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17<a href="index.html">home</a>
18|
19<a href="C++.html">C++</a>
20|
21<a href="bs_faq.html">FAQ</a>
22|
23<a href="bs_faq2.html">technical FAQ</a>
24|
25<a href="papers.html">publications</a>
26|
27<a href="WG21.html">WG21 papers</a>
28|
29<a href="4th.html">TC++PL</a>
30|
31<a href="tour3.html">Tour++</a>
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33<a href="programming.html">Programming</a>
34|
35<a href="dne.html">D&E</a>
36|
37<a href="bio.html">bio</a>
38|
39<a href="interviews.html">interviews</a>
40|
41<a href="videos.html">videos</a>
42|
43<a href="quotes.html">quotes</a>
44|
45<a href="applications.html">applications</a>
46|
47<a href="https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md">guidelines</a>
48|
49<a href="compilers.html">compilers</a>
50</center>
51<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="favicon-32x32.png">
52<center>
53<h1><b>The C++ Programming Language</h1> </b>
54</center>
55<p align=right>
56Modified April 23, 2024
57<p>
58C++ is a general-purpose programming language with a bias towards systems
59programming that
60<ul>
61<li> is
62<a href="bs_faq.html#difference">a better C</a>
63<li> supports
64<a href="bs_faq.html#class">data abstraction</a>
65<li> supports
66<a href="bs_faq.html#oop">object-oriented programming</a>
67<li> supports
68<a href="bs_faq.html#generic">generic programming</a>.
69</ul>
70<p>
71Or, in other words:
72C++ is a language for defining and using light-weight abstractions.
73It has significant strengths in areas where hardware must be handled effectively and there are significant complexity to cope with.
74This includes many resource constrained systems and much foundational and infrastructure code. 
75<p>
76Translations:
77<ul>
78<li><a href="https://www.directory.net/edu/cplusplus">Azerbaijani</a>.
79<li><a href="https://npifinder.com/edu/c-plus-plus">Albanian</a>.
80<li><a href="http://webhostinggeeks.com/science/programming-language-be">Belorussian</a>.
81<li><a href="https://coderseye.com/stroustrup-the-c-programming-language">Spanish</a>.
82<li><a href="http://edutranslator.com/jazyk-programmirovanija-c/">Russian</a>.
83<li><a href="https://pngset.com/uz-cplusplus">Uzbek</a>.
84<li><a href="https://clipartflare.com/tr-cplusplus.html">Turkish</a>.
85</ul>
86
87<hr>
88I (<a href="index.html">Bjarne Stroustrup</a>)
89am the designer and original implementor of C++.
90You can find the language, the techniques for using it, and the techniques
91for implementing it described in my
92<a href="books.html">books</a>,
93my
94<a href="papers.html">papers</a>,
95in hundreds of books by others, and thousands of papers by others.
96There are far too many to list.
97Try a bookstore or a library.
98Answers to many questions about C++ can be found in
99<ul>
100<li>
101my <a href="bs_faq.html">FAQ</a>,
102<li>
103my <a href="bs_faq2.html">C++ Style and Technique FAQ</a>
104<li>
105my <a href="glossary.html">C++ glossary</a>, and
106<li>
107some <a href="interviews.html">interviews</a> that I have given.
108<li>
109The <a href="http://isocpp.org/">isocpp website</a>
110of <a href="http://isocpp.org/about">The C++ Foundation</a>.
111</ul>
112
113<hr>
114Topics:
115<ul>
116<li><a href="#learning">Learning and teaching C++</a>
117<li><a href="#guidelines">How to write good modern C++</a>
118<li><a href="#standard">The ISO C++ standard</a>
119<li><a href="#applications">Applications, compilers, etc.</a>
120<li><a href="#embedded">Embedded systems</a>
121<li><a href="#libraries">Libraries, etc.</a>
122<li><a href="#GUI">C++ GUI libraries and tools</a>
123<li><a href="#design">C++ design and history</a>
124<li><a href="#resources">General resources</a>
125<li><a href="#videos">Videos</a>
126<li><a href="#articles">Collections of articles</a>
127<li><a href="#related">Related</a>
128</ul>
129<p>
130
131<hr>
132<ul>
133<li><a name="standard">The ISO C++ Standard</a>:
134C++ is standardized by ISO (The International Standards Organization)
135in collaboration with national standards organizations, such as 
136ANSI (The American National Standards Institute),
137BSI (The British Standards Institute), and
138DIN (The German national standards organization).
139The original C++ standard was issued in 1998, a minor revison in 2003, and a major update, C++11, was issued in September 2011.
140After that, C++14, C++17, C++20, and C++23 were delivered according to a new ambitious 3-year schedule.
141The curent standard, a major revision, was published in 2023: C++23.
142<ul>
143<li>
144The <a href="http://isocpp.org/">isocpp website</a>
145of <a href="http://isocpp.org/about">The C++ Foundation's</a>
146site for information about
147<a href="http://www.isocpp.org/std">ISO C++ standards activities</a>.
148Updated regularly.
149<li>
150<a href="https://isocpp.org/std/the-standard">holds a draft standard</a>.
151Note that this is most certainly not a tutorial.
152You can get the official final version from the ISO or NIST for cash.
153You are unlikely to need that unless you are a compiler implementer or a historian maintaining an archieve.
154<li>
155The ISO C++ standards committee (WG21) maintains an
156<a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21">official site</a>
157with information about the current state of the standards effort.
158"More than you ever wanted to know about the work on the C++ standard."
159<li>
160<a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2015/n4492.pdf">My view of what C++17 should be</a> from
161April 2015.
162Note that I don't always get what I want and that I'm quite aggressive about the improvement of C++.
163C++20 is pretty close to that "vision", though.
164<li>
165My book
166<a href="dne.html">The Design and Evolution of C++</a>
167describes the early standards process and many of the design decisions made
168<li>
169My book
170<a href="4th.html">The C++ Programming Language (Fourth Edition)</a> describes
171C++ as defined by the ISO standard.
172</ul>
173
174<p>
175<li><a name="guidelines">How to write good modern C++</a>: Much C++ code is writting in achaic styles, missing out on elegance, safety and performance.
176This is avoidable.
177<ul>
178
179<li>
180<a href="http://www.stroustrup.com/resource-model.pdf">A paper of how to write guaranteed type and resource safe C++</a>.
181
182<li>
183<a href="https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md">A set of guidelines for writing good, modern, efficient C++</a>
184on <a href="https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines">Github</a>.
185
186<li>
187<a href="http://www.stroustrup.com/tour3.html">A Tour of C++ (third edition)</a>:
188a short book (256 pages plus index, etc.) providing an overview of C++20 with a few key facilities from C++23.
189It is aimed at people who can program, but might have a 1990s view of C++.
190</ul>
191
192<p>
193<li><a name="applications">Applications, compilers, etc.</a>:
194<ul>
195<li>
196A list of <a href="applications.html">interesting C++ applications</a>.
197I welcome suggestions for additions.
198
199<li>
200<a href="http://www.lextrait.com/vincent/implementations.html">A list of major industry applications and tools</a> with evolution paths by Vincent Lextrait.
201<li>
202An incomplete
203<a href="compilers.html">list of C++ compilers</a>.
204<li>
205Hans-J. Boehm's
206<a href="http://www.hboehm.info/gc/">site for C and C++ garbage collection</a>
207and a couple of sites offering collectors based on his work
208(<a href="http://www.yl.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/gc/dgc.shtml">University of Tokyo</a>,
209<a href="http://www.geodesic.com">geodesic.com</a>).
210<li>
211Test suites are available for C++. For example:
212<a href="http://www.plumhall.com">Plumhall</a> and
213<a href="http://www.peren.com/pages/products.htm">Perennial</a>.
214</ul>
215
216
217<p>
218<li><a name="libraries">Libraries, etc.</a>:
219<ul>
220<li>
221An extensive list of
222<a href="http://c-plusplus.org/index.php?option=com_mtree&Itemid=57">current C++ libraries</a> from
223<a href="http://c-plusplus.org/">C++.org</a>.
224<li>
225A list of available C++ libraries known as
226<a href="http://www.trumphurst.com/cpplibs1.html">the C++ libraries FAQ</a>.
227<li>
228<a href="http://www.boost.org">Boost.org</a>: A repository for
229libraries meant to work well with the C++ standard library.
230<li>
231<a href="http://stlab.adobe.com/">STLab</a>: a collection of peer-reviewed and portable C++ source libraries,
232leveraging and extending both the C++ Standard Library and the Boost Libraries.
233That page also contains links to Adobe open source libraries, such as the Generic Image Library
234<a href="http://opensource.adobe.com/wiki/display/gil/Generic+Image
234+Library">GIL</a>.
235<li>
236From cppreference.com:
237<a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/links/libs">A list of open-source C++ libraries</a>.
238<li>
239High-performance numerical libraries provide excellent tests for interesting new programming techniques:
240<a href="http://www.oonumerics.org/oon">The Object-Oriented Numerics Page</a>
241is a list of libraries, projects, and mailing lists.
242Notably
243<a href="http://root.cern.ch/root">ROOT</a> from CERN.
244These libraries, and many more, are available for downloading.
245</ul>
246
247
248<p>
249<li><a name="design">C++ design and history</a>:
250<ul>
251<li>
2522006-2020:
253<a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3386320">Thriving in a crowded and changing world: C++ 2006–2020</a>.    
254<li>
2551991-2006:
256<a href="hopl-almost-final.pdf">Evolving a language in and for the real world: C++ 1991-2006</a>.
257<li>
2581979-1991:
259<a href="hopl2.pdf">A History of C++: 1979-1991</a>.
260<li>
261A more comprenensive book:
262<a href="dne.html">The Design and Evolution of C++</a>.
263<li>
264The Computer History Museum's
265<a href="http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/c_plus_plus/">site for early C++ sources</a>
266(code, documentation, papers, etc.).
267<li>
268An old, but unfortunately not completely irrelevant, net posting
269<a href="blast.html">answering some unfair criticisms of C++</a>.
270I wrote this in 1994.
271I had hoped that our field would mature so that uninformed flames would become rare;
272I was naive.
273</ul>
274
275<p>
276<li><a name="GUI">C++ GUI libraries and toolkits</a>:
277<ul>
278<li>
279<a href="http://www.fltk.org">FLTK</a>.
280<li>
281<a href="http://www.gtkmm.org/">gtkmm</a>.
282<li>
283<a href="http://www.qt-project.org">Qt</a>
284<li>
285<a href="http://www.wxwidgets.org">WxWidgets</a>.
286</ul>
287
288
289<p>
290<li><a name="embedded">Embedded systems</a>:
291<ul>
292<li>
293<a href="abstraction-and-machine.pdf">A confence paper on the basic ideas of using C++ in embedded systems</a>.
294<li>
295<a href="JSF-AV-rules.pdf">JSF++: The JSF air vehicle C++ coding standards</a>.
296<li> 
297<a href="performanceTR.pdf">The ISO C++ committee's TR on performance</a>.
298Very dated.
299<li>
300Embedded systems programming is not just a niche concern: I cover it in
301<a href="https://www.stroustrup.com/PPP2e_Ch25.pdf">Chapter 25</a>
302of the second edition my textbook
303<a href="programming.html">Programming: Principles and Practice using C++</a>.
304</ul>
305
306
307<p>
308<li><a name="FAQ">FAQs</a>:
309<ul>
310<li>
311<a href="https://isocpp.org/faq">isocpp.org's "Super FAQ"</a>.
312It is generally to be preferred over the other FAQs
313<li>
314My <a href="bs_faq.html">FAQ</a>.
315<li>
316My <a href="bs_faq2.html">C++ Style and Technique FAQ</a>.
317<li>
318My <a href="C++0xFAQ.html">C++0x FAQ</a>.
319<li>
320Marshall Cline's
321<a href="http://www.parashift.com/c++-faq-lite/"> C++ FAQ</a>.
322<li>
323<a href="http://www.jamesd.demon.co.uk/csc/faq.html"> C++ Standards FAQ</a>
324containing many valuable links (including some to implementations of the standard library).
325<li>
326The
327<a href="http://www.faqs.org/faqs/C-faq/learn">learn.c-c++ newsgroup FAQ</a>
328presents much information of use for C and/or C++ novices.
329</ul>
330
331
332<p>
333<li><a name="learning">Learning and teaching C++</a>:
334<ul>
335<li>
336My beginner's programming text book
337<a href="programming.html">Programming: Principles and Practice using C++</a>.
338<li>
339<a href="http://www.stroustrup.com/Tour.html">A Tour of C++</a>:
340a short book (256 pages plus index, etc.) providing an overview of C++ as it is in 2024. Aimed at people who can program, but might have a 1990s view of C++.
341<li>
342A list of resources for people learning C++ from
343<a href="http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/languages/C++.html">
344The Cambridge University Engineering Department</a>.
345<li>
346An extensive collection of book reviews can be found on
347<a href="http://www.accu.org">the ACCU (The Association of C and C++ Users) site</a>.
348</ul>
349
350
351<p>
352<li><a name="resources">General resources</a>:
353<ul>
354<li>
355<a href="https://www.accu.org/">ACCU</a>;
356a C++ community site maintained by "The Association of C and C++ Users."
357In particular, it holds the CVU and Overload magazines.
358<li>
359A <a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/More_C%2B%2B_Idioms">C++ idioms list</a>.
360</ul>
361
362
363<p>
364<li><a name="articles">Collections of articles</a>:
365<ul>
366<li>
367Herb Sutter's collection of 
368<a href="http://www.gotw.ca/">articles</a>
369focussing on how to learn and use Standard C++ in a modern style.
370<li>
371Kevlin Henneys' collection of
372<a href="http://curbralan.com/">thought provoking and useful articles</a>
373about good C++ design and style.
374<li>
375Artima's <a href="http://www.artima.com/cppsource">C++ source</a>
376has a collection of C++ articles, columns, etc.
377</ul>
378
379
380<p>
381<li><a name="videos">Videos</a>:
382<ul>
383    <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8aIqIBmNJyM">C++: an invisible foundation</a>.
384A short talk plus a Q&A with the ACM student chapter at Hacettepe University in Ankara, Turkey.
385February 2021.
386<p>
387
388<li>
389<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwJUPeWKRHo">A short introduction to the aims and status of modern C++</a>.
390Arhus University, Computer Science Department seminar.
391October 2020.
392<li>
393<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERzENfQ51Ck&t=6s">The Beauty and Power of "Primitive" C++</a>.
394Cppcon 2020 Opening Keynote.
395September 2020.
396<p>
397    <li>
398<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ooehrkYkGdA&fbclid=IwAR3_3bgYVF_d6j6KjHBO4nmpCu-7oDk8YbSC8aYrJdlGvAvo_Al2fYY_9W4">The continuing evolution of C++</a>.
399University Carlos III Madrid CS department.
400January 2019.
401
402<li>
403<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PU-2ntDuF10&fbclid=IwAR15f5SRmmyryda7IvsgIBzDLCVXcMRz6_JRTbc766X1NQccGRe_28qmy4g">Concepts: The future of generic programming (the future is here)</a>.
404University Carlos III Madrid CS department.
405January 2019.
406
407<li>
408<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43msMqV5CVA">No littering!</a>.
409Talk to Madrid C++ users groups.
410January 2019.
411
412<p>
413<li>
414Steve Carroll for Channel-9:
415<a href="https://channel9.msdn.com/Shows/C9-GoingNative/Bjarne-Stroustrup-Interview-at-CppCon-2018?fbclid=IwAR19rNUcCco2pnhCTn4AHqTbONmfQv4DKoVAV1keYPdV9VvKgzRxTIVpZMM">An interview with Bjarne Stroustrup and Gabriel Dos Reis</a>
416at CppCon 2018 about concepts, modules, and the essentials for language evolution.
417And the story of the good ship Vasa.
418<a href="https://channel9.msdn.com/Shows/C9-GoingNative/Bjarne-Stroustrup-Interview-at-CppCon-2018?term=cppcon&lang-en=true">Channel-9 copy</a>.
419September 2018.
420
421<p>
422<li>
423<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DvUL0Y2bpyc&t=129s">What C++ is and what it will become</a>.
424Opening keynote at Meeting C++. Berlin.
425November 2016.
426
427<li>
428<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_g65LUXpBI">"Concepts" explained in 12 minutes</a>.
429Meeting C++. Berlin.
430November 2016.
431
432<li>
433<a href="http://daxue.qq.com/content/content/id/2937">The Driving Force Behind C++"</a>
434An 18-minute TEDx talk in Shanghai.
435October 2016.
436
437<li>
438<a href="http://bss.sch.bme.hu/video/bjarne-stroustrup-type-and-resource-safe-c">Two talks at Budapest Technical University</a>.
439A talk by my colleague Abel Sinkovic on debugging metaprograms followed by one by me on type- and resource-safe C++.
440Abel's talk should be compulsory watching for people who claim that we don't urgently need concepts. 
441May 2016.
442
443<li>
444<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPvbxuOBQ70">C++ Today</a>.
445An semi-technical talk to Churchill College Computer Society.
446Churchill is my Cambridge College.
44736 minutes.
448May 2016.
449
450<p>
451<li>
452<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZO0PXYMVGSU">Oral History of Bjarne Stroustrup</a>.
453For the Computer History Museum
4542 hours.
455<a href="http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/oralhistories/video/30/">with transcript</a>.
456September 2015.
457
458<li>
459<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcpSLRpOMJM">Object-oriented programming without inheritance</a>.
460ECOOP'15 Keynote. Prague.
461July 2015.
462
463<li>
464<a href="https://channel9.msdn.com/Shows/C9-GoingNative/Going-Native-42-Bjarne-Stroustrup-interview-at-cppcon">A video interview about Cppcon and the C++ core guidelines</a>.
465September 2015.
466
467<li>
468<a href="https://channel9.msdn.com/Events/CPP/CppCon-2015/Writing-Good-C-14">Writig good C++14</a>.
469My Cppcon 2015 keynote.
470September 2015.
471<li>
472
473<a href="https://channel9.msdn.com/Events/CPP/CppCon-2015">All the talks (incl. mine) from CppCon 2015</a>. That's about 100 quality talks.
474September 2015.
475
476<p>
477<li>
478<a href="https://channel9.msdn.com/events/CPP/C-PP-Con-2014/013-Make-Simple-Tasks-Simple">Make simple tasks simple</a>.
479My Cppcon 2014 keynote.
480September 2014.
481
482<li>
483<a href="http://channel9.msdn.com/Events/CPP/C-PP-Con-2014">All the talks (incl. mine) from CppCon 2014</a>. That's about 100 quality talks.
484September 2014.
485
486<li>
487<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDqQudbtuqo&feature=youtu.be">An online "Event" and Q&A</a>.
488August 2014.
489
490<li>
491<a href="http://channel9.msdn.com/Events/Lang-NEXT/Lang-NEXT-2014/Keynote">Lang.Next'14 Keynote</a>:
492What -- if anything -- have we learned from C++?
493A 68 minute talk incl. Q&A.
494
495<li>
496<a href="http://channel9.msdn.com/Events/GoingNative/2013/Opening-Keynote-Bjarne-Stroustrup">GoingNative'13 Keynote</a>:
497The Essence of C++: With Examples in C++84, C++98, C++11, and C++14.
498A 96 minute talk incl. Q&A.
499
500<p>
501<li>
502<a href="http://vimeo.com/35326736">An interview</a> about 
503<a href="Computer-Jan12.pdf">Software Development for Infrastructure</a>.
504
505<li>
506<a href="http://channel9.msdn.com/Events/GoingNative/GoingNative-2012/Keynote-Bjarne-Stroustrup-Cpp11-Style">GoingNative'12 Keynote</a>:
507C++11 Style.
508A 90 minute talk incl. Q&A.
509
510<p>
511<li>
512An
513<a href="http://techchannel.att.com/">AT&T Tech Channel</a> presentation of
514<a href="http://techchannel.att.com/play-video.cfm/2011/3/7/Tech-Icons-Bjarne-Stroustrup">my work and its impact</a> from their
515<a href="http://techchannel.att.com/index.cfm?SearchTag=Tech%20Icons">Tech Icons</a> series.
516<li>
517A talk on C++0x
518<a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1204845?ln=en">at CERN</a>, September 2009.
519<li>
520The ACM HOPL-iii<a href="http://portal.acm.org/toc.cfm?id=1238844"> HOPL-iii videos (incl. mine)</a>.
521June 2007.
522<li>
523A C++0x talk given at
524<a href="http://csclub.uwaterloo.ca/media/C++0x%20-%20An%20Overview.html">University of Waterloo</a>.
525<a href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3478907067117491758">Google, NYC</a>. August 2007.
526<li>
527A talk on C++0x initializer lists given at 
528<a href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5262479012306588324">Google, Mountainview</a>. February 2007.
529<li>
530Several videos, audio recordings, and transcripts of talks,
531panels, and interviews from
532<a href="http://technetcast.ddj.com/tnc_catalog.html?item_id=94">
533Dr. Dobb's Technetcast archieves</a>.
534<li>
535Alex Stepanov (the father of the STL) on the importance of <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/A9Videos/videos?flow=grid&view=1">Mathematics in Programming</a>.
536<li>
537A 1994 lecture: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=69edOm889V4">The Design of C++</a> (also known as "The flying goose talk" What happend was that I was supposed to use a teleprompter, which I hated, so when it broke down a third way into the talk, I could not see the slides or any notes; I was flying blind. The last two thirds of the talk was done without props, completely from memory. When I couldn't think of what to say next, I pulled the string on the goose to gain time).
538Put up by the Computer History Museum.
539</ul>
540
541
542
543<p>
544<li><a name="related">Related</a>:
545<ul>
546<li>
547<a href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/">
548Dennis Ritchie's homepage</a> con
549taining lots of interesting information
550about the history
551of C, Unix, and (AT&T) Bell Lab's computer science research center
552(where C++ was born).
553<li>
554<a href="http://www.computerhistory.org">The Computer History Museum</a>'s
555Software Preservation Group's
556<a href="http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/c_plus_plus/">collection of C++ sources</a>
557currently focusing on the early years.
558Contributions are most welcome (see the site for details).
559</ul>
560
561
562<hr>
563When I list a site it is because I found some interesting information there, not
564because I wanted to endorse a product.
565All the major software suppliers have C++ related information on their sites.
566If you feel that I ought to add a site, feel free to tell me what and why.
567<p>
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