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16 17 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> 18 <title>Basic Principles: Of constitutional analysis and design</title> 19 <link href="http://constitution.org/img/stardot.gif" 20 rel="shortcut icon" type="image/ico/"> 21 <meta name="description" content="Principles of political and legal 22 philosophy that are the foundations of constitutional republican 23 government and constitutional compliance."> 24 <style type="text/css"> 25A { 26 text-decoration: none; 27} 28 </style> 29 </head> 30 <body vlink="#cc0000" bgcolor="#c8c8c8"> 31 <h1 align="center">Basic Principles</h1> 32 <table width="70%" align="center"> 33 <tbody> 34 <tr> 35 <td>"... freedom of men under government is to have a standing 36 rule to live by, common to every one of that society, and 37 made by the legislative power erected in it. A liberty to 38 follow my own will in all things where that rule prescribes 39 not, not to be subject to the inconstant, uncertain, 40 unknown, arbitrary will of another man, ..."<br> 41 John Locke, <a href="../2-Authors/jl/2ndtreat.htm#ch04"><i>Second 42 Treatise</i>, Ch. 4 §21</a>.</td> 43 </tr> 44 </tbody> 45 </table> 46 <br> 47 <table cellspacing="2" cellpadding="4" border="1" align="center"> 48 <tbody> 49 <tr> 50 <th colspan="8">Click on the button to get the indicated file 51 format:</th> 52 </tr> 53 <tr> 54 <th>Format</th> 55 <th>HTML</th> 56 <th>Text</th> 57 <th>WP</th> 58 <th>PDF</th> 59 <th>RTF</th> 60 <th>Word</th> 61 <th>Image</th> 62 </tr> 63 <tr> 64 <th valign="middle" align="center">Local</th> 65 <td valign="middle" align="center"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" 66 alt="HTML Version or Menu" width="14" height="14" 67 border="0" align="bottom"></td> 68 <td valign="middle" align="center"><img src="../img/sqbutyel.gif" 69 alt="Text Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" 70 align="bottom"></td> 71 <td valign="middle" align="center"><img src="../img/sqbutgrn.gif" 72 alt="Zipped WordPerfect" width="14" height="14" border="0" 73 align="bottom"></td> 74 <td valign="middle" align="center"><img src="../img/sqbutblu.gif" 75 alt="Adobe PDF" width="14" height="14" border="0" 76 align="bottom"></td> 77 <td valign="middle" align="center"><img src="../img/sqbutvio.gif" 78 alt="RTF" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></td> 79 <td valign="middle" align="center"><img src="../img/sqbutblk.gif" 80 alt="MS Word Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" 81 align="bottom"></td> 82 <td valign="middle" align="center"><img src="../img/sqbutwhi.gif" 83 alt="Graphic Image" width="14" height="14" border="0" 84 align="bottom"></td> 85 </tr> 86 <tr> 87 <th valign="middle" align="center">Remote</th> 88 <td valign="middle" align="center"><img src="../img/diam_red.gif" 89 alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" height="14" border="0" 90 align="bottom"></td> 91 <td valign="middle" align="center"><img src="../img/diamyell.gif" 92 alt="Remote Link - Text" width="14" height="14" border="0" 93 align="bottom"></td> 94 <td valign="middle" align="center"><img src="../img/diamgree.gif" 95 alt="Remote Link - Wordperfect" width="14" height="14" 96 border="0" align="bottom"></td> 97 <td valign="middle" align="center"><img src="../img/diamblue.gif" 98 alt="Remote Link - PDF" width="14" height="14" border="0" 99 align="bottom"></td> 100 <td valign="middle" align="center"><img src="../img/diampurp.gif" 101 alt="Remote Link - RTF" width="14" height="14" border="0" 102 align="bottom"></td> 103 <td valign="middle" align="center"><img src="../img/diamblak.gif" 104 alt="Remote Link - Word" width="14" height="14" border="0" 105 align="bottom"></td> 106 <td valign="middle" align="center"><img src="../img/diamwhit.gif" 107 alt="Remote Link - Image" width="14" height="14"
108 border="0" align="bottom"></td> 109 </tr> 110 </tbody> 111 </table> 112 <p><font size="+2"><a href="../1-Constitution/constitutionalism.htm">Constitutionalism</a></font> 113 Sometimes equated with <em>regula iuris</em>, the "Rule of 114 Law", holds that government can and should be legally limited in 115 its powers, and that its authority depends on enforcing those 116 limitations.</p> 117 <h3>Essays and Commentaries</h3> 118 <ol> 119 <li><a href="soclcont.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML 120 Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <a 121 href="soclcont.txt"><img src="../img/sqbutyel.gif" alt="Text 122 Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <a 123 href="soclcont.doc"><img src="../img/sqbutblk.gif" alt="Word 124 version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Social 125 126 127 128 129 130 Contract and Constitutional Republics</b>, Jon Roland, 1994, 131 with 2007 Supplement.</li> 132 <li><a href="../1-Corruption/tyranny.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML 133 Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Selected 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 Works on Tyranny</b> To understand the principles of 141 constitutional republican government, one must understand the 142 principles of its opposite.</li> 143 <li><a href="../1-Constitution/cmt/cons_cmt.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" 144 alt="Submenu" width="14" height="14" border="0" 145 align="bottom"></a> <b>Constitutional History & 146 Commentary Collection</b> Books, anthologies, and essays.</li> 147 <li><a href="../2-Authors/hs/spencer.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML 148 Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Selected 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 Works of Herbert Spencer</b> (1802-1903) Early libertarian 156 political philosopher.</li> 157 <li><a href="../2-Authors/hwheeler/hwheeler.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" 158 alt="HTML Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" 159 align="bottom"></a> <b>Selected Works</b>, Harvey 160 Wheeler Papers on Francis Bacon and constitutional history and 161 law.</li> 162 <li><a href="../2-LawRev/psuber/paradox_self-amendment.htm"><img 163 src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML Version" width="14" 164 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <a 165 href="http://www.earlham.edu/%7Epeters/writing/psa/index.htm"><img 166 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 167 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <i>The 168 Paradox of Self-Amendment</i>: A Study of Law, Logic, 169 Omnipotence, and Change, by Peter Suber, Philosophy Department, 170 Earlham College. Explores logical problems with constitutions, 171 especially involving amendment of them. </li> 172 </ol> 173 <table width="50%" align="center"> 174 <tbody> 175 <tr> 176 <td><em>Nullum ius sine summo legislatore.</em><br> 177 There is no law without a sovereign (supreme lawgiver).<br> 178 Ancient legal maxim.</td> 179 </tr> 180 </tbody> 181 </table> 182 <br> 183 <h3>Selections from <a href="liberlib.htm" target="">The Liberty 184 Library of Constitutional Classics</a></h3> 185 <ol> 186 <li><a href="../1-Constitution/ari/polit_00.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" 187 alt="HTML Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" 188 align="bottom"></a> <i><b>Politics</b></i>, Aristotle 189 (~350 BCE) Laid out the alternative forms of government.</li> 190 <li><a href="../2-Authors/mac/disclivy_.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" 191 alt="HTML Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" 192 align="bottom"></a> <a href="../2-Authors/mac/disclivy.txt"><img 193 src="../img/sqbutyel.gif" alt="Text Version" width="14" 194 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <i><b>Discourses 195 196 197 198 199 on Livy</b></i>, Niccolo Machiavelli (1517) Argues for the 200 ideal form of government being a republic based on popular 201 consent, defended by militia.</li> 202 <li><a href="../2-Authors/th/decive.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML 203 Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <a 204 href="../2-Authors/th/decive.zip"><img src="../img/sqbutyel.gif" alt="Text 205 Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <i><b>De 206 207 208 209 210 211 Cive (The Citizen)</b></i>, Thomas Hobbes (1641-47) Laid 212 basis for social contract theory, providing branching point for 213 the theories of constitutionalism and fascism.</li> 214 <li><a href="../2-Authors/jl/2ndtreat.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" 215 alt="HTML Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" 216 align="bottom"></a> <a href="../2-Authors/jl/2ndtreat.txt"><img 217 src="../img/sqbutyel.gif" alt="Text Version" width="14" 218 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <i><b>Second 219 Treatise on Government</b></i>, John Locke (1689) 220 Principal proponent of the social contract theory which forms 221 the basis for modern constitutional republican government.</li> 222 <li><a href="../2-Authors/lincoln/lyceum.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" 223 alt="HTML Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" 224 align="bottom"></a> <i><b>Address before the Young 225 Men's Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois</b></i>, Abraham 226 Lincoln (1838) Presents the idea of a political religion.</li> 227 <li><a href="../1-Law/law/bastiat.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" 228 alt="HTML Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" 229 align="bottom"></a> <i><b>The Law</b></i>, Frederick 230 Bastiat (1850) Classic treatment of one of the main challenges 231 to the survival of democratic government.</li> 232 <li><a href="../2-Authors/jsm/liberty.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" 233 alt="Submenu" width="14" height="14" border="0" 234 align="bottom"></a> <a href="../2-Authors/jsm/liberty.txt"><img 235 src="../img/sqbutyel.gif" alt="Text Version" width="14" 236 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <i><b>On 237 Liberty</b></i>, John Stuart Mill (1860) Carries social 238 contract theory beyond Locke.</li> 239 <li><a href="../2-Authors/jsm/rep_gov.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" 240 alt="Submenu" width="14" height="14" border="0" 241 align="bottom"></a> <a href="../2-Authors/jsm/rep_gov.txt"><img 242 src="../img/sqbutyel.gif" alt="Text Version" width="14" 243 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <i><b>Representative 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 Government</b></i>, John Stuart Mill (1861) Carries the 251 theory of constitutional republican government beyond the 252 Framers of the U.S. Constitution.</li> 253 </ol> 254 <table align="center"> 255 <tbody> 256 <tr> 257 <td>Never ascribe to malice that which is adequately explained 258 by incompetence.<br> 259 Napoleon Bonaparte<br> 260 </td> 261 </tr> 262 </tbody> 263 </table> 264 <h3>Off-site Links</h3> 265 <ol> 266 <li><a href="http://mlloyd.org/mdl-indx/polybius/polybius.htm"><img 267 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 268 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Polybius 269 and the Founding Fathers:</b> the separation of powers, by 270 Marshall Davies Lloyd Analysis of how we got the idea of 271 separating legislative, executive, and judicial functions into 272 different branches of government.</li> 273 <li><a href="http://rhetoric.eserver.org/quintilian/"><img 274 src="../img/diam_red.gif" 275 alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" height="14" border="0" 276 align="bottom"></a> <i><b>Institutes of Oratory</b></i>, 277 Quintilian, 95 CE, tr. John Watson, 1856. A leading rhetorician 278 of the Cicero school wrote this 12-volume treatise, 279 that continues where Aristotle left off, and represents the
280 highest standards of Roman virtue.</li> 281 <li><a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jod/augustine.html"><img 282 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 283 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <i><b>City 284 of God</b></i>, St. Aurelius Augustin of Hippo (354-430 AD) 285 Analysis of conflict between Christian ideal and secular 286 reality in political affairs, first statement of "just war" in 287 Book 19 Chapter 7.</li> 288 <li><a 289 href="http://hlsl5.law.harvard.edu/bracton/Common/SearchPage.htm"><img 290 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 291 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b><i>On the 292 Laws and Customs of England</i></b>, Henry de Bracton (1268) 293 First codification of English common Law.</li> 294 <li><a href="http://www.ccel.org/a/aquinas/summa/home.html"><img 295 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 296 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <i><b>Summa 297 Theologica</b></i>, St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) Develops 298 doctrine of righteous government according to Christian 299 principles, based in part on earlier work of St. Augustine, 300 written 1265-73.</li> 301 <li><a href="http://www.britac.ac.uk/pubs/dialogus/ockdial.html"><img 302 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 303 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <i><b>Dialogus</b></i>, 304 William of Ockham (1280-1349) This medieval English political 305 philosopher laid the basis for the early theory of law, 306 especially on property and the law of nations, that led to 307 Common Law. In Latin, being translated into English, under 308 construction. Noted for the <b>Principle of Parsimony</b>, also 309 known as <b>Ockham's Razor</b>: "<i>Entia non sunt 310 multiplicanda praeter necessitatum</i>" "Do not multiply 311 entities beyond necessity", or in other words, "When in doubt, 312 do without." In the theory of knowledge, it means that among 313 theories that equally explain the facts, always choose the 314 simplest.</li> 315 <li><a 316 href="http://www.kckps.k12.ks.us/harmon/teachers/ccmgdex.html"><img 317 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 318 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b><i>Third 319 Institute on the Magna Carta</i></b>, Sir Edward Coke (1628) 320 Authoritative commentary on the <i><a href="../1-History/eng/magnacar.htm">Magna 321 322 323 324 325 326 Carta</a></i> as understood at the time.</li> 327 <li><a href="http://www.thomas-hobbes.com/"><img 328 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 329 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b><i>Thomas 330 Hobbes</i></b> Site dedicated to his works with 331 commentaries, from Eric Hochberger.</li> 332 <li><a href="http://www.adamsmith.org/smith/won-index.htm"><img 333 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 334 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b><i>An 335 Inquiry into the Nature And Causes of the Wealth of Nations</i></b>, 336 Adam Smith (1776) Classical economics that shaped the writing 337 of the U.S. Constitution.</li> 338 <li><a href="http://www.john-mill.com/"><img 339 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 340 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b><i>John 341 Stuart Mill</i></b> Site dedicated to his works with 342 commentaries, from Eric Hochberger.</li> 343 <li><a href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/%7EHYPER/DETOC/home.html"><img 344 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 345 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b><i>On 346 Democracy in America</i></b>, Alexis de Toqueville (1835, 347 1840) Discusses the society that makes republican government 348 work and how it is shaped by that form of government.</li> 349 <li><a href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/%7ECAP/CALHOUN/jcc4.html"><img 350 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 351 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b><i>Disquisition 352 353 354 355 356 357 on Government</i></b>, John C. Calhoun Discussed the 358 problem of defending the rights of a minority against a 359 persistent majority.</li> 360 <li><a href="http://www.bu.edu/rbarnett/SOL.htm"><img 361 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 362 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b><i>The 363 Structure of Liberty</i></b>, Randy E. Barnett Excerpts
364 from a libertarian approach to law.</li> 365 <li><a 366 href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism-contemporary/"><img 367 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 368 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Contemporary 369 370 371 372 373 374 Approaches to the Social Contract</b>, Entry from online <i>Stanford 375 376 377 378 379 380 Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. </li> 381 <li><a href="http://www.mises.org/liberal.asp"><img 382 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 383 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b><i>Liberalism</i></b>, 384 by Ludwig Von Mises. Critique of the dominant political faction 385 in the modern world.</li> 386 <li><a href="http://jim.com/rights.html"><img 387 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 388 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Natural 389 Law and Natural Rights</b>, by James A. Donald. Historical 390 review of the concepts.</li> 391 <li><a 392 href="http://www.independent.org/tii/forums/machanipfTrans.html"><img 393 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 394 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Why 395 Freedom?</b> Debate on social contract theory between Tibor 396 Machan and Jan Narveson at the Independent Institute Conference 397 Center, March 31, 1999.</li> 398 <li><a href="http://orwell.ru"><img src="../img/diam_red.gif" 399 alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" height="14" border="0" 400 align="bottom"></a> <b>Works of George Orwell</b> 401 Includes <a href="http://orwell.ru/library/novels/1984/"><i>1984</i></a> 402 and <a href="http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Animal_Farm/"><i>Animal 403 404 405 406 407 408 Farm</i></a>. </li> 409 <li><a href="http://home.pi.be/%7Epin86315/spinoza/"><img 410 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 411 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Spinoza 412 Website</b> Collection of the philosophical works of Baruch 413 de Spinoza.</li> 414 <li><a href="http://www.ratical.com/ratville/JFK/ST/ST.html"><img 415 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 416 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <i>The 417 Secret Team: The CIA and Its Allies in Control of the United 418 States and the World</i>, by L. Fletcher Prouty (1997). </li> 419 <li><a href="http://www.ratical.org/many_worlds/6Nations/FF.html"><img 420 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 421 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b><i>Forgotten 422 423 Founders</i></b>: Benjamin Franklin, the Iroquois and the 424 Rationale for the American Revolution, by Bruce E. Johansen.</li> 425 <li><a href="https://www.sheldrake.org/"><img 426 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 427 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Rupert 428 Sheldrake</b> Scientific fields are too often captured by 429 orthodoxy and dogmatism.</li> 430 <li><a href="https://heterodoxacademy.org/"><img 431 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 432 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Heterodox 433 Academy</b> Promote open inquiry, viewpoint diversity, and 434 constructive disagreement.</li> 435 <li><a href="http://www.friesian.com/"><img 436 src="../img/diam_red.gif" 437 alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" height="14" border="0" 438 align="bottom"></a> <b>The Proceedings of the Friesian 439 School</b> Collection of academic papers, dedicated to the 440 philosopher </li> 441 <li><a href="http://www.lysanderspooner.org/"><img 442 src="../img/diam_red.gif" alt="Remote Link - HTML" width="14" 443 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Lysander 444 Spooner Collection</b> American political philosopher.</li> 445 </ol> 446 <p>Also see the collections of <a 447 href="http://hypermall.com/LibertyOnline/index.html">Liberty 448 Online</a> and <a href="http://jim.com">James A. Donald</a>.</p> 449 <div align="center"> 450 <table align="center"> 451 <tbody> 452 <tr> 453 <td>For every complex problem, there is a solution that is 454 simple, neat, and wrong.<br> 455 H. L. Mencken<br> 456 </td> 457 </tr> 458 <tr> 459 <td>For every problem there is a solution which is simple, 460 obvious, and wrong."<br> 461 Albert Einstein</td> 462 </tr> 463 </tbody> 464 </table> 465 </div> 466 <h3>Political Science</h3> 467 <ol> 468 <li><a href="pd/pd.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML 469 Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Prisoner's 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 Dilemma and Public Choice Theory</b> Explorations of the 477 conflict between what is rational for the individual and what is 478 rational for the group. </li> 479 <li><a href="pd/be.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML 480 Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Behavioral 481 482 483 484 485 486 Economics </b> Explores the psychological and cognitive 487 factors in economic decisions. </li> 488 <li><a href="../1-Activism/ps/cbss.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML 489 Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <a 490 href="../1-Activism/ps/cbss.txt"><img src="../img/sqbutyel.gif" alt="Text 491 Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <a 492 href="../1-Activism/ps/cbss.pdf"> <img src="../img/sqbutblu.gif" alt="PDF 493 Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <a 494href="http://scripts.mit.edu/%7Esdg/docs/D-4468-2.Counterintuitive.pdf"> 495 <img src="../img/diamblue.gif" alt="Remote PDF Version" 496 width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Counterintuitive 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 Behavior of Social Systems</b>, by Jay Forrester Classic 504 paper on why public policies produce unintended consequences.</li> 505 <li><a href="../1-Activism/ps/ecncr.htm"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" alt="HTML 506 Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <a 507 href="../1-Activism/ps/ecncr.txt"><img src="../img/sqbutyel.gif" alt="Text 508 Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Evolving 509 510 511 512 513 514 Complex Networks in Constitutional Republics</b>, by Jon 515 Roland Examines how changing network structures can reveal how 516 political and economic processes behave and misbehave.</li> 517 <li><a href="../1-Activism/ps/chaoscon.html"><img src="../img/sqbutred.gif" 518 alt="HTML Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" 519 align="bottom"></a> <b>Chaos and Constitutions</b>, by 520 Jon Roland Examines how the behavior of societies can only be 521 managed in small ways and without reliable outcomes.</li> 522 <li><a 523href="http://constitutionalism.blogspot.com/2013/08/metagaming-for-constitutional-design.html"><img 524 src="../img/favicon_blogger.ico" alt="Blogger post" width="14" 525 height="14" border="0" align="bottom"></a> <b>Metagaming 526 527 528 529 530 531 for Constitutional Design </b> Toward constitution-writing 532 programs that may generate better constitutions than conventions 533 of human beings can design.</li> 534 <li><a href="http://pynthan.org"><img src="../img/diam_red.gif" 535 alt="Remote HTML Version" width="14" height="14" border="0" 536 align="bottom"></a> <b>Pynthantics</b> The art and 537 science of asking questions to get useful answers.</li> 538 </ol> 539 <table width="100%" border="1" align="center"> 540 <tbody> 541 <tr> 542 <td colspan="2"><a href="/index.htm" target="_parent">Home</a></td> 543 </tr> 544 <tr> 545 <td>Original URL: <a 546 href="http://constitution.org/1-Education/cs_basic.htm">http://constitution.org/1-Education/cs_basic.htm</a> 547 <br> 548 Maintained: <a href="http://constitution.org/">Constitution 549 550 551 552 553 554 Society</a><br> 555 Original date: 1995/09/25 556
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