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850 </div><!-- /.nav --> 851 852 853 854 <div class="main"> 855 <div class="shell"> 856 857 858 <div class="main-inner clearfix"> 859 860 861 862 <section class="content"> 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914<article class="article article-wide"> 915 916 917 918 <header class="article-head"> 919 920 921 <h5> 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/arts-culture">Arts & Culture</a> 936 937 938 939 940 941</h5> 942 943 <h1>The Six-Seat Revolution
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943</h1> 944 945 <p><p>A theater director transformed an abandoned newsstand into a radically new theatrical experience that is helping to revive the historic center of a Southern Italian town.</p></p> 946 947 <div class="article-head-actions"> 948 <ul> 949 950 <li> 951 <a href="#" class="btn-cite" data-doi="10.48558/kc5w-wk66">Cite</a> 952 </li> 953 954 <li> 955 <a href="#" class="share-current-page">share</a>
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1041 1042 </div> 1043</section><!-- /.banner --> 1044<h2>Creative Use of Space</h2> 1045<p>Across Italy and much of Western Europe, performing-arts organizations face the same compound pressures that arts-philanthropy leader Diane Ragsdale <a href="https://www.artsjournal.com/jumper/2017/07/tackling-an-inequitable-arts-funding-system-a-response-to-the-report-not-just-money/" target="_blank">identified in the United States</a> over a decade ago: declining attendance, rapidly aging audiences, eroding public investment, and a growing cultural distance between institutional theater and the communities it is meant to serve. </p> 1046<div class="mobile-ad-container" data-ad-key="ad_inline"></div><a href="https://ssir.org/images/articles/fall-2026-dispatch-revolution-theater-article-592x445.jpg" data-lightbox="image-1-2" data-title="The Teatro Edicola is a converted public kiosk that sits on Via Matteo Tondi in the central piazza of San Severino. (Photo by Luciano Magaldi Sardella)"> 1047 <div class="wp-caption left" > 1048 <img src="https://ssir.org/images/jcogs_img/cache/fall-2026-dispatch-revolution-theater-article-592x445_-_abcdef_-_ec76adfb59d23efa05b4d7ecdd5601e6950c9f26.webp" alt="the converted kiosk theater in a plaza" height="445" width="592" style="border: 0; " /> 1049 <span style="max-width: 592px;">The Teatro Edicola is a converted public kiosk that sits on Via Matteo Tondi in the central piazza of San Severino. (Photo by Luciano Magaldi Sardella) </span> 1050 </div> 1051 </a><p>In Southern Italy, these dynamics take on additional texture. Municipalities like San Severoâpopulation roughly 50,000, historically dependent on agriculture, and marked by limited economic diversificationâretain rich theatrical and folk traditions, often undervalued. But their physical and social infrastructures, including squares, markets, and former commercial spaces, have been hollowed out by the same digital and demographic forces reshaping cities everywhere. </p> 1052<p>âPeople in small towns often feel that real theater, real art, happens somewhere else,â Gravino says. âIn Rome. In a big venue. For educated people. The <em>Teatro Edicola</em> turns that logic upside down. The theater comes to the street where you walk every day. You canât feel like a stranger in a place you pass every morning.â</p> 1053<p><em>Teatro Edicola</em> is not primarily a statement about smallness for its own sake, but a hypothesis about proximity, intimacy, and access as drivers of cultural participation.</p> 1054<p>In a conventional theater, the distance between performer and audience is architectural, social, and psychological. Ticket prices signal who belongs. Even when no longer formally enforced, dress codes and etiquette leave residual forms of exclusion. The anonymity of the darkened hall renders the encounter with art structurally impersonal.</p> 1055<p>In a six-seat newsstand, none of these dynamics are possible. There is nowhere to hideâfor performer or spectator. Actor and audience share the same air. Eye contact is unavoidable. The experience is, by its very structure, relational rather than transactional.</p> 1056<p>This is not accidental. Francesco Gravino and his team made deliberate dramaturgical choices: Short-form pieces range from five to 12 minutes, designed as concentrated emotional encounters rather than extended narrative arcs. Scripts are written specifically for the space, prioritizing presence over spectacle. A 15-minute rotation means that on a single afternoon, more than 60 people can experience the same work, often more than many small-theater performances reach in a week. Asked what the minimum spatial requirement is for a genuine theatrical experience, Gravinoâs reply was, âLess than you think.â</p> 1057<p>Beyond the artistic experiment, <em>Teatro Edicola</em> represents a potentially replicable model of creative urban regeneration that is strikingly low-cost and high-impact, relative to more capital-intensive approaches. Across Italian and European cities, thousands of small commercial structuresânewspaper kiosks, tobacco shops, phone boothsâhave been left vacant by the decline of print media, the digitization of retail, and the erosion of physical social infrastru
1057cture. Many municipalities have responded with efforts to repurpose these spaces, often for artisanal businesses or civic services. The performing arts, however, with their minimal infrastructural demands and flexible tenancy requirements, remain an underutilized option.</p> 1058<p><em>Teatro Edicola</em> required only a modest municipal permit, a temporary concession on the kiosk, basic structural modifications, and the artistic capacity of a company already embedded in the community. The pilot cost less than $3,000. Yet on World Theatre Day, it reached more than 60 direct spectators, exposed hundreds of passersby to live performance, and generated national media coverage that carried San Severoâs cultural initiative well beyond Puglia.</p> 1059<p>âWe are not trying to replace big theaters,â Gravino says. âWe are trying to reach people who would never walk into a theater. That is a different mission, and it requires a different space.â</p> 1060<h2>Challenges and Lessons</h2> 1061<p>The theater experiment<strong>,</strong> while showing promise, faces significant challenges in scaling. The first is sustainability: A single-day activation, however successful, does not constitute a program. Foyer â97 is currently in discussions with the municipality of San Severo about a longer-term concession that would allow for seasonal programmingâweekends from spring through autumn, potentially with a rotating roster of local and regional companies. The emerging economic model involves a hybrid of municipal support, modest ticket revenue (proposed at â¬5 [$5.80 US] per person), and small private sponsorships from local businesses.</p> 1062<a href="https://ssir.org/images/articles/fall-2026-dispatch-revolution-director-article-592x392.jpg" data-lightbox="image-1-3" data-title="Francesco Gravino, artistic director of the Foyer â97 Teatro, c
1062ommands the stage. (Photo by Luciano Magaldi Sardella)"> 1063 <div class="wp-caption left" > 1064 <img src="https://ssir.org/images/jcogs_img/cache/fall-2026-dispatch-revolution-director-article-592x392_-_abcdef_-_ec76adfb59d23efa05b4d7ecdd5601e6950c9f26.webp" alt="an actor performing" height="392" width="592" style="border: 0; " /> 1065 <span style="max-width: 592px;">Francesco Gravino, artistic director of the Foyer â97 Teatro, commands the stage. (Photo by Luciano Magaldi Sardella) </span> 1066 </div> 1067 </a><p>The second challenge is replication without dilution. <em>Teatro Edicola</em> works in part because of the deep local roots of Foyer â97 and the specific urban texture of San Severoâs historic center. Transplanting the concept to other cities or disused structures would require not just a physical kit but a community-building process that is harder to export than a design. </p> 1068<p>âThe newsstand is not just a box,â Gravino says. âIt is a relationship between a company and a neighborhood. Without that, it is just a box.â</p> 1069<p>The third challenge is institutional recognition: In a national cultural funding landscape where grants are typically allocated to organizations with established venues, stable programming, and predictable output metrics, a project that is explicitly experimental, hyper-local, and deliberately impermanent is difficult to assessâand therefore difficult to fund. Italyâs Ministry of Culture distributes a significant share (more than 10 percent) of performing-arts support through the FNSV (Fondo Nazionale per lo Spettacolo dal Vivo), relying on criteria that can systematically disadvantage micro-initiatives. Gravino and others in the Italian small-theater ecosystem are increasingly calling for differentiated funding instruments capable of recognizing impact at a smaller community scale. <em>Teatro Edicola</em> may be a made-in-Puglia story, rooted in the social geography, cultural history, and urban morphology of a particular Southern Italian town. Nevertheless, its core insights travel well beyond San Severoâs piazza.</p> 1070<p>In any community where cultural institutions struggle to reach younger, more diverse, or economically marginalized audiences, the lesson of proximity applies: Meet people where they already are, in the spaces they already inhabit. Municipalities wrestling with the social costs of abandoned commercial infrastructure must take into account that the cost of cultural activation is often lower than the cost of continued neglect.</p> 1071<p>And in organizations navigating the tension between artistic ambition and democratic access, the lesson of constraint as creative force is clear. The limitations of the newsstand do not diminish the theatrical experienceâthey intensify it.</p> 1072<p>âWe called it an <em>edicola</em> [newsstand],â Gravino says, âbecause a newsstand is where you stop for a moment, pick up something you didnât expect to read, and carry it with you through the rest of the day. That is exactly what we want theater to do.â</p> 1073<p>In a field urgently searching for new formats, new audiences, and new reasons for people to show up, that may be the most practical insight a six-seat kiosk in Southern Italy has to offer.<br></p> 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 <p><em>Read more stories by <a class="author" href="https://ssir.org/bios/luciano-magaldi-sardella">Luciano Magaldi Sardella</a>.</em></p> 1102 1103 <div class="cl"> </div> 1104 1105 </div><!-- /.article-entry --> 1106 <div class="cl"> </div> 1107 </div><!-- /.article-body --> 1108 1109 <footer class="article-foot"> 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 <div class="article-author" id="bio-footer"> 1117 <p>Luciano Magaldi Sardella is an independent journalist and European Open University-affiliated researcher.</p> 1118 </div><!-- /.article-author --> 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 <div class="article-doi article-notes"><strong>DOI:</strong> 10.48558/kc5w-wk66</div> 1124 1125 1126 </footer><!-- /.article-foot --> 1127 <article class="article article-wide"> 1128 <footer class="article-foot"> 1129 1130 1131 <div class="tags" id="tag-box"> 1132 <h5 class="font-ssb"> 1133 <a href="https://ssir.org/tags">Tags</a> 1134 </h5> 1135 1136
1137 <a href="https://ssir.org/tags/Community">Community</a>,  1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 <a href="https://ssir.org/tags/Europe">Europe</a> 1144 1145 1146 </div> 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 <div id="commentload"></div> 1153 1154 </footer><!-- /.article-foot --> 1155 </article><!-- /.article-wide --> 1156 1157 1158 <div id="citation-popup" class="citation-backdrop hidden"> 1159 <div class="citation-wrapper"> 1160 <button class="citation-close"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="feather feather-x"><line x1="18" y1="6" x2="6" y2="18"></line><line x1="6" y1="6" x2="18" y2="18"></line></svg></button> 1161 <span class="citation-section_header">Cite</span> 1162 <div class="citation-block"> 1163 <select id="citation-selector"> 1164 <option value="apa">APA</option> 1165 1166 <option value="chicago">Chicago</option> 1167 </select> 1168 <div id="citation-content" class="citation-block__citation">Sardella, L. M. S. M. (2026). The Six-Seat Revolution. <i>Stanford Social Innovation Review</i>, <i>24</i>(4), 13â15. https://doi.org/10.48558/KC5W-WK66</div> 1169 <button class="citation-block__copy" data-target="citation-content">Copy Text</button> 1170 </div> 1171 <div class="citation-block"> 1172 <a href="https://ssir.org/datacite/10.48558/kc5w-wk66">Download RIS File</a> 1173 </div> 1174 </div> 1175 </div> 1176
1176<script> 1177 let citations = { 1178 apa: 'Sardella, L. M. S. M. (2026). The Six-Seat Revolution. <i>Stanford Social Innovation Review</i>, <i>24</i>(4), 13â15. https://doi.org/10.48558/KC5W-WK66', 1179 1180 chicago: 'Sardella, L. M. S. M. (2026). The Six-Seat Revolution. <i>Stanford Social Innovation Review</i>, <i>24</i>(4), 13â15. https://doi.org/10.48558/KC5W-WK66' 1181 }; 1182 </script>
1182 1183 1184 <div id="relatedload"></div> 1185 </div> 1186 <div class="pigeon-context-promotion" style="display:none;"> 1187 <div class="protected-overlay article-entry"> 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 <a href="https://ssir.org/images/articles/fall-2026-dispatch-revolution-actress-article-592x570.jpg" data-lightbox="image-1-1" data-title="A Foyer â97 actress performs in the Teatro Edicola under sophisticated stage lighting. (Photo by Luciano Magaldi Sardella)"> 1201 <div class="wp-caption left" > 1202 <img src="https://ssir.org/images/jcogs_img/cache/fall-2026-dispatch-revolution-actress-article-592x570_-_abcdef_-_ec76adfb59d23efa05b4d7ecdd5601e6950c9f26.webp" alt="actress performing in shadowy space" height="570" width="592" style="border: 0; " /> 1203 <span style="max-width: 592px;">A Foyer â97 actress performs in the Teatro Edicola under sophisticated stage lighting. (Photo by Luciano Magaldi Sardella) </span> 1204 </div> 1205 </a> 1206 <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ssir.org/site/style_series"/> 1207 1208 1209 1210 <p>On the morning of March 27, 2026âWorld Theatre Dayâsomething unusual happened in the Piazza Municipio of<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.britannica.com/place/San-Severo__;!!G92We9drHetJ8EofZw!Yr2XYWc8nrOurU2EetL5nzturpiTyHlFrlRjTC6kbp22BD8E5XaWOTGm42LLT6FP9ZekEsVi_R-Rf7WNmi35$" target="_blank"> San Severo</a>, a midsized town in Italyâs southern Puglia region. A rusted iron newsstand that had sat empty for years, its metal shutters faded by sun and neglect, opened its window to reveal not newspapers or cigarettes, but a performer. Six chairs had been squeezed inside. Every 15 minutes, a new audience entered and took their seats. </p> 1211<p>The <em>Teatro Edicola</em> (âNewsstand Theaterâ) had opened for business. </p> 1212<div class="mobile-ad-container" data-ad-key="widget_ads_top"></div><p>Francesco Gravino, artistic director of the Foyer â97 Teatro, a nonprofit theater company he has led in San Severo for nearly three decades, is not someone who typically thinks small. Over the years, Foyer â97 has mounted ambitious productions, cultivated local audiences, and navigated the perpetual resource constraints that…</p> 1213 </div> 1214 <div class="pigeon-context-promotion-content"> 1215 <h3>Create a free <em>SSIR</em> account to access this content.</h3> 1216 <p>Our mission is to share the best in social innovation research and practice, regardless of your ability to pay, so free account holders get additional access to articles on ssir.org each month.</p> 1217 <p>If you can afford it, please support <em>SSIR</em> with a subscription. For as little as $6 per month, you'll get:</p> 1218 <ul> 1219 <li>Unlimited access to new articles</li> 1220 <li>Access to <em>SSIR</em>'s 20+ years of field-defining work</li> 1221 <li>Digital PDF editions of every print issue</li> 1222 </ul> 1223 <p>And you'll make sure <em>SSIR</em> continues to support social innovators around the world with new ideas, insights, and inspiration.</p> 1224 <div class="pigeon-cta-buttons"> 1225 <button type="button" class="pigeon-btn pigeon-btn-primary" onclick="Pigeon.widget.modal({'modalAction':'open','jumpTo':'subscriptions'});">Sign up</button> 1226 </div> 1227 <p class="pigeon-cta-footer">Already have an account? <button type="button" class="pigeon-btn pigeon-btn-text" onclick="Pigeon.widget.modal({'modalAction':'open','jumpTo':'login'});">Click here to log in.</button></p> 1228</div> 1229 </div> 1230</article><!-- /.article-wide --> 1231 1232 1233 1234 </section> 1235 1236 <aside class="sidebar"> 1237 1238 1239 <!-- Default sidebar --> 1240 <ul class="widgets"> 1241 1242<li class="widget widget-socials"> 1243 <div class="widget-body"> 1244 <a href="#"> 1245 <img src="/css/images/logo-red.png" alt="" width="206" height="39"> 1246 </a> 1247 1248 <div class="socials"> 1249 <ul> 1250 <li> 1251 <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/stanford-social-innovation-review" aria-label="SSIR Linkedin"> 1252 <i class="ico-linkedin-large"></i> 1253 </a> 1254 </li> 1255 <li> 1256 <a href="https://www.instagram.com/stanford.ssir/" aria-label="SSIR Instagram"> 1257 <img src="/images/homepage/ico-instagram-large.png" alt="SSIR Instagram" width="80px" style="max-width:80px;"> 1258 </a> 1259 </li> 1260 <li> 1261 <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/ssir.org" aria-label="SSIR Bluesky"> 1262 <img src="/images/homepage/ico-bluesky-large.png" alt="SSIR Bluesky" width="80px" style="max-width:80px;"> 1263 </a> 1264 </li> 1265 </ul> 1266 </div><!-- /.socials --> 1267 </div><!-- /.widget-body --> 1268</li> 1269 <li class="widget widget-banner"> 1270 <div class="widget-body desktop-ad-container" data-ad-key="widget_ads_top"> 1271 1272 <div id='div-gpt-ad-1596666215664-0' style='width: 300px; height: 250px;'> 1273
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'' : 'none'; 1751 }); 1752 }); 1753 }; 1754 setVisibilityByAccess(); 1755 const removeRestricted = (selector) => { 1756 document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((el) => { 1757 if (el.dataset.loginPrompt) { 1758 document.getElementById(el.dataset.loginPrompt).style.display = 'block'; 1759 } 1760 el.remove(); 1761 }); 1762 }; 1763 const shouldRemoveAllRestricted = !hasPlan && (!allowed || (isMeteredPage && remaining == 0)); 1764 1765 // Removing access required elements if the page is metered and the user has no remaining articles 1766 if (shouldRemoveAllRestricted) { 1767 removeRestricted('.js-access-required, .js-plan-required'); 1768 } else if (!hasPlan) {removeRestricted('.js-plan-required');} 1769 1770 // Desktop banner: status widget + show "pages left" only on metered pages (restricted === 0) 1771 const initStatusBanner = () => { 1772 if (typeof Pigeon.widget === 'undefined' || typeof Pigeon.widget.status !== 'function') return; 1773 const placeholder = document.querySelector('.widget-sticky .pigeon-widget-status'); 1774 if (!placeholder) return; 1775 Pigeon.widget.status({ 1776 customCopy: { 1777 page: ['article', 'articles'], 1778 meter: '%%available%% %%page%% left', 1779 login: loggedIn ? 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1793 items.forEach(li => li.classList.remove('first-visible')); 1794 const firstVisible = items.find(li => li.offsetParent !== null && getComputedStyle(li).display !== 'none'); 1795 if (firstVisible) firstVisible.classList.add('first-visible'); 1796 }; 1797 let attempts = 0; 1798 const trySetMeter = () => { 1799 setMeterVisibility(); 1800 if (document.querySelector('.widget-sticky .pigeon-widget-status ul li.meter') || attempts >= 20) return; 1801 attempts += 1; 1802 setTimeout(trySetMeter, 50); 1803 }; 1804 setTimeout(trySetMeter, 0); 1805 }; 1806 initStatusBanner(); 1807 const statusObs = new MutationObserver(() => { 1808 if (document.querySelector('.widget-sticky .pigeon-widget-status')) { 1809 initStatusBanner(); 1810 statusObs.disconnect(); 1811 } 1812 }); 1813 statusObs.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true }); 1814 1815 // Prompt widget (slider) copy 1816 if (free) return; 1817 1818 if (!Pigeon.widget || typeof Pigeon.widget.prompt !== 'function') { 1819 console.warn('Pigeon.widget.prompt is not available', Pigeon.widget); 1820 return; 1821 } 1822 const meterTitle = document.querySelector('.pigeon-meter-title'); 1823 const meterMessage = document.querySelector('.pigeon-meter-message'); 1824 const upgrade = document.querySelector('.pigeon-upgrade'); 1825 const subscribe = document.querySelector('.pigeon-subscribe'); 1826 const signIn = document.querySelector('.pigeon-sign-in'); 1827 1828 if (meterTitle && meterMessage && upgrade && subscribe && signIn) { 1829 upgrade.style.display = 'none'; 1830 subscribe.style.display = 'inline-block'; 1831 signIn.style.display = 'inline-block'; 1832 meterMessage.innerHTML = `You have ${remaining} more free article${remaining === 1 ? '' : 's'} this month. Sign up for a free account or subscribe for additional access.`; 1833 if (remaining >= 1 && profile && profile.plans === null) { 1834 meterTitle.innerHTML = 'Thank you for reading.'; 1835 meterMessage.innerHTML = `As a free subscriber, you have ${remaining} more free article${remaining === 1 ? '' : 's'} this month. Upgrade now to a paid subscription for unlimited access and to support <em>SSIR</em>.`; 1836 upgrade.style.display = 'inline-block'; 1837 subscribe.style.display = 'none'; 1838 signIn.style.display = 'none'; 1839 } else if (remaining === 0) { 1840 if (profile && profile.plans === null) { 1841 meterTitle.innerHTML = 'Support SSIR.'; 1842 meterMessage.innerHTML = 'This is your last free article this month. Upgrade to a paid subscription for unlimited access and to help <em>SSIR</em> share insights from social innovators around the world.'; 1843 upgrade.style.display = 'inline-block'; 1844 subscribe.style.display = 'none'; 1845 signIn.style.display = 'none'; 1846 } else { 1847 meterTitle.innerHTML = 'This is your last free article.'; 1848 meterMessage.innerHTML = '<em>SSIR</em> is a nonprofit that depends on readers like you. Sign up for a free account or subscribe for additional access.'; 1849 } 1850 } 1851 } 1852 1853 if (restricted === 1 || remaining <= 0) { 1854 moveMobileAdsToSidebarWidgets(); 1855 recalculatePigeonLayout(); 1856 if (profile && profile.plans === null) { 1857 const promotionContent = document.querySelector('.pigeon-context-promotion-content'); 1858 if (promotionContent) { 1859 promotionContent.innerHTML = '<h3>Youâve run out of free articles.</h3><p>Thanks for being a regular <em>SSIR</em> reader. We are a nonprofit and rely on readers like you to fund our work, so please subscribe to keep reading. For as little as $6 per month, youâll get:</p><ul><li>Unlimited access to new articles</li><li>Access to <em>SSIR</em>âs 20+ years of field-defining work</li><li>Digital PDF editions of every print issue</li></ul><p>And youâll make sure <em>SSIR</em> continues to support social innovators around the world with new ideas, insights, and inspiration.</p><div class="pigeon-cta-buttons"><a href="https://subscriber.ssir.org" class="pigeon-btn pigeon-btn-primary">Subscribe now</a></div><p class="pigeon-cta-footer">Interested in group subscription discounts for your organization? <a href="https://ssir.org/groups">Click here for group discounts</a>. Or <a href="https://ssir.org/gift">click here to give a gift subscription</a>.</p>'; 1860 // Promo HTML is injected asynchronously, so run one layout recalculation. 1861 recalculatePigeonLayout(); 1862 } 1863 } 1864 return; 1865 } 1866 1867 Pigeon.widget.prompt({}); 1868 recalculatePigeonLayout(); 1869 }).catch((err) => console.error('paywallPromise failed', err)); 1870 1871 if (typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined') { 1872 const promotionObserver = new MutationObserver(recalculatePigeonLayoutDebounced); 1873 document.querySelectorAll('.pigeon-context-promotion').forEach((container) => { 1874 promotionObserver.observe(container, { 1875 childList: true, 1876 subtree: true, 1877 attributes: true, 1878 attributeFilter: ['class', 'style'] 1879 }); 1880 }); 1881 } 1882 1883 // .widget-sticky: scroll down = top follows scrollY (banner up);
1883 scroll up = top by pixels traveled up from anchor 1884 (function () { 1885 let maxTopOffset = 48; // fallback until we measure 1886 let ticking = false; 1887 1888 const initialScrollY = window.scrollY || document.documentElement.scrollTop; 1889 1890 let lastScrollY = initialScrollY; 1891 1892 // Initialize correctly based on scroll position 1893 let currentTop = initialScrollY > 0 ? -maxTopOffset : 0; 1894 1895 function clamp(n, min, max) { 1896 return Math.max(min, Math.min(max, n)); 1897 } 1898 1899 function measureMaxTopOffset() { 1900 const banner = document.querySelector('.widget-sticky'); 1901 if (banner && banner.offsetHeight > 0) { 1902 maxTopOffset = banner.offsetHeight; 1903 } 1904 } 1905 1906 function updateBannerTop() { 1907 const banner = document.querySelector('.widget-sticky'); 1908 if (!banner) return; 1909 1910 measureMaxTopOffset(); 1911 1912 banner.style.position = 'fixed'; 1913 banner.style.left = '0'; 1914 banner.style.width = '100%'; 1915 1916 const scrollY = window.scrollY || document.documentElement.scrollTop; 1917 const deltaY = scrollY - lastScrollY; 1918 lastScrollY = scrollY; 1919 1920 currentTop = clamp(currentTop - deltaY, -maxTopOffset, 0); 1921 1922 banner.style.top = `${currentTop}px`; 1923 ticking = false; 1924 } 1925 1926 function onScroll() { 1927 if (ticking) return; 1928 ticking = true; 1929 requestAnimationFrame(updateBannerTop); 1930 } 1931 1932 function onResizeEnd() { 1933 measureMaxTopOffset(); 1934 currentTop = clamp(currentTop, -maxTopOffset, 0); 1935 const banner = document.querySelector('.widget-sticky'); 1936 if (banner) { 1937 banner.style.top = `${currentTop}px`; 1938 } 1939 } 1940 1941 function debounce(fn, delay) { 1942 let timeoutId; 1943 return function () { 1944 clearTimeout(timeoutId); 1945 timeoutId = setTimeout(fn, delay); 1946 }; 1947 } 1948 1949 window.addEventListener('scroll', onScroll, { passive: true }); 1950 window.addEventListener('resize', debounce(onResizeEnd, 150)); 1951 1952 // Force initial render state 1953 updateBannerTop(); 1954 })(); 1955</script>
1955 1956<div class="pigeon-widget-prompt" style="display:none;"> 1957 <div> 1958 <span class="pigeon-close" title="Close"> 1959 <svg height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24"> 1960 <path 1961 d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /> 1962 <path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /> 1963 </svg> 1964 </span> 1965 <h2 class="pigeon-meter-title">This article is free.</h2> 1966 </div> 1967 <div> 1968 <div class="pigeon-meter-message">You have %%pigeonMeterAvailable%% more free articles this month. Sign up for a free account or subscribe for additional access.</div> 1969 </div> 1970 <div> 1971 <a class="pigeon-subscribe" href="#">Sign up</a> 1972 <a class="pigeon-sign-in" href="#">Log in</a> 1973 <a class="pigeon-upgrade" href="https://subscriber.ssir.org/" style="display: none;">Upgrade</a> 1974 </div> 1975</div> 1976 1977 1978
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