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380 <span class="article-type">Perspectives</span> <span class="article-date">September 17, 2026</span> </p> 381 <h1 class="article-h1">The CCP is Tryingâand Failingâto Extinguish Defiance among Chinese Citizens</h1> 382 <div class="article-intro"> <p><span lang="EN">People across China persistently express discontent through âlying flatâ and public protest. </span></p> 383 384</div> </div> 385 386 <div class="container article-left"> 387 <div class="content-side-padding article-authors"> 388 <span class="hr"></span> 389 <span class="article-written-by">Written By</span> 390 391 <div class="field field--name-field-author-references field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> 392 <div class="field__item"><div class="node node--type-person node--view-mode-teaser ds-1col clearfix person-card-teaser"> 393 394 395 396<div class="flex-wrapper person"> 397 398 <a href="/expert/kevin-slaten" tabindex="-1"> 399 <div class="round-thumbnail person"> 400 <div class="field field--name-field-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_square_crop/public/2024-02/Kevin%20Slaten.png.webp?h=7f412c8f&itok=sUFxhTOL" width="480" height="480" alt="Kevin Slaten" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-_80-square-crop" /> 401 402 403</div> 404 </div> 405 </a> 406 407 <div class="inline"> 408 409 <a href="/expert/kevin-slaten"> 410 <h3 class="card-title"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Kevin Slaten</span> 411</h3> 412 </a> 413 414 <p class="attribute">Research Lead, China Dissent Monitor; Manager, Taiwan Office</p> 415 416 417 </div> 418 419</div> 420 421</div> 422 423</div> 424 </div> 425 426 </div> 427 </div> 428 429 <div class="container article-right"> 430 <div class="content-side-padding article-share-buttons"> 431 432 <div class="share-buttons-wrapper grid"> 433 <!-- Go to www.addthis.com/dashboard to customize your tools --> 434 <div class="container share-buttons a2a_kit"> 435 <a class="a2a_button_facebook" href=" " title="Facebook" aria-label="Share this page on Facebook"> 436 <img src="/themes/custom/ts_freedomhouse/img/share-facebook.svg" alt="Facebook" width="30" height="30"> 437 </a> 438 <a class="a2a_button_twitter" href=" " title="Twitter" aria-label="Share this page on Twitter"> 439 <img src="/themes/custom/ts_freedomhouse/img/share-twitter.svg" alt="Twitter" width="30" height="30"> 440 </a> 441 <a class="a2a_button_email" href=" " title="Email" aria-label="Share this page via email" target="_blank"> 442 <img src="/themes/custom/ts_freedomhouse/img/share-email.svg" alt="Email" width="30" height="30"> 443 </a> 444 <a class="print-button" href="javascript:window.print()" aria-label="Print"><span></span></a> 445 </div> 446 447 </div> 448 449 </div> 450 </div> 451 452 <div class="article-image grid"> 453 454 <div class="field field--name-field-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> 455 <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> 456 457 <div class="field field--name-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width/public/2026-09/LyingFlat3.png.webp?itok=0l5czPt5" width="710" height="404" alt="Demonstrators in Chongqing protest animal abuse" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-wysiwyg-full-width" /> 458 459 460</div> 461 462 <div class="field field--name-field-caption field--type-text-long field--label-hidden caption field__item"><p class="Normal0"><em><span>Demonstrators in Chongqing protest animal abuse with large numbers of police on the scene (Photo Credit: HK01).</span></em></p></div> 463 464 </div> 465 </div> 466 467</div> 468 469 </div> 470 471 472 <div class="field field--name-field-page-blocks field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden page blocks field__items"> 473 <span class='hr'></span> 474 <div class="lovey-block text-paragraph "> 475 <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text paragraph--view-mode--default grid"> 476 477 <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="Normal0"> </p><p class="Normal0"><span>Recent propaganda and censorship efforts by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) have revealed an urgent desire among party leadership to blunt a spirit of defiance within Chinese society. Despite the partyâs attempts to curb dissent, however, Chinaâs citizens continue to defy authority, as evidenced by recent </span>
477<a href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/china-dissent-monitor/2026/issue-12-april-june-2026"><span lang="EN-US">findings</span></a><span> of Freedom Houseâs China Dissent Monitor (CDM). </span></p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-div layout layout--onecol align-center"> 478<div> 479 <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> 480 481 <div class="field field--name-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img class="image-style-wysiwyg-half-width" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_half_width/public/2026-09/CCP%20campaign%20on%20lying%20flat.png.webp?itok=1m5et8HP" typeof="Image"> 482 483 484</div> 485 486 </div> 487 </div> 488<figcaption><em>Screenshot of a CCP propaganda video from April 2026 blaming âforeign forcesâ for spreading the âlying flatâ attitude in China (Photo Credit: China Digital Times).</em></figcaption> 489</figure> 490 491 492<p class="Normal0"><span>Earlier this year, Chinaâs Ministry of State Security (MSS) conducted a </span><a href="https://www.wsj.com/world/china/china-says-hostile-foreign-forces-are-driving-its-youth-to-slack-off-2781aba1"><span lang="EN-US">campaign</span></a><span lang="EN"> </span><span>that blamed âforeign forcesâ for funding the spread in China of âlying flatâ (躺平), a term that has become widely used to </span><a href="https://apnews.com/article/business-d2b9f71d73219b32d78709b0afb443ca"><span lang="EN-US">describe</span></a><span lang="EN"> </span><span>the rejection of societal expectations that push individuals to strive for material and social achievement. The official media attributing the trend of lying flat to foreign interference was promptly </span><a href="https://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/726853.html"><span lang="EN-US">pilloried</span></a><span> by Chinese netizens who </span><a href="https://x.com/YesterdayBigcat/status/2048988364964282689"><span lang="EN-US">filled</span></a><span lang="EN"> </span><span>online comment sections with criticism and satire. A popular vlogger sarcastically complained that he wanted to âreportâ foreign forces for failing to pay him despite his tireless efforts to lie flat. These responses have all since been censored.</span></p><p class="Normal0"><span>The CCPâs seeming obsession with curbing the lying flat mindset is worth understanding. The termâs popularity rose in response to Chinaâs grueling â996â work culture, in which many companies expect their employees to work from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. for 6 days each week. But as the concept of lying flat has expanded, the CCP has become worried that it reflects an underlying resistance to the partyâs designs for Chinese people, and that an increasing number of citizens simply donât care about or support the idea of working harder to contribute to a more powerful state. The Communist Partyâs leader Xi Jinping has explicitly </span><a href="https://www.qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2021-10/15/c_1127959365.htm"><span lang="EN-US">spoken out</span></a><span> against the lying flat attitude.</span></p><p class="Normal0"><em><span lang="EN"><strong>Responding to discontent with censorship</strong></span></em></p><p class="Normal0"><span lang="EN">The issue of popular indifference to nationalist goals has gained greater urgency for the CCP as a persistently sluggish domestic economy has fueled the popularity of lying flat and other forms of societal opposition, including protests. The CDM project has documented a rise in public protests, many of which have been driven by economic grievances like unpaid wages, unfinished housing, or land confiscation. While the CCP has long been concerned with preventing public mobilization, which it euphemistically calls âmaintaining social stability,â new directives to strengthen </span><a href="https://merics.org/en/report/serving-people-controlling-them-how-party-reinserting-itself-daily-life"><span lang="EN">community surveillance</span></a><span lang="EN"> and </span><a href="https://www.caixinglobal.com/2025-11-21/commentary-why-china-is-worried-about-a-large-scale-return-of-migrant-workers-102385605.html"><span lang="EN">prevent</span></a><span lang="EN"> large numbers of migrant workers from âidling in their hometownsâ reveal a growing anxiety that the spread of discontent is fueling more dissent.</span></p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-div layout layout--onecol"> 493<div> 494 <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> 495 496 <div class="field field--name-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img class="image-style-wysiwyg-full-width" src="/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_full_width/public/2026-09/censored%20douyin%20post.png.webp?itok=x6t1MgY4" typeof="Image"> 497 498 499</div> 500 501 </div> 502 </div> 503<figcaption><em>Screenshot of a deleted Douyin post that contained a protest video.</em></figcaption> 504</figure> 505 506 507<p class="Normal0"><span lang="EN">The CCPâs </span><span>concerns over popular discontent have also led to intensified censorship efforts. In February, the Cyberspace Administration of China </span>
507<a href="https://www.news.cn/legal/20260212/c7ad9636adb44ce7a89f41d6f4a15376/c.html"><span lang="EN-US">ordered</span></a><span> that social media platforms take down and reduce the visibility of content that âincites negative feelings.â In its most recent </span><a href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/china-dissent-monitor/2026/issue-12-april-june-2026"><span lang="EN-US">report</span></a><span>, CDM found that the censorship campaign resulted in a significant decrease in information about protests published on Douyin (the Chinese version of TikTok). A CDM </span><a href="https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2026-02/CDM_Issue11_2.18.26_0.pdf"><span lang="EN-US">analysis</span></a><span> of nearly 3,000 Douyin posts about protest showed that two-thirds had been deleted, with higher rates for those about protests that were likely to involve government malfeasance. An earlier CDM </span><a href="https://freedomhouse.org/index%2ephp/report/china-dissent-monitor/2023/issue-4-april-june-2023"><span lang="EN-US">analysis</span></a><span> of 4,000 posts from Sina Weibo (a microblogging platform) found that those expressing dissent against powerful actors, even if they were not government actors, were more likely to be taken down.</span></p><p class="Normal0"><em><span><strong>Repression falls short</strong></span></em></p><p class="Normal0"><span>One aim of these propaganda and censorship campaigns is to suppress the sense among citizens that defiance is commonplace, whether through lying flat or public demonstration. The strategy may be effective in reducing the virality of dissent and preventing some localized protests from morphing into larger movements by keeping people in the dark. However, it has failed to eliminate a spirit of opposition that Chinaâs citizens continue to exhibit.</span><span class="MsoCommentReference" lang="EN"></span></p><p class="Normal0"><span>As shown by the most recent CDM </span><a href="https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2026-07/CDM_Issue%2012_FINAL.pdf"><span lang="EN-US">
507report</span></a><span>, citizens sometimes even mobilize more quickly in response to government efforts to silence them. In June, peaceful protests sparked by an animal abuse case in Chongqing developed into a large demonstration lasting four days, with a number of protesters joining in defiance after police detained some of the participants on the first day. In August 2025, a violent school bullying </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/aug/08/china-school-bullying-protests-jiangyou"><span lang="EN-US">case</span></a><span> in Jiangyou, Sichuan Province, led hundreds to gather in front of a city government building to demand an adequate official response. When that protest was met with a police crackdown, thousands more took to the streets, with some protesters even recorded chanting âgive us back democracy.â</span></p><p class="Normal0"><span>This spirit of defiance is also apparent in </span><span lang="EN">residential neighborhoods across China, where disputes between homeowners and property management companies over fees and misconduct have led to rising numbers of protest events. Residents have increasingly self-organized to achieve greater autonomy in their communities, sometimes using grassroots elections to form ownersâ committees and oust the management companies. Residents persist in these activities despite joint efforts by local governments and property firms to </span><a href="https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-11/CDM-9-Report-1-22-2024.pdf"><span lang="EN">interfere with</span></a><span lang="EN"> or suppress their organizing.</span></p><p class="Normal0"><em><span><strong>Defiance endures</strong></span></em></p><p class="Normal0"><span>Such opposition to authority is common in China. CDM has recorded more than 16,000 protests since June 2022, occurring in every region of the country. In 2025, CDM </span><a href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/china-dissent-monitor/2025/issue-11-october-december-2025"><span lang="EN-US">documented</span></a><span lang="EN"> </span><span>5,343 dissent events, the highest annual number of protests recorded by the project, marking a 44 percent rise over the previous year. While typically sparked by economic grievances, many events are also driven by issues like school safety, environmental causes, or official misconduct. At least a third of protests are directed at the government or other state actors.</span></p></div> 508 509 </div> 510 </div> 511 512 <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--infographic paragraph--view-mode--default unfriendly-block grid infographic"> 513 514 <div class="field field--name-field-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><article class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-infographic"> 515 516 517 <div class="field field--name-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <picture> 518 <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/1080_wide/public/2026-09/chart-who%20is%20protesting.png.webp?itok=7qgILqAW 1x" media="(min-width: 1441px)" type="image/webp" width="1080" height="758"/> 519 <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/1080_wide/public/2026-09/chart-who%20is%20protesting.png.webp?itok=7qgILqAW 1x" media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1440px)" type="image/webp" width="1080" height="758"/> 520 <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/1080_wide/public/2026-09/chart-who%20is%20protesting.png.webp?itok=7qgILqAW 1x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" type="image/webp" width="1080" height="758"/> 521 <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/700_wide/public/2026-09/chart-who%20is%20protesting.png.webp?itok=-9B42AIS 1x" media="(min-width: 401px) and (max-width: 767px)" type="image/webp" width="700" height="491"/> 522 <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/308_wide/public/2026-09/chart-who%20is%20protesting.png.webp?itok=1sukPAXx 1x" media="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 400px)" type="image/webp" width="308" height="216"/> 523 <img loading="eager" width="308" height="216" src="/sites/default/files/styles/308_wide/public/2026-09/chart-who%20is%20protesting.png.webp?itok=1sukPAXx" typeof="foaf:Image" /> 524 525 </picture> 526 527</div> 528 529 </article> 530</div> 531 532 </div> 533 534 <div class="lovey-block text-paragraph "> 535 <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--text paragraph--view-mode--default grid"> 536 537 <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span>Through media controls, the CCP attempts to restrict citizensâ ability to grasp the extent of lying flat and public protests in China, but it fails to fundamentally alter the spirit of defiance that so many of the countryâs citizens possess. International actorsâespecially those with large public platformsâcan help by amplifying the everyday protest of people in China who are acting in defiance of a party-state that seeks to silence them.</span></p></div> 538 539 </div> 540 </div> 541 542 </div> 543 544</div> 545 546 547 </div> 548<div id="block-ts-freedomhouse-85thdonatepopup" data-block-plugin-id="block_content:38a1627c-cb2e-4262-91da-93b3cbb50624" class="block block-block-content block-block-content38a1627c-cb2e-4262-91da-93b3cbb50624"> 549 550 551 552<div class="newsletter-webform"> 553 <div class="newsletter-webform__wrapper"> 554 <div class="newsletter-webform__interior"> 555 556 <button class="newsletter-webform__close" id="modal-close"> 557 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 558<svg width="12px" height="12px" viewBox="0 0 12 12" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> 559 <title>6E55EA53-B09E-4B49-9355-9E2A3E37B765</title> 560 <g id="Search" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> 561 <g id="fh_search_mobile_filter" transform="translate(-355.000000, -253.000000)" fill="#385E8A" fill-rule="nonzero"> 562 <g id="icon/close" transform="translate(355.000000, 253.000000)"> 563 <polygon id="Path" points="12 10.538 7.408 5.9905 11.954 1.4035 10.538 0 5.993 4.5895 1.405 0.0455 0 1.4505 4.593 6.003 0.0455 10.595 1.4505 12 6.0065 7.404 10.5965 11.954"></polygon> 564 </g> 565 </g> 566 </g> 567</svg> 568 </button> 569 570 <div class="newsletter-webform__image"> 571 572 <div class="field field--name-field-partners-logo field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><article class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-_-up-card"> 573 574 575 <div class="field field--name-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <picture> 576 <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/650x382_fp_scale_crop_/public/2026-05/A%20WORLD%20WHERE%20ALL%20ARE%20FREE.jpg.webp?h=2f3ffc32&itok=nd8W65IW 1x" media="(min-width: 1441px)" type="image/webp" width="650" height="382"/> 577 <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/650x382_fp_scale_crop_/public/2026-05/A%20WORLD%20WHERE%20ALL%20ARE%20FREE.jpg.webp?h=2f3ffc32&itok=nd8W65IW 1x" media="(min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1440px)" type="image/webp" width="650" height="382"/> 578 <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/650x382_fp_scale_crop_/public/2026-05/A%20WORLD%20WHERE%20ALL%20ARE%20FREE.jpg.webp?h=2f3ffc32&itok=nd8W65IW 1x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px)" type="image/webp" width="650" height="382"/> 579 <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/420x250_fp_scale_crop_/public/2026-05/A%20WORLD%20WHERE%20ALL%20ARE%20FREE.jpg.webp?h=2f3ffc32&itok=XelXmJVY 1x" media="(min-width: 401px) and (max-width: 767px)" type="image/webp" width="420" height="250"/> 580 <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/308x182_fp_scale_crop_/public/2026-05/A%20WORLD%20WHERE%20ALL%20ARE%20FREE.jpg.webp?h=2f3ffc32&itok=_ybmiFcC 1x" media="(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 400px)" type="image/webp" width="308" height="182"/> 581 <img loading="lazy" width="308" height="182" src="/sites/default/files/styles/308x182_fp_scale_crop_/public/2026-05/A%20WORLD%20WHERE%20ALL%20ARE%20FREE.jpg.webp?h=2f3ffc32&itok=_ybmiFcC" alt="A World Where All Are Free by Laura Roosevelt" typeof="foaf:Image" /> 582 583 </picture> 584 585</div> 586 587 </article> 588</div> 589 590 </div> 591 592 <div class="newsletter-webform__text-and-form"> 593 594 <div class="newsletter-webform__title"> 595 596 <div class="field field--name-field-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Invest in Freedomâs Future</div> 597 598 </div> 599 600 <div class="newsletter-webform__body"> 601 602 <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>As Freedom House marks its 85th anniversary, we're asking you to join our Investing in Freedom's Future campaign. Global freedom has been in decline for two decades â and your support will sustain our world-class analysis, expand resources for rights defenders, and push back against authoritarian abuses. Help us build a world where all are free.</p> 603</div> 604 605 </div> 606 607 <div class="newsletter-webform__errors"></div> 608 609 610 <div class="field field--name-field-webform field--type-webform field--label-hidden field__item"><div id="webform-submission-donate-node-8305-form-ajax-content" tabindex="-1"><div id="webform-submission-donate-node-8305-form-ajax" class="webform-ajax-form-wrapper" data-effect="none" data-progress-type="throbber"><form class="webform-submission-form webform-submission-add-form webform-submission-donate-form webform-submission-donate-add-form webform-submission-donate-node-8305-form webform-submission-donate-node-8305-add-form js-webform-details-toggle webform-details-toggle" data-drupal-selector="webform-submission-donate-node-8305-add-form" action="/article/ccp-trying-and-failing-extinguish-def
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