PageSourceSearch

https://www.woodwellclimate.org/research-area/carbon/

html woodwellclimate.org collected 2026-10-01 10:15:34 UTC 82,631 bytes, 964 lines download raw bytes

1
2<!DOCTYPE html>
3<html lang="en">
4<head>
5
6    
7    <!--
7<script type="text/javascript" src="/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/js/session-log.js"></script>
7-->
8
9<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
10<script>
vendor: 331 bytes, lines 10-14
10(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
11new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
12j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
13'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
14})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','
14GTM-P2S8GMDG
vendor: 3 bytes, line 14
14');
14</script>
14
15<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
16
17<!--
17<script>
18/**
19* Function that captures a click on an outbound link in Analytics.
20* This function takes a valid URL string as an argument, and uses that URL string
21* as the event label. Setting the transport method to 'beacon' lets the hit be sent
22* using 'navigator.sendBeacon' in browser that support it.
23*/
24/*var captureOutboundLink = function(url) {
25   ga('send', 'event', 'outbound', 'click', 'https://workforcenow.adp.com/mascsr/default/mdf/recruitment/recruitment.html?cid=29ee31bb-d8c5-4350-a136-327f9d9a68bc' {
26     'transport': 'beacon',
27     'hitCallback': function(){document.location = url;}
28   });
29}*/
30</script>
30-->
31    
32
33    
34    
35
36  
37	
38  <meta charset="utf-8">
39  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
40
41  <title>Carbon - Woodwell Climate</title>
42<link data-rocket-prefetch href="https://snap.licdn.com" rel="dns-prefetch">
43<link data-rocket-prefetch href="https://www.gstatic.com" rel="dns-prefetch">
44<link data-rocket-prefetch href="https://www.googletagmanager.com" rel="dns-prefetch">
45<link data-rocket-prefetch href="https://www.google.com" rel="dns-prefetch">
46
47  <meta name='robots' content='noindex, follow' />
48
49	<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https://yoast.com/product/yoast-seo-wordpress/ -->
50	<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
51	<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
52	<meta property="og:title" content="Carbon - Woodwell Climate" />
53	<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/research-area/carbon/" />
54	<meta property="og:site_name" content="Woodwell Climate" />
55	<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2026-07-29T14:47:57+00:00" />
56	<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
57	
57<script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.woodwellclimate.org\/research-area\/carbon\/","url":"https:\/\/www.woodwellclimate.org\/research-area\/carbon\/","name":"Carbon - Woodwell Climate","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.woodwellclimate.org\/#website"},"datePublished":"2020-04-03T17:10:43+00:00","dateModified":"2026-07-29T14:47:57+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.woodwellclimate.org\/research-area\/carbon\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.woodwellclimate.org\/research-area\/carbon\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.woodwellclimate.org\/research-area\/carbon\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.woodwellclimate.org\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Research Areas","item":"https:\/\/www.woodwellclimate.org\/research-area-archive\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Carbon"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.woodwellclimate.org\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.woodwellclimate.org\/","name":"Woodwell Climate","description":"Climate science for change.","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.woodwellclimate.org\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>
57
58	<!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. -->
59
60
61<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com' />
62<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com' />
63<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.jsdelivr.net' />
64<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.google.com' />
65<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ajax.googleapis.com' />
66<link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodwellclimate.org%2Fresearch-area%2Fcarbon%2F" />
67<link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodwellclimate.org%2Fresearch-area%2Fcarbon%2F&#038;format=xml" />
68<style id='wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css' type='text/css'>
69img:is([sizes=auto i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px}
70/*# sourceURL=wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css */
71</style>
72<style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
73
74	img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
75		display: inline !important;
76		border: none !important;
77		box-shadow: none !important;
78		height: 1em !important;
79		width: 1em !important;
80		margin: 0 0.07em !important;
81		vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
82		background: none !important;
83		padding: 0 !important;
84	}
85/*# sourceURL=wp-emoji-styles-inline-css */
86</style>
87<style id='wp-block-library-inline-css' type='text/css'>
88:root{--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color);--wp-editor-canvas-background:#ddd;--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,160.5;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;
88--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}.has-text-align-center{text-align:center}.has-text-align-left{text-align:left}.has-text-align-right{text-align:right}.has-fit-text{white-space:nowrap!important}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-wrap:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}}
89
90/*# sourceURL=wp-block-library-inline-css */
91</style>
92<style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
93/*! This file is auto-generated */
94.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
95/*# sourceURL=/wp-includes/css/classic-themes.min.css */
96</style>
97<style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
98:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(6,147,227) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(252,185,0) 0%,rgb(255,105,0) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,105,0) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);
98--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgb(255, 255, 255), 6px 6px rgb(0, 0, 0);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgb(0, 0, 0);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}
98.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
99/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */
100</style>
101
102<link rel='stylesheet' id='pvfw-modaal-css' href='https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/plugins/pdf-viewer-for-wordpress/tnc-resources/modaal.min.css?ver=12.6.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
103<link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='wppopups-base-css' href='https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/wp-popups-lite/src/assets/css/wppopups-base.css?ver=1789476438' type='text/css' media='all' />
104<link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='bootstrap-css' href='https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/css/bootstrap.css?ver=1789476438' type='text/css' media='all' />
105<link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='aos-css' href='https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/css/aos.css?ver=1789476438' type='text/css' media='all' />
106<link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='base-css' href='https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/css/style.css?ver=1789476438' type='text/css' media='all' />
107<link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='custom-css' href='https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/css/custom.css?ver=1789476438' type='text/css' media='all' />
108<link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='updates-css' href='https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/css/updates.css?ver=1789476438' type='text/css' media='all' />
109<script data-minify="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js?ver=1789476438" id="jquery-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 109
109
110<script data-minify="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.14.7/umd/popper.min.js?ver=1789476439" id="popperjs-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 110
110
111<script data-minify="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/bootstrap/4.3.1/js/bootstrap.min.js?ver=1789476439" id="bootstrapjs-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 111
111
112<script data-minify="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/ajax/libs/ScrollMagic/2.0.7/ScrollMagic.min.js?ver=1789476439" id="scrollmagicjs-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 112
112
113<script data-minify="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/ajax/libs/ScrollMagic/2.0.7/plugins/debug.addIndicators.min.js?ver=1789476439" id="scrollmagicdebugjs-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 113
113
114<script data-minify="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/js/aos.js?ver=1789476439" id="aosjs-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 114
114
115<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/js/sharer.min.js?ver=1790849733" id="sharerjs-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 115
115
116<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/js/clipboard.min.js?ver=1790849733" id="clipboardjs-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 116
116
117<script type="text/javascript" id="basescripts-js-extra">
118/* <![CDATA[ */
119var ajaxSearchForm = {"url":"https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-json/search/v1/posts/"};
120//# sourceURL=basescripts-js-extra
121/* ]]> */
122</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 122
122
123<script data-minify="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/js/jquery.main.js?ver=1789476439" id="basescripts-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 123
123
124<script data-minify="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/npm/handlebars@latest/dist/handlebars.js?ver=1789476439" id="handlebars-js"></script>
124
125<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-json/wp/v2/research-area/32228" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
126<link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.woodwellclimate.org/?p=32228' />
127<style type='text/css'>
128				iframe.pvfw-pdf-viewer-frame{
129					border: 0px;
130				}
131				@media screen and (max-width: 799px) {
132					iframe.pvfw-pdf-viewer-frame{
133						height: 400px;
134					}
135				}</style><style type="text/css" id="spu-css-56916" class="spu-css">		#spu-bg-56916 {
136			background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
137		}
138
139		#spu-56916 .spu-close {
140			font-size: 30px;
141			color: #666;
142			text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #000;
143		}
144
145		#spu-56916 .spu-close:hover {
146			color: #000;
147		}
148
149		#spu-56916 {
150			background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);
151			max-width: 650px;
152			border-radius: 0px;
153			
154					height: auto;
155					box-shadow:  0px 0px 0px 0px #ccc;
156				}
157
158		#spu-56916 .spu-container {
159					padding: 20px;
160			height: calc(100% - 0px);
161		}
162		.popup {
163    display: flex;
164    font-family: "Ginto";
165}
166.popup .pu-left, .popup .pu-right {
167    width: 50%;
168}
169.popup .pu-right {
170    padding: 24px 24px;
171}
172.popup h2 {
173    line-height: 24px;
174    font-family: "Impact";
175    font-size: 20px;
176    font-weight: 900;
177}
178.popup p {
179    font-size: 16px;
180}
181.popup input[type=text] {
182    font-size: 14px;
183    width: 75%;
184}
185.popup .pu-btn a {
186    background-color: #ee7e2b;
187    color: #fff;
188    border: none;
189    padding: 4px 12px;
190    font-weight: bold;
191    display: block;
192    margin-top: 20px;
193    font-family: "Impact";
194    text-align: center;
195    width: 90%;
196    text-decoration: none;
197}
198@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {
199.popup {
200    display: block;
201}
202.popup .pu-left, .popup .pu-right {
203    width: 100%;
204}
205.popup .pu-right {
206    padding: 8px 0 0 0;
207}
208}						</style>
209		<link rel="icon" href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Woodwell_Favicon-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
210<link rel="icon" href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Woodwell_Favicon.png" sizes="192x192" />
211<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Woodwell_Favicon.png" />
212<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Woodwell_Favicon.png" />
213		<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
214			h2 { margin-bottom: 1.5rem; }
215
216.photo-cr2 {
217  color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85);
218  font: 400 12.5px/19px "Gemeli Mono", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji";
219  max-width: 260px; }
220  @media (min-width: 1024px) {
221    .photo-cr {
222      max-width: 1024px; } }
223
224.container-fluid {
225	padding-left: 30px;
226	padding-right: 30px;
227}		</style>
228		
229<meta name="generator" content="WP Rocket 3.23.4" data-wpr-features="wpr_minify_js wpr_preconnect_external_domains wpr_minify_css wpr_cdn" /></head>
230<body class="wp-singular research-area-template-default single single-research-area postid-32228 wp-theme-woodwell-center ctct-woodwell-center research-area-carbon">
231<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
vendor: 68 bytes, lines 231-232
231
232<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=
232GTM-P2S8GMDG
vendor: 83 bytes, lines 232-233
232"
233height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
234<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
235	
236<!-- Blackbaud forms script requirement -->
237<script data-minify="1" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/static/og-web-loader/1/main.js?ver=1789476440" data-envid="p-eytraqry_UqSK_ZO8QXkNw"></script>
237
238<!-- end script call -->
239	
240
241
242<div  id="wrapper" class="wrapper">
243  <header id="header" class="header header-transparent" >
244    <div  class="container-fluid">
245      <div class="logo">
246        <a href="/">
247          <img class="logo-graphic" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/logo-woodwell-graphic.png" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/[email protected] 2x" alt="Woodwell Climate Research Center Logo Graphic">
248
249         <img class="logo-type logo-type--dark main-img" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/logo-woodwell-black.png" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/[email protected] 2x" alt="Woodwell Climate Research Center">
250<img class="logo-type logo-type--white main-img" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/logo-woodwell-white.png" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/[email protected] 2x" alt="Woodwell Climate Research Center">
251
252 		<!--<img class="logo-type logo-type--dark main-img" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/logo-woodwell-black-june-full.png" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/[email protected] 2x" alt="Woodwell Climate Research Center">
253			  <img class="logo-type logo-type--white main-img" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/logo-woodwell-white-june-full.png" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/[email protected] 2x" alt="Woodwell Climate Research Center">	-->
254
255			<img class="logo-type hover-img" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/logo-woodwell-red.png" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/[email protected] 2x" alt="Woodwell Climate Research Center">
256        </a>
257      </div>
258      <div class="nav-drop">
259        <div class="drop-wrap">
260          <nav class="main-menu">
261	        <ul id="menu-main-menu" class="list-unstyled"><li id="menu-item-56413" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-56413 current-menu-item"><a href="/science-for-change/">Our Work</a>
262<button class="submenu-opener" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#subDropOne" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="subDropOne"><span class="sr-only">sub menu opener</span></button><div class="collapse sub-menu" id="subDropOne">
263
264<ul class="list-unstyled">
265	<li id="menu-item-56414" class="has-divider menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-56414"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/science-for-change/">What We Do</a></li>
266	<li id="menu-item-32994" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-32994"><a href="/research-area/arctic/">Arctic</a></li>
267	<li id="menu-item-32995" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item menu-item-32995"><a href="/research-area/carbon/" aria-current="page">Carbon</a></li>
268	<li id="menu-item-32996" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-32996"><a href="/research-area/risk/">Risk</a></li>
269	<li id="menu-item-32997" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-32997"><a href="/research-area/tropics/">Tropics</a></li>
270	<li id="menu-item-32998" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-32998"><a href="/research-area/water/">Water</a></li>
271</ul></div>
272</li>
273<li id="menu-item-55948" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-55948"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/people/leadership/">People</a></li>
274<li id="menu-item-37515" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current_page_parent menu-item-37515"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/stories/">Stories</a></li>
275<li id="menu-item-32919" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-32919"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/events/">Events</a></li>
276<li id="menu-item-44999" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-44999"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/about/">About</a></li>
277<li id="menu-item-56542" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56542"><a href="https://notaclimatescientist.woodwellclimate.org">Podcast</a></li>
278<li id="menu-item-52897" class="d-lg-none menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-52897"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/give/">Give</a>
279<button class="submenu-opener" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#subDropOne" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="subDropOne"><span class="sr-only">sub menu opener</span></button><div class="collapse sub-menu" id="subDropOne">
280
281<ul class="list-unstyled">
282	<li id="menu-item-52898" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-52898"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/give/">Donate Now</a></li>
283	<li id="menu-item-52899" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-52899"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/give/other-ways-to-give/">
283Other Ways to Give</a></li>
284	<li id="menu-item-52900" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-52900"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/give/why-woodwell/">Why Woodwell</a></li>
285</ul></div>
286</li>
287</ul>	
288          </nav>
289             <a href="#" class="search-opener"><span class="icon-search"></span></a>
290            <div class="search-drop-holder" data-search-form>
291              <form class="search-form" method="get" action="https://www.woodwellclimate.org">
292                <div class="logo d-none d-lg-block">
293                  <a href="#">
294                    <img src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/logo-dark.png" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/[email protected] 2x" alt="Woodwell Climate Research Center">
295                  </a>
296                </div>
297                <a href="#" class="search-opener d-none d-lg-block"><span class="d-none">close</span></a>
298                <input type="search" class="form-control" placeholder="Search" name="s">
299                <button type="submit" class="ignore-ajax-page-load" style="pointer-events: inherit;"><span class="icon-search"></span></button>
300              </form>
301                        </div>
302                      <div id="give-nav-wrapper" style="position: absolute;top: 0;right: 0;z-index: 20;padding:1px">
303              <a href="/give" style="position:relative;top:0;right:0px" class="btn btn-warning give-link d-none d-lg-flex flex-wrap justify-content-center" id="give-menu-btn">Give<span class="fake-overlay" style="left: 108.5px; top: 24px;#ff5700"></span></a>
304              <div class="collapse sub-menu" id="subDropTwo">
305                <ul class="list-unstyled">
306                  <li id="menu-item-32994" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-32994 "><a href="/give">Donate Now</a></li>
307                  <li id="menu-item-32995" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-32995 "><a href="/give/other-ways-to-give/">Other Ways to Give</a></li>
308                  <li id="menu-item-32995" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-32995 "><a href="/give/why-woodwell">Why Woodwell</a></li>
309                </ul>
310              </div>
311          </div>
312                  </div>
313      </div>
314      <a href="#" class="burger-menu d-lg-none">
315        <span>menu</span>
316      </a>
317    </div>
318  </header>
319
320<main  class="main page--research-area-detail">
321  <section  class="hero-section intro-post-scroll">
322
323					<div class="video-container">
324				<video muted autoplay playsInline loop>
325					<source src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Woodwell-Carbon.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
326					Your browser does not support the video tag.
327				</video>
328			</div>
329		
330		<div class="bg-overlay" style="background-color: #00003c; opacity: .2;"></div>
331    <div class="container-fluid pl-lg-8_8 position-relative">
332      <h1 class="display-1">Carbon</h1>
333    </div>
334  </section>
335  <section  class="content-panel introduction-module">
336    <div class="container-fluid d-md-flex flex-wrap justify-content-between pl-lg-10_4">
337			<div class="main-content-area" data-aos="fade-in"  style="border-top-color: #8d8977">
338        <h1 class="mb-1_6 mb-lg-3_2">Solving climate change means reducing global carbon emissions.</h1>
339<p>Climate change is driven by the increase in concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily due to fossil fuel combustion. Fortunately, the Earth’s forests, soils, and natural systems can be a powerful tool to slow this dangerous build-up—if they are properly conserved and managed. Woodwell Climate scientists work across continents and fields of study to find comprehensive strategies to promote natural climate solutions for reducing carbon in the atmosphere.</p>
340      </div>
341      <div class="side-content-area" data-aos="fade-in">
342        <span class="title d-none d-md-block">Experts</span>
343        <a class="title d-md-none" data-toggle="collapse" href="#expertsDrop" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expertsDrop">Experts researching Carbon <span class="icon-chev-down"></span></a>
344        <div class="collapse experts-hold" id="expertsDrop">
345	       
346	          <ul class="list-unstyled mb-1_8 mb-md-3_6">
347		                           
348		            <li class="mb-2 mb-lg-2_6">
349		              <span class="title name d-block mb-0_6"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/staff/jonathan-sanderman/">Jonathan Sanderman</a></span>
350		              <span class="d-block">Vice President of Science</span>
351		            </li>
352		                           
353		            <li class="mb-2 mb-lg-2_6">
354		              <span class="title name d-block mb-0_6"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/staff/richard-birdsey/">Richard A. Birdsey</a></span>
355		              <span class="d-block">Senior Science Policy Advisor</span>
356		            </li>
357		                           
358		            <li class="mb-2 mb-lg-2_6">
359		              <span class="title name d-block mb-0_6"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/staff/brendan-rogers/">Brendan M. Rogers</a></span>
360		              <span class="d-block">Senior Scientist</span>
361		            </li>
362		                           
363		            <li class="mb-2 mb-lg-2_6">
364		              <span class="title name d-block mb-0_6"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/staff/christopher-schwalm/">Christopher R. Schwalm</a></span>
365		              <span class="d-block">Vice President of Science</span>
366		            </li>
367		                           
368		            <li class="mb-2 mb-lg-2_6">
369		              <span class="title name d-block mb-0_6"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/staff/wayne-walker/">Wayne S. Walker</a></span>
370		              <span class="d-block">Vice President of Science</span>
371		            </li>
372		                           
373		            <li class="mb-2 mb-lg-2_6">
374		              <span class="title name d-block mb-0_6"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/staff/elchin-jafarov/">Elchin Jafarov</a></span>
375		              <span class="d-block">Senior Research Scientist</span>
376		            </li>
377		                           
378		            <li class="mb-2 mb-lg-2_6">
379		              <span class="title name d-block mb-0_6"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/staff/susan-natali/">Susan M. Natali</a></span>
380		              <span class="d-block">Senior Scientist</span>
381		            </li>
382		                           
383		            <li class="mb-2 mb-lg-2_6">
384		              <span class="title name d-block mb-0_6"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/staff/ludmila-rattis/">Ludmila Rattis</a></span>
385		              <span class="d-block">Assistant Scientist</span>
386		            </li>
387		                           
388		            <li class="mb-2 mb-lg-2_6">
389		              <span class="title name d-block mb-0_6"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/staff/jennifer-watts/">Jennifer D. Watts</a></span>
390		              <span class="d-block">Associate Scientist</span>
391		            </li>
392		        	          </ul>
393	        										
394											<a href="/people/scientists/?research_area=Carbon" class="read-more-link d-inline-block"><span class="txt">All Carbon Experts</span></a>
395					
396				</div>
397      </div>
398    </div>
399  </section>
400  
401    <section  class="featured-story bg-battle-green text-white pt-4 pb-1_6 pt-lg-5_8 pb-lg-1_8">
402	<div class="container-fluid" data-aos="fade-in">
403	  <h2 class="section-title-small d-none d-md-block mb-4">Stories</h2>
404	  	  
405		<div class="row">
406		  		  
407		    <div class="col-md-6 mb-4 mb-lg-4_6 story-item" data-aos="fade-in">
408		  
409			
410							
411  <a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/microbes-carbon-sequestration/" class="feat-wrap">
412	    <div class="img-wrap mb-2_2 mb-lg-2_8">
413	    <img src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/C0370123-Methylomonas_methanica_SEM_web-1-505x328.jpg" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/C0370123-Methylomonas_methanica_SEM_web-1-505x328.jpg 2x" alt="Methanotroph bacteria">
414	</div>
415	<ul class="info-inline-list list-unstyled mb-1_2 ml-md-0_4">
416      <li class="d-inline-block mr-2_2 mb-0_8">Feature</li>
417	  <li class="d-inline-block mr-2_2 mb-0_8"><time datetime="2026-04-29">April 29, 2026</time></li>
418	</ul>
419    <h2 class="mb-2 mb-lg-2_6 pr-lg-5"><span>These tiny organisms could be unsung climate heroes</span></h2>
420  </a>
421      <ul class="tags-list list-unstyled">
422          <li class="d-inline-block"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/research-area/carbon/">Carbon</a></li>
423        </ul>
424  
425							
426		    </div>
427		   	
428		   	      		  
429		    <div class="col-md-6 mb-4 mb-lg-4_6 story-item" data-aos="fade-in">
430		  
431			
432							
433  
434  <a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/learn-tool-new-forest-assessment/" class="feat-wrap">
435	    <div class="img-wrap mb-2_2 mb-lg-2_8">
436	    <img src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/IMG_1988-505x328.jpg" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/IMG_1988-505x328.jpg 2x" alt="View of a green forest with the camera angle pointed slightly upwards. Trees are tall and skinny with a white sky in the background.">
437	</div>
438	<ul class="info-inline-list list-unstyled mb-1_2 ml-md-0_4">
439      <li class="d-inline-block mr-2_2 mb-0_8">Update</li>
440	  <li class="d-inline-block mr-2_2 mb-0_8"><time datetime="2025-08-20">August 20, 2025</time></li>
441	</ul>
442    <h2 class="mb-2 mb-lg-2_6 pr-lg-5"><span>Scientists add mature and old-growth forest assessment to LEARN tool</span></h2>
443  </a>
444      <ul class="tags-list list-unstyled">
445          <li class="d-inline-block"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/research-area/carbon/">Carbon</a></li>
446        </ul>
447    
448
449							
450		    </div>
451		   	
452		   	      	    </div>
453	  	</div>
454  </section>
455
456      <!--List of all the Content Modules layouts -->		
457		
458			
459					<!--BASIC TEXT MODULE -->		
460
461	
462  <section  class="module--basic-text type--research-area mid-content-panel pt-6 pb-3_8 pt-lg-10_2 pb-lg-6_6 bg-white">
463	<div class="container-fluid">
464	  <div class="row">
465	    <div class="col-md-3 pl-md-3 pl-lg-10 pt-md-0_6 order-md-2"></div>
466	    <div class="text-content col-md-8 offset-md-1 col-lg-6 offset-lg-3 order-md-1" data-aos="fade-in">
467	      <h1 class="mb-1_6 mb-lg-3_2">Any carbon stored on land is carbon that is not in the atmosphere.</h1>
468<p>Before you can manage a problem, you must be able to consistently and accurately measure it and monitor it. Woodwell Climate scientists measure and track the amount and distribution of carbon in vegetation and soils—from forests in the <a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/research-area/tropics/">Tropics</a> to temperate croplands and permafrost in the <a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/research-area/arctic/">Arctic</a>—so that we can better understand the storage and dynamics of land-based carbon, as well as how much is being lost and how it can be restored.</p>
469	  </div>
470	    	</div>
471  </section>
472	
473	
474	
475
476
477					
478		
479			
480					<!--IMAGE MODULE -->		
481
482      <section class="mid-img-block bg-white">
483	  <div class="container-fluid">
484  	            <img src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Woodwell_Carbon-1-scaled.jpg" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Woodwell_Carbon-1-scaled.jpg 2x" alt="soil carbon debt map" style="width: 100%;">
485	  </div>
486    </section>
487    
488
489
490
491
492		
493			
494					<!--BASIC TEXT MODULE -->		
495
496	
497	
498	
499  <section class="module--basic-text type--research-area mid-content-panel py-6  bg-white">
500	<div class="container-fluid">
501	  <div class="row">
502	    <div class="col-md-3 pl-md-3 pl-lg-10 pt-0_4 mb-3_4 order-md-2" data-aos="fade-in">
503	      <div class="photo-cr bg-white">
504	          <p><strong>Above:</strong> 12,000 years of agriculture and development have driven the loss of carbon stored in soils. This map indicates the potential for soil carbon restoration as a climate mitigation strategy.</p>
505<p>Data from Sanderman et. al, <em>PNAS</em> (2017)</p>
506<p>Map by Greg Fiske</p>
507	      </div>
508	    </div>
509	    <div class="text-content col-md-8 offset-md-1 col-lg-6 offset-lg-3 order-md-1" data-aos="fade-in">
510	      <p>By harnessing these data, Woodwell’s research contributes to the fundamental understanding of the carbon cycle and its impacts on climate. Our work is foundational in the search for natural solutions to climate change, with the power to inform science, guide policy and education, and help reshape agricultural and business practices around the world.</p>
511	    </div>
512	  </div>
513      	</div>
514  </section>
515	
516
517
518					
519		
520			
521					<!--IMAGE MODULE -->		
522
523  <section class="full-width--img-panel" data-aos="fade-in">
524		<div class="bg-stretch">
525						<span data-srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/carbon-1.jpg, https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/carbon-1.jpg 2x"></span>
526		</div>
527  </section>
528
529
530
531
532
533		
534			
535					<style>
536	.accordion .block-title a:hover .more-less-txt {
537		color: #8d8977;
538	}
539	.accordion .block-body {
540		border-top-color: #8d8977;
541	}
542</style>
543
544<section class="accordion-panel pt-3_8 pt-md-6 pb-md-1_6 pt-lg-9_6 pb-lg-9_6">
545	<div class="container-fluid">
546	  <h2 class="section-title-small mb-4 mb-lg-8_2">Where we’re focused</h2>
547	    <div class="accordion" id="accordion">
548	    	    	      		    <div class="block"  style="border-bottom-color: #8d8977">
549		      <div class="block-title">
550		        <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse1">
551		          <span class="h1 d-block">Aboveground carbon</span>
552		          <span class="more-less-txt d-none d-md-inline-block">READ <span class="more">MORE</span><span class="less">less</span> <span class="icon-chev-down"></span></span>
553		          <span class="mob-ico icon-chev-down d-md-none"></span>
554		        </a>
555
556						
557		      </div>
558		      <div id="collapse1" class="collapse" data-parent="#accordion">
559		        <div class="block-body">
560		          <div class="row">
561		            <div class="col-md-7 mb-2 mb-md-0 pr-lg-7">
562		              <p>Forests play a pivotal role in mitigating climate change by absorbing and storing carbon. By developing and employing innovative carbon monitoring systems, and conducting research on aboveground carbon stores around the world, Woodwell researchers are creating important new knowledge about the Earth’s temperate, tropical and boreal forests and vegetation—and using it to protect them from deforestation, degradation and disturbance.</p>
563<h3>Projects</h3>
564<h6><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/project/amazon-fire-outlook/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Amazon Deforestation &amp; Fire Outlook</a></h6>
565<h6><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/project/radiative-forcing-of-arctic-carbon/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Radiative Forcing of Arctic Carbon</a></h6>
566		            </div>
567		            <div class="col-md-5 pt-md-1">
568			                                  <img src=" https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Eastern-Siberia_near-Yakutsk-Tatiana-Shestakova.jpg-768x576.jpg" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Eastern-Siberia_near-Yakutsk-Tatiana-Shestakova.jpg-768x576.jpg 2x" alt="image description">
569                       		              <div class="photo-cr">
570		                <p><p><strong>Above:</strong> Forest land in Eastern Siberia near Yakutsk.</p>
571</p>		                <span class="d-block">Photo courtesy of Tatiana Shestakova</span>		              </div>
572		            </div>
573		          </div>
574		        </div>
575		      </div>
576		    </div>
577	      		    <div class="block"  style="border-bottom-color: #8d8977">
578		      <div class="block-title">
579		        <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse2">
580		          <span class="h1 d-block">Soil carbon</span>
581		          <span class="more-less-txt d-none d-md-inline-block">READ <span class="more">MORE</span><span class="less">less</span> <span class="icon-chev-down"></span></span>
582		          <span class="mob-ico icon-chev-down d-md-none"></span>
583		        </a>
584
585						
586		      </div>
587		      <div id="collapse2" class="collapse" data-parent="#accordion">
588		        <div class="block-body">
589		          <div class="row">
590		            <div class="col-md-7 mb-2 mb-md-0 pr-lg-7">
591		              <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Employing soils as a carbon sink may prove to be an important climate change mitigation strategy. But as land use and ecosystems rapidly change, it can be difficult to estimate the size and distribution of soil carbon loss. Woodwell researchers are working to better map, measure, and monitor soil carbon in the Arctic, in rainforest ecosystems, and in agricultural regions across the United States and throughout the world.</span></p>
592<h3>Projects</h3>
593<h6><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/project/carbon-monitoring-in-rangelands/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Carbon Monitoring in Rangelands</a></h6>
594<h6><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/project/radiative-forcing-of-arctic-carbon/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Radiative Forcing of Arctic Carbon</a></h6>
595<h6><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/project/soil-spectroscopy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Soil Spectroscopy for the Greater Good</a></h6>
596<h6><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/project/soils-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Soils Revealed</a></h6>
597<h6><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/project/taking-stock-of-soil-carbon/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Taking Stock of Soil Carbon</a></h6>
598		            </div>
599		            <div class="col-md-5 pt-md-1">
600			                                  <img src=" https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/carbon-3-768x511.jpg" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/carbon-3-768x511.jpg 2x" alt="image description">
601                       		              <div class="photo-cr">
602		                <p><p><strong>Above: </strong>Soil samples ready for analysis in Woodwell Climate&#8217;s laboratory.</p>
603</p>
603		                <span class="d-block">© <a href="http://chrislinder.com" target="_blank">Chris Linder</a> </span>		              </div>
604		            </div>
605		          </div>
606		        </div>
607		      </div>
608		    </div>
609	      		    <div class="block"  style="border-bottom-color: #8d8977">
610		      <div class="block-title">
611		        <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse3">
612		          <span class="h1 d-block">Blue carbon</span>
613		          <span class="more-less-txt d-none d-md-inline-block">READ <span class="more">MORE</span><span class="less">less</span> <span class="icon-chev-down"></span></span>
614		          <span class="mob-ico icon-chev-down d-md-none"></span>
615		        </a>
616
617						
618		      </div>
619		      <div id="collapse3" class="collapse" data-parent="#accordion">
620		        <div class="block-body">
621		          <div class="row">
622		            <div class="col-md-7 mb-2 mb-md-0 pr-lg-7">
623		              <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Coastal wetlands and marshes are critical biodiversity hotspots and protect communities from storms. They also act as important carbon sinks. Mangroves, for instance, contain 4.5 times the amount of carbon the U.S. emits each year. Woodwell researchers are working to better measure this “blue carbon”—the carbon captured and stored by the world’s coastal ecosystems—to understand its role in the global carbon cycle, and how we can protect these important ecosystems.</span></p>
624<h3>Projects</h3>
625<h6><a href="https://thetideproject.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The TIDE Project</a></h6>
626<h6><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/project/radiative-forcing-of-arctic-carbon/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Radiative Forcing of Arctic Carbon</a></h6>
627		            </div>
628		            <div class="col-md-5 pt-md-1">
629			                                  <img src=" https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/carbon-6-768x616.png" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/carbon-6-768x616.png 2x" alt="image description">
630                       		              <div class="photo-cr">
631		                <p><p><strong>Above:</strong> Collecting a water sample during Arctic fieldwork.</p>
632</p>		                <span class="d-block">© <a href="http://chrislinder.com" target="_blank">Chris Linder</a> </span>		              </div>
633		            </div>
634		          </div>
635		        </div>
636		      </div>
637		    </div>
638	      		    <div class="block"  style="border-bottom-color: #8d8977">
639		      <div class="block-title">
640		        <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse4">
641		          <span class="h1 d-block">Global carbon budget</span>
642		          <span class="more-less-txt d-none d-md-inline-block">READ <span class="more">MORE</span><span class="less">less</span> <span class="icon-chev-down"></span></span>
643		          <span class="mob-ico icon-chev-down d-md-none"></span>
644		        </a>
645
646						
647		      </div>
648		      <div id="collapse4" class="collapse" data-parent="#accordion">
649		        <div class="block-body">
650		          <div class="row">
651		            <div class="col-md-7 mb-2 mb-md-0 pr-lg-7">
652		              <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The global carbon budget describes the releases of carbon from fossil fuel combustion and land use, and how that carbon is taken up by the atmosphere, land, and oceans. This carbon budget is important for predicting future rates of climatic change—but many of the factors that go into the carbon budget are still unclear. Understanding the processes responsible for carbon sinks could improve models used to predict future climate change and determine limits to fossil fuel use to mitigate its effects.</span></p>
653<h3>Projects</h3>
654<h6><a href="https://permafrost.woodwellclimate.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Permafrost Pathways</a></h6>
655<h6><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/project/land-as-a-natural-climate-solution/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Land as a Natural Climate Solution</a></h6>
656<h6><strong><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/project/methane-cycling-in-northern-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Methane Cycling in Northern Forests</a></strong></h6>
657		            </div>
658		            <div class="col-md-5 pt-md-1">
659			                                  <img src=" https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/carbon-5-768x512.jpg" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/carbon-5-768x512.jpg 2x" alt="image description">
660                       		              <div class="photo-cr">
661		                <p><p><strong>Above: </strong>Soil samples awaiting analysis to determine carbon content.</p>
662</p>		                		              </div>
663		            </div>
664		          </div>
665		        </div>
666		      </div>
667		    </div>
668	      		    <div class="block"  style="border-bottom-color: #8d8977">
669		      <div class="block-title">
670		        <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse5">
671		          <span class="h1 d-block">Natural climate solutions</span>
672		          <span class="more-less-txt d-none d-md-inline-block">READ <span class="more">MORE</span><span class="less">less</span> <span class="icon-chev-down"></span></span>
673		          <span class="mob-ico icon-chev-down d-md-none"></span>
674		        </a>
675
676						
677		      </div>
678		      <div id="collapse5" class="collapse" data-parent="#accordion">
679		        <div class="block-body">
680		          <div class="row">
681		            <div class="col-md-7 mb-2 mb-md-0 pr-lg-7">
682		              <p>Addressing the climate crisis requires that we rapidly reduce carbon emissions while also implementing strategies to remove excess carbon from the atmosphere. Protecting, restoring, and better managing the planet’s lands can provide immediate carbon storage and climate mitigation, buying us time to decarbonize. Woodwell Climate researchers are at the forefront of exploring, vetting, and supporting natural climate solutions. Our collaborative approach and deep knowledge of land carbon dynamics – aboveground and in soils, from the Arctic to the tropics – are fundamental to realizing these solutions.</p>
683<h3>Projects</h3>
684<h6><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/project/land-as-a-natural-climate-solution/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Land as a Natural Climate Solution</a></h6>
685<h6><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/project/climate-smart-mv/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Climate Smart MV</a></h6>
686<h6><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/project/carbon-monitoring-in-rangelands/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Carbon Monitoring in Rangelands</a></h6>
687<h6><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/project/taking-stock-of-soil-carbon/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Taking Stock of Soil Carbon</a></h6>
688		            </div>
689		            <div class="col-md-5 pt-md-1">
690			                                  <img src=" https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/DSC_0293-2-768x510.jpg" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/DSC_0293-2-768x510.jpg 2x" alt="image description">
691                       		              <div class="photo-cr">
692		                <p><p><strong>Above</strong><strong>:</strong> A tree nursery supporting forest restoration in Venezuela.</p>
693</p>		                <span class="d-block">Photo courtesy of Wayne Walker</span>		              </div>
694		            </div>
695		          </div>
696		        </div>
697		      </div>
698		    </div>
699	      					</div> 
700	</div>
701</section>
702			
703		
704			
705					<!-- BLOCKQUOTE MODULE -->		
706		
707<section class="pt-6_8 pb-5_6 pt-lg-15_6 pb-lg-14_2" style="background-color: #191d19; color: #fff;" data-aos="fade-in">
708  <div class="container-fluid">
709    <blockquote class="pl-lg-9_8" style="max-width: 780px;">
710              <q class="h1">For land management to be a climate solution, we need three things: evidence of what really works, a way to monitor outcomes, and incentives for land stewards to adopt those practices. We're working on all three.</q>
711                    <cite class="pt-lg-3">Dr. Jon Sanderman, Carbon Program Director</cite>
712          </blockquote>
713  </div>
714</section>
715	
716		
717		
718	
719  
720  <!-- AUTO POPULATED STORIES -->  
721  <section class="featured-story pt-7 pb-1_8 pt-lg-9_8 pb-lg-6_4 bg-white">
722    <div class="container-fluid" data-aos="fade-in">
723							<h2 class="section-title-small mb-5_4 mb-lg-6_4">Latest in Carbon</h2>
724								  			<div class="row"> 
725			  				<div class="col-md-6 mb-4 mb-lg-4_6 story-item">
726			
727							
728											<a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22082026/convention-to-combat-desertification-highlights-soil-crisis/" class="block-link" target="_blank">
729				<div class="img-wrap mb-2_2 mb-lg-2_6">
730			<img src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/55475851451_57925e85dd_o-505x328.jpg" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/55475851451_57925e85dd_o-505x328.jpg 2x" alt="a man stands at a podium in front of a screen that reads &quot;united nations convention to combat desertification&quot;">
731			<span class="img-link"><span class="icon-arrow-right"></span></span>
732		</div>
733		<ul class="info-inline-list list-unstyled mb-1_2 mb-lg-0_6">
734		<li class="d-inline-block mr-2_2 mb-0_8">In The News</li>
735		<li class="d-inline-block mr-2_2 mb-0_8"><time datetime="2026-08-22">August 22, 2026</time></li>
736	</ul>
737	<h2 class="mb-2 mb-lg-2_6 pr-lg-5"><span>A global gathering to tackle the planet&#8217;s soil crisis is underway in Mongolia</span></h2>
738
739</a>
740<div class="info-texts mb-3_4">
741  	    <span class="d-block mb-0_8">Read on <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22082026/convention-to-combat-desertification-highlights-soil-crisis/" target="_blank">Inside Climate News</a></span>
742		
743		  	  	  <span class="d-block mb-0_8">Mentions 
744				  <a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/staff/jennifer-watts/">Jennifer D. Watts</a>
745			  </span>
746	  </div>   		
747					
748		        </div>
749			  				<div class="col-md-6 mb-4 mb-lg-4_6 story-item">
750			
751							
752											<a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2026/07/07/science/woods-maine-searching-an-answer-ticking-climate-bomb/" class="block-link" target="_blank">
753				<div class="img-wrap mb-2_2 mb-lg-2_6">
754			<img src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/9A5A6338.3000px.100dpi.WM-505x328.jpg" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/9A5A6338.3000px.100dpi.WM-505x328.jpg 2x" alt="kathleen savage takes carbon measurements in howland forest">
755			<span class="img-link"><span class="icon-arrow-right"></span></span>
756		</div>
757		<ul class="info-inline-list list-unstyled mb-1_2 mb-lg-0_6">
758		<li class="d-inline-block mr-2_2 mb-0_8">In The News</li>
759		<li class="d-inline-block mr-2_2 mb-0_8"><time datetime="2026-07-20">July 20, 2026</time></li>
760	</ul>
761	<h2 class="mb-2 mb-lg-2_6 pr-lg-5"><span>In the woods of Maine, searching for an answer to the ticking climate bomb</span></h2>
762
763</a>
764<div class="info-texts mb-3_4">
765  	    <span class="d-block mb-0_8">Read on <a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2026/07/07/science/woods-maine-searching-an-answer-ticking-climate-bomb/" target="_blank">Boston Globe</a></span>
766		
767		  	  </div>   		
768					
769		        </div>
770			  				<div class="col-md-6 mb-4 mb-lg-4_6 story-item">
771			
772							
773											
774  
775  <a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/regenerative-grazing-sequester-carbon-new-study/" class="feat-wrap">
776	    <div class="img-wrap mb-2_2 mb-lg-2_8">
777	    <img src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/25-AJ3A8767-505x328.jpg" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/25-AJ3A8767-505x328.jpg 2x" alt="black cattle in foreground, standing on a field, looking at camera,">
778	</div>
779	<ul class="info-inline-list list-unstyled mb-1_2 ml-md-0_4">
780      <li class="d-inline-block mr-2_2 mb-0_8">Update</li>
781	  <li class="d-inline-block mr-2_2 mb-0_8"><time datetime="2026-07-10">July 10, 2026</time></li>
782	</ul>
783    <h2 class="mb-2 mb-lg-2_6 pr-lg-5"><span>Does regenerative grazing help sequester carbon? We don’t know yet.</span></h2>
784  </a>
785      <ul class="tags-list list-unstyled">
786          <li class="d-inline-block"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/research-area/carbon/">Carbon</a></li>
787        </ul>
788    
789		
790					
791		        </div>
792			  				<div class="col-md-6 mb-4 mb-lg-4_6 story-item">
793			
794							
795											
796  <a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/microbes-carbon-sequestration/" class="feat-wrap">
797	    <div class="img-wrap mb-2_2 mb-lg-2_8">
798	    <img src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/C0370123-Methylomonas_methanica_SEM_web-1-505x328.jpg" srcset="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/C0370123-Methylomonas_methanica_SEM_web-1-505x328.jpg 2x" alt="Methanotroph bacteria">
799	</div>
800	<ul class="info-inline-list list-unstyled mb-1_2 ml-md-0_4">
801      <li class="d-inline-block mr-2_2 mb-0_8">Feature</li>
802	  <li class="d-inline-block mr-2_2 mb-0_8"><time datetime="2026-04-29">April 29, 2026</time></li>
803	</ul>
804    <h2 class="mb-2 mb-lg-2_6 pr-lg-5"><span>These tiny organisms could be unsung climate heroes</span></h2>
805  </a>
806      <ul class="tags-list list-unstyled">
807          <li class="d-inline-block"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/research-area/carbon/">Carbon</a></li>
808        </ul>
809  		
810					
811		        </div>
812			  			</div>
813		    </div>
814  </section>
815 </main>
816
817
818<a name="signup"></a>
819	<footer class="footer pt-6 pb-6_4 pt-lg-9 pb-lg-13_2" id="footer">
820      <div class="container-fluid">
821        <div class="row">
822	      	          <div class="column pb-1_2 pb-lg-0">
823              <div class="footer-logo mb-3 mb-md-7">
824                <a href="/"><img src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/[email protected]" alt="Woodwell Climate Research Center"></a>
825	            </div>
826	            <address>
827	              <span class="d-block mb-2">149 Woods Hole Road <br />
828Falmouth, MA 02540-1644</span>
829	              <span class="d-block"><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></span>
830	              <span class="d-block"><a href="tel:508-540-9900">508-540-9900</a></span>
831	            </address>
832				  
833				            <!--<div class="col-12 pt-4 copyright">-->
834				  <div class="copyright" style="padding-top: 10px;">
835				  
836			              <p>
837              &copy; 2026 
838              Woodwell Climate Research Center				                <br />
839                Registered 501(c)(3). EIN: 04-3005094                                            <br />
840                <a href="/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a>
841                          </p>
842          </div>
843
844				  
845	          </div>
846	                <div class="column pt-3_6 pt-md-12 pl-xl-9_4 pr-xl-4_2">
847            <div class="menu-footer-menu-container"><ul id="menu-footer-menu" class="list-unstyled footer-links"><li id="menu-item-56529" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-56529 mb-2_2 current-menu-item"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/science-for-change/">Our Work</a></li>
848<li id="menu-item-36792" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36792 mb-2_2"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/people/scientists/">People</a></li>
849<li id="menu-item-37513" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current_page_parent menu-item-37513 mb-2_2"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/stories/">Stories</a></li>
850<li id="menu-item-32926" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-32926 mb-2_2"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/events/">Events</a></li>
851<li id="menu-item-32925" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-32925 mb-2_2"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/about/">About</a></li>
852<li id="menu-item-52814" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-52814 mb-2_2"><a href="/give">Give</a></li>
853<li id="menu-item-32920" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-32920 mb-2_2"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/careers/">Careers</a></li>
854<li id="menu-item-35192" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-35192 mb-2_2"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/financials/">Financials</a></li>
855<li id="menu-item-38641" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-38641 mb-2_2"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/publications/">Publications</a></li>
856<li id="menu-item-49956" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-49956 mb-2_2"><a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/email-signup/">Sign Up for Emails</a></li>
857</ul></div>	
858          </div>
859          <div class="column pt-4 pt-md-11_8 pr-xl-2">
860			  				<div style="font-size:12px; line-height: 1.5; padding-bottom: 30px;">
861				               
862                Woodwell Climate Research Center is located on the traditional and sacred land of the Wampanoag people who still occupy this land, and whose history, language, traditional ways of life, and culture continue to influence this vibrant community.				  </div>
863			  
864			  <ul class="social-networks list-unstyled">
865
866			                  <!--<li><a href="https://linkedin.com/company/woodwellclimate"><span class="icon-linkedin"></span><span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span></a></li>-->
867                <li><a href="https://linkedin.com/company/woodwellclimate"><img src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/ic-linkedin-footer.svg" width="14" height="23" alt="Linkedin Icon"><span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span></a></li>
868              				  
869                              <!--<li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/woodwellclimateresearchcenter/"><span class="icon-instagram"></span><span class="sr-only">Instagram</span></a></li>-->
870                <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/woodwellclimateresearchcenter/"><img src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/ic-instagram-footer.svg" width="16" height="23" alt="Instagram Icon"><span class="sr-only">Instagram</span></a></li>
871              
872                              <!--<li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/WoodwellClimate/"><span class="icon-facebook"></span><span class="sr-only">Facebook</span></a></li>-->
873                <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/WoodwellClimate/"><img src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/ic-facebook-footer.svg" width="9" height="23" alt="Facebook Icon"><span class="sr-only">Facebook</span></a></li>
874              
875                              <!--<li><a href="https://twitter.com/WoodwellClimate"><span class="icon-twitter"></span><span class="sr-only">Twitter</span></a></li>-->
876                <!--<li><a href="https://twitter.com/WoodwellClimate"><img src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/ic-twitter-footer.svg" width="15" height="23" alt="Twitter Icon"><span class="sr-only">Twitter</span></a></li>-->
877              				
878                              <!--<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/WoodwellClimateResearchCenter"><span class="icon-youtube2"></span><span class="sr-only">YouTube</span></a></li>-->
879                <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/WoodwellClimateResearchCenter"><img src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/ic-youtube-footer.svg" width="16" height="23" alt="Youtube Icon"><span class="sr-only">YouTube</span></a></li>
880              				  
881				                  <!--<li><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/woodwellclimate.bsky.social"><span class="icon-bluesky"></span><span class="sr-only">Bluesky</span></a></li>
882                <li><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/woodwellclimate.bsky.social"><img src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/images/ic-bluesky-footer.svg" width="15" height="23" alt="Bluesky Icon"><span class="sr-only">Bluesky</span></a></li>-->
883                          </ul>
884          </div>
885
886		  
887		  
888		  </div>
889      </div>
890    </footer>
891
892        
893  </div>
894
895  
895<script type="speculationrules">
896{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["/wp-*.php","/wp-admin/*","/wp-content/uploads/*","/wp-content/*","/wp-content/plugins/*","/wp-content/themes/woodwell-center/*","/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
897</script>
897
898<div class="wppopups-whole" style="display: none"><div class="spu-bg " id="spu-bg-56916"></div><div class="spu-box spu-animation-fade spu-position-centered" id="spu-56916" data-id="56916" data-parent="0" data-settings="{&quot;position&quot;:{&quot;position&quot;:&quot;centered&quot;},&quot;animation&quot;:{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fade&quot;},&quot;colors&quot;:{&quot;show_overlay&quot;:&quot;yes-color&quot;,&quot;overlay_color&quot;:&quot;rgba(0,0,0,0.5)&quot;,&quot;overlay_blur&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;bg_color&quot;:&quot;rgb(255, 255, 255)&quot;,&quot;bg_img&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bg_img_repeat&quot;:&quot;no-repeat&quot;,&quot;bg_img_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;},&quot;close&quot;:{&quot;close_color&quot;:&quot;#666&quot;,&quot;close_hover_color&quot;:&quot;#000&quot;,&quot;close_shadow_color&quot;:&quot;#000&quot;,&quot;close_size&quot;:&quot;30&quot;,&quot;close_position&quot;:&quot;top_right&quot;},&quot;popup_box&quot;:{&quot;width&quot;:&quot;650px&quot;,&quot;padding&quot;:&quot;20&quot;,&quot;radius&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;auto_height&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:&quot;350px&quot;},&quot;border&quot;:{&quot;border_type&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;border_color&quot;:&quot;#000&quot;,&quot;border_width&quot;:&quot;3&quot;,&quot;border_radius&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;border_margin&quot;:&quot;0&quot;},&quot;shadow&quot;:{&quot;shadow_color&quot;:&quot;#ccc&quot;,&quot;shadow_type&quot;:&quot;outset&quot;,&quot;shadow_x_offset&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shadow_y_offset&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shadow_blur&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shadow_spread&quot;:&quot;0&quot;},&quot;css&quot;:{&quot;custom_css&quot;:&quot;.popup {\r\n    display: flex;\r\n    font-family: \&quot;Ginto\&quot;;\r\n}\r\n.popup .pu-left, .popup .pu-right {\r\n    width: 50%;\r\n}\r\n.popup .pu-right {\r\n    padding: 24px 24px;\r\n}\r\n.popup h2 {\r\n    line-height: 24px;\r\n    font-family: \&quot;Impact\&quot;;\r\n    font-size: 20px;\r\n    font-weight: 900;\r\n}\r\n.popup p {\r\n    font-size: 16px;\r\n}\r\n.popup input[type=text] {\r\n    font-size: 14px;\r\n    width: 75%;\r\n}\r\n.popup .pu-btn a {\r\n    background-color: #ee7e2b;\r\n    color: #fff;\r\n    border: none;\r\n    padding: 4px 12px;\r\n    font-weight: bold;\r\n    display: block;\r\n    margin-top: 20px;\r\n    font-family: \&quot;Impact\&quot;;\r\n    text-align: center;\r\n    width: 90%;\r\n    text-decoration: none;\r\n}\r\n@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {\r\n.popup {\r\n    display: block;\r\n}\r\n.popup .pu-left, .popup .pu-right {\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n}\r\n.popup .pu-right {\r\n    padding: 8px 0 0 0;\r\n}\r\n}&quot;},&quot;id&quot;:&quot;56916&quot;,&quot;field_id&quot;:1,&quot;rules&quot;:{&quot;group_0&quot;:{&quot;rule_0&quot;:{&quot;rule&quot;:&quot;page_type&quot;,&quot;operator&quot;:&quot;==&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:&quot;all_pages&quot;}}},&quot;global_rules&quot;:{&quot;group_0&quot;:{&quot;rule_0&quot;:{&quot;rule&quot;:&quot;left_comment&quot;,&quot;operator&quot;:&quot;!=&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:&quot;true&quot;}}},&quot;settings&quot;:{&quot;popup_title&quot;:&quot;Not a Climate Scientist - updated&quot;,&quot;popup_desc&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;test_mode&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;powered_link&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;popup_class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;popup_hidden_class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;close_on_conversion&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;conversion_cookie_name&quot;:&quot;spu_conversion_55934&quot;,&quot;conversion_cookie_duration&quot;:&quot;30&quot;,&quot;conversion_cookie_type&quot;:&quot;d&quot;,&quot;closing_cookie_name&quot;:&quot;spu_closing_55934&quot;,&quot;closing_cookie_duration&quot;:&quot;30&quot;,&quot;closing_cookie_type&quot;:&quot;d&quot;},&quot;triggers&quot;:{&quot;trigger_0&quot;:{&quot;trigger&quot;:&quot;seconds&quot;,&quot;value&quot;:&quot;6&quot;}}}" data-need_ajax="1"><div class="spu-container "><div class="spu-content"><div class="popup">
899<div class="pu-left"><img src="/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/popup-image-6-17-26.jpg" alt="collage of guest headshots with logo of Not a Climate Scientist" width="819" height="1024" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-56371" /></div>
900<div class="pu-right">
901<h2>A different kind of climate podcast.</h2>
902<p>No jargon, no science lessons, and no crazy heroics.</p>
903<p>Meet real people whose lives and livelihoods are being impacted by climate change. People who are making a real difference <strong>just by doing their jobs</strong>.
904</p>
905<div class="pu-btn" style="font-size:1.5em;letter-spacing:.1em;padding-top:1px"><a href='https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-YcRsZKz5Q&#038;list=PLkW2kC5N3yCp8poGDFYAZ1dhABPVb9fqn&#038;index=2' target='_blank' class="podcast2-pop-up-btn" rel="noopener">LISTEN NOW</a></div>
906</div>
907</div>
908</div><span class="spu-close spu-close-popup spu-close-top_right">&times;</span><span class="spu-timer"></span></div></div><!--spu-box--></div>
908<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=dd5603f07f9220ed27f1" id="wp-hooks-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 908
908
909<script type="text/javascript" id="wppopups-js-extra">
910/* <![CDATA[ */
911var wppopups_vars = {"is_admin":"","ajax_url":"https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","pid":"32228","is_front_page":"","is_blog_page":"","is_category":"","site_url":"https://www.woodwellclimate.org","is_archive":"","is_search":"","is_singular":"1","is_preview":"","facebook":"","twitter":"","val_required":"This field is required.","val_url":"Please enter a valid URL.","val_email":"Please enter a valid email address.","val_number":"Please enter a valid number.","val_checklimit":"You have exceeded the number of allowed selections: {#}.","val_limit_characters":"{count} of {limit} max characters.","val_limit_words":"{count} of {limit} max words.","disable_form_reopen":"__return_false"};
912//# sourceURL=wppopups-js-extra
913/* ]]> */
914</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 914
914
915<script data-minify="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/wp-popups-lite/src/assets/js/wppopups.js?ver=1789476440" id="wppopups-js"></script>
vendor: 78 bytes, lines 915-916
915
916<script type="text/javascript" src="//www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=
9166LczslAsAAAAAK2B3mD2Y_rbWHYugEUCYq4RcBq7
vendor: 49 bytes, line 916
916&amp;ver=2.21.0" id="recaptcha-lib-js"></script>
917<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/plugins/constant-contact-forms/assets/js/ctct-plugin-recaptcha.min.js?ver=2.21.0" id="recaptcha-v3-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 917
917
918<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/plugins/constant-contact-forms/assets/js/ctct-plugin-frontend.min.js?ver=2.21.0" id="ctct_frontend_forms-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 918
918
919<script type="text/javascript" id="ctct_frontend_forms-js-after">
920/* <![CDATA[ */
921recaptchav3 = {"site_key":"6LczslAsAAAAAK2B3mD2Y_rbWHYugEUCYq4RcBq7"}
922//# sourceURL=ctct_frontend_forms-js-after
923/* ]]> */
924</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 924
924
925<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/plugins/pdf-viewer-for-wordpress/tnc-resources/modaal.min.js?ver=12.6.4" id="pvfw-modaal-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 925
925
926<script data-minify="1" type="text/javascript" src="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/pdf-viewer-for-wordpress/tnc-resources/custom-modal.js?ver=1789476440" id="pvfw-custom-modaal-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 926
926
927<script id="wp-emoji-settings" type="application/json">
928{"baseUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/svg/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.9.9"}}
929</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 929
929
930<script type="module">
931/* <![CDATA[ */
932/*! This file is auto-generated */
933var e="script#wp-emoji-settings",t=document.querySelector(e);if(!(t instanceof HTMLScriptElement))throw new Error("Element missing: "+e);const r=JSON.parse(t.text),s=(window._wpemojiSettings=r,"wpEmojiSettingsSupports"),o=["flag","emoji"];function i(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(s,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function c(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0);const r=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);return t.every((e,t)=>e===r[t])}function p(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1);for(let e=0;e<n.data.length;e++)if(0!==n.data[e])return!1;return!0}function u(e,t,n,r){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!r(e,"\ud83e\u1fac8")}return!1}function f(e,t,n,r){let a;const s=(a="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):document.createElement("canvas")).getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(e=>{o[e]=t(s,e,n,r)}),o}function a(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,document.head.appendChild(t)}r.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},new Promise(t=>{let n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(s));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(o),u.toString(),c.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"});const a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=e=>{i(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}i(n=f(o,u,c,p))}t(n)}).then(e=>{for(const n in e)r.supports[n]=e[n],r.supports.everything=r.supports.everything&&r.supports[n],"flag"!==n&&(r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&r.supports[n]);var t;r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!r.supports.flag,r.supports.everything||((t=r.source||{}).concatemoji?a(t.concatemoji):t.wpemoji&&t.twemoji&&(a(t.twemoji),a(t.wpemoji)))});
934//# sourceURL=https://www.woodwellclimate.org/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.min.js
935/* ]]> */
936</script>
936
937    
938    
939    <!-- Start LinkedIn -->
940    
940<script type="text/javascript">
941    _linkedin_partner_id = "7879346";
942    window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || [];
943    window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id);
944    </script>
944<script type="text/javascript">
945    (function(l) {
946    if (!l){window.lintrk = function(a,b){window.lintrk.q.push([a,b])};
947    window.lintrk.q=[]}
948    var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
949    var b = document.createElement("script");
950    b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true;
951    b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js";
952    s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(window.lintrk);
953    </script>
953
954    <noscript>
955    <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none;" alt="" src="https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=7879346&fmt=gif" />
956    </noscript>
957    <!-- End LinkedIn -->
958
959  
960
961<script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||(a.contentWindow&&a.contentWindow.document);if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'a43ab4eb0eda127b',t:'MTc5MDg0OTczMg=='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script>
961</body>
962</html>
963
964<!-- This website is like a Rocket, isn't it? Performance optimized by WP Rocket. Learn more: https://wp-rocket.me -->

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.