PageSourceSearch

https://physicsforum.com/contact/

html physicsforum.com collected 2026-10-09 22:26:34 UTC 36,998 bytes, 1,386 lines download raw bytes

1<!DOCTYPE html>
2<html id="XF" lang="en-US" dir="LTR"
3	data-xf="2.3"
4	data-app="public"
5	
6	
7	data-template="contact_form"
8	data-container-key=""
9	data-content-key=""
10	data-logged-in="false"
11	data-cookie-prefix="xf_"
12	data-csrf="1791584794,a42d92d646f88bdb02e630d4bd9f04f5"
13	class="has-no-js template-contact_form"
14	>
15<head>
16	<meta charset="utf-8" />
17	<link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/es5/tex-chtml.js" as="script">
18	<link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/es5/output/chtml/fonts/woff-v2/MathJax_Zero.woff" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin>
19	
20	
21	
22	<title>
23	
24		Contact us | Physics Forum
25	
26</title>
27
28	<link rel="manifest" crossorigin="use-credentials" href="/webmanifest.php">
29
30	<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" />
31	<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, viewport-fit=cover">
32	
33<script>var _comscore=_comscore||[];_comscore.push({c1:"2",c2:"37076962",options:{enableFirstPartyCookie:"true"}});(function(){var s=document.createElement("script"),el=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];s.async=true;s.src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/cs/37076962/beacon.js";el.parentNode.insertBefore(s,el);})();</script>
33
34<noscript><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&amp;c2=37076962&amp;cv=3.9.1&amp;cj=1"></noscript>
35	
36		<meta name="theme-color" content="#14496d" />
37	
38
39	<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Physics Forum">
40	
41		<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://physicsforum.com/i/physics-forum-192.png">
42		
43
44	
45
46	
47		
48	
49	
50	<meta property="og:site_name" content="Physics Forum" />
51
52
53	
54	
55		
56	
57	
58	<meta property="og:type" content="website" />
59
60
61	
62	
63		
64	
65	
66	
67		<meta property="og:title" content="Contact us" />
68		<meta property="twitter:title" content="Contact us" />
69	
70
71
72	
73	
74	
75		
76	
77	
78	<meta property="og:url" content="https://physicsforum.com/contact/" />
79
80
81	
82	
83		
84	
85	
86	
87		<meta property="og:image" content="https://physicsforum.com/i/physics-forum-og.jpg" />
88		<meta property="twitter:image" content="https://physicsforum.com/i/physics-forum-og.jpg" />
89		<meta property="twitter:card" content="summary" />
90	
91
92
93	
94	
95	
96		
96<script async src="/jc/gtm.js?_v=65becc23"></script>
96
97	
98	
98<script>
99		window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)}gtag("js",new Date);gtag('config','G-J9FQVWKHRH',{'user_properties': {
100		
101		'pwa':navigator.standalone||window.matchMedia('(display-mode: standalone), (display-mode: minimal-ui)').matches?1:0,
102		},});
103!function(b,c){"object"==typeof console&&"function"==typeof console.error&&(console.error_old=console.error,console.error=function(){console.error_old.apply(this,arguments);b.gtag("event","exception",{error_type:"console",error_message:arguments[0],fatal:!1})});b.onerror=function(a,d,e){b.gtag("event","exception",{error_type:"javascript",error_message:a,error_location:d,error_line_number:e,fatal:!1})};b.onload=function(){c.querySelectorAll("img").forEach(a=>{a.complete&&0===a.naturalWidth&&b.gtag("event",
104"exception",{error_type:"image",error_message:"not_loaded",error_location:a.src,fatal:!1})})}}(window,document);
105	</script>
105
106
107
108	
109	
110	
111
112	<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css.php?css=public%3Anormalize.css%2Cpublic%3Afa.css%2Cpublic%3Acore.less%2Cpublic%3Aapp.less&amp;s=19&amp;l=1&amp;d=1773257793&amp;k=fea1bfa21f6315f86436c4bea50be532c2b84cdb" />
113
114	<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css.php?css=public%3ACMTV_Math.less&amp;s=19&amp;l=1&amp;d=1773257793&amp;k=997e8fbd42f66691fa02273167208630aac7e051" />
115<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css.php?css=public%3Alurkers.less&amp;s=19&amp;l=1&amp;d=1773257793&amp;k=9a202ec76ec74399bbd8b9e4851f6fd3d9cda13a" />
116<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css.php?css=public%3Aozzmodz_contactus_captcha.less&amp;s=19&amp;l=1&amp;d=1773257793&amp;k=74422ee46aca3f7737ca2bcf59e7f41248cd9efb" />
117<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css.php?css=public%3Aextra.less&amp;s=19&amp;l=1&amp;d=1773257793&amp;k=079689dfe27500967b9d1bc9585bd10769a80fd6" />
118
119<script>
120	window.MathJax = {
121		loader: {
122			load: ['[tex]/ams', '[tex]/html', '[tex]/enclose', '[tex]/mhchem', '[tex]/physics'],
123			versionWarnings: false
124		},
125		tex: {
126			inlineMath: [['$', '$'], ['#', '#'], ['##', '##']],
127			displayMath: [['$$', '$$']],
128			packages: {'[+]': ['ams', 'html', 'enclose', 'mhchem', 'physics']},
129			processEscapes: false,
130			macros: {cf: ["\\ce{#1}", 1]}
131		},
132		options: {
133			skipHtmlTags: ["script", "noscript", "style", "textarea", "pre", "code", "time"],
134			ignoreHtmlClass: "fr-wrapper|fr-view|xfPreview|username|js-editor|codeBlock|bbCodeInlineCode|u-anchorTarget|is-editing|message-attribution|message-userArrow|message-avatar|actionBar|reactionsBar|js-bookmarkText|u-srOnly|js-selectToQuoteEnd",
135			renderActions: {
136				addFormulae: [
137					10,
138					function (doc) {
139						for (const node of document.querySelectorAll("formula")) {
140							const isDisplay = node.getAttribute('display') === 'true';
141							const math = new doc.options.MathItem(node.textContent, doc.inputJax[0], isDisplay);
142							math.display = isDisplay;
143							const text = document.createTextNode("");
144							node.replaceWith(text);
145							math.start = {node: text, delim: "", n: 0};
146							math.end = {node: text, delim: "", n: 0};
147							doc.math.push(math);
148						}
149					},
150					""
151				]
152			}
153		},
154		startup: {
155			typeset: true,
156			ready: () => {
157				MathJax.startup.defaultReady();
158			}
159		}
160	};
161</script>
161
162
163
164
165	
166		
166<script src="/js/xf/preamble.min.js?_v=65becc23"></script>
166
167	
168
169	
170	
170<script src="/js/vendor/vendor-compiled.js?_v=65becc23" defer></script>
170
171	
171<script src="/js/xf/core-compiled.js?_v=65becc23" defer></script>
171
172
173	
173<script>
174		XF.ready(() =>
175		{
176			XF.extendObject(true, XF.config, {
177				// 
178
179				userId: 0,
180				enablePush: true,
181				pushAppServerKey: 'BNnJCsNVvikxdR9ArG-vRRKs54VvZY4AoXUp9cyEFovZnK5f6n-6-qsTA33hIqWLz7HxkjgyQkq1ITUtWcgNo-w',
182				url: {
183					fullBase: 'https://physicsforum.com/',
184					basePath: '/',
185					css: '/css.php?css=__SENTINEL__&s=19&l=1&d=1773257793',
186					js: '/js/__SENTINEL__?_v=65becc23',
187					icon: '/data/local/icons/__VARIANT__.svg?v=1773257822#__NAME__',
188					iconInline: '/styles/fa/__VARIANT__/__NAME__.svg?v=5.15.3',
189					keepAlive: '/login/keep-alive'
190				},
191				cookie: {
192					path: '/',
193					domain: '',
194					prefix: 'xf_',
195					secure: true,
196					consentMode: 'disabled',
197					consented: ["optional","_third_party"]
198				},
199				cacheKey: 'f3ed7234243583f554e27d349fe769c5',
200				csrf: '1791584794,a42d92d646f88bdb02e630d4bd9f04f5',
201				js: {"\/js\/xf\/captcha.min.js?_v=65becc23":true,"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/[email protected]\/es5\/tex-chtml.js":true},
202				fullJs: false,
203				css: {"public:CMTV_Math.less":true,"public:lurkers.less":true,"public:ozzmodz_contactus_captcha.less":true,"public:extra.less":true},
204				time: {
205					now: 1791584794,
206					today: 1791529200,
207					todayDow: 5,
208					tomorrow: 1791615600,
209					yesterday: 1791442800,
210					week: 1791010800,
211					month: 1790838000,
212					year: 1767254400
213				},
214				style: {
215					light: '',
216					dark: '',
217					defaultColorScheme: 'light'
218				},
219				borderSizeFeature: '3px',
220				fontAwesomeWeight: 'r',
221				enableRtnProtect: true,
222				
223				enableFormSubmitSticky: true,
224				imageOptimization: '0',
225				imageOptimizationQuality: 0.85,
226				uploadMaxFilesize: 67108864,
227				uploadMaxWidth: 0,
228				uploadMaxHeight: 0,
229				allowedVideoExtensions: ["m4v","mov","mp4","mp4v","mpeg","mpg","ogv","webm"],
230				allowedAudioExtensions: ["mp3","opus","ogg","wav"],
231				shortcodeToEmoji: true,
232				visitorCounts: {
233					conversations_unread: '0',
234					alerts_unviewed: '0',
235					total_unread: '0',
236					title_count: true,
237					icon_indicator: true
238				},
239				jsMt: {"xf\/action.js":"5e127b70","xf\/embed.js":"5e127b70","xf\/form.js":"5e127b70","xf\/structure.js":"5e127b70","xf\/tooltip.js":"5e127b70"},
240				jsState: {},
241				publicMetadataLogoUrl: 'https://physicsforum.com/i/physics-forum-og.jpg',
242				publicPushBadgeUrl: 'https://physicsforum.com/styles/default/xenforo/bell.png'
243			})
244
245			XF.extendObject(XF.phrases, {
246				// 
247"time.day": "{count} day",
248"time.days": "{count} days",
249"time.hour": "{count} hour",
250"time.hours": "{count} hours",
251"time.minute": "{count} minute",
252"time.minutes": "{count} minutes",
253"time.month": "{count} month",
254"time.months": "{count} months",
255"time.second": "{count} second",
256"time.seconds": "{count} seconds",
257"time.week": "time.week",
258"time.weeks": "{count} weeks",
259"time.year": "{count} year",
260"time.years": "{count} years",
261				date_x_at_time_y:     "{date} at {time}",
262				day_x_at_time_y:      "{day} at {time}",
263				yesterday_at_x:       "Yesterday at {time}",
264				x_minutes_ago:        "{minutes} minutes ago",
265				one_minute_ago:       "1 minute ago",
266				a_moment_ago:         "A moment ago",
267				today_at_x:           "Today at {time}",
268				in_a_moment:          "In a moment",
269				in_a_minute:          "In a minute",
270				in_x_minutes:         "In {minutes} minutes",
271				later_today_at_x:     "Later today at {time}",
272				tomorrow_at_x:        "Tomorrow at {time}",
273				short_date_x_minutes: "{minutes}m",
274				short_date_x_hours:   "{hours}h",
275				short_date_x_days:    "{days}d",
276
277				day0: "Sunday",
278				day1: "Monday",
279				day2: "Tuesday",
280				day3: "Wednesday",
281				day4: "Thursday",
282				day5: "Friday",
283				day6: "Saturday",
284
285				dayShort0: "Sun",
286				dayShort1: "Mon",
287				dayShort2: "Tue",
288				dayShort3: "Wed",
289				dayShort4: "Thu",
290				dayShort5: "Fri",
291				dayShort6: "Sat",
292
293				month0: "January",
294				month1: "February",
295				month2: "March",
296				month3: "April",
297				month4: "May",
298				month5: "June",
299				month6: "July",
300				month7: "August",
301				month8: "September",
302				month9: "October",
303				month10: "November",
304				month11: "December",
305
306				active_user_changed_reload_page: "The active user has changed. Reload the page for the latest version.",
307				server_did_not_respond_in_time_try_again: "The server did not respond in time. Please try again.",
308				oops_we_ran_into_some_problems: "Oops! We ran into some problems.",
309				oops_we_ran_into_some_problems_more_details_console: "Oops! We ran into some problems. Please try again later. More error details may be in the browser console.",
310				file_too_large_to_upload: "The file is too large to be uploaded.",
311				uploaded_file_is_too_large_for_server_to_process: "The uploaded file is too large for the server to process.",
312				files_being_uploaded_are_you_sure: "Files are still being uploaded. Are you sure you want to submit this form?",
313				attach: "Attach files",
314				rich_text_box: "Rich text box",
315				close: "Close",
316				link_copied_to_clipboard: "Link copied to clipboard.",
317				text_copied_to_clipboard: "Text copied to clipboard.",
318				loading: "Loading…",
319				you_have_exceeded_maximum_number_of_selectable_items: "You have exceeded the maximum number of selectable items.",
320
321				processing: "Processing",
322				'processing...': "Processing…",
323
324				showing_x_of_y_items: "Showing {count} of {total} items",
325				showing_all_items: "Showing all items",
326				no_items_to_display: "No items to display",
327
328				number_button_up: "Increase",
329				number_button_down: "Decrease",
330
331				push_enable_notification_title: "Push notifications enabled successfully at Physics Forum",
332				push_enable_notification_body: "Thank you for enabling push notifications!",
333
334				pull_down_to_refresh: "Pull down to refresh",
335				release_to_refresh: "Release to refresh",
336				refreshing: "Refreshing…"
337			})
338		})
339	
340window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',()=>{XF.on(document,"xf:reinit",(a)=>{if(a&&typeof(a)==='object'&&Object.prototype.toString.call(a)==='[object Event]'){if(typeof(a.target.querySelectorAll)==='function'){a.target.querySelectorAll(".overlay[data-url]:not([ga])").forEach(b=>{ b.setAttribute('ga',1);gtag("event","page_view",{page_title:b.querySelector(".overlay-title").textContent,page_location:b.getAttribute("data-url")})})}}})});document.querySelectorAll(".file-preview").forEach(filePreview=>{filePreview.addEventListener("click",()=>{gtag('event','file_download',{link_url:(new URL(filePreview.getAttribute("href"),window.location.origin)).href, file_name:filePreview.parentNode.querySelector('.file-name').textContent});});});document.querySelectorAll('.shareButtons-button').forEach(shareButton=>{shareButton.addEventListener('click',()=>{gtag('event','share',{method:shareButton.getAttribute('class').match(/.*shareButtons-button--(.*?)$|\s/)[1]});});});document.querySelectorAll('.bookmarkLink:not(.is-bookmarked)').forEach(bookmarkLink=>{bookmarkLink.addEventListener('click',()=>{gtag('event','bookmark');});});document.querySelectorAll(".js-installPromptButton").forEach(a=>{a.addEventListener("click",()=>{gtag("event","app_install_prompt")})});window.addEventListener("appinstalled",()=>{gtag("event","app_install")});XF.PWA&&XF.PWA.isRunning()&&document.addEventListener("visibilitychange",()=>{"visible"===document.visibilityState&&gtag("event","app_open")});setTimeout(()=>{document.querySelectorAll(".adsbygoogle").forEach(a=>{a.addEventListener("mouseenter",()=>{XF.aH=!0});a.addEventListener("mouseleave",()=>{XF.aH=!1});gtag("event","ads_impression",{ad_platform:"adsense"})});["pagehide","blur"].forEach(function(a){window.addEventListener(a,()=>{XF.aH&&gtag("event","ad_click",{ad_platform:"adsense"})},!1)})},3E3);
341
342
343window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',()=>{XF.Push.updateUserSubscriptionParent=XF.Push.updateUserSubscription;XF.Push.updateUserSubscription=function(b,a){"unsubscribe"===a&&XF.browser.safari&&XF.Push.setPushHistoryUserIds({});XF.Push.updateUserSubscriptionParent(b,a)}});
344</script>
344
345
346	
346<script src="/js/xf/captcha.min.js?_v=65becc23" defer></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 346
346
347<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/es5/tex-chtml.js" defer></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 347
347
348<script>
349XF.ready(() =>
350{
351
352gtag("event", "form_start", {
353	form_name: "contact"
354});
355
356})
357</script>
357
358
359
360	
361		<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://physicsforum.com/i/p-fav.png" sizes="32x32" />
362	
363	
364	
365</head>
366<body data-template="contact_form"><a href="https://physicsforum.com/cdn-cgi/content?id=YfS4Pu0DAVCr70DsqW1FqzJqLPa2gQmVJNGF2RtHha8-1791584794.3688214-1.2.1.1-uZXgQRtSs54GVYos.w8tn_NLVSH1uc_5P5_86lisX2B1R7OgmU7jxtyhxNggBLv6" aria-hidden="true" rel="nofollow noopener" style="display: none !important; visibility: hidden !important"></a>
367
368<div class="p-pageWrapper" id="top">
369
370	
371
372	<header class="p-header" id="header">
373		<div class="p-header-inner">
374			<div class="p-header-content">
375				<div class="p-header-logo">
376					<a href="/" class="logo-desktop" title="Physics Forum" aria-label="Physics Forum">Physics Forum</a>
377				</div>
378				
379			</div>
380		</div>
381	</header>
382
383	
384	
385
386	
387		<div class="p-navSticky p-navSticky--primary" data-xf-init="sticky-header">
388			
389		<nav class="p-nav">
390			<div class="p-nav-inner">
391				<button type="button" class="button button--plain p-nav-menuTrigger" data-xf-click="off-canvas" data-menu=".js-headerOffCanvasMenu" tabindex="0" aria-label="Menu"><span class="button-text">
392					<i aria-hidden="true"></i>
393				</span></button>
394				<div class="p-nav-smallLogo">
395					<a href="/" class="logo-mobile" title="Physics Forum" aria-label="Physics Forum">PF</a>
396				</div>
397				<div class="p-nav-scroller hScroller" data-xf-init="h-scroller" data-auto-scroll=".p-navEl.is-selected">
398					<div class="hScroller-scroll">
399						<ul class="p-nav-list js-offCanvasNavSource">
400							
401								<li>
402									
403	<div class="p-navEl " data-has-children="true">
404	
405
406		
407	
408	<a href="/"
409	class="p-navEl-link p-navEl-link--splitMenu "
410	
411	
412	data-nav-id="home">Home</a>
413
414
415		<a data-xf-key="1"
416			data-xf-click="menu"
417			data-menu-pos-ref="< .p-navEl"
418			class="p-navEl-splitTrigger"
419			role="button"
420			tabindex="0"
421			aria-label="Toggle expanded"
422			aria-expanded="false"
423			aria-haspopup="true"></a>
424
425		
426	
427		<div class="menu menu--structural" data-menu="menu" aria-hidden="true">
428			<div class="menu-content">
429				
430					
431	
432	
433	<a href="/high-school-physics/"
434	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy "
435	
436	
437	data-nav-id="school">High School Physics</a>
438
439	
440		
441			
442	
443	
444	<a href="/kinematics-dynamics/"
445	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
446	
447	
448	data-nav-id="0">Kinematics &amp; Dynamics</a>
449
450	
451
452		
453			
454	
455	
456	<a href="/thermodynamics-fluid-mechanics/"
457	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
458	
459	
460	data-nav-id="1">Thermodynamics &amp; Fluid Mechanics</a>
461
462	
463
464		
465			
466	
467	
468	<a href="/electricity-magnetism/"
469	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
470	
471	
472	data-nav-id="2">Electricity &amp; Magnetism</a>
473
474	
475
476		
477			
478	
479	
480	<a href="/work-energy-power/"
481	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
482	
483	
484	data-nav-id="3">Work, Energy, Power</a>
485
486	
487
488		
489			
490	
491	
492	<a href="/light-optics/"
493	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
494	
495	
496	data-nav-id="4">Light &amp; Optics</a>
497
498	
499
500		
501			
502	
503	
504	<a href="/motion/"
505	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
506	
507	
508	data-nav-id="5">Motion</a>
509
510	
511
512		
513			
514	
515	
516	<a href="/waves/"
517	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
518	
519	
520	data-nav-id="6">Waves</a>
521
522	
523
524		
525			
526	
527	
528	<a href="/equilibrium-elasticity/"
529	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
530	
531	
532	data-nav-id="7">Equilibrium &amp; Elasticity</a>
533
534	
535
536		
537		
538			<hr class="menu-separator" />
539		
540	
541
542				
543					
544	
545	
546	<a href="/university-physics/"
547	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy "
548	
549	
550	data-nav-id="university">University Physics</a>
551
552	
553		
554			
555	
556	
557	<a href="/classical-modern-physics/"
558	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
559	
560	
561	data-nav-id="0">Classical &amp; Modern Physics</a>
562
563	
564
565		
566			
567	
568	
569	<a href="/relativity/"
570	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
571	
572	
573	data-nav-id="1">Relativity</a>
574
575	
576
577		
578			
579	
580	
581	<a href="/advanced-mechanics/"
582	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
583	
584	
585	data-nav-id="2">Advanced Mechanics</a>
586
587	
588
589		
590			
591	
592	
593	<a href="/advanced-thermodynamics/"
594	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
595	
596	
597	data-nav-id="3">Advanced Thermodynamics</a>
598
599	
600
601		
602			
603	
604	
605	<a href="/advanced-electricity-magnetism/"
606	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
607	
608	
609	data-nav-id="4">Advanced Electricity &amp; Magnetism</a>
610
611	
612
613		
614			
615	
616	
617	<a href="/advanced-light-optics/"
618	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
619	
620	
621	data-nav-id="5">Advanced Light &amp; Optics</a>
622
623	
624
625		
626			
627	
628	
629	<a href="/advanced-waves/"
630	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
631	
632	
633	data-nav-id="6">Advanced Waves</a>
634
635	
636
637		
638			
639	
640	
641	<a href="/quantum-physics/"
642	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
643	
644	
645	data-nav-id="7">Quantum Physics</a>
646
647	
648
649		
650			
651	
652	
653	<a href="/nuclear-particle-physics/"
654	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
655	
656	
657	data-nav-id="8">Nuclear &amp; Particle Physics</a>
658
659	
660
661		
662			
663	
664	
665	<a href="/atomic-solid-state-physics/"
666	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
667	
668	
669	data-nav-id="9">Atomic &amp; Solid State Physics</a>
670
671	
672
673		
674			
675	
676	
677	<a href="/theoretical-physics/"
678	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth1 js-offCanvasCopy "
679	
680	
681	data-nav-id="10">Theoretical Physics</a>
682
683	
684
685		
686		
687			<hr class="menu-separator" />
688		
689	
690
691				
692					
693	
694	
695	<a href="/general-physics/"
696	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy "
697	
698	
699	data-nav-id="physics">General Physics</a>
700
701	
702
703				
704					
705	
706	
707	<a href="/philosophy-of-physics/"
708	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy "
709	
710	
711	data-nav-id="philosophy">Philosophy of Physics</a>
712
713	
714
715				
716					
717	
718	
719	<a href="/astronomy/"
720	class="menu-linkRow u-indentDepth0 js-offCanvasCopy "
721	
722	
723	data-nav-id="astronomy">Astronomy</a>
724
725	
726
727				
728			</div>
729		</div>
730	
731	</div>
732
733								</li>
734							
735								<li>
736									
737	<div class="p-navEl " >
738	
739
740		
741	
742	<a href="/community/"
743	class="p-navEl-link "
744	
745	data-xf-key="2"
746	data-nav-id="forums">Forums</a>
747
748
749		
750
751		
752	
753	</div>
754
755								</li>
756							
757								<li>
758									
759	<div class="p-navEl " >
760	
761
762		
763	
764	<a href="/trending/"
765	class="p-navEl-link "
766	
767	data-xf-key="3"
768	data-nav-id="thtrending">Trending</a>
769
770
771		
772
773		
774	
775	</div>
776
777								</li>
778							
779								<li>
780									
781	<div class="p-navEl " >
782	
783
784		
785	
786	<a href="https://mathhelpforum.com"
787	class="p-navEl-link "
788	 target="_blank"
789	data-xf-key="4"
790	data-nav-id="math">Math</a>
791
792
793		
794
795		
796	
797	</div>
798
799								</li>
800							
801								<li>
802									
803	<div class="p-navEl " >
804	
805
806		
807	
808	<a href="https://chemistryforum.com"
809	class="p-navEl-link "
810	 target="_blank"
811	data-xf-key="5"
812	data-nav-id="chemistry">Chemistry</a>
813
814
815		
816
817		
818	
819	</div>
820
821								</li>
822							
823						</ul>
824					</div>
825				</div>
826
827				<div class="p-nav-opposite">
828					<div class="p-navgroup p-account p-navgroup--guest">
829						
830							<a href="/login/" class="p-navgroup-link p-navgroup-link--textual p-navgroup-link--logIn"
831								data-follow-redirects="on">
832								<span class="p-navgroup-linkText">Login</span>
833							</a>
834							
835								<a href="/register/" class="p-navgroup-link p-navgroup-link--textual p-navgroup-link--register"
836									data-follow-redirects="on">
837									<span class="p-navgroup-linkText">Register</span>
838								</a>
839							
840						
841					</div>
842
843					<div class="p-navgroup p-discovery">
844						<a href="/whats-new/"
845							class="p-navgroup-link p-navgroup-link--iconic p-navgroup-link--whatsnew"
846							aria-label="What&#039;s new"
847							title="What&#039;s new">
848							<i aria-hidden="true"></i>
849							<span class="p-navgroup-linkText">What's new</span>
850						</a>
851
852						
853							<a href="/s/"
854								class="p-navgroup-link p-navgroup-link--iconic p-navgroup-link--search"
855								data-xf-click="menu"
856								data-xf-key="/"
857								aria-label="Search"
858								aria-expanded="false"
859								aria-haspopup="true"
860								title="Search">
861								<i aria-hidden="true"></i>
862								<span class="p-navgroup-linkText">Search</span>
863							</a>
864							<div class="menu menu--structural menu--wide" data-menu="menu" aria-hidden="true">
865								<form action="/s/search" method="post"
866									class="menu-content"
867									data-xf-init="quick-search">
868
869									<h3 class="menu-header">Search</h3>
870									
871									<div class="menu-row">
872										
873											<input type="text" class="input" name="keywords" data-acurl="/s/auto-complete" placeholder="Search…" aria-label="Search" data-menu-autofocus="true" />
874										
875									</div>
876
877									
878									<div class="menu-row">
879										<label class="iconic"><input type="checkbox"  name="c[title_only]" value="1" /><i aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="iconic-label">Search titles only</span></label>
880
881									</div>
882									
883									<div class="menu-row">
884										<div class="inputGroup">
885											<span class="inputGroup-text" id="ctrl_search_menu_by_member">By:</span>
886											<input type="text" class="input" name="c[users]" data-xf-init="auto-complete" placeholder="Member" aria-labelledby="ctrl_search_menu_by_member" />
887										</div>
888									</div>
889									<div class="menu-footer">
890									<span class="menu-footer-controls">
891										<button type="submit" class="button button--icon button--icon--search button--primary"><i class="fa--xf far fa-search "><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-hidden="true" ><use href="/data/local/icons/regular.svg?v=1773257822#search"></use></svg></i><span class="button-text">Search</span></button>
892										<button type="submit" class="button " name="from_search_menu"><span class="button-text">Advanced search</span></button>
893									</span>
894									</div>
895
896									<input type="hidden" name="_xfToken" value="1791584794,a42d92d646f88bdb02e630d4bd9f04f5" />
897								</form>
898							</div>
899						
900					</div>
901				</div>
902			</div>
903		</nav>
904	
905		</div>
906		
907		
908			<div class="p-sectionLinks p-sectionLinks--empty"></div>
909		
910	
911		
912
913	<div class="offCanvasMenu offCanvasMenu--nav js-headerOffCanvasMenu" data-menu="menu" aria-hidden="true" data-ocm-builder="navigation">
914		<div class="offCanvasMenu-backdrop" data-menu-close="true"></div>
915		<div class="offCanvasMenu-content">
916			<div class="offCanvasMenu-header">
917				Physics Forum
918				<a class="offCanvasMenu-closer" data-menu-close="true" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Close"></a>
919			</div>
920			
921			
922			<div class="js-offCanvasNavTarget"></div>
923		</div>
924	</div>
925
926	<div class="p-body">
927		<div class="p-body-inner">
928			<!--XF:EXTRA_OUTPUT-->
929
930			
931
932			
933
934			
935			
936	
937		<ul class="p-breadcrumbs "
938			itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList">
939			
940				
941
942				
943				
944
945				
946					
947					
948	<li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem">
949		<a href="/" itemprop="item">
950			<span itemprop="name">Home</span>
951		</a>
952		<meta itemprop="position" content="1" />
953	</li>
954
955				
956
957				
958				
959			
960		</ul>
961	
962
963			
964
965
966
967			
968	<noscript class="js-jsWarning"><div class="blockMessage blockMessage--important blockMessage--iconic u-noJsOnly">JavaScript is disabled. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding.</div></noscript>
969
970			
971	<div class="blockMessage blockMessage--important blockMessage--iconic js-browserWarning" style="display: none">You are using an out of date browser. It  may not display this or other websites correctly.<br />You should upgrade or use an <a href="https://www.google.com/chrome/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">alternative browser</a>.</div>
972
973
974			
975				<div class="p-body-header">
976					
977						
978							<div class="p-title ">
979								
980									
981										<h1 class="p-title-value">Contact us</h1>
982									
983									
984								
985							</div>
986						
987
988						
989					
990				</div>
991			
992
993			<div class="p-body-main  ">
994				
995				<div class="p-body-contentCol"></div>
996				
997
998				
999
1000				<div class="p-body-content">
1001					
1002					<div class="p-body-pageContent">
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009			<form action="/contact/" method="post" class="block"
1010				 data-xf-init="ajax-submit" onsubmit="gtag(&#039;event&#039;,&#039;form_submit&#039;,{form_name:&#039;contact&#039;});" data-force-flash-message="true"
1011			>
1012				<input type="hidden" name="_xfToken" value="1791584794,a42d92d646f88bdb02e630d4bd9f04f5" />
1013				
1014	<div class="block-container">
1015		<div class="block-body">
1016			
1017				
1018			<dl class="formRow formRow--input">
1019				<dt>
1020					<div class="formRow-labelWrapper">
1021					<label class="formRow-label" for="_xfUid-1-1791584794">Your name</label>
1022					<dfn class="formRow-hint">Required</dfn></div>
1023				</dt>
1024				<dd>
1025					<input type="text" class="input" name="username" autocomplete="username" autofocus="autofocus" maxlength="50" required="required" id="_xfUid-1-1791584794" />
1026				</dd>
1027			</dl>
1028		
1029
1030				
1031			<dl class="formRow formRow--input">
1032				<dt>
1033					<div class="formRow-labelWrapper">
1034					<label class="formRow-label" for="_xfUid-2-1791584794">Your email address</label>
1035					<dfn class="formRow-hint">Required</dfn></div>
1036				</dt>
1037				<dd>
1038					<input type="email" class="input" name="email" autocomplete="email" maxlength="120" required="required" id="_xfUid-2-1791584794" />
1039				</dd>
1040			</dl>
1041		
1042			
1043
1044			
1045			<dl class="formRow" context="xf_contact_form">
1046				<dt>
1047					<div class="formRow-labelWrapper">
1048					<label class="formRow-label">Verification</label>
1049					<dfn class="formRow-hint">Required</dfn></div>
1050				</dt>
1051				<dd>
1052					<div data-xf-init="turnstile" data-sitekey="0x4AAAAAAACJ1UR_2UvisUC5" data-action="xf_contact_form"></div>
1053				</dd>
1054			</dl>
1055		
1056
1057			
1058	
1059			<dl class="formRow formRow--limited">
1060				<dt>
1061					<div class="formRow-labelWrapper">
1062					<label class="formRow-label">Own email address</label>
1063					<dfn class="formRow-hint">Required</dfn></div>
1064				</dt>
1065				<dd>
1066					<label class="iconic"><input type="checkbox"  name="own_email" value="1" /><i aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="iconic-label">The email used on this site is my own</span></label>
1067
1068				</dd>
1069			</dl>
1070			
1071
1072			
1073	
1074			<dl class="formRow formRow--limited">
1075				<dt>
1076					<div class="formRow-labelWrapper">
1077					<label class="formRow-label">Disposable email</label>
1078					<dfn class="formRow-hint">Required</dfn></div>
1079				</dt>
1080				<dd>
1081					<label class="iconic"><input type="checkbox"  name="email_confirm" value="1" /><i aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="iconic-label">I agree my email is not a disposable email</span></label>
1082
1083				</dd>
1084			</dl>
1085			
1086
1087			
1088	<dl class="formRow formRow--limited">
1089		<dt>Location URL:</dt>
1090		<dd>			
1091			<select name="url" class="input" autocomplete="off">
1092				<option value="" selected="">None</option>
1093				<option value="link">Link</option>
1094				<option value="url">URL</option>
1095				<option value="website">Website</option>
1096			</select>		
1097		</dd>
1098		</dl>
1099
1100				
1101	
1102			<dl class="formRow formRow--limited formRow--input">
1103				<dt>
1104					<div class="formRow-labelWrapper">
1105					<label class="formRow-label" for="_xfUid-5-1791584794">Verify your password:</label>
1106					<dfn class="formRow-hint">Required</dfn></div>
1107				</dt>
1108				<dd>
1109					<input type="password" class="input" name="password_confirm" autocomplete="off" id="_xfUid-5-1791584794" />
1110				</dd>
1111			</dl>
1112			
1113
1114			
1115		<dl class="formRow formRow--limited" hint="Required">
1116		<dt>Additional security:</dt>
1117		<dd>			
1118			<select name="additional_security" class="input">
1119				<option value="" selected="">None</option>
1120				<option value="password_security">Password security</option>
1121				<option value="email_security">Email security</option>
1122				<option value="address_security">Address security</option>
1123			</select>		
1124		</dd>
1125		</dl>	
1126
1127			
1128  
1129			<dl class="formRow formRow--limited">
1130				<dt>
1131					<div class="formRow-labelWrapper">
1132					<label class="formRow-label">Additional verification:</label></div>
1133				</dt>
1134				<dd>
1135					
1136			<ul class="inputChoices" role="group" aria-labelledby="_xfUid-6-1791584794">
1137				<li class="inputChoices-choice"><label class="iconic"><input type="checkbox"  name="name_cb" value="1" /><i aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="iconic-label">Check this box if your username is unique to this site.</span></label>
1138					<dfn class="inputChoices-explain">Required verification field</dfn></li>
1139<li class="inputChoices-choice"><label class="iconic"><input type="checkbox"  name="password_cb" value="1" /><i aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="iconic-label">Check this box if your password is unique to this site.</span></label>
1140					<dfn class="inputChoices-explain">Required verification field</dfn></li>
1141<li class="inputChoices-choice"><label class="iconic"><input type="checkbox"  name="email_cb" value="1" /><i aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="iconic-label">Check this box if your email is unique to this site.</span></label>
1142					<dfn class="inputChoices-explain">Required verification field</dfn></li>
1143
1144			</ul>
1145		
1146				</dd>
1147			</dl>
1148			
1149
1150
1151
1152			
1153			<dl class="formRow formRow--input">
1154				<dt>
1155					<div class="formRow-labelWrapper">
1156					<label class="formRow-label" for="_xfUid-7-1791584794">Subject</label>
1157					<dfn class="formRow-hint">Required</dfn></div>
1158				</dt>
1159				<dd>
1160					<input type="text" class="input" name="subject" required="required" id="_xfUid-7-1791584794" />
1161				</dd>
1162			</dl>
1163		
1164
1165			
1166			<dl class="formRow formRow--input">
1167				<dt>
1168					<div class="formRow-labelWrapper">
1169					<label class="formRow-label" for="_xfUid-8-1791584794">Message</label>
1170					<dfn class="formRow-hint">Required</dfn></div>
1171				</dt>
1172				<dd>
1173					<textarea class="input input--fitHeight" name="message" rows="5" required="required" id="_xfUid-8-1791584794" data-xf-init="textarea-handler"></textarea>
1174				</dd>
1175			</dl>
1176		
1177		</div>
1178		
1179<dl class="formRow formRow--limited">
1180	<dt>
1181		<div class="formRow-labelWrapper">
1182			<label class="formRow-label">Website verification code:</label>
1183				<dfn class="formRow-hint">Required website code check</dfn>
1184		</div>
1185	</dt>
1186	<dd>	
1187		<div label="Required verification field">
1188			<div class="capbox">
1189				<div class="CaptchaText">
1190					Required website code verification
1191				</div>      
1192				<div name="CaptchaDiv" id="CaptchaDiv"></div>
1193				<div class="capbox-inner">
1194					<div class="CaptchaText">
1195						Type the above number:
1196					</div>
1197					<input type="hidden" id="txtCaptcha">
1198						<input type="text" name="website_code" id="website_code" size="15"><br />
1199					</div>
1200			</div>
1201		</div>
1202	</dd>
1203</dl>		
1204<!--CAPTCHA SCRIPT-->   
1205<script type="text/javascript">
1206
1207//Check the form
1208function checkform(theform){
1209	var why = "";
1210
1211	/*if(theform.captchainput.value == ""){
1212	why += "- Please Enter CAPTCHA Code.\n";
1213	}*/
1214	
1215	if(theform.captchainput.value != ""){
1216		if(ValidCaptcha(theform.captchainput.value) == false){
1217			why += "- The CAPTCHA Code Does Not Match.\n";
1218		}
1219	}
1220	
1221	if(why != ""){
1222		alert(why);
1223		return false;
1224	}
1225}
1226
1227// Generate the captcha random letters and numbers
1228	// Capital letter
1229	var a = String.fromCharCode(65+Math.floor(Math.random() * 26));
1230	// Number	
1231	var b = Math.ceil(Math.random() * 9)+ '';
1232	// Small letter
1233	var c = String.fromCharCode(97+Math.floor(Math.random() * 26));
1234	// Number	
1235	var d = Math.ceil(Math.random() * 9)+ '';
1236	// Number	
1237	var e = Math.ceil(Math.random() * 9)+ '';
1238	// Capital letter	
1239	var f = String.fromCharCode(65+Math.floor(Math.random() * 26));
1240	// Number	
1241	var g = Math.ceil(Math.random() * 9)+ '';
1242	// Small letter	
1243	var h = String.fromCharCode(97+Math.floor(Math.random() * 26));	
1244	// Number	
1245	var i = Math.ceil(Math.random() * 9)+ '';
1246	// Number	
1247	var j = Math.ceil(Math.random() * 9)+ '';	
1248
1249	var code = a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j;
1250	document.getElementById("txtCaptcha").value = code;
1251	document.getElementById("CaptchaDiv").innerHTML = code;
1252
1253// Validate user input against the generated captcha
1254function ValidCaptcha(){
1255	var str1 = removeSpaces(document.getElementById('txtCaptcha').value);
1256	var str2 = removeSpaces(document.getElementById('captchainput').value);
1257	
1258	if (str1 == str2){
1259		return true;
1260	}else{
1261		return false;
1262	}
1263}
1264
1265// Remove the spaces from the entered and generated code
1266function removeSpaces(string){
1267	return string.split(' ').join('');
1268}
1269</script>
1269
1270
1271
1272		
1273			<dl class="formRow formSubmitRow">
1274				<dt></dt>
1275				<dd>
1276					<div class="formSubmitRow-main">
1277						<div class="formSubmitRow-bar"></div>
1278						<div class="formSubmitRow-controls"><button type="submit" class="button button--primary"><span class="button-text">Send</span></button></div>
1279					</div>
1280				</dd>
1281			</dl>
1282		
1283	</div>
1284	<input type="hidden" name="_xfRedirect" value="https://physicsforum.com/" />
1285
1286				
1287			</form>
1288		</div>
1289					
1290				</div>
1291
1292				
1293			</div>
1294
1295			
1296			
1297	
1298		<ul class="p-breadcrumbs p-breadcrumbs--bottom"
1299			itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList">
1300			
1301				
1302
1303				
1304				
1305
1306				
1307					
1308					
1309	<li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem">
1310		<a href="/" itemprop="item">
1311			<span itemprop="name">Home</span>
1312		</a>
1313		<meta itemprop="position" content="1" />
1314	</li>
1315
1316				
1317
1318				
1319				
1320			
1321		</ul>
1322	
1323
1324			
1325		</div>
1326	</div>
1327
1328	<footer class="p-footer" id="footer">
1329		<div class="p-footer-inner">
1330
1331			<div class="p-footer-row">
1332				
1333				<div class="p-footer-row-opposite">
1334					<ul class="p-footer-linkList">
1335						<li><a href="/">Home</a></li>
1336						<li><a href="/community/">Forums</a></li>
1337						<li><a href="/contact/" rel="nofollow">Contact</a></li>
1338					</ul>
1339				</div>
1340			</div>
1341				<div class="p-footer-copyright">
1342					Copyright &copy; 2008-2026 Physics Forum. All rights reserved.<br>
1343					<a href="/terms/" rel="nofollow">Terms of Service</a> &bull; <a href="/privacy/" rel="nofollow">Privacy Policy</a>
1344				</div>
1345			
1346		</div>
1347	</footer>
1348</div> <!-- closing p-pageWrapper -->
1349
1350<div class="u-bottomFixer js-bottomFixTarget">
1351	
1352	
1353</div>
1354
1355<div class="u-navButtons js-navButtons">
1356	<a href="javascript:" class="button button--scroll"><span class="button-text"><i class="fa--xf far fa-arrow-left "><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-hidden="true" ><use href="/data/local/icons/regular.svg?v=1773257822#arrow-left"></use></svg></i><span class="u-srOnly">Back</span></span></a>
1357</div>
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362	<form style="display:none" hidden="hidden">
1363		<input type="text" name="_xfClientLoadTime" value="" id="_xfClientLoadTime" title="_xfClientLoadTime" tabindex="-1" />
1364	</form>
vendor: 111 bytes, lines 1364-1375
1364
1365
1366	
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375<script defer src='https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js' data-cf-beacon='{"token": "
1375875282d7f4ba46f8b3ba8f9d99cba3e1
vendor: 14 bytes, line 1375
1375"}'></script>
1376<script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||(a.contentWindow&&a.contentWindow.document);if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'a480cec4cb01e930',t:'MTc5MTU4NDc5NA=='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script>
1376</body>
1377</html>
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.