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18    <title>Basic Principles: Of constitutional analysis and design</title>
19    <link href="http://constitution.org/img/stardot.gif"
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21    <meta name="description" content="Principles of political and legal
22      philosophy that are the foundations of constitutional republican
23      government and constitutional compliance.">
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31    <h1 align="center">Basic Principles</h1>
32    <table width="70%" align="center">
33      <tbody>
34        <tr>
35          <td>"... freedom of men under government is to have a standing
36            rule to live by, common to every one of that society, and
37            made by the legislative power erected in it. A liberty to
38            follow my own will in all things where that rule prescribes
39            not, not to be subject to the inconstant, uncertain,
40            unknown, arbitrary will of another man, ..."<br>
41            — John Locke, <a href="../2-Authors/jl/2ndtreat.htm#ch04"><i>Second
42                Treatise</i>, Ch. 4 §21</a>.</td>
43        </tr>
44      </tbody>
45    </table>
46    <br>
47    <table cellspacing="2" cellpadding="4" border="1" align="center">
48      <tbody>
49        <tr>
50          <th colspan="8">Click on the button to get the indicated file
51            format:</th>
52        </tr>
53        <tr>
54          <th>Format</th>
55          <th>HTML</th>
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59          <th>RTF</th>
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110      </tbody>
111    </table>
112    <p><font size="+2"><a href="../1-Constitution/constitutionalism.htm">Constitutionalism</a></font>
113      — Sometimes equated with <em>regula iuris</em>, the "Rule of
114      Law", holds that government can and should be legally limited in
115      its powers, and that its authority depends on enforcing those
116      limitations.</p>
117    <h3>Essays and Commentaries</h3>
118    <ol>
119      <li><a href="soclcont.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML
120            Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<a
121          href="soclcont.txt"><img src="../img/sqbutyel.gif" alt="Text
122            Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<a
123          href="soclcont.doc"><img src="../img/sqbutblk.gif" alt="Word
124            version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Social
125
126
127
128
129
130          Contract and Constitutional Republics</b>, Jon Roland, 1994,
131        with 2007 Supplement.</li>
132      <li><a href="../1-Corruption/tyranny.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML
133            Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Selected
134
135
136
137
138
139
140          Works on Tyranny</b> — To understand the principles of
141        constitutional republican government, one must understand the
142        principles of its opposite.</li>
143      <li><a href="../1-Constitution/cmt/cons_cmt.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif"
144            alt="Submenu" width="14" height="14" border="0"
145            align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Constitutional History &amp;
146          Commentary Collection</b> — Books, anthologies, and essays.</li>
147      <li><a href="../2-Authors/hs/spencer.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML
148            Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Selected
149
150
151
152
153
154
155          Works of Herbert Spencer</b> (1802-1903) — Early libertarian
156        political philosopher.</li>
157      <li><a href="../2-Authors/hwheeler/hwheeler.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif"
158            alt="HTML Version" width="14" height="14" border="0"
159            align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Selected Works</b>, Harvey
160        Wheeler — Papers on Francis Bacon and constitutional history and
161        law.</li>
162      <li><a href="../2-LawRev/psuber/paradox_self-amendment.htm"><img
163            src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML Version" width="14"
164            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<a
165          href="http://www.earlham.edu/%7Epeters/writing/psa/index.htm"><img
166            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
167            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<i>The
168          Paradox of Self-Amendment</i>: A Study of Law, Logic,
169        Omnipotence, and Change, by Peter Suber, Philosophy Department,
170        Earlham College. Explores logical problems with constitutions,
171        especially involving amendment of them. </li>
172    </ol>
173    <table width="50%" align="center">
174      <tbody>
175        <tr>
176          <td><em>Nullum ius sine summo legislatore.</em><br>
177            There is no law without a sovereign (supreme lawgiver).<br>
178            — Ancient legal maxim.</td>
179        </tr>
180      </tbody>
181    </table>
182    <br>
183    <h3>Selections from <a href="liberlib.htm" target="">The Liberty
184        Library of Constitutional Classics</a></h3>
185    <ol>
186      <li><a href="../1-Constitution/ari/polit_00.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif"
187            alt="HTML Version" width="14" height="14" border="0"
188            align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<i><b>Politics</b></i>, Aristotle
189        (~350 BCE) — Laid out the alternative forms of government.</li>
190      <li><a href="../2-Authors/mac/disclivy_.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif"
191            alt="HTML Version" width="14" height="14" border="0"
192            align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<a href="../2-Authors/mac/disclivy.txt"><img
193            src="../img/sqbutyel.gif" alt="Text Version" width="14"
194            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<i><b>Discourses
195
196
197
198
199            on Livy</b></i>, Niccolo Machiavelli (1517) — Argues for the
200        ideal form of government being a republic based on popular
201        consent, defended by militia.</li>
202      <li><a href="../2-Authors/th/decive.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML
203            Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<a
204          href="../2-Authors/th/decive.zip"><img src="../img/sqbutyel.gif" alt="Text
205            Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<i><b>De
206
207
208
209
210
211            Cive (The Citizen)</b></i>, Thomas Hobbes (1641-47) — Laid
212        basis for social contract theory, providing branching point for
213        the theories of constitutionalism and fascism.</li>
214      <li><a href="../2-Authors/jl/2ndtreat.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif"
215            alt="HTML Version" width="14" height="14" border="0"
216            align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<a href="../2-Authors/jl/2ndtreat.txt"><img
217            src="../img/sqbutyel.gif" alt="Text Version" width="14"
218            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<i><b>Second
219            Treatise on Government</b></i>, John Locke (1689) —
220        Principal proponent of the social contract theory which forms
221        the basis for modern constitutional republican government.</li>
222      <li><a href="../2-Authors/lincoln/lyceum.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif"
223            alt="HTML Version" width="14" height="14" border="0"
224            align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<i><b>Address before the Young
225            Men's Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois</b></i>, Abraham
226        Lincoln (1838) — Presents the idea of a political religion.</li>
227      <li><a href="../1-Law/law/bastiat.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif"
228            alt="HTML Version" width="14" height="14" border="0"
229            align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<i><b>The Law</b></i>, Frederick
230        Bastiat (1850) — Classic treatment of one of the main challenges
231        to the survival of democratic government.</li>
232      <li><a href="../2-Authors/jsm/liberty.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif"
233            alt="Submenu" width="14" height="14" border="0"
234            align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<a href="../2-Authors/jsm/liberty.txt"><img
235            src="../img/sqbutyel.gif" alt="Text Version" width="14"
236            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<i><b>On
237            Liberty</b></i>, John Stuart Mill (1860) — Carries social
238        contract theory beyond Locke.</li>
239      <li><a href="../2-Authors/jsm/rep_gov.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif"
240            alt="Submenu" width="14" height="14" border="0"
241            align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<a href="../2-Authors/jsm/rep_gov.txt"><img
242            src="../img/sqbutyel.gif" alt="Text Version" width="14"
243            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<i><b>Representative
244
245
246
247
248
249
250            Government</b></i>, John Stuart Mill (1861) — Carries the
251        theory of constitutional republican government beyond the
252        Framers of the U.S. Constitution.</li>
253    </ol>
254    <table align="center">
255      <tbody>
256        <tr>
257          <td>Never ascribe to malice that which is adequately explained
258            by incompetence.<br>
259            — Napoleon Bonaparte<br>
260          </td>
261        </tr>
262      </tbody>
263    </table>
264    <h3>Off-site Links</h3>
265    <ol>
266      <li><a href="http://mlloyd.org/mdl-indx/polybius/polybius.htm"><img
267            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
268            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Polybius
269          and the Founding Fathers:</b> the separation of powers, by
270        Marshall Davies Lloyd — Analysis of how we got the idea of
271        separating legislative, executive, and judicial functions into
272        different branches of government.</li>
273      <li><a href="http://rhetoric.eserver.org/quintilian/"><img
274            src="../img/diam_red.gif"
275            alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" height="14" border="0"
276            align="bottom"></a> <i><b>Institutes of Oratory</b></i>,
277        Quintilian, 95 CE, tr. John Watson, 1856. A leading rhetorician
278        of the&nbsp; Cicero school&nbsp; wrote this 12-volume treatise,
279        that continues where Aristotle left off, and represents the
280        highest standards of Roman virtue.</li>
281      <li><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jod/augustine.html"><img
282            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
283            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<i><b>City
284            of God</b></i>, St. Aurelius Augustin of Hippo (354-430 AD)
285        — Analysis of conflict between Christian ideal and secular
286        reality in political affairs, first statement of "just war" in
287        Book 19 Chapter 7.</li>
288      <li><a
289          href="http://hlsl5.law.harvard.edu/bracton/Common/SearchPage.htm"><img
290            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
291            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b><i>On the
292            Laws and Customs of England</i></b>, Henry de Bracton (1268)
293        — First codification of English common Law.</li>
294      <li><a href="http://www.ccel.org/a/aquinas/summa/home.html"><img
295            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
296            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<i><b>Summa
297            Theologica</b></i>, St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) — Develops
298        doctrine of righteous government according to Christian
299        principles, based in part on earlier work of St. Augustine,
300        written 1265-73.</li>
301      <li><a href="http://www.britac.ac.uk/pubs/dialogus/ockdial.html"><img
302            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
303            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<i><b>Dialogus</b></i>,
304        William of Ockham (1280-1349) — This medieval English political
305        philosopher laid the basis for the early theory of law,
306        especially on property and the law of nations, that led to
307        Common Law. In Latin, being translated into English, under
308        construction. Noted for the <b>Principle of Parsimony</b>, also
309        known as <b>Ockham's Razor</b>: "<i>Entia non sunt
310          multiplicanda praeter necessitatum</i>" — "Do not multiply
311        entities beyond necessity", or in other words, "When in doubt,
312        do without." In the theory of knowledge, it means that among
313        theories that equally explain the facts, always choose the
314        simplest.</li>
315      <li><a
316          href="http://www.kckps.k12.ks.us/harmon/teachers/ccmgdex.html"><img
317            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
318            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b><i>Third
319            Institute on the Magna Carta</i></b>, Sir Edward Coke (1628)
320        — Authoritative commentary on the <i><a href="../1-History/eng/magnacar.htm">Magna
321
322
323
324
325
326            Carta</a></i> as understood at the time.</li>
327      <li><a href="http://www.thomas-hobbes.com/"><img
328            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
329            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b><i>Thomas
330            Hobbes</i></b> — Site dedicated to his works with
331        commentaries, from Eric Hochberger.</li>
332      <li><a href="http://www.adamsmith.org/smith/won-index.htm"><img
333            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
334            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b><i>An
335            Inquiry into the Nature And Causes of the Wealth of Nations</i></b>,
336        Adam Smith (1776) — Classical economics that shaped the writing
337        of the U.S. Constitution.</li>
338      <li><a href="http://www.john-mill.com/"><img
339            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
340            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b><i>John
341            Stuart Mill</i></b> — Site dedicated to his works with
342        commentaries, from Eric Hochberger.</li>
343      <li><a href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/%7EHYPER/DETOC/home.html"><img
344            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
345            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b><i>On
346            Democracy in America</i></b>, Alexis de Toqueville (1835,
347        1840) — Discusses the society that makes republican government
348        work and how it is shaped by that form of government.</li>
349      <li><a href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/%7ECAP/CALHOUN/jcc4.html"><img
350            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
351            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b><i>Disquisition
352
353
354
355
356
357            on Government</i></b>, John C. Calhoun — Discussed the
358        problem of defending the rights of a minority against a
359        persistent majority.</li>
360      <li><a href="http://www.bu.edu/rbarnett/SOL.htm"><img
361            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
362            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b><i>The
363            Structure of Liberty</i></b>, Randy E. Barnett — Excerpts
364        from a libertarian approach to law.</li>
365      <li><a
366          href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism-contemporary/"><img
367            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
368            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Contemporary
369
370
371
372
373
374          Approaches to the Social Contract</b>, Entry from online <i>Stanford
375
376
377
378
379
380          Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. </li>
381      <li><a href="http://www.mises.org/liberal.asp"><img
382            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
383            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b><i>Liberalism</i></b>,
384        by Ludwig Von Mises. Critique of the dominant political faction
385        in the modern world.</li>
386      <li><a href="http://jim.com/rights.html"><img
387            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
388            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Natural
389          Law and Natural Rights</b>, by James A. Donald. Historical
390        review of the concepts.</li>
391      <li><a
392          href="http://www.independent.org/tii/forums/machanipfTrans.html"><img
393            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
394            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Why
395          Freedom?</b> — Debate on social contract theory between Tibor
396        Machan and Jan Narveson at the Independent Institute Conference
397        Center, March 31, 1999.</li>
398      <li><a href="http://orwell.ru"><img src="../img/diam_red.gif"
399            alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" height="14" border="0"
400            align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Works of George Orwell</b> —
401        Includes <a href="http://orwell.ru/library/novels/1984/"><i>1984</i></a>
402        and <a href="http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Animal_Farm/"><i>Animal
403
404
405
406
407
408            Farm</i></a>. </li>
409      <li><a href="http://home.pi.be/%7Epin86315/spinoza/"><img
410            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
411            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Spinoza
412          Website</b> — Collection of the philosophical works of Baruch
413        de Spinoza.</li>
414      <li><a href="http://www.ratical.com/ratville/JFK/ST/ST.html"><img
415            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
416            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<i>The
417          Secret Team: The CIA and Its Allies in Control of the United
418          States and the World</i>, by L. Fletcher Prouty (1997). </li>
419      <li><a href="http://www.ratical.org/many_worlds/6Nations/FF.html"><img
420            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
421            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b><i>Forgotten
422
423            Founders</i></b>: Benjamin Franklin, the Iroquois and the
424        Rationale for the American Revolution, by Bruce E. Johansen.</li>
425      <li><a href="https://www.sheldrake.org/"><img
426            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
427            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Rupert
428          Sheldrake</b> — Scientific fields are too often captured by
429        orthodoxy and dogmatism.</li>
430      <li><a href="https://heterodoxacademy.org/"><img
431            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
432            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Heterodox
433          Academy</b> — Promote open inquiry, viewpoint diversity, and
434        constructive disagreement.</li>
435      <li><a href="http://www.friesian.com/"><img
436            src="../img/diam_red.gif"
437            alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" height="14" border="0"
438            align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>The Proceedings of the Friesian
439          School</b> — Collection of academic papers, dedicated to the
440        philosopher </li>
441      <li><a href="http://www.lysanderspooner.org/"><img
442            src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14"
443            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Lysander
444          Spooner Collection</b> — American political philosopher.</li>
445    </ol>
446    <p>Also see the collections of <a
447        href="http://hypermall.com/LibertyOnline/index.html">Liberty
448        Online</a> and <a href="http://jim.com">James A. Donald</a>.</p>
449    <div align="center">
450      <table align="center">
451        <tbody>
452          <tr>
453            <td>For every complex problem, there is a solution that is
454              simple, neat, and wrong.<br>
455              — H. L. Mencken<br>
456            </td>
457          </tr>
458          <tr>
459            <td>For every problem there is a solution which is simple,
460              obvious, and wrong."<br>
461              — Albert Einstein</td>
462          </tr>
463        </tbody>
464      </table>
465    </div>
466    <h3>Political Science</h3>
467    <ol>
468      <li><a href="pd/pd.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML
469            Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Prisoner's
470
471
472
473
474
475
476          Dilemma and Public Choice Theory</b> — Explorations of the
477        conflict between what is rational for the individual and what is
478        rational for the group. </li>
479      <li><a href="pd/be.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML
480            Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Behavioral
481
482
483
484
485
486          Economics </b> — Explores the psychological and cognitive
487        factors in economic decisions. </li>
488      <li><a href="../1-Activism/ps/cbss.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML
489            Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<a
490          href="../1-Activism/ps/cbss.txt"><img src="../img/sqbutyel.gif" alt="Text
491            Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<a
492          href="../1-Activism/ps/cbss.pdf"> <img src="../img/sqbutblu.gif" alt="PDF
493            Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<a
494href="http://scripts.mit.edu/%7Esdg/docs/D-4468-2.Counterintuitive.pdf">
495          <img src="../img/diamblue.gif" alt="Remote PDF Version"
496            width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Counterintuitive
497
498
499
500
501
502
503          Behavior of Social Systems</b>, by Jay Forrester — Classic
504        paper on why public policies produce unintended consequences.</li>
505      <li><a href="../1-Activism/ps/ecncr.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML
506            Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<a
507          href="../1-Activism/ps/ecncr.txt"><img src="../img/sqbutyel.gif" alt="Text
508            Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Evolving
509
510
511
512
513
514          Complex Networks in Constitutional Republics</b>, by Jon
515        Roland — Examines how changing network structures can reveal how
516        political and economic processes behave and misbehave.</li>
517      <li><a href="../1-Activism/ps/chaoscon.html"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif"
518            alt="HTML Version" width="14" height="14" border="0"
519            align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Chaos and Constitutions</b>, by
520        Jon Roland — Examines how the behavior of societies can only be
521        managed in small ways and without reliable outcomes.</li>
522      <li><a
523href="http://constitutionalism.blogspot.com/2013/08/metagaming-for-constitutional-design.html"><img
524            src="../img/favicon_blogger.ico" alt="Blogger post" width="14"
525            height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Metagaming
526
527
528
529
530
531          for Constitutional Design </b> — Toward constitution-writing
532        programs that may generate better constitutions than conventions
533        of human beings can design.</li>
534      <li><a href="http://pynthan.org"><img src="../img/diam_red.gif"
535            alt="Remote HTML Version" width="14" height="14" border="0"
536            align="bottom"></a>&nbsp;<b>Pynthantics</b> — The art and
537        science of asking questions to get useful answers.</li>
538    </ol>
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540      <tbody>
541        <tr>
542          <td colspan="2"><a href="/index.htm" target="_parent">Home</a></td>
543        </tr>
544        <tr>
545          <td>Original URL: <a
546              href="http://constitution.org/1-Education/cs_basic.htm">http://constitution.org/1-Education/cs_basic.htm</a>
547            <br>
548            Maintained:  <a href="http://constitution.org/">Constitution
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550
551
552
553
554              Society</a><br>
555            Original date: 1995/09/25&nbsp;—&nbsp;
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