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153	<h1 class="entry-title">Post-quantum key exchange</h1>		<div class="entry-meta hide-posted-by">
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156				<span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on </span><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2026-03-17T14:49:32+01:00">2026-03-17</time><time class="updated" datetime="2026-03-18T13:51:09+01:00">2026-03-18</time>			</a>
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170			<p>If you see this warning when connecting to a server through ssh:</p>
171<pre class="brush: plain; light: true; title: ; notranslate" title="">
172** WARNING: connection is not using a post-quantum key exchange algorithm.
173** This session may be vulnerable to &quot;store now, decrypt later&quot; attacks.
174** The server may need to be upgraded. See https://openssh.com/pq.html
175</pre>
176<p>Then follow michabbb&#8217;s guide on <a href="https://gist.github.com/michabbb/5eb580d60ede01dc7d1e5abc72d7eb40">how to enable post-quantum key exchange in ssh</a>. Don&#8217;t worry, you don&#8217;t have to generate new keys. <strong>Please please do not disable the warnings, Solution 1 is NOT a solution.</strong> Do the right thing.</p>
177<p>On your <strong>(MacOS) client</strong> machine (your local laptop) you need to tell your client to prefer post-quantum algorithms. Edit <code>~/.ssh/config</code> and make sure your Host entry contains a <code>KexAlgorithms</code> line like this:</p>
178<pre class="brush: plain; light: true; title: ; notranslate" title="">
179Host *
180    KexAlgorithms [email protected],curve25519-sha256,[email protected]
181</pre>
182<p>On a <strong>(MacOS) server</strong> you need to tell the sshd deamon to prefer post-quantum algorithms. To help you quickly do this:</p>
183<pre class="brush: bash; light: true; title: ; notranslate" title="">
184sudo tee /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/post-quantum.conf &gt;/dev/null &lt;&lt;&#039;EOF&#039;
185# Enable post-quantum key exchange algorithms
186KexAlgorithms [email protected],curve25519-sha256,[email protected],ecdh-sha2-nistp256,ecdh-sha2-nistp384,ecdh-sha2-nistp521,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,diffie-hellman-group16-sha512,diffie-hellman-group18-sha512,diffie-hellman-group14-sha256
187EOF
188sudo launchctl unload /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/ssh.plist
189sudo launchctl load -w /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/ssh.plist
190</pre>
191<p>Then validate that it worked on your next ssh session. If not, check that both machines (client and server) contain these fixes and are up-to-date. Read michabbb&#8217;s article for more tips and a better explanation.</p>
192<p>Stay safe!</p>
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356	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2014/05/'> May 2014 &nbsp;(2)</option>
357	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2014/03/'> March 2014 &nbsp;(2)</option>
358	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2013/12/'> December 2013 &nbsp;(1)</option>
359	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2013/11/'> November 2013 &nbsp;(1)</option>
360	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2013/10/'> October 2013 &nbsp;(1)</option>
361	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2013/09/'> September 2013 &nbsp;(1)</option>
362	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2013/07/'> July 2013 &nbsp;(1)</option>
363	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2013/06/'> June 2013 &nbsp;(1)</option>
364	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2013/05/'> May 2013 &nbsp;(2)</option>
365	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2013/04/'> April 2013 &nbsp;(1)</option>
366	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2013/01/'> January 2013 &nbsp;(1)</option>
367	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2012/12/'> December 2012 &nbsp;(3)</option>
368	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2012/10/'> October 2012 &nbsp;(1)</option>
369	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2012/08/'> August 2012 &nbsp;(2)</option>
370	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2012/06/'> June 2012 &nbsp;(1)</option>
371	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2012/05/'> May 2012 &nbsp;(1)</option>
372	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2012/04/'> April 2012 &nbsp;(1)</option>
373	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2012/03/'> March 2012 &nbsp;(1)</option>
374	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2012/02/'> February 2012 &nbsp;(1)</option>
375	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2012/01/'> January 2012 &nbsp;(1)</option>
376	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2011/12/'> December 2011 &nbsp;(4)</option>
377	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2011/11/'> November 2011 &nbsp;(2)</option>
378	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2011/10/'> October 2011 &nbsp;(3)</option>
379	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2011/09/'> September 2011 &nbsp;(4)</option>
380	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2011/08/'> August 2011 &nbsp;(3)</option>
381	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2011/07/'> July 2011 &nbsp;(2)</option>
382	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2011/06/'> June 2011 &nbsp;(2)</option>
383	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2011/04/'> April 2011 &nbsp;(1)</option>
384	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2011/01/'> January 2011 &nbsp;(2)</option>
385	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2010/12/'> December 2010 &nbsp;(1)</option>
386	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2010/11/'> November 2010 &nbsp;(1)</option>
387	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2010/09/'> September 2010 &nbsp;(1)</option>
388	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2010/08/'> August 2010 &nbsp;(1)</option>
389	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2010/07/'> July 2010 &nbsp;(1)</option>
390	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2010/06/'> June 2010 &nbsp;(1)</option>
391	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2010/05/'> May 2010 &nbsp;(1)</option>
392	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2010/04/'> April 2010 &nbsp;(2)</option>
393	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2010/03/'> March 2010 &nbsp;(1)</option>
394	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2010/02/'> February 2010 &nbsp;(1)</option>
395	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2010/01/'> January 2010 &nbsp;(2)</option>
396	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2009/12/'> December 2009 &nbsp;(3)</option>
397	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2009/10/'> October 2009 &nbsp;(1)</option>
398	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2009/09/'> September 2009 &nbsp;(2)</option>
399	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2009/08/'> August 2009 &nbsp;(2)</option>
400	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2009/06/'> June 2009 &nbsp;(3)</option>
401	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2009/05/'> May 2009 &nbsp;(2)</option>
402	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2009/04/'> April 2009 &nbsp;(2)</option>
403	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2009/03/'> March 2009 &nbsp;(2)</option>
404	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2009/02/'> February 2009 &nbsp;(6)</option>
405	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2009/01/'> January 2009 &nbsp;(9)</option>
406	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2008/12/'> December 2008 &nbsp;(7)</option>
407	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2008/11/'>
407 November 2008 &nbsp;(7)</option>
408	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2008/10/'> October 2008 &nbsp;(7)</option>
409	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2008/09/'> September 2008 &nbsp;(4)</option>
410	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2008/08/'> August 2008 &nbsp;(12)</option>
411	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2008/07/'> July 2008 &nbsp;(6)</option>
412	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2008/06/'> June 2008 &nbsp;(4)</option>
413	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2008/05/'> May 2008 &nbsp;(7)</option>
414	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2008/04/'> April 2008 &nbsp;(8)</option>
415	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2008/03/'> March 2008 &nbsp;(7)</option>
416	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2008/02/'> February 2008 &nbsp;(5)</option>
417	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2008/01/'> January 2008 &nbsp;(8)</option>
418	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2007/12/'> December 2007 &nbsp;(7)</option>
419	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2007/11/'> November 2007 &nbsp;(9)</option>
420	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2007/10/'> October 2007 &nbsp;(8)</option>
421	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2007/09/'> September 2007 &nbsp;(4)</option>
422	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2007/08/'> August 2007 &nbsp;(3)</option>
423	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2007/07/'> July 2007 &nbsp;(1)</option>
424	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2007/06/'> June 2007 &nbsp;(5)</option>
425	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2007/05/'> May 2007 &nbsp;(5)</option>
426	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2007/04/'> April 2007 &nbsp;(4)</option>
427	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2007/03/'> March 2007 &nbsp;(2)</option>
428	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2007/02/'> February 2007 &nbsp;(4)</option>
429	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2007/01/'> January 2007 &nbsp;(8)</option>
430	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2006/12/'> December 2006 &nbsp;(4)</option>
431	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2006/11/'> November 2006 &nbsp;(5)</option>
432	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2006/10/'> October 2006 &nbsp;(3)</option>
433	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2006/09/'> September 2006 &nbsp;(4)</option>
434	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2006/08/'> August 2006 &nbsp;(5)</option>
435	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2006/07/'> July 2006 &nbsp;(9)</option>
436	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2006/06/'> June 2006 &nbsp;(3)</option>
437	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2006/05/'> May 2006 &nbsp;(7)</option>
438	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2006/04/'> April 2006 &nbsp;(9)</option>
439	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2006/03/'> March 2006 &nbsp;(3)</option>
440	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2006/02/'> February 2006 &nbsp;(8)</option>
441	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2006/01/'> January 2006 &nbsp;(4)</option>
442	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2005/12/'> December 2005 &nbsp;(3)</option>
443	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2005/10/'> October 2005 &nbsp;(5)</option>
444	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2005/07/'> July 2005 &nbsp;(2)</option>
445	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2005/05/'> May 2005 &nbsp;(1)</option>
446	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2004/12/'> December 2004 &nbsp;(1)</option>
447	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2004/11/'>
447 November 2004 &nbsp;(2)</option>
448	<option value='https://www.rolfje.com/2004/10/'> October 2004 &nbsp;(2)</option>
449
450		</select>
451
452<script>
453(function() {
454	var dropdown = document.getElementById( "archives-dropdown-2" );
455	function onSelectChange() {
456		if ( dropdown.options[ dropdown.selectedIndex ].value !== '' ) {
457			document.location.href = this.options[ this.selectedIndex ].value;
458		}
459	}
460	dropdown.onchange = onSelectChange;
461})();
462</script>
462
463			</section></aside><!-- #secondary -->
464
465	</div><!-- .pb-content-sidebar -->
466
467	</div><!-- #content -->
468
469	<footer id="colophon" class="site-footer">
470			<div class="footer-widgets footer-widgets-1">
471		<div class="u-wrapper footer-widgets-wrap">
472					<aside id="sidebar-footer-1" class="widget-area c-sidebar-footer c-sidebar-footer-1">
473				<section id="custom_html-5" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center>
474<b>Brought to you without adds, banners, cookies or tracking. This one is on me. Yes, life can be this good. Pay it forward.</b>
475</center></div></section>			</aside><!-- .c-sidebar-footer -->
476						</div><!-- .footer-widgets-wrap -->
477	</div><!-- .footer-widgets -->
478	
479<div class="copyright-text">
480	<div class="u-wrapper copyright-text-wrap">
481			<p>Copyright &copy; 2026 www.rolfje.com.</p>
482				<p class="pressbook-credit">
483		Powered by <a href="https://scriptstown.com/wordpress-themes/pressbook/" itemprop="url">PressBook WordPress theme</a>		</p><!-- .pressbook-credit -->
484	</div><!-- .copyright-text-wrap -->
485</div><!-- .copyright-text -->
486	</footer><!-- #colophon -->
487
488		<a href="#" class="go-to-top" aria-label="Go to top"></a>
489	</div><!-- #page -->
490
491<script src='https://www.rolfje.com/wp-content/plugins/syntaxhighlighter/syntaxhighlighter3/scripts/shCore.js?ver=3.0.9b' id='syntaxhighlighter-core-js'></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 491
491
492<script src='https://www.rolfje.com/wp-content/plugins/syntaxhighlighter/syntaxhighlighter3/scripts/shBrushPlain.js?ver=3.0.9b' id='syntaxhighlighter-brush-plain-js'></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 492
492
493<script src='https://www.rolfje.com/wp-content/plugins/syntaxhighlighter/syntaxhighlighter3/scripts/shBrushBash.js?ver=3.0.9b' id='syntaxhighlighter-brush-bash-js'></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 493
493
494<script type='text/javascript'>
495	(function(){
496		var corecss = document.createElement('link');
497		var themecss = document.createElement('link');
498		var corecssurl = "https://www.rolfje.com/wp-content/plugins/syntaxhighlighter/syntaxhighlighter3/styles/shCore.css?ver=3.0.9b";
499		if ( corecss.setAttribute ) {
500				corecss.setAttribute( "rel", "stylesheet" );
501				corecss.setAttribute( "type", "text/css" );
502				corecss.setAttribute( "href", corecssurl );
503		} else {
504				corecss.rel = "stylesheet";
505				corecss.href = corecssurl;
506		}
507		document.head.appendChild( corecss );
508		var themecssurl = "https://www.rolfje.com/wp-content/plugins/syntaxhighlighter/syntaxhighlighter3/styles/shThemeDefault.css?ver=3.0.9b";
509		if ( themecss.setAttribute ) {
510				themecss.setAttribute( "rel", "stylesheet" );
511				themecss.setAttribute( "type", "text/css" );
512				themecss.setAttribute( "href", themecssurl );
513		} else {
514				themecss.rel = "stylesheet";
515				themecss.href = themecssurl;
516		}
517		document.head.appendChild( themecss );
518	})();
519	SyntaxHighlighter.config.strings.expandSource = '+ expand source';
520	SyntaxHighlighter.config.strings.help = '?';
521	SyntaxHighlighter.config.strings.alert = 'SyntaxHighlighter\n\n';
522	SyntaxHighlighter.config.strings.noBrush = 'Can\'t find brush for: ';
523	SyntaxHighlighter.config.strings.brushNotHtmlScript = 'Brush wasn\'t configured for html-script option: ';
524	SyntaxHighlighter.defaults['auto-links'] = false;
525	SyntaxHighlighter.defaults['class-name'] = 'syntaxhighlitersmall';
526	SyntaxHighlighter.defaults['pad-line-numbers'] = false;
527	SyntaxHighlighter.defaults['toolbar'] = false;
528	SyntaxHighlighter.defaults['wrap-lines'] = false;
529	SyntaxHighlighter.defaults['quick-code'] = false;
530	SyntaxHighlighter.all();
531
532	// Infinite scroll support
533	if ( typeof( jQuery ) !== 'undefined' ) {
534		jQuery( function( $ ) {
535			$( document.body ).on( 'post-load', function() {
536				SyntaxHighlighter.highlight();
537			} );
538		} );
539	}
540</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 540
540
541<script src='https://www.rolfje.com/wp-content/themes/pressbook/js/script.min.js?ver=2.2.1' id='pressbook-script-js'></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 541
541
542<script src='https://www.rolfje.com/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=cp_4fff0fc5' id='comment-reply-js'></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 542
542
543<script src='https://www.rolfje.com/wp-content/themes/pressbook/js/ResizeObserver.min.js?ver=1.5.1' id='resize-observer-polyfill-js'></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 543
543
544<script src='https://www.rolfje.com/wp-content/themes/pressbook/js/sticky-sidebar.min.js?ver=1.1.1' id='sticky-sidebar-js'></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 544
544
545<script id="sticky-sidebar-js-after">
546try{new StickySidebar(".site-content > .pb-content-sidebar > .c-sidebar",{topSpacing:100,bottomSpacing:0,containerSelector:".site-content > .pb-content-sidebar",minWidth:1023});new StickySidebar(".site-content > .pb-content-sidebar > .c-sidebar-right",{topSpacing:100,bottomSpacing:0,containerSelector:".site-content > .pb-content-sidebar",minWidth:1023});}catch(e){}
547</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 547
547
548<script src='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.9/MathJax.js?config=default&#038;ver=1.3.13' id='mathjax-js'></script>
548
549</body>
550</html>

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.