PageSourceSearch

https://ssir.org/about/overview

html ssir.org collected 2026-10-01 07:07:11 UTC 66,798 bytes, 1,387 lines download raw bytes

1
2
3        
4    
5<!DOCTYPE html>
6<html lang="en-us">
7    <head>
8        <meta charset="UTF-8" />
9        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
10        
11        
12        <meta name="referrer" content="unsafe-url" />
13
14        
15        <link rel="preconnect" href="https://ajax.googleapis.com" crossorigin>
16        <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com">
17        <link rel="preconnect" href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net">
18        <link rel="preconnect" href="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com">
19        <link rel="preconnect" href="https://subscriber.ssir.org" crossorigin>
20        <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cse.google.com">
21        <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://www.google-analytics.com">
22
23        
24        
24<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.6.1/jquery.min.js" defer></script>
24
25        
25<script src="/js/cookie.js" defer></script>
25
26        
26<script src="/js/cssrelpreload.js" defer></script>
26
27
28        
29           
30                <title>Overview</title>
31            
32
33            
34                <meta property="og:type"   content="website" />
35            
36
37            
38                <link rel="canonical" href="https://ssir.org/about/overview"/>
39                <meta property="og:url" content="https://ssir.org/about/overview" />
40                <!-- huh  -->
41            
42
43            <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
44
45            
46
47            
48
49            
50        
51        
51<script
52                type="text/javascript"
53                src="https://app.termly.io/resource-blocker/02bad1f4-ec36-494f-b5c0-bff7d402d296?autoBlock=on"
54                ></script>
54
55
56        
56<script>
57        dataLayer = [{
58            "subscriberLoggedIn": "Guests",
59            
60            "publishDate": "2006-06-08T16:04:00-07:00",
61            
62            
63            
64            
65            
66            
67            "gtmStatus": "prod",
68            "paywallStatus": ""
69        }];
70        </script>
70
71
72        <!-- Google Tag Manager -->
73        
73<script>
vendor: 323 bytes, line 73
73(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','
73GTM-TNTS5VB
vendor: 3 bytes, line 73
73');
73</script>
73
74        <!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
75
76        <!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics -->
vendor: 72 bytes, lines 76-77
76
77        <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=
77G-8XRL7X45FT
vendor: 20 bytes, lines 77-78
77"></script>
78        
78<script>
79        
vendor: 152 bytes, lines 79-83
79window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
80        function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
81        gtag('js', new Date());
82
83        gtag('config', '
83G-8XRL7X45FT
vendor: 12 bytes, lines 83-84
83');
84        
84</script>
84
85        
86
87        <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="5374F42B10367E0CE1CD03BC47AFB94C" /> 
88        
89        <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/assets/favicon/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96" />
90        <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="/assets/favicon/favicon.svg" />
91        <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/assets/favicon/favicon.ico" />
92        <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/assets/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png" />
93        <link rel="manifest" href="/assets/favicon/site.webmanifest" />
94
95        <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1566208430350173" />
96        
97        <!-- Global CSS -->
98        <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Titillium+Web" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'">
99    <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Titillium+Web"></noscript>
100
101    <link rel="preload" href="/css/fonts.css?v=2026-02-12" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'">
102    <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/fonts.css?v=2026-02-12"></noscript>
103
104    
105    <link rel="preload" href="/css/style.css?v=2026-08-12" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'"/>
106    <!-- Preload CSS -->
107    <link rel="preload" href="/css/style_async.css?v=2026-08-12" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'">
108    <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style_async.css?v=2026-08-04-01"></noscript>
109
110    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://ssir.org/minify/16daa1c2250228f4361e2e7aac8b293804fec255.1527098460.css" rel="none" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" />
111    <noscript>
112    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ssir.org/minify/4fa6bb2191ea6a584b17c00306b4dfea168d8872.1773316872.css" />
113    </noscript>
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122        
123        
124
125        <!-- BEGIN GOOGLE SEARCH CODE -->
126        
126<script src="/js/shared/google-cse.js?v=2026-07-28" data-cx="008920298281052476179:dtxgwiwqvhc" defer></script>
126
127        <!-- END GOOGLE SEARCH CODE -->
128
129        <meta name="Copyright" content="(c) 2005-2026" />
130
131        
132        <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="SSIR Articles" href="https://ssir.org/site/rss_2.0" />
133        <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="SSIR Analysis and Opinion Blog" href="https://ssir.org/blog/rss" />
134        <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" HREF="https://images.ssireview.org/apple-touch-icon.png" />
135
136        
137        
137<script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script>
137
138        
138<script>
139            window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []};
140            googletag.cmd.push(function() {
141                var mappingTop = googletag.sizeMapping()
142                                           .addSize([758, 480], [728, 90])
143                                           .addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]) // All viewports < 640x480
144                                           .build();
145                
146                googletag.defineSlot('/22062841453/SSIR_728x90', [[320, 50], [728, 90]], 'div-gpt-ad-1636034642111-0').defineSizeMapping(mappingTop).addService(googletag.pubads());
147                googletag.defineSlot('/22062841453/SSIR_HighImpact', [[600, 250], [468, 60], [300, 250]], 'div-gpt-ad-1646354848641-0').addService(googletag.pubads());
148                
149                        	googletag.defineSlot('/22062841453/300x250ATF', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1596666215664-0').addService(googletag.pubads());
150                            googletag.defineSlot('/22062841453/SSIR_300x250BTF', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1596665496550-0').addService(googletag.pubads());
151                        
152                googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest();
153                googletag.enableServices();
154            });
155        </script>
155
156        
157        
157<script data-ad-client="ca-pub-8471827283965476" async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
157
158        
159        
160    </head>
161    <body>
162        <div id="refreshed_csrf_token" style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" name="csrf_token" value="ecf0be77ebacb0e4cd630a2e36307cbd05a27ef5"></div>
163        
163<script>
164            function fetchAndInjectHTML(url, scriptElement = null, shouldInject = true, callback = null) {
165                return (async () => {
166                    try {
167                        const response = await fetch(url);
168                        if (!response.ok) {
169                            throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${response.status}`);
170                        }
171                        const htmlContent = await response.text();
172
173                        if (shouldInject && scriptElement) {
174                            const container = document.createElement('div');
175                            container.innerHTML = htmlContent;
176                            scriptElement.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', container);
177
178                            // Remove the script tag after injection
179                            scriptElement.remove();
180                        }
181                        if (callback) {callback();}
182
183                        return htmlContent; // Always return the HTML content
184                    } catch (error) {
185                        console.error('Error fetching and injecting HTML:', error);
186                        return null; // Return null in case of an error
187                    }
188                })();
189            }
190        </script>
190
191        <main>
192<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
vendor: 68 bytes, lines 192-193
192
193<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=
193GTM-TNTS5VB
vendor: 83 bytes, line 193
193" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
194<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
195        
196        
196<script>fetchAndInjectHTML('/defer-load/cookie-reset', document.currentScript);</script>
196
197        <div class="wrapper">
198            <div class="offset-nav">
199        <header class="offset-nav-head">
200            <a href="https://ssir.org/" class="home">
201                <i class="ico ico-home" aria-hidden="true"></i>
202            </a>
203            <a href="#" class="close">
204                <i class="ico ico-close-grey" aria-hidden="true"></i>
205            </a>
206        </header><!-- /.offset-nav-head -->
207        
208        <div class="offset-nav-body">
209            <nav class="nav-alt">
210                <ul>
211                    <li class="has-submenu first">
212                        <a href="#" class="uppercased">Social Issues <span>Education, Health, Security, etc.</span></a>
213                        <div class="offset-nav-dropdown">
214                            <header class="offset-nav-dropdown-head">
215                                <a href="#" class="back">
216                                    <i class="ico ico-back" aria-hidden="true"></i>
217                                </a>
218                                <a href="#" class="close">
219                                    <i class="ico ico-close-grey" aria-hidden="true"></i>
220                                </a>
221                            </header><!-- /.offset-nav-dropdown-head -->
222                            <div class="offset-nav-dropdown-body">
223                                <ul>
224                                    
225                                        <li>
226                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/arts-culture">Arts & Culture</a>
227                                        </li>
228                                    
229                                        <li>
230                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/cities">Cities</a>
231                                        </li>
232                                    
233                                        <li>
234                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/civic-engagement">Civic Engagement</a>
235                                        </li>
236                                    
237                                        <li>
238                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/economic-development">Economic Development</a>
239                                        </li>
240                                    
241                                        <li>
242                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/education">Education</a>
243                                        </li>
244                                    
245                                        <li>
246                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/energy">Energy</a>
247                                        </li>
248                                    
249                                        <li>
250                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/environment">Environment</a>
251                                        </li>
252                                    
253                                        <li>
254                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/food">Food</a>
255                                        </li>
256                                    
257                                        <li>
258                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/health">Health</a>
259                                        </li>
260                                    
261                                        <li>
262                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/human-rights">Human Rights</a>
263                                        </li>
264                                    
265                                        <li>
266                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/security">Security</a>
267                                        </li>
268                                    
269                                        <li>
270                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/social-services">Social Services</a>
271                                        </li>
272                                    
273                                        <li>
274                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/water-sanitation">Water & Sanitation</a>
275                                        </li>
276                                    
277                                </ul>
278                            </div><!-- /.offset-nav-dropdown-body -->
279                        </div><!-- /.nav-dropdown -->
280                    </li>
281                    <li class="has-submenu">
282                        <a href="#" class="uppercased">Sectors <span>Government, Nonprofit, Business, etc.</span></a>
283                        <div class="offset-nav-dropdown">
284                            <header class="offset-nav-dropdown-head">
285                                <a href="#" class="back">
286                                    <i class="ico ico-back" aria-hidden="true"></i>
287                                </a>
288                                <a href="#" class="close">
289                                    <i class="ico ico-close-grey" aria-hidden="true"></i>
290                                </a>
291                            </header><!-- /.offset-nav-dropdown-head -->
292                            <div class="offset-nav-dropdown-body">
293                                <ul>
294                                    
295                                        <li>
296                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/business">Business</a>
297                                        </li>
298                                    
299                                        <li>
300                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/foundations">Foundations</a>
301                                        </li>
302                                    
303                                        <li>
304                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/government">Government</a>
305                                        </li>
306                                    
307                                        <li>
308                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/nonprofits-ngos">Nonprofits & NGOs</a>
309                                        </li>
310                                    
311                                        <li>
312                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/social-enterprise">Social Enterprise</a>
313                                        </li>
314                                    
315                                </ul>
316                            </div><!-- /.offset-nav-dropdown-body -->
317                        </div><!-- /.nav-dropdown -->
318                    </li>
319                    <li class="has-submenu">
320                        <a href="#" class="uppercased">Solutions <span>Advocacy, Funding, Leadership, etc.</span></a>
321                        <div class="offset-nav-dropdown">
322                            <header class="offset-nav-dropdown-head">
323                                <a href="#" class="back">
324                                    <i class="ico ico-back" aria-hidden="true"></i>
325                                </a>
326                                <a href="#" class="close">
327                                    <i class="ico ico-close-grey" aria-hidden="true"></i>
328                                </a>
329                            </header><!-- /.offset-nav-dropdown-head -->
330                            <div class="offset-nav-dropdown-body">
331                                <ul>
332                                    
333                                        <li>
334                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/advocacy">Advocacy</a>
335                                        </li>
336                                    
337                                        <li>
338                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/collaboration">Collaboration</a>
339                                        </li>
340                                    
341                                        <li>
342                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/design-thinking">Design Thinking</a>
343                                        </li>
344                                    
345                                        <li>
346                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/governance">Governance</a>
347                                        </li>
348                                    
349                                        <li>
350                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/impact-investing">Impact Investing</a>
351                                        </li>
352                                    
353                                        <li>
354                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/leadership">Leadership</a>
355                                        </li>
356                                    
357                                        <li>
358                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/measurement-evaluation">Measurement & Evaluation</a>
359                                        </li>
360                                    
361                                        <li>
362                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/organizational-development">Organizational Development</a>
363                                        </li>
364                                    
365                                        <li>
366                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/philanthropy-funding">Philanthropy & Funding</a>
367                                        </li>
368                                    
369                                        <li>
370                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/scaling">Scaling</a>
371                                        </li>
372                                    
373                                        <li>
374                                            <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/technology">Technology</a>
375                                        </li>
376                                    
377                                </ul>
378                            </div><!-- /.offset-nav-dropdown-body -->
379                        </div><!-- /.nav-dropdown -->
380                    </li>
381                    <li class="has-submenu">
382                        <a href="#" class="uppercased">Magazine</a>
383                        <div class="offset-nav-dropdown">
384                            <header class="offset-nav-dropdown-head">
385                                <a href="#" class="back">
386                                    <i class="ico ico-back" aria-hidden="true"></i>
387                                </a>
388                                <a href="#" class="close">
389                                    <i class="ico ico-close-grey" aria-hidden="true"></i>
390                                </a>
391                            </header><!-- /.offset-nav-dropdown-head -->
392                            <div class="offset-nav-dropdown-body">
393                                <ul>
394                                    <li>
395                                        <!-- Using current_time to bypass cached redirect -->
396                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/issue/fall-2026">Current Issue</a>
397                                    </li>
398                                    <li>
399                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/issue">All Issues</a>
400                                    </li>
401                                    <li>
402                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/supplement/magazine-supplements">Sponsored Supplements</a>
403                                    </li>
404                                </ul>
405                            </div><!-- /.offset-nav-dropdown-body -->
406                        </div><!-- /.nav-dropdown -->
407                    </li>
408                    <li>
409                        <a href="https://ssir.org/supplement/in-depth-series" class="uppercased">In-Depth Series</a>
410                    </li>
411                    <li>
412                        <a href="https://ssir.org/podcasts" class="uppercased">Podcasts</a>
413                    </li>
414                    <li>
415                        <a href="https://ssir.org/webinars" class="uppercased">Webinars</a>
416                    </li>
417                    <li>
418                        <a href="https://ssir.org/events" class="uppercased">Events</a>
419                    </li>
420                    <li>
421                        <a href="https://ssir.org/book_reviews" class="uppercased">Books</a>
422                    </li>
423                    <li>
424                        <a href="https://ssir.org/videos" class="uppercased">Videos</a>
425                    </li>
426                    <li>
427                        <a href="https://ssir.org/email" class="uppercased">Newsletter</a>
428                    </li>
429                    <li>
430                        <a href="https://ssir.org/ssir-global" class="uppercased">Global Editions</a>
431                    </li>
432                    <li class="has-submenu">
433                        <a href="https://ssir.org/about/overview" class="uppercased">About Us</a>
434                        <div class="offset-nav-dropdown">
435                            <header class="offset-nav-dropdown-head">
436                                <a href="#" class="back">
437                                    <i class="ico ico-back" aria-hidden="true"></i>
438                                </a>
439                                <a href="#" class="close">
440                                    <i class="ico ico-close-grey" aria-hidden="true"></i>
441                                </a>
442                            </header><!-- /.offset-nav-dropdown-head -->
443                            <div class="offset-nav-dropdown-body">
444                                <ul>
445                                    	<li>
446		<a href="https://ssir.org/about/overview">About <em>SSIR</em></a>
447	</li>
448	<li>
449		<a href="http://pacscenter.stanford.edu/">Stanford PACS</a>
450	</li>
451	<li>
452		<a href="https://ssir.org/about/contact">Contact Us</a>
453	</li>
454	<li>
455		<a href="https://ssir.org/about/submission-guidelines">Submissions</a>
456	</li>
457	<li>
458		<a href="https://ssir.org/advertising">Advertise</a>
459	</li>
460	<li>
461		<a href="https://ssir.org/help">Help</a>
462	</li>
463	<li>
464		<a href="https://ssir.org/reprints-permissions">Reprints</a>
465	</li>
466	<li>
467		<a href="http://www.stanford.edu/site/terms.html">Terms of Use</a>
468	</li>
469	<li>
470		<a href="https://ssir.org/privacy-policy">Privacy</a>
471	</li>
472		<li>
473		<a href="https://www.stanford.edu/site/accessibility/">Accessibility</a>
474	</li>
475	<li>
476		<a href="https://ssir.org/site-map">Site Map</a>
477	</li>
478
479                                </ul>
480                            </div><!-- /.offset-nav-dropdown-body -->
481                        </div><!-- /.nav-dropdown -->
482                    </li>
483                    <li>
484                        <a href="https://ssir.org/donate" class="btn-donate uppercased" title="Donate to SSIR">Donate</a>
485                    </li>
486                </ul>
487            </nav><!-- /.nav-alt -->
488        </div><!-- /.offset-nav-body -->
489    </div><!-- /.offset-nav -->
490    
491    <div class="widget-sticky">
492    <nav class="pigeon-widget-status"></nav>
493    <div class="widget-sticky-nav-mobile">
494        <div class="search">
495            <button class="btn-search" aria-label="Search">
496                <i class="ico ico-search" aria-hidden="true"></i>
497            </button>
498        </div><!-- /.search -->
499        <a href="#" class="nav-trigger" aria-label="Open menu">
500            <span class="bar"></span>
501            <span class="bar"></span>
502            <span class="bar"></span>
503        </a>
504    </div><!-- /.widget-sticky-nav-mobile -->
505</div><!-- /.widget-sticky -->
506<div class="search-lightbox" id="search-lightbox" aria-hidden="true">
507    <div class="search-lightbox-backdrop"></div>
508    <div class="search-lightbox-content">
509        <button type="button" class="search-lightbox-close" aria-label="Close search">
510            <span aria-hidden="true">&times;</span>
511        </button>
512        <h3 class="search-lightbox-title">Search <em>SSIR</em></h3>
513        <div id="search-container"><gcse:searchbox-only resultsUrl="https://ssir.org/search/results"></gcse:searchbox-only></div>
514    </div>
515</div>
516    <div id="ad-top-container" class="shell">
517        <div class="header-top-inner">
518            <div class="banner banner-large">
519                <div class="desktop-view">
520                    
521                    <div id='div-gpt-ad-1636034642111-0' style='min-width: 320px; min-height: 50px; text-align: center;'>
522                        
522<script>
523                            googletag.cmd.push(function() {googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1636034642111-0');});
524                        </script>
524
525                    </div>
526                </div>
527            </div><!-- /.banner banner-large -->
528        </div><!-- /.header-top-inner -->
529    </div><!-- /.shell -->
530    <header class="header">
531        <div class="header-bottom">
532            <div class="shell">
533                <div class="header-bottom-inner">
534                    <a href="https://ssir.org/" class="logo" aria-label="SSIR Homepage">
535                        <img src="/images/resources/SSIR_Logo.RGB_Black_tagline_984x234.png" height="120" width="492" alt="Stanford Social Innovation Review Logo">
536                    </a>
537                    
538                    <div class="header-subscribe">
539    
540        
541            
542                <a href="https://subscriber.ssir.org"><img src="https://ssir.org/images/jcogs_img/cache/fall-2026-cover-770x1009_-_abcdef_-_8cb579eb8dd0e5458f305dc2efdb68c73d1f384a.webp" alt="" id="img_rotate45_b" height="127" width="97"/></a>
543            
544        
545        
546    
547
548    
549    <ul>
550        <a href="https://ssir.org/donate" class="btn-donate uppercased">Donate</a>
551    </ul>
552</div><!-- /.header-subscribe -->
553                </div><!-- /.header-bottom-inner -->
554            </div><!-- /.shell -->
555        </div><!-- /.header-bottom -->
556    </header><!-- /.header -->
557    <div class="nav">
558        <div class="shell">
559            <div class="nav-inner">
560                <ul>
561                    <li class="first">
562                        <a href="#">Social Issues</a>
563                        <div class="nav-dropdown multiple">
564                            <ul>
565                                
566                                    <li>
567                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/arts-culture">Arts & Culture</a>
568                                    </li>
569                                
570                                    <li>
571                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/cities">Cities</a>
572                                    </li>
573                                
574                                    <li>
575                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/civic-engagement">Civic Engagement</a>
576                                    </li>
577                                
578                                    <li>
579                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/economic-development">Economic Development</a>
580                                    </li>
581                                
582                                    <li>
583                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/education">Education</a>
584                                    </li>
585                                
586                                    <li>
587                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/energy">Energy</a>
588                                    </li>
589                                
590                                    <li>
591                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/environment">Environment</a>
592                                    </li></ul> <ul>
593                                
594                                    <li>
595                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/food">Food</a>
596                                    </li>
597                                
598                                    <li>
599                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/health">Health</a>
600                                    </li>
601                                
602                                    <li>
603                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/human-rights">Human Rights</a>
604                                    </li>
605                                
606                                    <li>
607                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/security">Security</a>
608                                    </li>
609                                
610                                    <li>
611                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/social-services">Social Services</a>
612                                    </li>
613                                
614                                    <li>
615                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/water-sanitation">Water & Sanitation</a>
616                                    </li></ul>
617                        </div><!-- /.nav-dropdown -->
618                    </li>
619                    <li>
620                        <a href="#">Sectors</a>
621                        <div class="nav-dropdown">
622                            <ul>
623                                
624                                    <li>
625                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/business">Business</a>
626                                    </li>
627                                
628                                    <li>
629                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/foundations">Foundations</a>
630                                    </li>
631                                
632                                    <li>
633                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/government">Government</a>
634                                    </li>
635                                
636                                    <li>
637                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/nonprofits-ngos">Nonprofits & NGOs</a>
638                                    </li>
639                                
640                                    <li>
641                                        <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/social-enterprise">Social Enterprise</a>
642                                    </li>
643                                
644                            </ul>
645                        </div><!-- /.nav-dropdown -->
646                    </li>
647                    <li>
648                        <a href="#">Solutions</a>
649                        <div class="nav-dropdown multiple">
650                            <ul>
651                            
652                                <li>
653                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/advocacy">Advocacy</a>
654                                </li>
655                            
656                                <li>
657                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/collaboration">Collaboration</a>
658                                </li>
659                            
660                                <li>
661                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/design-thinking">Design Thinking</a>
662                                </li>
663                            
664                                <li>
665                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/governance">Governance</a>
666                                </li>
667                            
668                                <li>
669                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/impact-investing">Impact Investing</a>
670                                </li>
671                            
672                                <li>
673                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/leadership">Leadership</a>
674                                </li></ul> <ul>
675                            
676                                <li>
677                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/measurement-evaluation">Measurement & Evaluation</a>
678                                </li>
679                            
680                                <li>
681                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/organizational-development">Organizational Development</a>
682                                </li>
683                            
684                                <li>
685                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/philanthropy-funding">Philanthropy & Funding</a>
686                                </li>
687                            
688                                <li>
689                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/scaling">Scaling</a>
690                                </li>
691                            
692                                <li>
693                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/topics/category/technology">Technology</a>
694                                </li></ul>
695                        </div><!-- /.nav-dropdown multiple -->
696                    </li>
697                    <li class="bordered">
698                        <a href="#">magazine</a>
699                        <div class="nav-dropdown">
700                            <ul>
701                                <li>
702                                    <!-- Using current_time to bypass cached redirect -->
703                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/issue/fall-2026">Current Issue</a>
704                                </li>
705                                <li>
706                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/issue">All Issues</a>
707                                </li>
708                                <li>
709                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/supplement/magazine-supplements">Sponsored Supplements</a>
710                                </li>
711                            </ul>
712                        </div><!-- /.nav-dropdown -->
713                    </li>
714                    <li>
715                        <a href="https://ssir.org/ssir-global">Global Editions</a>
716                    </li>
717                    <li>
718                        <a href="#">more</a>
719                        <div class="nav-dropdown">
720                            <ul>
721                                <li>
722                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/supplement/in-depth-series">In-Depth Series</a>
723                                </li>
724                                <li>
725                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/podcasts">Podcasts</a>
726                                </li>
727                                <li>
728                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/webinars">Webinars</a>
729                                </li>
730                                <li>
731                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/events">Events</a>
732                                </li>
733                                <li>
734                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/book_reviews">Books</a>
735                                </li>
736                                <li>
737                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/videos">Videos</a>
738                                </li>
739                                <li>
740                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/email">Newsletter</a>
741                                </li>
742                                <li>
743                                    <a href="http://pacscenter.stanford.edu/">Stanford PACS</a>
744                                </li>
745                                <li>
746                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/about/submission_guidelines">Submission Guidelines</a>
747                                </li>
748                                <li>
749                                    <a href="https://ssir.org/about/overview">About Us</a>
750                                </li>
751                            </ul>
752                        </div><!-- /.nav-dropdown -->
753                    </li>
754                </ul>
755                <div class="search">
756                    <button class="btn-search" aria-label="Search">
757                        <i class="ico ico-search" aria-hidden="true"></i>
758                    </button>
759                </div><!-- /.search -->
760                <div class="socials">
761                    <ul>
762                        <li>
763                            <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/stanford-social-innovation-review" aria-label="SSIR Linkedin">
764                                <i class="ico-linkedin"></i>
765                            </a>
766                        </li>
767                        <li>
768                            <a href="https://www.instagram.com/stanford.ssir/" aria-label="SSIR Instagram">
769                                <i class="ico-instagram"></i>
770                            </a>
771                        </li>
772                        <li>
773                            <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/ssir.org" aria-label="SSIR Bluesky">
774                                <img src="/css/images/ico-bluesky-header.svg" alt="Bluesky Logo" width="24px"/>
775                            </a>
776                        </li>
777                        <li>
778                            <a href="https://ssir.org/site/rss_2.0" aria-label="SSIR RSS">
779                                <i class="ico-rss"></i>
780                            </a>
781                        </li>
782                    </ul>
783                </div><!-- /.socials -->
784            </div><!-- /.nav-inner -->
785        </div><!-- /.shell -->
786    </div><!-- /.nav -->
787
788            
789
790            <div class="main">
791                <div class="shell">
792                    
793
794            <div class="main-inner clearfix">
795
796				
797
798				<section class="content">
799                    
800
801
802    
803    
804
805    
806    
807    
808
809    <article class="article article-wide general-page">
810        <header class="article-head">
811            <h1>Overview </h1>
812            <div class="article-head-actions">
813    <ul>
814    
815        <li class="active"><a href="#"><strong>Overview</strong></a></li>
816        
817        <li><a href="/about/contact" title="Read About Contact Us">Contact Us</a></li>
818        
819        <li><a href="/about/ssir-staff" title="Read About SSIR Team">SSIR Team</a></li>
820        
821        <li><a href="/about/submission-guidelines" title="Read About Submission Guidelines">Submission Guidelines</a></li>
822    
823    </ul>
824</div>
825
826        </header><!-- /.article-head -->
827
828        <div class="article-body">
829            <div class="article-entry">
830                
831                    
832                        <p><em>
832Stanford Social Innovation Review (SSIR)</em> is an award-winning publication that covers cross-sector solutions to global problems. <em>SSIR</em> is written by and for social change leaders from around the world and from all sectors of society&mdash;nonprofits, foundations, business, government, and engaged citizens. <em>SSIR&#39;</em>s mission is to advance, educate, and inspire the field of social innovation by seeking out, cultivating, and disseminating the best in research- and practice-based knowledge through our quarterly print magazine, original online articles, webinars, conferences, podcasts, and more. <em>SSIR</em> is published by the <a href="https://pacscenter.stanford.edu/">Stanford Center on Philanthropy and Civil Society</a> at Stanford University.</p>
833
834<p>If you&#39;re interested in writing for <em>SSIR</em>, or if you are interested in sponsored content opportunities, please review our <a href="https://ssir.org/about/submission-guidelines">submission guidelines</a>.</p>
835
836<p><strong>Get Our Newsletter</strong><br />
837<em>SSIR&#39;</em>s free weekly newsletter is the best way to be alerted to new articles, book reviews and excerpts, events, and other special newsletter extras like bonus author interviews&mdash;all conveniently delivered to your inbox. To sign up, <a href="https://subscriber.ssir.org/">create a free <em>SSIR</em> account</a>.</p>
838
839<p><strong>Get a Subscription</strong><br />
840As a nonprofit media outlet, <em>SSIR</em> relies on reader support to sustain our mission. We offer <a href="https://subscriber.ssir.org/plan/subscribe/print">print and digital</a> or <a href="https://subscriber.ssir.org/plan/subscribe/digital">digital-only</a> subscription options that provide unlimited access to our entire archive of published material. You can also buy a <a href="https://subscriber.ssir.org/cmc/gift">gift subscription</a> for a colleague or inquire about discounted <a href="https://ssir.org/groups">group subscription rates</a> for your organization, library, or academic institution.</p>
841
842<p><strong>About Our Paywall</strong><br />
843<em>SSIR&#39;</em>s website paywall allows non-subscribers to access a limited number of free articles each month before a subscription is required to view additional content. We believe this approach is the best way to balance sharing social innovation knowledge as widely as possible with our need as a nonprofit to raise a sustainable amount of subscription revenue from generous readers like you.</p>
844                        
845                    
846                
847
848                
849            </div><!-- /.article-entry -->
850        </div><!-- /.article-body -->
851
852        <footer class="article-foot">
853
854            
855
856        
857
858        </footer><!-- /.article-foot -->
859    </article><!-- /.article-wide -->
860                </section>
861
862                <aside class="sidebar">
863					
864                    
865                    <!-- Default sidebar -->
866                    <ul class="widgets">
867                        
868<li class="widget widget-socials">
869    <div class="widget-body">
870        <a href="#">
871            <img src="/css/images/logo-red.png" alt="" width="206" height="39">
872        </a>
873
874        <div class="socials">
875            <ul>
876                 <li>
877                    <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/stanford-social-innovation-review" aria-label="SSIR Linkedin">
878                        <i class="ico-linkedin-large"></i>
879                    </a>
880                </li>
881                <li>
882                    <a href="https://www.instagram.com/stanford.ssir/" aria-label="SSIR Instagram">
883                        <img src="/images/homepage/ico-instagram-large.png" alt="SSIR Instagram" width="80px" style="max-width:80px;">
884                    </a>
885                </li>
886                <li>
887                    <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/ssir.org" aria-label="SSIR Bluesky">
888                        <img src="/images/homepage/ico-bluesky-large.png" alt="SSIR Bluesky" width="80px" style="max-width:80px;">
889                    </a>
890                </li>
891            </ul>
892        </div><!-- /.socials -->
893    </div><!-- /.widget-body -->
894</li>
895                        <li class="widget widget-banner">
896    <div class="widget-body desktop-ad-container" data-ad-key="widget_ads_top">
897        
898        <div id='div-gpt-ad-1596666215664-0' style='width: 300px; height: 250px;'>
899            
899<script>
900              	googletag.cmd.push(function() {googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1596666215664-0');});
901            </script>
901
902        </div>
903    </div><!-- /.widget-body -->
904</li>
905                        <li class="widget widget-subscribe">
906    <a href="https://subscriber.ssir.org/">
907        <img class="js-no-account-only widget-subscribe__img" src="/assets/img/sidebar-sign-up-free-account.png" alt="Free Weekly eNewsletter" loading="lazy" style="display: none;" />
908        <img class="js-free-only widget-subscribe__img" src="/assets/img/sidebar-sign-up-subscribe.png" alt="Free Weekly eNewsletter" loading="lazy" style="display: none;" />
909    </a>
910</li>
911                        <li class="widget">
912    <a href="https://ssir.org/donate"><img src="/css/images/support_ssir_300_250.jpeg" alt="Support SSIR"/></a>
913</li>
914                        <li class="widget widget-banner">
915    <div class="widget-body desktop-ad-container" data-ad-key="widget_ads_bottom">
916		
917        <div id='div-gpt-ad-1596665496550-0' style='width: 300px; height: 250px;'>
918            
918<script>
919              	googletag.cmd.push(function() {googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1596665496550-0');});
920            </script>
920
921        </div>
922    </div><!-- /.widget-body -->
923</li>
924                        
925
926                        
927
928                        
929
930                        
931                        
932
933                        <li class="widget widget-published-by ">
934    <div class="widget-body">
935        <a href="http://pacscenter.stanford.edu/" aria-label="Stanford Center on Philanthropy and Civil Society">
936            <img src="/css/images/StanfordPACS_Wht_HR_resized.png" alt="Stanford Center on Philanthropy and Civil Society Logo" class="pacs-logo" width="269" height="83" />
937        </a>
938        <br />
939        <em>SSIR</em> is published by the<br />
940        <a href="http://pacscenter.stanford.edu/">Stanford Center on Philanthropy and Civil<br />
941        Society</a>, at <a href="http://www.stanford.edu/">Stanford University</a>.
942    </div><!-- published-by -->
943</li>
944
945                                                
946
947                    </ul>
948                    
949                </aside>
950            </div>
951
952                </div>
953            </div>
954
955            <footer class="footer">
956        <div class="footer-top">
957            <div class="shell">
958                <div class="footer-top-inner">
959                    <nav class="footer-nav">
960                        <ul>
961                            	<li>
962		<a href="https://ssir.org/about/overview">About <em>SSIR</em></a>
963	</li>
964	<li>
965		<a href="http://pacscenter.stanford.edu/">Stanford PACS</a>
966	</li>
967	<li>
968		<a href="https://ssir.org/about/contact">Contact Us</a>
969	</li>
970	<li>
971		<a href="https://ssir.org/about/submission-guidelines">Submissions</a>
972	</li>
973	<li>
974		<a href="https://ssir.org/advertising">Advertise</a>
975	</li>
976	<li>
977		<a href="https://ssir.org/help">Help</a>
978	</li>
979	<li>
980		<a href="https://ssir.org/reprints-permissions">Reprints</a>
981	</li>
982	<li>
983		<a href="http://www.stanford.edu/site/terms.html">Terms of Use</a>
984	</li>
985	<li>
986		<a href="https://ssir.org/privacy-policy">Privacy</a>
987	</li>
988		<li>
989		<a href="https://www.stanford.edu/site/accessibility/">Accessibility</a>
990	</li>
991	<li>
992		<a href="https://ssir.org/site-map">Site Map</a>
993	</li>
994
995                        </ul>
996                    </nav><!-- /.footer-nav -->
997                </div><!-- /.footer-top-inner -->
998            </div><!-- /.shell -->
999        </div><!-- /.footer-top -->
1000        <div class="footer-bottom">
1001            <div class="shell">
1002                <div class="footer-bottom-inner">
1003                    <p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2026 Stanford University. <span>Designed by <a href="#">Arsenal</a>, developed by <a href="http://www.hopstudios.com/" title="Web design and ExpressionEngine developers">Hop Studios</a></span></p><!-- /.copyright -->
1004                    <button type="button" class="manage-cookie" style="background: none; width: 165px; height: 30px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid #900; font-family: Roboto, Arial; font-size: 10px; color: #900; font-weight: 600; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; padding: 0; outline: none; margin-top: 8px;" onclick="displayPreferenceModal()">Manage Cookie Preferences</button>
1005                </div><!-- /.footer-bottom-inner -->
1006            </div><!-- /.shell -->
1007        </div><!-- /.footer-bottom -->
1008    </footer><!-- /.footer -->
1009
1010        </div><!-- /.wrapper -->
1011
1012        
1012<script>
1013            let articleStatus, articleSponsored;
1014
1015            
1016            
1017        </script>
1017
1018
1019        
1019<script src="https://ssir.org/site/functions?v=2026-07-29-2" defer></script>
1019
1020
1021<script src="https://subscriber.ssir.org/c/assets/pigeon.js" onload="console.log('pigeon.js loaded')"
1022    onerror="console.error('pigeon.js failed to load')"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1022
1022
1023<script type="text/javascript">
1024    const Pigeon = new PigeonClass({
1025        subdomain: 'subscriber.ssir.org',
1026        fingerprint: true
1027    });
1028    // Mobile-only sidebar offset settings.
1029    // We keep the sidebar below the paywall promo panel with an extra 20px gap.
1030    const MOBILE_SIDEBAR_MEDIA_QUERY = '(max-width: 767px)';
1031    const MOBILE_SIDEBAR_TOP_GAP = 20;
1032
1033    // Positions `.sidebar` below the paywall promo on mobile.
1034    // We use promo document top + promo outer height (+ 20px), then convert
1035    // that absolute target into a relative `top` shift for `.sidebar`.
1036    const updateMobileSidebarAndFooterTopOffset = () => {
1037        const sidebar = document.querySelector('.sidebar');
1038        const footer = document.querySelector('.footer');
1039        const promotionContent = document.querySelector('.pigeon-context-promotion-content');
1040        const protectedOverlay = document.querySelector('.protected-overlay');
1041        if (!sidebar || !footer || !promotionContent || !protectedOverlay) return;
1042
1043        if (!window.matchMedia(MOBILE_SIDEBAR_MEDIA_QUERY).matches) {
1044            sidebar.style.position = '';
1045            sidebar.style.top = '';
1046            footer.style.position = '';
1047            footer.style.marginTop = '';
1048            return;
1049        }
1050
1051        sidebar.style.position = 'relative';
1052        sidebar.style.top = '';
1053
1054        let mobileOffsetTop = Math.max(promotionContent.getBoundingClientRect().bottom - (protectedOverlay.getBoundingClientRect().top + protectedOverlay.scrollHeight), 0);
1055
1056        const sidebarOffset = mobileOffsetTop + 20;
1057        sidebar.style.top = `${sidebarOffset}px`;
1058
1059        footer.style.marginTop = '';
1060        const footerOffset = mobileOffsetTop + 40;
1061        footer.style.marginTop = `${footerOffset}px`;
1062    };
1063
1064    const debounce = (fn, delay) => {
1065        let timeoutId;
1066        return function () {
1067            clearTimeout(timeoutId);
1068            timeoutId = setTimeout(fn, delay);
1069        };
1070    };
1071
1072    // Reserve vertical space for absolutely positioned paywall promo content
1073    // by adding promo height to overlay height in the container min-height.
1074    const updatePromotionContainerSpacing = () => {
1075        const isMobileView = window.matchMedia(MOBILE_SIDEBAR_MEDIA_QUERY).matches;
1076        document.querySelectorAll('.pigeon-context-promotion').forEach((container) => {
1077            const protectedOverlay = container.querySelector('.protected-overlay');
1078            const promotionContent = container.querySelector('.pigeon-context-promotion-content');
1079            if (!protectedOverlay || !promotionContent) return;
1080
1081            if (isMobileView) {
1082                container.style.minHeight = '';
1083                return;
1084            }
1085
1086            const containerDisplay = getComputedStyle(container).display;
1087            if (containerDisplay === 'none') {
1088                container.style.minHeight = '';
1089                return;
1090            }
1091
1092            const promoStyles = getComputedStyle(promotionContent);
1093            const promoTopMargin = parseFloat(promoStyles.marginTop || '0') || 0;
1094            const promoBottomMargin = parseFloat(promoStyles.marginBottom || '0') || 0;
1095            const overlayHeight = protectedOverlay.offsetHeight || protectedOverlay.scrollHeight || 0;
1096            const promoHeight = promotionContent.offsetHeight + promoTopMargin + promoBottomMargin;
1097            const requiredHeight = Math.max(overlayHeight + promoHeight, 0);
1098
1099            container.style.minHeight = `${Math.ceil(requiredHeight)}px`;
1100        });
1101    };
1102    const recalculatePigeonLayout = () => {
1103        updatePromotionContainerSpacing();
1104        updateMobileSidebarAndFooterTopOffset();
1105    };
1106    const recalculatePigeonLayoutDebounced = debounce(recalculatePigeonLayout, 100);
1107
1108    // Run one shared layout pass on initial load and viewport size changes.
1109    window.addEventListener('load', recalculatePigeonLayout);
1110    window.addEventListener('resize', recalculatePigeonLayoutDebounced);
1111    setTimeout(recalculatePigeonLayout, 0);
1112
1113    const free = (false || articleStatus == 'Paid Access Open' || articleSponsored == 'yes');
1114
1115    Pigeon.paywall({
1116        redirect: false,
1117        free: free,
1118        ignoreBodyHide: true,
1119        success: (response) => {}});
1120
1121    const PIGEON_BASE = 'https://subscriber.ssir.org';
1122
1123    Promise.resolve(Pigeon.paywallPromise).then((r) => {
1124        const { allowed, profile, user_status, restricted, meter_limit, meter } = r;
1125        const limit = Number(meter_limit || 0);
1126        const used = Number(meter || 0);
1127        const remaining = Math.max(0, limit - used);
1128        const loggedIn = user_status === 1 || (profile && profile.id);
1129        const isMeteredPage = restricted === 0 && !free;
1130        const plans = profile && profile.plans;
1131        const hasPlan = Array.isArray(plans) ? plans.length > 0 : Boolean(plans);
1132        const isFreeCategory = Boolean(profile) && (
1133            plans === null ||
1134            (Array.isArray(plans) && plans.length === 0)
1135        );
1136
1137        const moveMobileAdsToSidebarWidgets = () => {
1138            const sidebarWidgets = document.querySelector('.sidebar .widgets');
1139            if (!sidebarWidgets) return;
1140            document.querySelectorAll('.mobile-ad-container').forEach((adContainer) => {sidebarWidgets.appendChild(adContainer);});
1141        };
1142        const setVisibilityByAccess = () => {
1143            [
1144                ['.js-no-account-only', !Boolean(profile)],
1145                ['.js-free-only', isFreeCategory],
1146                ['.js-plan-only', hasPlan]
1147            ].forEach(([selector, isVisible]) => {
1148                document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((el) => {
1149                    el.style.display = isVisible ? '' : 'none';
1150                });
1151            });
1152        };
1153        setVisibilityByAccess();
1154        const removeRestricted = (selector) => {
1155            document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((el) => {
1156                if (el.dataset.loginPrompt) {
1157                    document.getElementById(el.dataset.loginPrompt).style.display = 'block';
1158                }
1159                el.remove();
1160            });
1161        };
1162        const shouldRemoveAllRestricted = !hasPlan && (!allowed || (isMeteredPage && remaining == 0));
1163
1164        // Removing access required elements if the page is metered and the user has no remaining articles
1165        if (shouldRemoveAllRestricted) {
1166            removeRestricted('.js-access-required, .js-plan-required');
1167        } else if (!hasPlan) {removeRestricted('.js-plan-required');}
1168
1169        // Desktop banner: status widget + show "pages left" only on metered pages (restricted === 0)
1170        const initStatusBanner = () => {
1171            if (typeof Pigeon.widget === 'undefined' || typeof Pigeon.widget.status !== 'function') return;
1172            const placeholder = document.querySelector('.widget-sticky .pigeon-widget-status');
1173            if (!placeholder) return;
1174            Pigeon.widget.status({
1175                customCopy: {
1176                    page: ['article', 'articles'],
1177                    meter: '%%available%% %%page%% left',
1178                    login: loggedIn ? 'Sign In' : 'Log in',
1179                    subscribe: loggedIn ? 'Subscribe' : 'Sign up'
1180                }
1181            });
1182
1183            const setMeterVisibility = () => {
1184                const meterEl = document.querySelector('.widget-sticky .pigeon-widget-status ul li.meter');
1185                if (meterEl) meterEl.style.display = isMeteredPage && remaining != 0 ? '' : 'none';
1186                markFirstVisible();
1187            };
1188            const markFirstVisible = () => {
1189                const ul = document.querySelector('.widget-sticky .pigeon-widget-status ul');
1190                if (!ul) return;
1191                const items = Array.from(ul.querySelectorAll(':scope > li'));
1192                items.forEach(li => li.classList.remove('first-visible'));
1193                const firstVisible = items.find(li => li.offsetParent !== null && getComputedStyle(li).display !== 'none');
1194                if (firstVisible) firstVisible.classList.add('first-visible');
1195            };
1196            let attempts = 0;
1197            const trySetMeter = () => {
1198                setMeterVisibility();
1199                if (document.querySelector('.widget-sticky .pigeon-widget-status ul li.meter') || attempts >= 20) return;
1200                attempts += 1;
1201                setTimeout(trySetMeter, 50);
1202            };
1203            setTimeout(trySetMeter, 0);
1204        };
1205        initStatusBanner();
1206        const statusObs = new MutationObserver(() => {
1207            if (document.querySelector('.widget-sticky .pigeon-widget-status')) {
1208                initStatusBanner();
1209                statusObs.disconnect();
1210            }
1211        });
1212        statusObs.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true });
1213
1214        // Prompt widget (slider) copy
1215        if (free) return;
1216
1217        if (!Pigeon.widget || typeof Pigeon.widget.prompt !== 'function') {
1218            console.warn('Pigeon.widget.prompt is not available', Pigeon.widget);
1219            return;
1220        }
1221        const meterTitle = document.querySelector('.pigeon-meter-title');
1222        const meterMessage = document.querySelector('.pigeon-meter-message');
1223        const upgrade = document.querySelector('.pigeon-upgrade');
1224        const subscribe = document.querySelector('.pigeon-subscribe');
1225        const signIn = document.querySelector('.pigeon-sign-in');
1226
1227        if (meterTitle && meterMessage && upgrade && subscribe && signIn) {
1228            upgrade.style.display = 'none';
1229            subscribe.style.display = 'inline-block';
1230            signIn.style.display = 'inline-block';
1231            meterMessage.innerHTML = `You have ${remaining} more free article${remaining === 1 ? '' : 's'} this month. Sign up for a free account or subscribe for additional access.`;
1232            if (remaining >= 1 && profile && profile.plans === null) {
1233                meterTitle.innerHTML = 'Thank you for reading.';
1234                meterMessage.innerHTML = `As a free subscriber, you have ${remaining} more free article${remaining === 1 ? '' : 's'} this month. Upgrade now to a paid subscription for unlimited access and to support <em>SSIR</em>.`;
1235                upgrade.style.display = 'inline-block';
1236                subscribe.style.display = 'none';
1237                signIn.style.display = 'none';
1238            } else if (remaining === 0) {
1239                if (profile && profile.plans === null) {
1240                    meterTitle.innerHTML = 'Support SSIR.';
1241                    meterMessage.innerHTML = 'This is your last free article this month. Upgrade to a paid subscription for unlimited access and to help <em>SSIR</em> share insights from social innovators around the world.';
1242                    upgrade.style.display = 'inline-block';
1243                    subscribe.style.display = 'none';
1244                    signIn.style.display = 'none';
1245                } else {
1246                    meterTitle.innerHTML = 'This is your last free article.';
1247                    meterMessage.innerHTML = '<em>SSIR</em> is a nonprofit that depends on readers like you. Sign up for a free account or subscribe for additional access.';
1248                }
1249            }
1250        }
1251
1252        if (restricted === 1 || remaining <= 0) {
1253            moveMobileAdsToSidebarWidgets();
1254            recalculatePigeonLayout();
1255            if (profile && profile.plans === null) {
1256                const promotionContent = document.querySelector('.pigeon-context-promotion-content');
1257                if (promotionContent) {
1258                    promotionContent.innerHTML = '<h3>You’ve run out of free articles.</h3><p>Thanks for being a regular <em>SSIR</em> reader. We are a nonprofit and rely on readers like you to fund our work, so please subscribe to keep reading. For as little as $6 per month, you’ll get:</p><ul><li>Unlimited access to new articles</li><li>Access to <em>SSIR</em>’s 20+ years of field-defining work</li><li>Digital PDF editions of every print issue</li></ul><p>And you’ll make sure <em>SSIR</em> continues to support social innovators around the world with new ideas, insights, and inspiration.</p><div class="pigeon-cta-buttons"><a href="https://subscriber.ssir.org" class="pigeon-btn pigeon-btn-primary">Subscribe now</a></div><p class="pigeon-cta-footer">Interested in group subscription discounts for your organization? <a href="https://ssir.org/groups">Click here for group discounts</a>. Or <a href="https://ssir.org/gift">click here to give a gift subscription</a>.</p>';
1259                    // Promo HTML is injected asynchronously, so run one layout recalculation.
1260                    recalculatePigeonLayout();
1261                }
1262            }
1263            return;
1264        }
1265
1266        Pigeon.widget.prompt({});
1267        recalculatePigeonLayout();
1268    }).catch((err) => console.error('paywallPromise failed', err));
1269
1270    if (typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined') {
1271        const promotionObserver = new MutationObserver(recalculatePigeonLayoutDebounced);
1272        document.querySelectorAll('.pigeon-context-promotion').forEach((container) => {
1273            promotionObserver.observe(container, {
1274                childList: true,
1275                subtree: true,
1276                attributes: true,
1277                attributeFilter: ['class', 'style']
1278            });
1279        });
1280    }
1281
1282    // .widget-sticky: scroll down = top follows scrollY (banner up);
1282 scroll up = top by pixels traveled up from anchor
1283    (function () {
1284        let maxTopOffset = 48; // fallback until we measure
1285        let ticking = false;
1286
1287        const initialScrollY = window.scrollY || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
1288
1289        let lastScrollY = initialScrollY;
1290
1291        // Initialize correctly based on scroll position
1292        let currentTop = initialScrollY > 0 ? -maxTopOffset : 0;
1293
1294        function clamp(n, min, max) {
1295            return Math.max(min, Math.min(max, n));
1296        }
1297
1298        function measureMaxTopOffset() {
1299            const banner = document.querySelector('.widget-sticky');
1300            if (banner && banner.offsetHeight > 0) {
1301                maxTopOffset = banner.offsetHeight;
1302            }
1303        }
1304
1305        function updateBannerTop() {
1306            const banner = document.querySelector('.widget-sticky');
1307            if (!banner) return;
1308
1309            measureMaxTopOffset();
1310
1311            banner.style.position = 'fixed';
1312            banner.style.left = '0';
1313            banner.style.width = '100%';
1314
1315            const scrollY = window.scrollY || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
1316            const deltaY = scrollY - lastScrollY;
1317            lastScrollY = scrollY;
1318
1319            currentTop = clamp(currentTop - deltaY, -maxTopOffset, 0);
1320
1321            banner.style.top = `${currentTop}px`;
1322            ticking = false;
1323        }
1324
1325        function onScroll() {
1326            if (ticking) return;
1327            ticking = true;
1328            requestAnimationFrame(updateBannerTop);
1329        }
1330
1331        function onResizeEnd() {
1332            measureMaxTopOffset();
1333            currentTop = clamp(currentTop, -maxTopOffset, 0);
1334            const banner = document.querySelector('.widget-sticky');
1335            if (banner) {
1336                banner.style.top = `${currentTop}px`;
1337            }
1338        }
1339
1340        function debounce(fn, delay) {
1341            let timeoutId;
1342            return function () {
1343                clearTimeout(timeoutId);
1344                timeoutId = setTimeout(fn, delay);
1345            };
1346        }
1347
1348        window.addEventListener('scroll', onScroll, { passive: true });
1349        window.addEventListener('resize', debounce(onResizeEnd, 150));
1350
1351        // Force initial render state
1352        updateBannerTop();
1353    })();
1354</script>
1354
1355<div class="pigeon-widget-prompt" style="display:none;">
1356    <div>
1357        <span class="pigeon-close" title="Close">
1358            <svg height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24">
1359                <path
1360                    d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" />
1361                <path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" />
1362            </svg>
1363        </span>
1364        <h2 class="pigeon-meter-title">This article is free.</h2>
1365    </div>
1366    <div>
1367        <div class="pigeon-meter-message">You have %%pigeonMeterAvailable%% more free articles this month. Sign up for a free account or subscribe for additional access.</div>
1368    </div>
1369    <div>
1370        <a class="pigeon-subscribe" href="#">Sign up</a>
1371        <a class="pigeon-sign-in" href="#">Log in</a>
1372        <a class="pigeon-upgrade" href="https://subscriber.ssir.org/" style="display: none;">Upgrade</a>
1373    </div>
1374</div>
1375
1376        
1377        
1378
1379
1380
1381<script src="/js/shared/facebook-sdk.js?v=2026-07-17" defer></script>
1381
1382
1383
1384</main>
1385<script type="module" src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/v31edd6df95cf4e85bb4c19e7a9bdbcba1788362987495" integrity="sha512-iIg7k2xntmwu6/uSb5tpc/hySgZc4eoL31yB29W6tJFo2akwjPWcEqnCEdJvGexCL0KEQwVYv5BlowfhVz26hg==" data-cf-beacon='{"version":"2024.11.0","token":"9b964b6cf6354e3ca2e8abbd7678fce6","r":1,"spa":2}' crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
1385
1386</body>
1387</html>

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.