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Thatâs raising questions about health risks beyond the herd. </div> 598 599 <div class="entry-subhead"> 600 <div class="entry-meta"> 601 <span class="author-avatar"><img alt="Avatar photo" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/cropped-20250330_091900-80x80.jpg" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/cropped-20250330_091900-160x160.jpg 2x" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" width="80" /></span> 602 <span class="byline"> 603 <span>by</span> 604 <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://wyofile.com/author/rebecca-huntington/">Rebecca Huntington</a></span> </span><!-- .byline --> 605 <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2026-09-23T17:05:36-06:00">16 hours ago</time><time class="updated" datetime="2026-09-23T17:06:35-06:00">September 23, 2026</time></span> </div><!-- .meta-info --> 606 <div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 607 data-shared="sharing-facebook-130874" 608 class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" 609 href="https://wyofile.com/national-elk-refuge-fields-questions-about-what-feeding-elk-could-mean-for-jackson-holes-water/" 610 target="_blank" 611 aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-130874" 612 data-share-query="share=facebook" data-share-token="b078d52076163d134af631e2bc329626"> 613 <span id="sharing-facebook-130874" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span> 614 <span>Facebook</span> 615 </a></li><li class="share-bluesky"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 616 data-shared="sharing-bluesky-130874" 617 class="share-bluesky sd-button share-icon" 618 href="https://wyofile.com/national-elk-refuge-fields-questions-about-what-feeding-elk-could-mean-for-jackson-holes-water/" 619 target="_blank" 620 aria-labelledby="sharing-bluesky-130874" 621 data-share-query="share=bluesky" data-share-token="b078d52076163d134af631e2bc329626"> 622 <span id="sharing-bluesky-130874" hidden>Share on Bluesky (Opens in new window)</span> 623 <span>Bluesky</span> 624 </a></li><li class="share-threads"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 625 data-shared="sharing-threads-130874" 626 class="share-threads sd-button share-icon" 627 href="https://wyofile.com/national-elk-refuge-fields-questions-about-what-feeding-elk-could-mean-for-jackson-holes-water/" 628 target="_blank" 629 aria-labelledby="sharing-threads-130874" 630 data-share-query="share=threads" data-share-token="b078d52076163d134af631e2bc329626"> 631 <span id="sharing-threads-130874" hidden>Share on Threads (Opens in new window)</span> 632 <span>Threads</span> 633 </a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 634 data-shared="sharing-email-130874" 635 class="share-email sd-button share-icon" 636 href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20National%20Elk%20Refuge%20fields%20questions%20about%20what%20feeding%20elk%20could%20mean%20for%20Jackson%20Hole%E2%80%99s%20water&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwyofile.com%2Fnational-elk-refuge-fields-questions-about-what-feeding-elk-could-mean-for-jackson-holes-water%2F&share=email" 637 target="_blank" 638 aria-labelledby="sharing-email-130874"
639 data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="ed6491fd5d" data-email-share-track-url="https://wyofile.com/national-elk-refuge-fields-questions-about-what-feeding-elk-could-mean-for-jackson-holes-water/?share=email&_newspack_share_token=b078d52076163d134af631e2bc329626"> 640 <span id="sharing-email-130874" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span> 641 <span>Email</span> 642 </a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> 643 </header> 644 </div><!-- .wrapper --> 645 </div><!-- .featured-image-behind --> 646 647 <figcaption><span>Elk gather at the southern end of the National Elk Refuge near the town of Jackson on Feb. 16, 2016. (Ryan Dorgan/Jackson Hole News&Guide)</span></figcaption> 648 649 650 <div class="main-content"> 651 652 653 654<article id="post-130874" class="post-130874 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-environment category-featured category-featured-top-story category-latest-news category-natural-resources category-wildlife entry"> 655 <div class="entry-content"> 656 657 658 <div id="page-position-marker_id_130515" class="page-position-marker" style="position: absolute; top: 50%"></div><aside> <div 659 class="newspack-popup-container newspack-popup hidden newspack-inline-popup newsp
659ack-lightbox-no-border " 660 role="button" 661 tabindex="0" 662 style="background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#000" 663 id="id_130837" 664 data-segments="13902,13901,13900,13899" 665 data-frequency="0,0,0,month" 666 > 667 <div class="wp-block-image"> 668<figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><a href="https://wyofile.fundjournalism.org/donate/?campaign=701Pl00001uufpKIAQ" target="_blank" rel=" noopener"><img decoding="async" width="1200" height="300" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-nonmember-message-1.png" alt="" class="wp-image-130839" style="width:600px;height:auto" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-nonmember-message-1.png 1200w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-nonmember-message-1-300x75.png 300w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-nonmember-message-1-1024x256.png 1024w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-nonmember-message-1-768x192.png 768w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-nonmember-message-1-780x195.png 780w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-nonmember-message-1-400x100.png 400w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /></a></figure> 669</div> </div> 670 </aside> 671<aside> <div 672 class="newspack-popup-container newspack-popup hidden newspack-inline-popup newsp
672ack-lightbox-no-border " 673 role="button" 674 tabindex="0" 675 style="background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#000" 676 id="id_130823" 677 data-segments="15661" 678 data-frequency="0,0,0,month" 679 > 680 <div class="wp-block-image"> 681<figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><a href="https://wyofile.fundjournalism.org/donate/?campaign=701Pl00001uutp5IAA" target="_blank" rel=" noopener"><img decoding="async" width="1200" height="300" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-member-banner.png" alt="" class="wp-image-130825" style="width:600px;height:auto" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-member-banner.png 1200w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-member-banner-300x75.png 300w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-member-banner-1024x256.png 1024w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-member-banner-768x192.png 768w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-member-banner-780x195.png 780w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-member-banner-400x100.png 400w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /></a></figure> 682</div> </div> 683 </aside> 684<aside> <div 685 class="newspack-popup-container newspack-popup hidden newspack-inline-popup newsp
685ack-lightbox-no-border " 686 role="button" 687 tabindex="0" 688 style="background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#000" 689 id="id_129012" 690 data-segments="" 691 data-frequency="0,0,0,month" 692 > 693 694<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized is-style-default"><a href="https://www.google.com/preferences/source?q=wyofile.com"><img decoding="async" src="https://newspack-coloradosun.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/[email protected]" alt="Click here to add The Colorado Sun as a preferred source on Google" class="wp-image-495558" style="width:150px"/></a></figure> 695 696 697 698<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p> 699 </div> 700 </aside> 701 702<p class="wp-block-paragraph">JACKSONâAs National Elk Refuge leaders laid out long-term options for managing elk and bison wintering on the edge of Jackson, a discussion Tuesday turned to the northwestern Wyoming townâs water supply.</p> 703 704<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is weighing the pros and cons of feeding elk and bison, in part to keep the animals away from town and from damaging private property. But <a href="https://wyofile.com/study-predicts-huge-decline-of-jackson-hole-elk-especially-if-refuge-keeps-feeding/">wildlife disease experts predict</a> that continuing to concentrate animals around alfalfa pellets in the winter could lead to more elk infected with always-lethal chronic wasting disease, smaller populations and reduced hunting opportunities. </p> 705 706<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Although thereâs been long-standing discussions about what that could mean for the long-term health of the elk herd, scientific research is also probing what accumulating prions in the environment could mean for the soil, plants, water and even human health. (Chronic wasting disease has never been documented in humans, but the interspecies barrier is <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/nih-study-shows-chronic-wasting-disease-unlikely-move-animals-people">not considered absolute</a> and public health officials <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/chronic-wasting/about/index.html">advise against eating meat</a> from infected animals.) Meanwhile, a new peer-reviewed study, published this summer in the journal â<a href="https://pubs.acs.org/esthag/article-abstract/60/31/21952/5237063/Prion-Transport-in-Soils-Varies-with-Soil-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Environmental Science & Technology</a>,â suggests prions that cause chronic wasting disease may pass through soil into surface waters or groundwater aquifers.</p> 707 708<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What that could mean in the future for the refuge and town of Jackson came up during questions from the public as Elk Refuge staff laid out four possible options for managing elk and bison â a decision expected to ultimately shape feeding operations, hunting opportunities and disease response. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is taking public comment on <a href="https://www.fws.gov/NER-BEMP">a draft environmental impact statement</a> released Aug. 28 that <a href="https://wyofile.com/national-elk-refuge-plan-calls-for-feeding-jackson-hole-elk-even-if-cwd-transmission-skyrockets/">studies the potential impacts</a> of updating the elk and bison plan.</p> 709 710<p class="wp-block-paragraph">âWhy does the new management plan not evaluate the risk CWD poses to the town of Jackson water supply?â asked Shane Moore, a wildlife filmmaker, who grew up on his familyâs ranch south of Jackson. Moore has been following state and federal management responses to the disease for decades. The always fatal disease had been detected in wildlife in 36 states in the U.S. and four provinces in Canada as of April 2025, an increase from 26 states and three provinces in 2019, according to researchers.</p> 711 712<p class="wp-block-paragraph">âDo you intend to keep feeding elk directly over the town well that is located under the south end of the refuge with CWD known to be present?â Moore asked. </p> 713 714<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="475" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/elk-crematory-1024x475.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-83919" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/elk-crematory-1024x475.jpg 1024w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/elk-crematory-300x139.jpg 300w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/elk-crematory-768x356.jpg 768w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/elk-crematory-400x186.jpg 400w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/elk-crematory-706x328.jpg 706w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/elk-crematory.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">
714The 33-ton elk crematory arrived at the National Elk Refuge, where it will be used to incinerate the remains of elk believed to be infected with chronic wasting disease. (Eric Cole/National Elk Refuge)</figcaption></figure> 715 716<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Three of Jacksonâs drinking water wells are located on the 24,700-acre refuge. They draw water from 200 feet underground in the Snake River Aquifer, according to a <a href="http://www.jacksonwy.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4889/Existing-and-Final-Capacity-Report">town report</a>. </p> 717 718<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Above ground, <a href="https://wyofile.com/elk-refuge-disease-discovery-calls-for-talk-of-reducing-size-of-nations-largest-herd/">an ailing elk</a> was identified and euthanized April 15. Lab results later confirmed that case marked the first ever detection of the degenerative brain disease in an elk on the refuge. Refuge officials announced <a href="https://www.jhnewsandguide.com/news/environmental/local/national-elk-refuge-detects-second-case-of-chronic-wasting-disease/article_3d51e131-3ac8-452a-98a4-d7064ab6d19f.html">a second case</a> in July.</p> 719 720<p class="wp-block-paragraph">âYou would expect to find CWD prions in the soil first,â said Eric Cole, the refugeâs senior wildlife biologist, who told the audience that new research would be out soon on testing soil and water for prions. âWe expect that prions will bind to soil and be less of a threat to groundwater supply. So itâs kind of a second-tier concern at this point until a firm human health risk is established.â</p> 721 722<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In parts of Wyoming where CWD infects a large percentage of mule deer, <a href="https://wyofile.com/a-wyoming-mule-deer-herd-is-so-riddled-with-cwd-it-could-nearly-vanish/">devastating populations like the Project Herd</a>, consumption of meat from potentially infected animals is commonplace. The Wyoming Game and Fish Department <a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/wyoming-wildlife/wildlife-disease-and-health/chronic-wasting-disease/chronic-wasting-disease">encourages hunters to test their animals</a>, but in most areas doesnât require it. </p> 723 724<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The refuge is working with the town of Jackson to start doing some water testing, Refuge Project Leader Frank Durbian said Tuesday at the Fish and Wildlife Serviceâs only in-person public meeting on the draft plan. Just a handful of people attended the meeting at the Teton County Library in Jackson where stakeholders from federal, state and local agencies answered questions. The service held a Sept. 15 virtual meeting. </p> 725<aside> <div 726 class="newspack-popup-container newspack-popup hidden newspack-inline-popup newsp
726ack-lightbox-no-border " 727 role="button" 728 tabindex="0" 729 style="background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#000" 730 id="id_130762" 731 data-segments="" 732 data-frequency="0,0,0,month" 733 > 734 735<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><a href="https://wyofile.fundjournalism.org/donate/?campaign=701Pl00001qGdi6IAC" target="_blank" rel=" noopener"><img decoding="async" width="1000" height="100" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-1-omnibus-1.png" alt="" class="wp-image-130765" style="width:700px;height:auto" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-1-omnibus-1.png 1000w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-1-omnibus-1-300x30.png 300w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-1-omnibus-1-768x77.png 768w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-1-omnibus-1-780x78.png 780w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-1-omnibus-1-400x40.png 400w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></a></figure> 736 </div> 737 </aside> 738 739<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="503" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/ElkBisonPlanMeeting1-1024x503.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-130881" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/ElkBisonPlanMeeting1-1024x503.jpg 1024w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/ElkBisonPlanMeeting1-300x147.jpg 300w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/ElkBisonPlanMeeting1-768x377.jpg 768w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/ElkBisonPlanMeeting1-780x383.jpg 780w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/ElkBisonPlanMeeting1-400x196.jpg 400w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/ElkBisonPlanMeeting1.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">National Elk Refuge Project Leader Frank Durbian, left, and Senior Wildlife Biologist Eric Cole run through four possible long-term strategies for managing elk and bison during a meeting Tuesday at Teton County Library in Jackson. Alternatives range from feeding elk and bison indefinitely to ending feeding within five years. (Rebecca Huntington/WyoFile)</figcaption></figure> 740 741<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Researchers are investigating how chronic wasting disease moves through the environment but available testing is so far still experimental, Cole said Tuesday. âThere’s no off-the-shelf assay for testing CWD, prions, in soil or water,â Cole said, adding that the refuge is working with the U.S. Geological Survey on testing. </p> 742 743<p class="wp-block-paragraph">âBased on those preliminary results, we are not detecting CWD in soil on the refuge yet,â Cole said. </p> 744 745<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Scientists wouldnât expect to find it yet because prevalence is low since the disease has just been detected there, he said. Researchers also have been testing soil samples throughout Wyoming, including in areas with a very high prevalence of the disease, he said, adding âeven in those situations, many of the samples, in a relatively small area, were negative.â</p> 746<aside> <div 747 class="newspack-popup-container newspack-popup hidden newspack-inline-popup newsp
747ack-lightbox-no-border " 748 role="button" 749 tabindex="0" 750 style="background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#000" 751 id="id_130768" 752 data-segments="" 753 data-frequency="0,0,0,month" 754 > 755 756<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><a href="https://wyofile.fundjournalism.org/donate/?campaign=701Pl00001qGdi6IAC"><img decoding="async" width="1000" height="100" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-2-pluribus.png" alt="" class="wp-image-130769" style="width:700px;height:auto" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-2-pluribus.png 1000w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-2-pluribus-300x30.png 300w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-2-pluribus-768x77.png 768w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-2-pluribus-780x78.png 780w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-2-pluribus-400x40.png 400w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></a></figure> 757 </div> 758 </aside> 759 760<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Jacksonâs Ecosystem Stewardship Administrator Tanya Anderson also spoke at the meeting. </p> 761 762<p class="wp-block-paragraph">âWe communicate regularly with the Elk Refuge, our neighbor to the north,â Anderson said. âWe definitely want to ensure safe drinking water for everyone.â</p> 763 764<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Anderson said she has been talking with the health department and reading scientific papers. </p> 765 766<p class="wp-block-paragraph">âIt is our understanding that those prions love absorbing to soil so much that they generally don’t go deeper than about a half a centimeter in the soil,â Anderson said. âThat we have a groundwater supply, and not a surface water supply, should be a great relief to everyone who depends on that water supply.â</p> 767 768<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In June, Teton County Public Health Director Travis Riddell said he was exploring options to test the townâs water supply to get ahead of any potential concerns in an interview with KHOL 89.1.</p> 769 770<p class="wp-block-paragraph">âThe chance that this could become an actual health threat to humans is quite low,â Riddell told KHOL. âBut itâs a new and emerging problem.â</p> 771<aside> <div 772 class="newspack-popup-container newspack-popup hidden newspack-inline-popup newsp
772ack-lightbox-no-border " 773 role="button" 774 tabindex="0" 775 style="background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#000" 776 id="id_130772" 777 data-segments="" 778 data-frequency="0,0,0,month" 779 > 780 781<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><a href="https://wyofile.fundjournalism.org/donate/?campaign=701Pl00001qGdi6IAC" target="_blank" rel=" noopener"><img decoding="async" width="1000" height="100" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-3-all-of-us.png" alt="" class="wp-image-130773" style="width:700px;height:auto" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-3-all-of-us.png 1000w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-3-all-of-us-300x30.png 300w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-3-all-of-us-768x77.png 768w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-3-all-of-us-780x78.png 780w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-3-all-of-us-400x40.png 400w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></a></figure> 782 </div> 783 </aside> 784 785<h4 class="wp-block-heading">What about the elk?</h4> 786 787<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The new preferred alternative for managing elk and bison marks a shift from focusing on feeding to curtail the elk herdâs size to leaning more heavily on hunting. </p> 788 789<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Cole and Brad Hovinga, the Wyoming Game and Fish Departmentâs Jackson regional supervisor, both stressed plans to work closely to target short-distance migrants <a href="https://wyofile.com/judas-elk-to-help-target-jackson-hole-suburban-elk-easing-pressure-on-yellowstone-migrants/">with hunters, and using GPS-collar data</a> to do it. </p> 790 791<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Managers split the Jackson Elk Herd into two buckets â those that migrate short distances, from areas like subdivisions along the Snake River corridor, and those that migrate long distances from summer ranges on the Bridger-Teton National Forest and Yellowstone and Grand Teton national parks. By hunting short-distance migrants more heavily, the plan aims to reduce the number of elk wintering on the refuge, which could reduce conflicts on private land, reduce disease prevalence and improve habitat, including for other wildlife like birds, the analysis suggests. The draft study also says this approach would reduce impacts to hunters, guides and outfitters. </p> 792 793<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The refuge plans to start working with Game and Fish this year to target those short-distance migrants and will adapt as necessary, Durbian said.</p> 794 795<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" width="1000" height="750" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Elk_JacksonWY_LauraThompson-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-70651" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Elk_JacksonWY_LauraThompson-1.jpg 1000w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Elk_JacksonWY_LauraThompson-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Elk_JacksonWY_LauraThompson-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Elk_JacksonWY_LauraThompson-1-800x600.jpg?crop=1 800w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Elk_JacksonWY_LauraThompson-1-400x300.jpg?crop=1 400w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Elk_JacksonWY_LauraThompson-1-200x150.jpg?crop=1 200w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Elk_JacksonWY_LauraThompson-1-706x530.jpg 706w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Snake River elk, which populate private lands, are seen in Jackson Hole in 2016. (Laura Thompson/USGS)</figcaption></figure> 796 797<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The proposal does not alter the Jackson Elk Herdâs overall population objective of 11,000 animals, a goal established and changed by Game and Fish. But about 7,500 elk on average winter on the refuge and the goal is to get that number down to 5,000. </p> 798 799<p class="wp-block-paragraph">âWhat we would like to do is change the number of elk that use the National Elk Refuge,â Hovinga said. âWe can do that from, not only just harvesting elk on the refuge, but the challenge is to be able to harvest the right elk.â</p> 800 801<p class="wp-block-paragraph">
801The short-distance migrants can be prolific and provide less of an ideal opportunity for hunters since they tend to migrate along private lands, officials explained. Changing the distribution of elk, through hunting, could mean more elk wintering on natural forage and fewer elk coming to the refuge, he said. </p> 802 803<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The last plan <a href="https://wyofile.com/natl-refuge-tries-to-wean-its-elk-off-feed-and-fails-so-far/">failed to reduce the number of elk wintering</a> on the Elk Refuge but did succeed in reducing the average feeding season length by 19%, Cole said. Refuge officials found through experience that starting feeding later proved difficult, but ending artificial feeding earlier in the spring worked. So all four alternatives call for shortening feeding seasons by ending about two weeks earlier on average. Shortening the overall feeding season would lower future chronic wasting disease prevalence and lead to healthier herds over the long-term, the serviceâs analysis suggests. </p> 804 805<p class="wp-block-paragraph">During the presentation, federal wildlife managers stressed that all alternatives result in long-term elk population declines. Continuing feeding indefinitely, however, is <a href="https://wyofile.com/study-predicts-huge-decline-of-jackson-hole-elk-especially-if-refuge-keeps-feeding/">expected to result in the worst outcome</a> for herd size and <a href="https://wyofile.com/category/latest-news/page/227/">hunting opportunity</a>. </p> 806 807<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-1024x768.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-98801" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-300x225.jpg 300w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-768x576.jpg 768w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-1200x900.jpg?crop=1 1200w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-800x600.jpg?crop=1 800w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-600x450.jpg?crop=1 600w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-400x300.jpg?crop=1 400w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-200x150.jpg?crop=1 200w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-1568x1176.jpg 1568w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-2000x1500.jpg 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Bison chow down on alfalfa pellets on the National Elk Refuge in March 2013. Elk, which are subordinate, wait for the chance to feed. (Mike Koshmrl/WyoFile)</figcaption></figure> 808 809<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In addition to continuing to feed elk, the Fish and Wildlife Serviceâs current preferred alternative, which officials said could change, also calls for continuing to feed bison on the northernmost portion of the refuge. Roughly 7,500 elk and 500 bison consume around 35 to 40 tons of alfalfa pellets per day. Itâs not uncommon for the refuge to feed about 2,000 tons of pellets over a season, which has averaged 65 days and typically costs more than $1 million a year, Cole said. During mild winters, the refuge has not fed at all, which was the case last winter and has occurred 11 times in the refugeâs history, he said. Reducing elk on the refuge to 5,000 could reduce costs tied to labor-intensive feeding operations. </p> 810 811<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The draft analysis contemplates scenarios that would phase out feeding <a href="https://wyofile.com/feds-provide-peek-at-national-elk-refuge-plan-keep-feeding-bison-cut-off-elk-at-7-cwd/">for elk but continue it for bison</a>, in part, to keep bison from heading into subdivisions bordering the refuge where they could pose a problem for people. Some meeting attendees questioned Tuesday whether that would work. Cole said feeding is a learned behavior and elk could learn over time that bison arenât about to share any alfalfa pellets with the smaller ungulates. The pellets get gobbled up quickly and donât remain on the landscape as an attractant, he said. </p> 812 813<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The public has 45 days to review the new draft environmental impact statement and submit c
813omments, which are due Oct. 13. </p> 814 815<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><em>Mike Koshmrl contributed reporting.</em></p> 816 <div 817 class="wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles alignwide wpnbha is-grid columns-2 colgap-1 show-image image-alignbehind ts-3 is-3 is-landscape " 818 style="" 819 > 820 <div data-posts data-current-post-id="130874"> 821 <h2 class="article-section-title"> 822 <span>RELATED</span> 823 </h2> 824 825 <article data-post-id="129967" 826 class="tag-chronic-wasting-disease category-environment category-featured category-featured-top-story category-latest-news category-natural-resources category-wildlife type-post post-has-image" 827 style="min-height: 4vh; padding-top: 0.8vh;" 828 > 829 <figure class="post-thumbnail"> 830 <a href="https://wyofile.com/national-elk-refuge-plan-calls-for-feeding-jackson-hole-elk-even-if-cwd-transmission-skyrockets/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> 831 <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="900" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/IMG_6695-1200x900.jpg?crop=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-landscape-large size-newspack-article-block-landscape-large wp-post-image" alt="National Elk Refuge plan calls for feeding Jackson Hole elk, even if CWD transmission skyrockets" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/IMG_6695-1200x900.jpg?crop=1 1200w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/IMG_6695-800x600.jpg?crop=1 800w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/IMG_6695-600x450.jpg?crop=1 600w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/IMG_6695-400x300.jpg?crop=1 400w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/IMG_6695-200x150.jpg?crop=1 200w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /> </a> 832 833 </figure><!-- .featured-image --> 834 835 <div class="entry-wrapper"> 836 <h3 class="entry-title"><a href="https://wyofile.com/national-elk-refuge-plan-calls-for-feeding-jackson-hole-elk-even-if-cwd-transmission-skyrockets/" rel="bookmark">National Elk Refuge plan calls for feeding Jackson Hole elk, even if CWD transmission skyrockets</a></h3> </div><!-- .entry-wrapper --> 837 </article> 838 839 840 <article data-post-id="125085" 841 class="tag-chronic-wasting-disease category-environment category-featured category-featured-top-story category-latest-news category-agriculture category-wildlife type-post post-has-image" 842 style="min-height: 4vh; padding-top: 0.8vh;" 843 > 844 <figure class="post-thumbnail"> 845 <a href="https://wyofile.com/record-warmth-open-slopes-give-wyomings-fed-elk-a-reprieve-from-advancing-deadly-disease/" rel="bookmark" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> 846 <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="900" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/Del_Creek2_15_26-1200x900.jpg?crop=1" class="attachment-newspack-article-block-landscape-large size-newspack-article-block-landscape-large wp-post-image" alt="Record warmth, open slopes give Wyomingâs fed elk a reprieve from advancing deadly disease" data-hero-candidate="1" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/Del_Creek2_15_26-1200x900.jpg?crop=1 1200w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/Del_Creek2_15_26-800x600.jpg?crop=1 800w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/Del_Creek2_15_26-600x450.jpg?crop=1 600w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/Del_Creek2_15_26-400x300.jpg?crop=1 400w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/Del_Creek2_15_26-200x150.jpg?crop=1 200w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /> </a> 847 848 </figure><!-- .featured-image --> 849 850 <div class="entry-wrapper"> 851 <h3 class="entry-title"><a href="https://wyofile.com/record-warmth-open-slopes-give-wyomings-fed-elk-a-reprieve-from-advancing-deadly-disease/" rel="bookmark">Record warmth, open slopes give Wyomingâs fed elk a reprieve from advancing deadly disease</a></h3> </div><!-- .entry-wrapper --> 852 </article> 853 854 </div> 855 856 </div> 857 <aside> <div 858 class="newspack-popup-container newspack-popup hidden newspack-inline-popup newsp
858ack-lightbox-no-border " 859 role="button" 860 tabindex="0" 861 style="background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#000" 862 id="id_129416" 863 data-segments="" 864 data-frequency="0,0,0,month" 865 > 866 867<div class="wp-block-group is-style-border has-background has-small-font-size" style="background-color:#f7f7f7"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> 868<p class="has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Reporting You Can Trust</strong><br><br>We hope you appreciate this reporting. Before you read another article or dive into the comment section, weâre asking you to consider supporting our independent, nonprofit newsroom.<br></p> 869 870 871 872<p class="has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph">Itâs no secret that trust in news has diminished in recent years. Over the last two decades, roughly 3 in 5 American newspapers have vanished, meaning far less light shining on the issues that impact you. With the rapid rollout of AI making it even easier to surround you with misinformation, disinformation and even outright lies, you need <strong>reporting you can trust to provide the basic facts</strong>.</p> 873 874 875 876<p class="has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph">As a member-supported newsroom, our public-service mandate comes from you, our readers, and your contributions make our work, and its independence possible. As a nonprofit organization, <strong>WyoFile is not owned by a billionaire or distant corporation</strong>. Instead, more than 3,000 of your neighbors donating what they can to support the reporting you rely on provide nearly two-thirds of our funding.</p> 877 878 879 880<p class="has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph">Not everyone can contribute financially, and we are deeply grateful to you simply for your readership. If you are able, please contribute today to keep WyoFile digging for you. And if you want to set it and forget it, a recurring donation today helps ensure these stories continue tomorrow.</p> 881</div></div> 882 883 884 885 <div 886 class="tiered wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate wpbnbd wpbnbd--frequency-based wpbnbd--platform-nrh is-style-modern wpbnbd-frequencies--3 " 887 id="6ab54199b271b" 888 > 889 <form> 890 <input 891 name="newspack_popup_id" 892 type="hidden" 893 value="129416" 894 /> 895 <input 896 name="prompt_title" 897 type="hidden" 898 value="End of Article Epic 9.1.2026" 899 /> 900 <input type="hidden" name="_wp_http_referer" value="/national-elk-refuge-fields-questions-about-what-feeding-elk-could-mean-for-jackson-holes-water/" /> <input type='hidden' name='newspack_donate' value='1' /> 901 <input type='hidden' name='donation_currency' value='USD' /> 902 <input type='hidden' name='frequency_ids' value='{"year":false,"month":false,"once":false}' /> 903 <input type='hidden' name='after_success_behavior' value='' /> 904 <input type='hidden' name='after_success_button_label' value='Continue' /> 905 <input type='hidden' name='after_success_url' value='' /> 906 <div class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__options'> 907 <div class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__frequencies frequencies'> 908 <div role='tablist' class='tab-container'> 909 <button 910 role='tab' 911 type='button' 912 aria-controls='tab-panel-once-37796' 913 class="wpbnbd__button freq-label" 914 data-tab-id="once-37796" 915 id="tab-newspack-donate-once-37796" 916 aria-selected='false' > 917 One-time </button> 918 <button 919 role='tab' 920 type='button' 921 aria-controls='tab-panel-month-37796' 922 class="wpbnbd__button freq-label wpbnbd__button--active" 923 data-tab-id="month-37796" 924 id="tab-newspack-donate-month-37796" 925 aria-selected='true' > 926 Monthly </button> 927 <button 928 role='tab' 929 type='button' 930 aria-controls='tab-panel-year-37796' 931 class="wpbnbd__button freq-label" 932 data-tab-id="year-37796" 933 id="tab-newspack-donate-year-37796" 934 aria-selected='false' > 935 Annually </button> 936 </div> 937 <div 938 class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__frequency frequency' 939 id='tab-panel-once-37796' 940 role='tabpanel' 941 aria-labelledby='tab-newspack-donate-once-37796' 942 > 943 <input 944 type='radio' 945 value='once' 946 id='newspack-donate-once-37796' 947 name="donation_frequency" 948 />
949 <label for='newspack-donate-once-37796'> 950 One-time </label> 951 <div class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__tiers tiers'> 952 <div 953 class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__tier donation-tier__once' 954 data-checkout='[]' > 955 <input 956 type='radio' 957 name='donation_value_once' 958 value='75' 959 id='newspack-tier-once-37796-0' 960 /> 961 <label 962 class='tier-select-label tier-label' 963 for='newspack-tier-once-37796-0' 964 > 965 $75 </label> 966 </div> 967 <div 968 class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__tier donation-tier__once' 969 data-checkout='[]' > 970 <input 971 type='radio' 972 name='donation_value_once' 973 value='250' 974 id='newspack-tier-once-37796-1' 975 checked='checked' /> 976 <label 977 class='tier-select-label tier-label' 978 for='newspack-tier-once-37796-1' 979 > 980 $250 </label> 981 </div> 982 <div 983 class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__tier donation-tier__once' 984 data-checkout='[]' > 985 <input 986 type='radio' 987 name='donation_value_once' 988 value='500' 989 id='newspack-tier-once-37796-2' 990 /> 991 <label 992 class='tier-select-label tier-label' 993 for='newspack-tier-once-37796-2' 994 > 995 $500 </label> 996 </div> 997 <div 998 class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__tier donation-tier__once' 999 data-checkout='[]' > 1000 <input 1001 type='radio' 1002 class='other-input' 1003 name='donation_value_once' 1004 value='other' 1005 id='newspack-tier-once-37796-other' 1006 /> 1007 <label 1008 class='tier-select-label tier-label' 1009 for='newspack-tier-once-37796-other' 1010 > 1011 Other </label> 1012 <label 1013 class='odl' 1014 for='newspack-tier-once-37796-other-input' 1015 > 1016 Donation amount </label> 1017 <div class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__money-input money-input'> 1018 <span class='currency'> 1019 $ </span> 1020 <input 1021 type='number' 1022 min='3' 1023 name='donation_value_once_other' 1024 id='newspack-tier-once-37796-other-input' 1025 step='0.01' 1026 /> 1027 </div> 1028 </div> 1029 </div> 1030 </div> 1031 1032 <div 1033 class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__frequency frequency' 1034 id='tab-panel-month-37796' 1035 role='tabpanel' 1036 aria-labelledby='tab-newspack-donate-month-37796' 1037 > 1038 <input 1039 type='radio' 1040 value='month' 1041 id='newspack-donate-month-37796' 1042 name="donation_frequency" 1043 checked='checked' /> 1044 <label for='newspack-donate-month-37796'> 1045 Monthly </label> 1046 <div class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__tiers tiers'> 1047 <div 1048 class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__tier donation-tier__month' 1049 data-checkout='[]' > 1050 <input 1051 type='radio' 1052 name='donation_value_month' 1053 value='10' 1054 id='newspack-tier-month-37796-0' 1055 /> 1056 <label 1057 class='tier-select-label tier-label' 1058 for='newspack-tier-month-37796-0' 1059 > 1060 $10 </label> 1061 </div> 1062 <div 1063 class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__tier donation-tier__month' 1064 data-checkout='[]' > 1065 <input 1066 type='radio' 1067 name='donation_value_month' 1068 value='25' 1069 id='newspack-tier-month-37796-1' 1070 checked='checked' /> 1071 <label 1072 class='tier-select-label tier-label'
1073 for='newspack-tier-month-37796-1' 1074 > 1075 $25 </label> 1076 </div> 1077 <div 1078 class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__tier donation-tier__month' 1079 data-checkout='[]' > 1080 <input 1081 type='radio' 1082 name='donation_value_month' 1083 value='50' 1084 id='newspack-tier-month-37796-2' 1085 /> 1086 <label 1087 class='tier-select-label tier-label' 1088 for='newspack-tier-month-37796-2' 1089 > 1090 $50 </label> 1091 </div> 1092 <div 1093 class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__tier donation-tier__month' 1094 data-checkout='[]' > 1095 <input 1096 type='radio' 1097 class='other-input' 1098 name='donation_value_month' 1099 value='other' 1100 id='newspack-tier-month-37796-other' 1101 /> 1102 <label 1103 class='tier-select-label tier-label' 1104 for='newspack-tier-month-37796-other' 1105 > 1106 Other </label> 1107 <label 1108 class='odl' 1109 for='newspack-tier-month-37796-other-input' 1110 > 1111 Donation amount per month </label> 1112 <div class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__money-input money-input'> 1113 <span class='currency'> 1114 $ </span> 1115 <input 1116 type='number' 1117 min='3' 1118 name='donation_value_month_other' 1119 id='newspack-tier-month-37796-other-input' 1120 step='0.01' 1121 /> 1122 </div> 1123 </div> 1124 </div> 1125 </div> 1126 1127 <div 1128 class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__frequency frequency' 1129 id='tab-panel-year-37796' 1130 role='tabpanel' 1131 aria-labelledby='tab-newspack-donate-year-37796' 1132 > 1133 <input 1134 type='radio' 1135 value='year' 1136 id='newspack-donate-year-37796' 1137 name="donation_frequency" 1138 /> 1139 <label for='newspack-donate-year-37796'> 1140 Annually </label> 1141 <div class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__tiers tiers'> 1142 <div 1143 class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__tier donation-tier__year' 1144 data-checkout='[]' > 1145 <input 1146 type='radio' 1147 name='donation_value_year' 1148 value='75' 1149 id='newspack-tier-year-37796-0' 1150 /> 1151 <label 1152 class='tier-select-label tier-label' 1153 for='newspack-tier-year-37796-0' 1154 > 1155 $75 </label> 1156 </div> 1157 <div 1158 class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__tier donation-tier__year' 1159 data-checkout='[]' > 1160 <input 1161 type='radio' 1162 name='donation_value_year' 1163 value='250' 1164 id='newspack-tier-year-37796-1' 1165 checked='checked' /> 1166 <label 1167 class='tier-select-label tier-label' 1168 for='newspack-tier-year-37796-1' 1169 > 1170 $250 </label> 1171 </div> 1172 <div 1173 class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__tier donation-tier__year' 1174 data-checkout='[]' > 1175 <input 1176 type='radio' 1177 name='donation_value_year' 1178 value='500' 1179 id='newspack-tier-year-37796-2' 1180 /> 1181 <label 1182 class='tier-select-label tier-label' 1183 for='newspack-tier-year-37796-2' 1184 > 1185 $500 </label> 1186 </div> 1187 <div 1188 class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__tier donation-tier__year' 1189 data-checkout='[]' > 1190 <input 1191 type='radio' 1192 class='other-input' 1193 name='donation_value_year' 1194 value='other' 1195 id='newspack-tier-year-37796-other' 1196 /> 1197 <label 1198 class='tier-select-label tier-label'
1199 for='newspack-tier-year-37796-other' 1200 > 1201 Other </label> 1202 <label 1203 class='odl' 1204 for='newspack-tier-year-37796-other-input' 1205 > 1206 Donation amount per year </label> 1207 <div class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__money-input money-input'> 1208 <span class='currency'> 1209 $ </span> 1210 <input 1211 type='number' 1212 min='3' 1213 name='donation_value_year_other' 1214 id='newspack-tier-year-37796-other-input' 1215 step='0.01' 1216 /> 1217 </div> 1218 </div> 1219 </div> 1220 </div> 1221 1222 </div> 1223 </div> 1224 <p class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__thanks thanks'> 1225 Your contribution is appreciated. </p> 1226 1227 <button type='submit' style="border-color: #edb41a; background-color: #edb41a; color: black;"> 1228 Donate Now </button> 1229 <input type='hidden' name='campaign' value='https://wyofile.fundjournalism.org/donate/?campaign=701Pl00001o4c6IIAQ' /> 1230 1231 </form> 1232 </div> 1233 </div> 1234 </aside> 1235 </div><!-- .entry-content --> 1236 1237 <footer class="entry-footer"> 1238 </footer><!-- .entry-footer --> 1239 1240 1241 <div class="author-bio"> 1242 <a href="https://wyofile.com/author/rebecca-huntington/" rel="author"> 1243 <img alt="Avatar photo" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/cropped-20250330_091900-120x120.jpg" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/cropped-20250330_091900-240x240.jpg 2x" class="avatar avatar-120 photo" height="120" width="120" /> </a> 1244 1245 <div class="author-bio-text"> 1246 <div class="author-bio-header"> 1247 <div> 1248 <h2 class="accent-header"> 1249 <a href="https://wyofile.com/author/rebecca-huntington/" rel="author"> 1250 Rebecca Huntington </a> 1251 </h2> 1252 1253 1254 </div> 1255 </div><!-- .author-bio-header --> 1256 1257 <p> 1258 Rebecca Huntington is the collaborations editor, working with news outlets across Wyoming to expand the depth, breadth and quality of public service journalism for all. Before joining WyoFile, she was... <a class="author-link" href="https://wyofile.com/author/rebecca-huntington/" rel="author"> 1259 More by Rebecca Huntington </a> 1260 </p> 1261 1262 </div><!-- .author-bio-text --> 1263 1264 </div><!-- .author-bio --> 1265 1266</article><!-- #post-${ID} --> 1267 1268<div id="comments" class="comments-area"> 1269 <div class="comments-title-wrap"> 1270 <h2 class="comments-title"> 1271 Join the Conversation </h2><!-- .comments-title --> 1272 1273<div class="discussion-meta"> 1274 <p class="discussion-meta-info"> 1275 <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M21.99 4c0-1.1-.89-2-1.99-2H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v12c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14l4 4-.01-18z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg> <span>2 Comments</span> 1276 </p> 1277</div><!-- .discussion-meta --> 1278 </div><!-- .comments-title-flex --> 1279 <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> 1280 <div class="comment-policy"><p style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt" dir="ltr"> 1281 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"> 1282<p style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt" dir="ltr"> 1283 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><strong>WyoFile's goal is to provide readers with information and ideas that foster constructive conversations about the issues and opportunities our communities face. One small piece of how we do that is by offering a space below each story for readers to share perspectives, experiences and insights. For this to work, we need your help.</strong></span></span> 1284</p> 1285<p style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt" dir="ltr"> 1286 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><strong>What we're looking for: </strong></span></span> 1287</p> 1288<ul style="margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding-inline-start:48px"> 1289 <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1290 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Your real name â first and last. </span></span> 1291 </li> 1292 <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr"> 1293 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Direct responses to the article. Tell us how your experience relates to the story.</span></span> 1294 </li> 1295 <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr"> 1296 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">The truth. Share factual information that adds context to the reporting.</span></span> 1297 </li> 1298 <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr"> 1299 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Thoughtful answers to questions raised by the reporting or other commenters.</span></span> 1300 </li> 1301 <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr"> 1302 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Tips that could advance our reporting on the topic.</span></span> 1303 </li> 1304 <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr"> 1305 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">No more than three comments per story, including replies. </span></span> 1306 </li> 1307</ul> 1308<p style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt" dir="ltr"> 1309 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><strong>What we block from our comments section, when we see it:</strong></span></span> 1310</p> 1311<ul style="margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding-inline-start:48px"> 1312 <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr"> 1313 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Pseudonyms. WyoFile stands behind everything we publish, and we expect commenters to do the same by using their real name.</span></span> 1314 </li> 1315 <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1316 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Comments that are not directly relevant to the article. </span></span> 1317 </li> 1318 <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr"> 1319 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Demonstrably false claims, what-about-isms, references to debunked lines of rhetoric, professional political talking points or links to sites trafficking in misinformation.</span></span> 1320 </li> 1321 <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr"> 1322 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Personal attacks, profanity, discriminatory language or threats.</span></span> 1323 </li> 1324 <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr"> 1325 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Arguments with other commenters.</span></span> 1326 </li> 1327</ul> 1328<p style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt" dir="ltr"> 1329 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><strong>Other important things to know: </strong></span></span> 1330</p> 1331<ul style="margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding-inline-start:48px"> 1332 <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr"> 1333 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Appearing in WyoFileâs comments section is a privilege, not a right or entitlement. </span></span> 1334 </li> 1335 <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr"> 1336 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Weâre a small team and our first priority is reporting. Depending on whatâs going on, comments may be moderated 24 to 48 hours from when theyâre submitted â or even later. If you comment in the evening or on the weekend, please be patient. Weâll get to it when weâre back in the office.</span></span> 1337 </li> 1338 <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr"> 1339 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Weâre not interested in managing squeaky wheels, and even if we wanted to, we don't have time to address every single commenterâs grievance. </span></span> 1340 </li> 1341 <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1342 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Try as we might, we will make mistakes.</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><strong> </strong></span><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Weâll fail to catch aliases, mistakenly allow folks to exceed the comment limit and occasionally miss false statements. If thatâs going to upset you, itâs probably best to just stick with our journalism and avoid the comments section.</span></span> 1343 </li> 1344 <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr"> 1345 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">We donât mediate disputes between commenters. If you have concerns about another commenter, please donât bring them to us.</span></span> 1346 </li> 1347</ul> 1348<p style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt" dir="ltr"> 1349 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><strong>The bottom line:</strong></span></span> 1350</p> 1351<p style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt" dir="ltr"> 1352 <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">If you repeatedly push the boundaries, make unreasonable demands, get caught lying or generally cause trouble, we will stop approving your comments â maybe forever. Such moderation decisions are not negotiable or subject to explanation. If civil and constructive conversation is not your goal, then our comments section is not for you. </span></span> 1353</p></span></span></p></div> <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/national-elk-refuge-fields-questions-about-what-feeding-elk-could-mean-for-jackson-holes-water/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small><form action="https://wyofile.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form"><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Your email address will not be published.</span> <span class="required-field-message">Required fields are marked <span class="required">*</span></span></p><p class="comment-form-comment"><label for="comment">Comment <span class="required">*</span></label> <textarea id="comment" name="comment" cols="45" rows="5" maxlength="65525" required></textarea></p><p class="comment-form-author"><label for="author">Name <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="" size="30" maxlength="245" autocomplete="name" required /></p> 1354<p class="comment-form-email"><label for="email">Email <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="email" name="email" type="email" value="" size="30" maxlength="100" aria-describedby="email-notes" autocomplete="email" required /></p> 1355<p class="comment-form-url"><label for="url">Website</label> <input id="url" name="url" type="url" value="" size="30" maxlength="200" autocomplete="url" /></p> 1356<p class="comment-form-cookies-consent"><input id="wp-comment-cookies-consent" name="wp-comment-cookies-consent" type="checkbox" value="yes" /> <label for="wp-comment-cookies-consent">Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.</label></p> 1357<p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit" class="submit" value="Post Comment" /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='130874' id='comment_post_ID' /> 1358<input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' /> 1359</p><p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="akismet_comment_nonce" name="akismet_comment_nonce" value="
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1361 1362</p></form> </div><!-- #respond --> 1363 1364 <div id="comments-wrapper" class="comments-wrapper comments-hide" [class]="showComments ? 'comments-wrapper' : 'comments-wrapper comments-hide'"> 1365 1366 <ol class="comment-list"> 1367 <li id="comment-855181" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> 1368 <article id="div-comment-855181" class="comment-body"> 1369 <footer class="comment-meta"> 1370 <div class="comment-author vcard"> 1371 <img alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb32838dd5e1900c8eb375fe75f746d97ab7ed6a838a2d24affcc70f3abb7ec3?s=60&d=mm&r=g" class="avatar avatar-60 photo" height="60" width="60" /><b class="fn">Chad Guenter</b> <span class="screen-reader-text says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author --> 1372 1373 <div class="comment-metadata"> 1374 <a href="https://wyofile.com/national-elk-refuge-fields-questions-about-what-feeding-elk-could-mean-for-jackson-holes-water/#comment-855181"> 1375 <time datetime="2026-09-24T07:29:50-06:00"> 1376 September 24, 2026 at 7:29 am </time> 1377 </a> 1378 </div><!-- .comment-metadata --> 1379 1380 </footer><!-- .comment-meta --> 1381 <div class="comment-content"> 1382 <p>Are we now trying to scare the public into thinking something can happen to their water?</p> 1383<p>Studies out of Univ. Wisconsin show prions leaching into groundwater/aquifers is “highly unlikely”, and “not a significant cause for concern”, Joel Pedersen, a UW-Madison soil scientist . </p> 1384<p>The stoppage of feeding the elk will not stop the elk from gathering where they always have every single winter for millennia. Elk will continue to congregate in close proximity to each other at the refuge whether they are fed or not. </p> 1385<p>The fearmongering is now looking for another avenue to take hold. There is an obvious agenda behind the never ending push to stop the feeding programs.</p> 1386 </div><!-- .comment-content --> 1387 </article><!-- .comment-body --> 1388 1389 <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-855181" data-commentid="855181" data-postid="130874" data-belowelement="div-comment-855181" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Chad Guenter" aria-label="Reply to Chad Guenter">Reply</a></div> </li><!-- #comment-## --> 1390 <li id="comment-855131" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> 1391 <article id="div-comment-855131" class="comment-body"> 1392 <footer class="comment-meta"> 1393 <div class="comment-author vcard"> 1394 <img alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e44e7c1cc5158648f6b1eac7fad8488550b648a039f746d53b46c5827ebb6f5c?s=60&d=mm&r=g" class="avatar avatar-60 photo" height="60" width="60" /><b class="fn">Judd Grossman</b> <span class="screen-reader-text says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author --> 1395 1396 <div class="comment-metadata"> 1397 <a href="https://wyofile.com/national-elk-refuge-fields-questions-about-what-feeding-elk-could-mean-for-jackson-holes-water/#comment-855131"> 1398 <time datetime="2026-09-23T19:27:52-06:00"> 1399 September 23, 2026 at 7:27 pm </time> 1400 </a> 1401 </div><!-- .comment-metadata --> 1402 1403 </footer><!-- .comment-meta --> 1404 <div class="comment-content"> 1405 <p>Good article.</p> 1406 </div><!-- .comment-content --> 1407 </article><!-- .comment-body --> 1408 1409 <div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-855131" data-commentid="855131" data-postid="130874" data-belowelement="div-comment-855131" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Judd Grossman" aria-label="Reply to Judd Grossman">Reply</a></div> </li><!-- #comment-## --> 1410 </ol><!-- .comment-list --> 1411 1412 </div><!-- .comments-wrapper --> 1413 <button class="comments-toggle" id="comments-toggle" on="tap:AMP.setState({showComments: !showComments})"> 1414 <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.41 7.41L14 6l-6 6 6 6 1.41-1.41L10.83 12z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg><span [text]="showComments ? 'Collapse comments' : 'Expand comments'">Expand comments</span> 1415 </button> 1416 1417 </div><!-- #comments --> 1418 </div> 1419 1420 1421 </main><!-- #main --> 1422 </section><!-- #primary --> 1423 1424 1425 <div class="above-footer-widgets"> 1426 <div class="wrapper"> 1427 </div><!-- .wrapper --> 1428 </div><!-- .above-footer-widgets --> 1429 1430 1431 </div><!-- #content --> 1432 1433 <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> 1434 1435 1436 <div class="site-info"> 1437
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1748<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-ui-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/newspack-ui.js?ver=d1407b1574b82f495aa2" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1748
1749<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-ads-frontend-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-ads/includes/../dist/frontend.js?ver=8dc778583f80c834cc12"></script>
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1749
1750<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack_commons-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/commons.js?ver=59efc466b06e4617237b" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1750
1751<script id="wp-hooks-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/7.1.2/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js"></script>
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1751
1752<script id="wp-i18n-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/7.1.2/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js"></script>
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1752
1753<script id="wp-i18n-js-after"> 1754wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); 1755//# sourceURL=wp-i18n-js-after 1756</script>
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1756
1757<script id="newspack-recaptcha-js-extra" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> 1758var newspack_recaptcha_data = {"site_key":"6LdzsNEoAAAAAL36EDHDgqY25I7vkJ0etjJ3e3j_","version":"v3","api_url":"https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LdzsNEoAAAAAL36EDHDgqY25I7vkJ0etjJ3e3j_"}; 1759//# sourceURL=newspack-recaptcha-js-extra 1760</script>
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1760
1761<script data-wp-strategy="async" defer id="newspack-recaptcha-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/other-scripts/recaptcha.js?ver=e1f2edd75ff5d2c218f4" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1761
1762<script id="newspack-reader-activation-js-extra"> 1763var newspack_ras_config = {"auth_intention_cookie":"np_auth_intention","cid_cookie":"newspack-cid","is_logged_in":"","authenticated_email":"","otp_auth_action":"np_otp_auth","otp_rate_interval":"60","auth_action_result":"np_auth_link_result","account_url":"","is_ras_enabled":"","verify_new_reader_accounts":"1","verification_url":"https://wyofile.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","check_email_url":"https://wyofile.com/wp-json/newspack/v1/reader-activation/check-email","captcha_site_key":"6LdzsNEoAAAAAL36EDHDgqY25I7vkJ0etjJ3e3j_","captcha_version":"v3"}; 1764var newspack_reader_data = {"store_prefix":"np_reader_1_","is_temporary":"","reader_activity":[{"action":"article_view","data":{"post_id":130874,"permalink":"https://wyofile.com/national-elk-refuge-fields-questions-about-what-feeding-elk-could-mean-for-jackson-holes-water/","categories":[4663,27,10627,12514,3519,6355],"tags":[],"author":"523"}}],"read_only_keys":["active_memberships","active_subscriptions","is_former_donor","newsletter_subscribed_lists","available_deals"],"api_url":"https://wyofile.com/wp-json/newspack/v1/reader-data","session_url":"https://wyofile.com/wp-json/newspack/v1/reader/session"}; 1765//# sourceURL=newspack-reader-activation-js-extra 1766</script>
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1766
1767<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-reader-activation-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-activation.js?ver=92f110f9fad6dc3b7e9c" data-amp-plus-allowed type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1767
1768<script id="newspack-reader-auth-js-extra"> 1769var newspack_reader_activation_labels = {"title":"Sign in or register","invalid_email":"Please enter a valid email address.","invalid_password":"Please enter a password.","invalid_display":"Display name cannot match your email address. Please choose a different display name.","blocked_popup":"The popup has been blocked. Allow popups for the site and try again.","code_sent":"Code sent! Check your inbox.","code_resent":"Code resent! Check your inbox.","verification_error":"Something went wrong. Please try again.","create_account":"Create an account","signin":{"title":"Sign in or register","success_title":"Success! You\u2019re signed in.","success_message":"Login successful!","continue":"Continue","resend_code":"Resend code","otp":"Email me a one-time code instead","otp_title":"Enter the code sent to your email","forgot_password":"Forgot password","create_account":"Create an account","register":"Sign in to an existing account","go_back":"Go back","set_password":"Set a password (optional)"},"register":{"title":"Create an account","success_title":"Success! Your account was created and you\u2019re signed in.","success_description":"In the future, you\u2019ll sign in with a magic link, or a code sent to your email. If you\u2019d rather use a password, you can set one below."},"verify":"Thank you for verifying your account!","magic_link":"Please check your inbox for an authentication link.","password_reset_interval":"Please wait a moment before requesting another password reset email.","account_link":{"signedin":"My Account","signedout":"Sign In"},"newsletters_cta":"Subscribe to our newsletter","newsletters_confirmation":"Thanks for supporting WyoFile .","newsletters_continue":"Continue","newsletters_details":"Get the best of WyoFile directly in your email inbox.","newsletters_success":"Signup successful!","newsletters_title":"Sign up for newsletters","auth_form_action":"reader-activation-auth-form","sign_in_to_upgrade":"Sign in to upgrade","register_to_upgrade":"Register to upgrade"}; 1770//# sourceURL=newspack-reader-auth-js-extra 1771</script>
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1771
1772<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-reader-auth-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-auth.js?ver=004cfe784118b547beea" data-amp-plus-allowed type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1772
1773<script id="newspack-relative-time-js-extra"> 1774var newspackRelativeTime = {"cutoff":"86400","locale":"en_US"}; 1775//# sourceURL=newspack-relative-time-js-extra 1776</script>
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1776
1777<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-relative-time-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/other-scripts/relative-time.js?ver=aed0c486d20c454abd09" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1777
1778<script id="wp-url-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/7.1.2/wp-includes/js/dist/url.min.js"></script>
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1778
1779<script id="newspack-popups-criteria-js-extra" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> 1780var newspackPopupsCriteria = {"is_non_preview_user":"","config":{"articles_read":{"matchingFunction":"range","matchingAttribute":"articles_read","optionParams":[]},"articles_read_in_session":{"matchingFunction":"range","matchingAttribute":"articles_read_in_session","optionParams":[]},"favorite_categories":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"favorite_categories","optionParams":[]},"devices":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"devices","optionParams":{"Desktop":{"max_width":9223372036854775807,"min_width":1280},"Laptop":{"max_width":1280,"min_width":1024},"Tablet":{"max_width":1024,"min_width":768},"Mobile":{"max_width":768,"min_width":480},"Mobile small":{"max_width":480,"min_width":0}}},"user_account":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"user_account","optionParams":[]},"newsletter":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"newsletter","optionParams":[]},"subscribed_lists":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"newsletter_subscribed_lists","optionParams":[]},"not_subscribed_lists":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"newsletter_subscribed_lists","optionParams":[]},"donation":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"donation","optionParams":[]},"active_subscriptions":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"active_subscriptions","optionParams":[]},"not_active_subscriptions":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"active_subscriptions","optionParams":[]},"sources_to_match":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"referrer","optionParams":[]},"sources_to_exclude":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"referrer","optionParams":[]},"has_available_deal":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"available_deals","optionParams":[]}}}; 1781//# sourceURL=newspack-popups-criteria-js-extra 1782</script>
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1782
1783<script data-wp-strategy="defer" id="newspack-popups-criteria-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/criteria.js?ver=1789759412" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1783
1784<script id="newspack-popups-view-js-extra" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> 1785var newspack_popups_view = {"debug":"1","has_disabled_prompts":"","site_id":"1","segments":{"15661":{"name":"Member","criteria":[{"criteria_id":"donation","value":"donors"}],"priority":0},"13899":{"name":"Subscriber","criteria":[{"criteria_id":"newsletter","value":"subscribers"},{"criteria_id":"donation","value":"non-donors"}],"priority":2},"13900":{"name":"Most Everyone","criteria":[{"criteria_id":"newsletter","value":"non-subscribers"},{"criteria_id":"donation","value":"non-donors"}],"priority":3},"13901":{"name":"Loyal Reader","criteria":[{"criteria_id":"articles_read","value":{"min":"2","max":"4"}}],"priority":4},"13902":{"name":"Brand Lover - not subscribed, not donated","criteria":[{"criteria_id":"articles_read","value":{"min":"5"}},{"criteria_id":"newsletter","value":"non-subscribers"},{"criteria_id":"donation","value":"non-donors"}],"priority":5},"15227":{"name":"MOJO site users - Subscribe prompt","criteria":[{"criteria_id":"sources_to_match","value":"utm link"}],"priority":7}},"donor_landing_page":"76790"}; 1786//# sourceURL=newspack-popups-view-js-extra 1787</script>
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1787
1788<script id="newspack-popups-view-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/view.js?ver=1789759412" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1788
1789<script id="wp-parsely-loader-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-parsely/build/loader.js?ver=ecf94842061bea03d54b" defer></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1789
1789
1790<script id="parsely-cfg" data-parsely-site="wyofile.com" src="https://cdn.parsely.com/keys/wyofile.com/p.js?ver=3.24.1" defer></script>
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1790
1791<script async data-wp-strategy="async" fetchpriority="low" id="comment-reply-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/7.1.2/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1791
1792<script id="newspack-amp-fallback-js-extra"> 1793var newspackScreenReaderText = {"open_search":"Open Search","close_search":"Close Search","expand_comments":"Expand Comments","collapse_comments":"Collapse Comments","show_order_details":"Show details","hide_order_details":"Hide details","open_dropdown_menu":"Open dropdown menu","close_dropdown_menu":"Close dropdown menu","is_amp":""}; 1794//# sourceURL=newspack-amp-fallback-js-extra 1795</script>
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1795
1796<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-amp-fallback-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/amp-fallback.js?ver=2.27.0" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1796
1797<script id="newspack-menu-accessibility-js-extra"> 1798var newspackScreenReaderText = {"open_search":"Open Search","close_search":"Close Search","expand_comments":"Expand Comments","collapse_comments":"Collapse Comments","show_order_details":"Show details","hide_order_details":"Hide details","open_dropdown_menu":"Open dropdown menu","close_dropdown_menu":"Close dropdown menu","is_amp":""}; 1799//# sourceURL=newspack-menu-accessibility-js-extra 1800</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1800
1800
1801<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-menu-accessibility-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/menu-accessibility.js?ver=2.27.0" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1801
1802<script id="newspack-font-loading-js-extra"> 1803var newspackFontLoading = {"fonts":["Roboto Slab","Roboto"]}; 1804//# sourceURL=newspack-font-loading-js-extra 1805</script>
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1805
1806<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-font-loading-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/font-loading.js?ver=2.27.0" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1806
1807<script id="newspack-amp-fallback-sponsors-js-extra"> 1808var newspackScreenReaderTextSponsors = {"open_info":"Learn More","close_info":"Close"}; 1809//# sourceURL=newspack-amp-fallback-sponsors-js-extra 1810</script>
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1810
1811<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-amp-fallback-sponsors-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/amp-fallback-newspack-sponsors.js?ver=2.27.0" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1811
1812<script id="perfmatters-lazy-load-js-before"> 1813window.lazyLoadOptions={elements_selector:"img[data-src],.perfmatters-lazy,.perfmatters-lazy-css-bg",thresholds:"0px 0px",class_loading:"pmloading",class_loaded:"pmloaded",callback_loaded:function(element){if(element.tagName==="IFRAME"){if(element.classList.contains("pmloaded")){if(typeof window.jQuery!="undefined"){if(jQuery.fn.fitVids){jQuery(element).parent().fitVids()}}}}}};window.addEventListener("LazyLoad::Initialized",function(e){var lazyLoadInstance=e.detail.instance;});function perfmattersLazyLoadVideo(e){var t=document.createElement("iframe"),r="ID?";r+=0===e.dataset.query.length?"":e.dataset.query+"&",r+="autoplay=1",t.setAttribute("src",r.replace("ID",e.dataset.src)),e.dataset.referrerpolicy && t.setAttribute("referrerpolicy",e.dataset.referrerpolicy),t.setAttribute("frameborder","0"),t.setAttribute("allowfullscreen","1"),t.setAttribute("allow","accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture"),e.replaceChild(t,e.firstChild)};function perfmattersLazyLoadYouTube(e){perfmattersLazyLoadVideo(e)} 1814//# sourceURL=perfmatters-lazy-load-js-before 1815</script>
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1815
1816<script id="perfmatters-lazy-load-js" async src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/js/lazyload.min.js?ver=2.6.8"></script>
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1816
1817<script id="googlesitekit-events-provider-content-events-js-before"> 1818window._googlesitekit = window._googlesitekit || {}; 1819window._googlesitekit.contentEvents = {"postID":130874,"isSinglePost":true,"hasVimeoEmbed":false}; 1820//# sourceURL=googlesitekit-events-provider-content-events-js-before 1821</script>
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1821
1822<script id="googlesitekit-events-provider-content-events-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/google-site-kit/dist/assets/js/googlesitekit-events-provider-content-events-c7172f3fd0e4d5ad62ef.js" defer></script>
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1822
1823<script id="mc4wp-forms-api-js" defer src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/mailchimp-for-wp/assets/js/forms.js?ver=4.14.1" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1823
1824<script id="googlesitekit-events-provider-mailchimp-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/google-site-kit/dist/assets/js/googlesitekit-events-provider-mailchimp-ae89b2302ee1e23a78ac.js" defer></script>
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1824
1825<script id="jetpack-stats-js-before"> 1826_stq = window._stq || []; 1827_stq.push([ "view", {"v":"ext","blog":"74384313","post":"130874","tz":"-6","srv":"wyofile.com","hp":"atomic","ac":"6","amp":"0","j":"1:16.3-a.3"} ]); 1828_stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "74384313", "130874" ]); 1829//# sourceURL=jetpack-stats-js-before 1830</script>
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1830
1831<script type="text/plain" data-service="jetpack-statistics" data-category="statistics" data-wp-strategy="defer" defer fetchpriority="low" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-cmplz-src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202639.js"></script>
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1831
1832<script id="cmplz-cookiebanner-js-extra"> 1833var complianz = {"prefix":"cmplz_","debug":"","user_banner_id":"1","set_cookies":[],"block_ajax_content":"","banner_version":"168","version":"7.5.2","store_consent":"","do_not_track_enabled":"","consenttype":"optout","region":"us","geoip":"","dismiss_timeout":"","disable_cookiebanner":"","soft_cookiewall":"","dismiss_on_scroll":"","cookie_expiry":"365","url":"https://wyofile.com/wp-json/complianz/v1/","locale":"lang=en&locale=en_US","set_cookies_on_root":"","cookie_domain":"","current_policy_id":"16","cookie_path":"/","categories":{"statistics":"statistics","marketing":"marketing"},"tcf_active":"","placeholdertext":"Click to accept {category} cookies and enable this content","css_file":"https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/complianz/css/banner-{banner_id}-{type}.css?v=168","page_links":{"us":{"cookie-statement":{"title":"","url":"https://wyofile.com/what-will-super-el-nino-bring-to-landlocked-parched-wyoming/"}}},"tm_categories":"","forceEnableStats":"","preview":"","clean_cookies":"","aria_label":"Click to accept {category} cookies and enable this content","iapi_nav":"fallback"}; 1834//# sourceURL=cmplz-cookiebanner-js-extra 1835</script>
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1835
1836<script defer id="cmplz-cookiebanner-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/complianz-gdpr/cookiebanner/js/complianz.min.js?ver=1786993183"></script>
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1836
1837<script id="cmplz-cookiebanner-js-after"> 1838 let cmplzBlockedContent = document.querySelector('.cmplz-blocked-content-notice'); 1839 if ( cmplzBlockedContent) { 1840 cmplzBlockedContent.addEventListener('click', function(event) { 1841 event.stopPropagation(); 1842 }); 1843 } 1844 1845//# sourceURL=cmplz-cookiebanner-js-after 1846</script>
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1846
1847<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-blocks-homepage-articles-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/homepage-articles/view.js?ver=ccbc0118b42975c59e5b" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1847
1848<script id="lodash-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/7.1.2/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/lodash.min.js"></script>
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1848
1849<script id="lodash-js-after"> 1850window.lodash = _.noConflict(); 1851//# sourceURL=lodash-js-after 1852</script>
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1852
1853<script id="newspack-blocks-donate-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/donate/view.js?ver=d20dd5fdad59a2796b5c" async type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1853
1854<script id="newspack-blocks-donate-frequency-based-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/frequencyBased.js?ver=4.33.1" async type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1854
1855<script defer id="akismet-frontend-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/akismet/_inc/akismet-frontend.js?ver=1785900794"></script>
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1855
1856<script id="sharing-js-js-extra"> 1857var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"}; 1858//# sourceURL=sharing-js-js-extra 1859</script>
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1859
1860<script id="sharing-js-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/sharedaddy/sharing.min.js?ver=16.3-a.3" defer></script>
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1860
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