No spam. 1133 Delivered by <a href="https://publicseminar.substack.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Substack</a>. 1134 </p> 1135 </form> 1136 </div> 1137</div> 1138 1139 1140<style> 1141/* ============================================ 1142 NEWSLETTER SIGNUP FORM 1143 ps-newsletter.css 1144 ============================================ */ 1145 1146.ps-newsletter-wrap { 1147 padding: 2rem 0; 1148 border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; 1149 border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5; 1150 margin: 2rem 0; 1151 width: 100%; 1152 box-sizing: border-box; 1153} 1154 1155.ps-newsletter-label { 1156 font-size: 11px; 1157 font-weight: 500; 1158 letter-spacing: 1.5px; 1159 text-transform: uppercase; 1160 color: #888; 1161 margin-bottom: 0.5rem; 1162} 1163 1164.ps-newsletter-heading { 1165 font-size: 22px; 1166 font-weight: 500; 1167 color: #111; 1168 margin: 0 0 0.5rem; 1169 line-height: 1.3; 1170} 1171 1172.ps-newsletter-desc { 1173 font-size: 14px; 1174 color: #555; 1175 margin: 0 0 1.25rem; 1176 line-height: 1.6; 1177} 1178 1179.ps-newsletter-row { 1180 display: flex; 1181 width: 100%; 1182 box-sizing: border-box; 1183} 1184 1185.ps-newsletter-input { 1186 flex: 1; 1187 min-width: 0; /* Prevents flex child from overflowing */ 1188 height: 40px; 1189 padding: 0 12px; 1190 font-size: 14px; 1191 border: 1px solid #ea410b; 1192 border-right: none; 1193 border-radius: 4px 0 0 4px; 1194 background: #fff; 1195 color: #111; 1196 outline: none; 1197 transition: border-color 0.15s; 1198 box-sizing: border-box; 1199} 1200 1201.ps-newsletter-input:focus { 1202 border-color: #ea410b; 1203} 1204 1205.ps-newsletter-input::placeholder { 1206 color: #aaa; 1207} 1208 1209.ps-newsletter-btn { 1210 height: 40px; 1211 padding: 0 20px; 1212 font-size: 13px; 1213 font-weight: 500; 1214 letter-spacing: 0.3px; 1215 background: #ea410b; 1216 color: #fff; 1217 border: 1px solid #ea410b; 1218 border-radius: 0 4px 4px 0; 1219 cursor: pointer; 1220 white-space: nowrap; 1221 flex-shrink: 0; /* Button never shrinks */ 1222 transition: opacity 0.15s; 1223} 1224 1225.ps-newsletter-btn:hover { 1226 opacity: 0.75; 1227} 1228 1229.ps-newsletter-note { 1230 font-size: 11px; 1231 color: #aaa; 1232 margin-top: 0.75rem; 1233} 1234 1235.ps-newsletter-note a { 1236 color: #888; 1237 text-decoration: underline; 1238} 1239 1240/* ============================================ 1241 MOBILE 1242 ============================================ */ 1243 1244@media screen and (max-width: 480px) { 1245 .ps-newsletter-heading { 1246 font-size: 18px; 1247 } 1248} 1249 1250/* ============================================ 1251 RIGHT COLUMN 1252 ============================================ */ 1253 1254.ps-top-column-right .ps-newsletter-btn { 1255 padding: 0 10px; 1256 font-size: 12px; 1257} 1258</style> 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266<!-- MOST POPULAR SECTION --> 1267<div class="ps-right-section ps-right-popular"> 1268 <div class="top-left-col-head">
1269 <span>Most Popular</span> 1270 </div> 1271 <div class="ps-popular-posts"> 1272 <div class="ps-popular-item"> 1273 <div class="ps-popular-rank">1</div> 1274 <div class="ps-popular-content"> 1275 <div class="ps-popular-title"> 1276 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/essays/entertaining-propaganda-hate-watching-fauda/"> 1277 Entertaining Propaganda: Hate-watching <em>Fauda</em> </a> 1278 </div> 1279 <div class="ps-popular-meta"> 1280 March 20, 2023 <span class="ps-popular-author">by <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/mabidor/" title="Posts by Mitchell Abidor" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mitchell Abidor</a></span> 1281 </div> 1282 </div> 1283 <div class="ps-popular-image"> 1284 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/essays/entertaining-propaganda-hate-watching-fauda/" aria-label="Entertaining Propaganda: Hate-watching Fauda"> 1285 <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='100'%20height='100'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20100'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Entertaining Propaganda: Hate-watching Fauda" width="100" height="100" class="perfmatters-lazy" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/shutterstock_1515243887-3-2-300x200.jpg" /> 1286 </a> 1287 </div> 1288 </div> 1289 <div class="ps-popular-item"> 1290 <div class="ps-popular-rank">2</div> 1291 <div class="ps-popular-content"> 1292 <div class="ps-popular-title"> 1293 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2015/12/how-not-to-remember-911/"> 1294 How Not to Remember 9/11 </a> 1295 </div> 1296 <div class="ps-popular-meta"> 1297 December 29, 2015 <span class="ps-popular-author">by <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/rpoole/" title="Posts by Ross Poole" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ross Poole</a></span> 1298 </div> 1299 </div> 1300 <div class="ps-popular-image"> 1301 </div> 1302 </div> 1303 <div class="ps-popular-item"> 1304 <div class="ps-popular-rank">3</div> 1305 <div class="ps-popular-content"> 1306 <div class="ps-popular-title"> 1307 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2025/06/greg-abbotts-wheelchair/"> 1308 Greg Abbottâs Wheelchair </a> 1309 </div> 1310 <div class="ps-popular-meta"> 1311 June 10, 2025 <span class="ps-popular-author">by <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/ajpegoda/" title="Posts by Andrew Joseph Pegoda" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Joseph Pegoda</a></span> 1312 </div> 1313 </div> 1314 <div class="ps-popular-image"> 1315 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2025/06/greg-abbotts-wheelchair/" aria-label="Greg Abbottâs Wheelchair"> 1316 <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='100'%20height='100'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20100'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Greg Abbottâs Wheelchair" width="100" height="100" class="perfmatters-lazy" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Artificial-limb-300x250.png" /> 1317 </a> 1318 </div> 1319 </div> 1320 <div class="ps-popular-item"> 1321 <div class="ps-popular-rank">
13214</div> 1322 <div class="ps-popular-content"> 1323 <div class="ps-popular-title"> 1324 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/essays/the-performance-of-transgender-inclusion/"> 1325 The Performance of Transgender Inclusion </a> 1326 </div> 1327 <div class="ps-popular-meta"> 1328 November 27, 2018 <span class="ps-popular-author">by <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/jmanion/" title="Posts by Jen Manion" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jen Manion</a></span> 1329 </div> 1330 </div> 1331 <div class="ps-popular-image"> 1332 </div> 1333 </div> 1334 <div class="ps-popular-item"> 1335 <div class="ps-popular-rank">5</div> 1336 <div class="ps-popular-content"> 1337 <div class="ps-popular-title"> 1338 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2024/03/psychosis-bill-ackman-elon-musk/"> 1339 Driven Mad by a Marxist Daughter </a> 1340 </div> 1341 <div class="ps-popular-meta"> 1342 March 25, 2024 <span class="ps-popular-author">by <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/jjoque/" title="Posts by Justin Joque" class="author url fn" rel="author">Justin Joque</a></span> 1343 </div> 1344 </div> 1345 <div class="ps-popular-image"> 1346 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2024/03/psychosis-bill-ackman-elon-musk/" aria-label="Driven Mad by a Marxist Daughter"> 1347 <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='100'%20height='100'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20100'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Driven Mad by a Marxist Daughter" width="100" height="100" class="perfmatters-lazy" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Untitled-design-1-300x250.png" /> 1348 </a> 1349 </div> 1350 </div> 1351 </div> 1352</div> 1353<!-- LATEST SECTION --> 1354<div class="ps-right-section ps-right-category"> 1355 <div class="top-left-col-head"> 1356 <span>The Latest</span> 1357 </div> 1358 <div class="ps-category-post-item"> 1359 <div class="ps-category-post-content"> 1360 <div class="ps-category-post-cat"> 1361 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/category/multi-media/podcast/unsettled/"> 1362 Unsettled </a> 1363 </div> 1364 <div class="ps-category-post-title"> 1365 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/09/revisiting-birthright-citizenship/"> 1366 Revisiting Birth Right Citizenship </a> 1367 </div> 1368 <div class="ps-category-post-meta"> 1369 September 23, 2026 <span class="ps-category-post-author">by <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/aaleinikoff/" title="Posts by T. Alexander Aleinikoff" class="author url fn" rel="author">T. Alexander Aleinikoff</a> and <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/hmotomura/" title="Posts by Hiroshi Motomura" class="author url fn" rel="author">Hiroshi Motomura</a></span> 1370 </div> 1371 </div> 1372 <div class="ps-category-post-image"> 1373 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/09/revisiting-birthright-citizenship/" aria-label="Revisiting Birth Right Citizenship"> 1374 <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='100'%20height='100'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20100'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Revisiting Birth Right Citizenship" width="100" height="100" class="perfmatters-lazy" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Unsettled_Immigration-in-Turbulent-Times-300x300.png" /> 1375 </a> 1376 </div> 1377 </div> 1378 <div class="ps-category-post-item"> 1379 <div class="ps-category-post-content"> 1380 <div class="ps-category-post-cat"> 1381 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/category/ps-education/higher-ed/"> 1382 Higher Ed </a> 1383 </div> 1384 <div class="ps-category-post-title"> 1385 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/09/a-call-for-course-correction/"> 1386 A Call for Course Correction </a> 1387 </div> 1388 <div class="ps-category-post-meta"> 1389 September 18, 2026 <sp
1389an class="ps-category-post-author">by <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/sfukuda/" title="Posts by Sakiko Fukuda-Parr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sakiko Fukuda-Parr</a>, <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/jacobss/" title="Posts by Sean Jacobs" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sean Jacobs</a> and <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/noyoung/" title="Posts by Nolan Young" class="author url fn" rel="author">Nolan Young</a></span> 1390 </div> 1391 </div> 1392 <div class="ps-category-post-image"> 1393 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/09/a-call-for-course-correction/" aria-label="A Call for Course Correction"> 1394 <picture><source data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/pdia-47a74713-8f79-48ab-ad80-566ebb38fb9c-300x173.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='100'%20height='100'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20100'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="100" width="100" class=" sp-no-webp perfmatters-lazy" alt="A Call for Course Correction" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/pdia-47a74713-8f79-48ab-ad80-566ebb38fb9c-300x173.jpg" /> </picture> 1395 </a> 1396 </div> 1397 </div> 1398 <div class="ps-category-post-item"> 1399 <div class="ps-category-post-content"> 1400 <div class="ps-category-post-cat"> 1401 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/category/politics/activism/"> 1402 Activism </a> 1403 </div> 1404 <div class="ps-category-post-title"> 1405 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/09/occupy-fifteen-years-later/"> 1406 Occupy, Fifteen Years Later </a> 1407 </div> 1408 <div class="ps-category-post-meta"> 1409 September 17, 2026 <span class="ps-category-post-author">by <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/nsilva/" title="Posts by Nara Roberta Silva" class="author url fn" rel="author">Nara Roberta Silva</a></span> 1410 </div> 1411 </div> 1412 <div class="ps-category-post-image"> 1413 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/09/occupy-fifteen-years-later/" aria-label="Occupy, Fifteen Years Later"> 1414 <picture><source data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Occupy_Wall_Street_Anonymous_Skippy_PB_2011_Shankbone-300x213.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='100'%20height='100'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20100'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="100" width="100" class=" sp-no-webp perfmatters-lazy" alt="Occupy, Fifteen Years Later" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Occupy_Wall_Street_Anonymous_Skippy_PB_2011_Shankbone-300x213.jpeg" /> </picture> 1415 </a> 1416 </div> 1417 </div> 1418 <div class="ps-category-post-item"> 1419 <div class="ps-category-post-content"> 1420 <div class="ps-category-post-cat"> 1421 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/category/habitats/new-york-city/"> 1422 New York City </a> 1423 </div> 1424 <div class="ps-category-post-title"> 1425 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/09/take-back-the-city/"> 1426 Take Back the City </a> 1427 </div> 1428 <div class="ps-category-post-meta"> 1429 September 16, 2026 <sp
1429an class="ps-category-post-author">by <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/sstein1/" title="Posts by Samuel Stein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samuel Stein</a> and <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/apetrossiants/" title="Posts by Andreas Petrossiants" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andreas Petrossiants</a></span> 1430 </div> 1431 </div> 1432 <div class="ps-category-post-image"> 1433 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/09/take-back-the-city/" aria-label="Take Back the City"> 1434 <picture><source data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Scenes-of-New-York_Lower-East-Side-253x300.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='100'%20height='100'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20100'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="100" width="100" class=" sp-no-webp perfmatters-lazy" alt="Take Back the City" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Scenes-of-New-York_Lower-East-Side-253x300.jpg" /> </picture> 1435 </a> 1436 </div> 1437 </div> 1438 <div class="ps-category-post-item"> 1439 <div class="ps-category-post-content"> 1440 <div class="ps-category-post-cat"> 1441 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/category/art/literature/"> 1442 Literature </a> 1443 </div> 1444 <div class="ps-category-post-title"> 1445 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/09/the-end-of-the-sentence/"> 1446 The End of the Sentence </a> 1447 </div> 1448 <div class="ps-category-post-meta"> 1449 September 14, 2026 <span class="ps-category-post-author">by <a href="https://publicseminar.org/author/jdolven/" title="Posts by Jeff Dolven" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jeff Dolven</a></span> 1450 </div> 1451 </div> 1452 <div class="ps-category-post-image"> 1453 <a href="https://publicseminar.org/2026/09/the-end-of-the-sentence/" aria-label="The End of the Sentence"> 1454 <picture><source data-srcset="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/insane-writing-1-300x243.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='100'%20height='100'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20100'%3E%3C/svg%3E" height="100" width="100" class=" sp-no-webp perfmatters-lazy" alt="The End of the Sentence" data-src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/insane-writing-1-300x243.jpeg" /> </picture> 1455 </a> 1456 </div> 1457 </div> 1458 </div> </div> 1459 </div><!-- .col-md-4 --> 1460 1461 </div><!-- .row --> 1462 1463 1464 </div><!-- Container end --> 1465 1466</div><!-- Wrapper end --> 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 <!-- The Footer Top Full-width Widget Area --> 1473 1474 <div class="footer-wrapper widget-wrapper"> 1475 <div class="container" tabindex="-1"> 1476 1477 <hr /> 1478 1479 <div class="row"> 1480 1481 <div id="block-8" class="footer-widget mb-4 widget_block widget-count-3 col-md-4"><div class="wp-widget-group__inner-blocks"><div class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><img width="220" height="145" alt="The New School" style="width:110px; margin: 6px 0 16px -3px;" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='220'%20height='145'%20viewBox='0%200%20220%20145'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="perfmatters-lazy" data-src="/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/new_school_logo_2x.png" /> 1482 1483<p> 1484<em>Public Seminar</em> is a journal of ideas and debate published by the Public Seminar Publishing Initiative at The New School. Our free, nonprofit publication is made possible by the support of The New School and the generosity of our readers. 1485</p> 1486</div></div></div></div><div id="text-24" class="footer-widget mb-4 widget_text widget-count-3 col-md-4"><h3 class="widget-title">Newsletter</h3> <div class="textwidget"><div style="margin:0.75rem 0; width:100%; max-width:420px; box-sizing:border-box;"> 1487<form action="https://publicseminar.substack.com/api/v1/free?nojs=true" 1488 method="post" 1489 target="_blank" 1490 style="margin:0; padding:0; width:100%;"></p> 1491<div style="display:flex; width:100%; box-sizing:border-box;"> 1492<p> <input type="email" 1493 name="email" 1494 placeholder="Your email address" 1495 autocomplete="email" 1496 required 1497 style="flex:1 1 auto; min-width:0; height:42px; min-height:42px; max-height:42px; padding:0 12px; font-size:14px; border:1px solid #ea410b; border-right:none; border-radius:4px 0 0 4px; background:#fff; color:#111; outline:none; box-shadow:none; margin:0; display:block;"></p> 1498<p> <input type="submit" 1499 value="Subscribe" 1500 style="flex:0 0 auto; height:42px; min-height:42px; max-height:42px; padding:0 16px; font-size:13px; font-weight:500; background:#ea410b; color:#fff; border:1px solid #ea410b; border-radius:0 4px 4px 0; cursor:pointer; margin:0; box-shadow:none; -webkit-appearance:none; appearance:none; display:block; white-space:nowrap;"></p></div> 1501<p style="font-size:11px; color:#aaa; margin-top:0.25rem; width:100%; display:block; box-sizing:border-box;"> 1502 Free to subscribe. No spam.<br /> 1503 Delivered by <a href="https://substack.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener" style="color:#888; text-decoration:underline;">Substack</a>. 1504</p> 1505</p></form> 1506</div> 1507</div> 1508 </div><div id="custom_html-2" class="widget_text footer-widget mb-4 widget_custom_html widget-count-3 col-md-4"><h3 class="widget-title">Connect With Us</h3><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/publicseminar/"> 1509 <i class="fa fa-instagram"></i> 1510 Instagram 1511</a> 1512<br /> 1513 1514 1515<!-- Bluesky Social Link with SVG Icon --> 1516<a href="https://bsky.app/profile/publicseminar.bsky.social/" class="bluesky-link"> 1517 <svg class="bluesky-icon" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 600 530" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> 1518 <path d="m135.72 44.03c66.496 49.921 138.02 151.14 164.28 205.46 26.262-54.316 97.782-155.54 164.28-205.46 47.98-36.02
15181 125.72-63.892 125.72 24.795 0 17.712-10.155 148.79-16.111 170.07-20.703 73.984-96.144 92.854-163.25 81.433 117.3 19.964 147.14 86.092 82.697 152.22-122.39 125.59-175.91-31.511-189.63-71.766-2.514-7.3797-3.6904-10.832-3.7077-7.8964-0.0174-2.9357-1.1937 0.51669-3.7077 7.8964-13.714 40.255-67.233 197.36-189.63 71.766-64.444-66.128-34.605-132.26 82.697-152.22-67.108 11.421-142.55-7.4491-163.25-81.433-5.9562-21.282-16.111-152.36-16.111-170.07 0-88.687 77.742-60.816 125.72-24.795z"/> 1519 </svg> 1520 Bluesky 1521</a> 1522 1523<style> 1524/* Bluesky Icon Styling */ 1525.bluesky-icon { 1526 display: inline-block; 1527 vertical-align: middle; 1528 margin-right: 0.5rem; 1529 width: 1em; 1530 height: 1em; 1531} 1532 1533.bluesky-link { 1534 text-decoration: none; 1535 transition: opacity 0.3s ease; 1536} 1537 1538.bluesky-link:hover { 1539 opacity: 0.7; 1540} 1541</style> 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546<br /> 1547<a href="https://www.facebook.com/publicseminar/"> 1548 <i class="fa fa-facebook"></i> 1549 Facebook 1550</a> 1551<br /> 1552<a href="https://twitter.com/PublicSeminar"> 1553 <i class="fa fa-twitter"></i> 1554 Twitter 1555</a> 1556</div></div> 1557 </div><!-- .row --> 1558 1559 </div><!-- .container end --> 1560 1561 </div><!-- #wrapper-footer-full --> 1562 1563 1564 <div class="footer-wrapper text-center mb-3"> 1565 1566 <div class="container"> 1567 1568 <hr /> 1569 1570 <div class="row"> 1571 1572 <div class="col-md-12"> 1573 1574 <footer class="site-footer" id="colophon"> 1575 1576 <div class="site-info small"> 1577 1578 Copyright © 2014â2026 The Editorial Board of Public Seminar, All Rights Reserved. 1579 1580 </div><!-- .site-info --> 1581 1582 </footer><!-- #colophon --> 1583
1584 </div><!-- .col --> 1585 1586 </div><!-- .row --> 1587 1588 </div><!-- container end --> 1589 1590 </div><!-- .wrapper --> 1591 1592</div><!-- .site --> 1593
1594<script type="speculationrules"> 1595{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["/wp-*.php","/wp-admin/*","/wp-content/uploads/*","/wp-content/*","/wp-content/plugins/*","/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/*","/wp-content/themes/probd/*","/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]} 1596</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1596
1596
1597<script id="perfmatters-lazy-load-js-before"> 1598window.lazyLoadOptions={elements_selector:"img[data-src],.perfmatters-lazy,.perfmatters-lazy-css-bg",thresholds:"0px 0px",class_loading:"pmloading",class_loaded:"pmloaded",callback_loaded:function(element){if(element.tagName==="IFRAME"){if(element.classList.contains("pmloaded")){if(typeof window.jQuery!="undefined"){if(jQuery.fn.fitVids){jQuery(element).parent().fitVids()}}}}}};window.addEventListener("LazyLoad::Initialized",function(e){var lazyLoadInstance=e.detail.instance;}); 1599//# sourceURL=perfmatters-lazy-load-js-before 1600</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1600
1600
1601<script id="perfmatters-lazy-load-js" async src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/js/lazyload.min.js?ver=2.6.8"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1601
1601
1602<script id="bootstrap-js-js" src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/js/lib/bootstrap.min.js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1602
1602
1603<script id="popper-js-js" src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/js/lib/popper.min.js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1603
1603
1604<script id="theme-js-js-extra" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> 1605var wp_params = {"ajaxurl":"https://publicseminar.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","posts":"{\"category_name\":\"economy\",\"error\":\"\",\"m\":\"\",\"p\":0,\"post_parent\":\"\",\"subpost\":\"\",\"subpost_id\":\"\",\"attachment\":\"\",\"attachment_id\":0,\"name\":\"\",\"pagename\":\"\",\"page_id\":0,\"second\":\"\",\"minute\":\"\",\"hour\":\"\",\"day\":0,\"monthnum\":0,\"year\":0,\"w\":0,\"tag\":\"\",\"cat\":7861,\"tag_id\":\"\",\"author\":\"\",\"author_name\":\"\",\"feed\":\"\",\"tb\":\"\",\"paged\":0,\"meta_key\":\"\",\"meta_value\":\"\",\"preview\":\"\",\"s\":\"\",\"sentence\":\"\",\"title\":\"\",\"fields\":\"all\",\"menu_order\":\"\",\"embed\":\"\",\"category__in\":[],\"category__not_in\":[],\"category__and\":[],\"post__in\":[],\"post__not_in\":[],\"post_name__in\":[],\"tag__in\":[],\"tag__not_in\":[],\"tag__and\":[],\"tag_slug__in\":[],\"tag_slug__and\":[],\"post_parent__in\":[],\"post_parent__not_in\":[],\"author__in\":[],\"author__not_in\":[],\"search_columns\":[],\"posts_per_page\":12,\"post_type\":[\"post\",\"essays\"],\"ignore_sticky_posts\":false,\"suppress_filters\":false,\"cache_results\":true,\"update_post_term_cache\":true,\"update_menu_item_cache\":false,\"lazy_load_term_meta\":true,\"update_post_meta_cache\":true,\"nopaging\":false,\"comments_per_page\":\"50\",\"no_found_rows\":false,\"order\":\"DESC\"}","current_page":"1","max_page":"18"}; 1606//# sourceURL=theme-js-js-extra 1607</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1607
1607
1608<script id="theme-js-js" src="https://publicseminar.org/wp-content/themes/publicseminar/assets/bundle.c8ef2894.js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1608
1608
1609<script id="wp-emoji-settings" type="application/json"> 1610{"baseUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/svg/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https://publicseminar.org/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=7.1.2"}} 1611</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1611
1611
1612<script type="pmdelayedscript" data-perfmatters-type="module" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> 1613/*! This file is auto-generated */ 1614var e="script#wp-emoji-settings",t=document.querySelector(e);if(!(t instanceof HTMLScriptElement))throw new Error("Element missing: "+e);const r=JSON.parse(t.text),s=(window._wpemojiSettings=r,"wpEmojiSettingsSupports"),o=["flag","emoji"];function i(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(s,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function c(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0);const r=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);return t.every((e,t)=>e===r[t])}function p(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1);for(let e=0;e<n.data.length;e++)if(0!==n.data[e])return!1;return!0}function u(e,t,n,r){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!r(e,"\ud83e\u1fac8")}return!1}function f(e,t,n,r){let a;const s=(a="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):document.createElement("canvas")).getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(e=>{o[e]=t(s,e,n,r)}),o}function a(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,document.head.appendChild(t)}r.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},new Promise(t=>{let n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(s));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(o),u.toString(),c.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"});const a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=e=>{i(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}i(n=f(o,u,c,p))}t(n)}).then(e=>{for(const n in e)r.supports[n]=e[n],r.supports.everything=r.supports.everything&&r.supports[n],"flag"!==n&&(r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&r.supports[n]);var t;r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!r.supports.flag,r.supports.everything||((t=r.source||{}).concatemoji?a(t.concatemoji):t.wpemoji&&t.twemoji&&(a(t.twemoji),a(t.wpemoji)))}); 1615//# sourceURL=https://publicseminar.org/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.min.js 1616</script>
1616 1617
1618<script id="perfmatters-delayed-scripts-js">(function(){window.pmDC=1;if(window.pmDT){var e=setTimeout(d,window.pmDT*1e3)}const t=["keydown","mousedown","mousemove","wheel","touchmove","touchstart","touchend"];const n={normal:[],defer:[],async:[]};const o=[];const i=[];var r=false;var a="";window.pmIsClickPending=false;t.forEach(function(e){window.addEventListener(e,d,{passive:true})});if(window.pmDC){window.addEventListener("touchstart",b,{passive:true});window.addEventListener("mousedown",b)}function d(){if(typeof e!=="undefined"){clearTimeout(e)}t.forEach(function(e){window.removeEventListener(e,d,{passive:true})});if(document.readyState==="loading"){document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",s)}else{s()}}async function s(){c();u();f();m();await w(n.normal);await w(n.defer);await w(n.async);await p();document.querySelectorAll("link[data-pmdelayedstyle]").forEach(function(e){e.setAttribute("href",e.getAttribute("data-pmdelayedstyle"))});window.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-allScriptsLoaded")),E().then(()=>{h()})}function c(){let o={};function e(t,e){function n(e){return o[t].delayedEvents.indexOf(e)>=0?"perfmatters-"+e:e}if(!o[t]){o[t]={originalFunctions:{add:t.addEventListener,remove:t.removeEventListener},delayedEvents:[]};t.addEventListener=function(){arguments[0]=n(arguments[0]);o[t].originalFunctions.add.apply(t,arguments)};t.removeEventListener=function(){arguments[0]=n(arguments[0]);o[t].originalFunctions.remove.apply(t,arguments)}}o[t].delayedEvents.push(e)}function t(t,n){const e=t[n];Object.defineProperty(t,n,{get:!e?function(){}:e,set:function(e){t["perfmatters"+n]=e}})}e(document,"DOMContentLoaded");e(window,"DOMContentLoaded");e(window,"load");e(document,"readystatechange");t(document,"onreadystatechange");t(window,"onload")}function u(){let n=window.jQuery;Object.defineProperty(window,"jQuery",{get(){return n},set(t){if(t&&t.fn&&!o.includes(t)){t.fn.ready=t.fn.init.prototype.ready=function(e){if(r){e.bind(document)(t)}else{document.addEventListener("perfmatters-DOMContentLoaded",function(){e.bind(document)(t)})}};const e=t.fn.on;t.fn.on=t.fn.init.prototype.on=function(){if(this[0]===window){function t(e){e=e.split(" ");e=e.map(function(e){if(e==="load"||e.indexOf("load.")===0){return"perfmatters-jquery-load"}else{return e}});e=e.join(" ");return e}if(typeof arguments[0]=="string"||arguments[0]instanceof String){arguments[0]=t(arguments[0])}else if(typeof arguments[0]=="object"){Object.keys(arguments[0]).forEach(function(e){delete Object.assign(arguments[0],{[t(e)]:arguments[0][e]})[e]})}}return e.apply(this,arguments),this};o.push(t)}n=t}})}function f(){document.querySelectorAll("script[type=pmdelayedscript]").forEach(function(e){if(e.hasAttribute("src")){if(e.hasAttribute("defer")&&e.defer!==false){n.defer.push(e)}else if(e.hasAttribute("async")&&e.async!==false){n.async.push(e)}else{n.normal.push(e)}}else{n.normal.push(e)}})}function m(){var o=document.createDocumentFragment();[...n.normal,...n.defer,...n.async].forEach(function(e){var t=e.getAttribute("src");if(t){var n=document.createElement("link");n.href=t;if(e.getAttribute("data-perfmatters-type")=="module"){n.rel="modulepreload"}else{n.rel="preload";n.as="script"}o.appendChild(n)}});document.head.appendChild(o)}async function w(e){var t=e.shift();if(t){await l(t);return w(e)}return Promise.resolve()}async function l(t){await v();return new Promise(function(e){const n=document.createElement("script");[...t.attributes].forEach(function(e){let t=e.nodeName;if(t!=="type"){if(t==="data-perfmatters-type"){t="type"}n.setAttribute(t,e.nodeValue)}});if(t.hasAttribute("src")){n.addEventListener("load",e);n.addEventListener("error",e)}else{n.text=t.text;e()}t.parentNode?t.parentNode.replaceChild(n,t):e()})}async function p(){r=true;await v();document.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-DOMContentLoaded"));await v();window.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-DOMContentLoaded"));await v();document.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-readystatechange"));await v();if(document.perfmattersonreadystatechange){document.perfmattersonreadystatechange()}await v();window.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-load"));await v();if(window.perfmattersonload){window.perfmattersonload()}await v();o.forEach(function(e){e(window).trigger("perfmatters-jquery-load")})}async function v(){return new Promise(function(e){requestAnimationFrame(e)})}function h(){window.removeEventListener("touchstart",b,{passive:true});window.removeEventListener("mousedown",b);
1618i.forEach(e=>{if(e.target.outerHTML===a){e.target.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent("click",{view:e.view,bubbles:true,cancelable:true}))}})}function E(){return new Promise(e=>{window.pmIsClickPending?g=e:e()})}function y(){window.pmIsClickPending=true}function g(){window.pmIsClickPending=false}function L(e){e.target.removeEventListener("click",L);C(e.target,"pm-onclick","onclick");i.push(e),e.preventDefault();e.stopPropagation();e.stopImmediatePropagation();g()}function b(e){if(e.target.tagName!=="HTML"){if(!a){a=e.target.outerHTML}window.addEventListener("touchend",A);window.addEventListener("mouseup",A);window.addEventListener("touchmove",k,{passive:true});window.addEventListener("mousemove",k);e.target.addEventListener("click",L);C(e.target,"onclick","pm-onclick");y()}}function k(e){window.removeEventListener("touchend",A);window.removeEventListener("mouseup",A);window.removeEventListener("touchmove",k,{passive:true});window.removeEventListener("mousemove",k);e.target.removeEventListener("click",L);C(e.target,"pm-onclick","onclick");g()}function A(e){window.removeEventListener("touchend",A);window.removeEventListener("mouseup",A);window.removeEventListener("touchmove",k,{passive:true});window.removeEventListener("mousemove",k)}function C(e,t,n){if(e.hasAttribute&&e.hasAttribute(t)){event.target.setAttribute(n,event.target.getAttribute(t));event.target.removeAttribute(t)}}})();</script>
1618</body> 1619</html> 1620<!-- Performance optimized by Redis Object Cache. Learn more: https://wprediscache.com --> 1621 1622<!--Cached using Nginx-Helper on 2026-09-24 04:07:57. It took 28 queries executed in 0.708 seconds.--> 1623<!--Visit http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/nginx-helper/faq/ for more details-->
Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.