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594	<span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted in</span><a href="https://wyofile.com/category/featured-top-story/" rel="category tag">Featured Top Story</a></span>			<h1 class="entry-title entry-title--with-subtitle">
595			National Elk Refuge fields questions about what feeding elk could mean for Jackson Hole’s water		</h1>
596				<div class="newspack-post-subtitle">
597			The US Fish and Wildlife Service is weighing pros and cons of feeding wildlife, which could lead to more chronic wasting disease. That’s raising questions about health risks beyond the herd. 		</div>
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604				<span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://wyofile.com/author/rebecca-huntington/">Rebecca Huntington</a></span> 			</span><!-- .byline -->
605			<span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2026-09-23T17:05:36-06:00">16 hours ago</time><time class="updated" datetime="2026-09-23T17:06:35-06:00">September 23, 2026</time></span>				</div><!-- .meta-info -->
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646
647				<figcaption><span>Elk gather at the southern end of the National Elk Refuge near the town of Jackson on Feb. 16, 2016. (Ryan Dorgan/Jackson Hole News&amp;Guide)</span></figcaption>
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695
696
697
698<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
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701
702<p class="wp-block-paragraph">JACKSON—As National Elk Refuge leaders laid out long-term options for managing elk and bison wintering on the edge of Jackson, a discussion Tuesday turned to the northwestern Wyoming town’s water supply.</p>
703
704<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is weighing the pros and cons of feeding elk and bison, in part to keep the animals away from town and from damaging private property. But <a href="https://wyofile.com/study-predicts-huge-decline-of-jackson-hole-elk-especially-if-refuge-keeps-feeding/">wildlife disease experts predict</a> that continuing to concentrate animals around alfalfa pellets in the winter could lead to more elk infected with always-lethal chronic wasting disease, smaller populations and reduced hunting opportunities.&nbsp;</p>
705
706<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Although there’s been long-standing discussions about what that could mean for the long-term health of the elk herd, scientific research is also probing what accumulating prions in the environment could mean for the soil, plants, water and even human health. (Chronic wasting disease has never been documented in humans, but the interspecies barrier is <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/nih-study-shows-chronic-wasting-disease-unlikely-move-animals-people">not considered absolute</a> and public health officials <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/chronic-wasting/about/index.html">advise against eating meat</a> from infected animals.) Meanwhile, a new peer-reviewed study, published this summer in the journal “<a href="https://pubs.acs.org/esthag/article-abstract/60/31/21952/5237063/Prion-Transport-in-Soils-Varies-with-Soil-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Environmental Science &amp; Technology</a>,” suggests prions that cause chronic wasting disease may pass through soil into surface waters or groundwater aquifers.</p>
707
708<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What that could mean in the future for the refuge and town of Jackson came up during questions from the public as Elk Refuge staff laid out four possible options for managing elk and bison — a decision expected to ultimately shape feeding operations, hunting opportunities and disease response. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is taking public comment on <a href="https://www.fws.gov/NER-BEMP">a draft environmental impact statement</a> released Aug. 28 that <a href="https://wyofile.com/national-elk-refuge-plan-calls-for-feeding-jackson-hole-elk-even-if-cwd-transmission-skyrockets/">studies the potential impacts</a> of updating the elk and bison plan.</p>
709
710<p class="wp-block-paragraph">“Why does the new management plan not evaluate the risk CWD poses to the town of Jackson water supply?” asked Shane Moore, a wildlife filmmaker, who grew up on his family’s ranch south of Jackson. Moore has been following state and federal management responses to the disease for decades. The always fatal disease had been detected in wildlife in 36 states in the U.S. and four provinces in Canada as of April 2025, an increase from 26 states and three provinces in 2019, according to researchers.</p>
711
712<p class="wp-block-paragraph">“Do you intend to keep feeding elk directly over the town well that is located under the south end of the refuge with CWD known to be present?” Moore asked.&nbsp;</p>
713
714<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="475" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/elk-crematory-1024x475.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-83919" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/elk-crematory-1024x475.jpg 1024w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/elk-crematory-300x139.jpg 300w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/elk-crematory-768x356.jpg 768w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/elk-crematory-400x186.jpg 400w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/elk-crematory-706x328.jpg 706w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/elk-crematory.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">
714The 33-ton elk crematory arrived at the National Elk Refuge, where it will be used to incinerate the remains of elk believed to be infected with chronic wasting disease. (Eric Cole/National Elk Refuge)</figcaption></figure>
715
716<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Three of Jackson’s drinking water wells are located on the 24,700-acre refuge. They draw water from 200 feet underground in the Snake River Aquifer, according to a <a href="http://www.jacksonwy.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4889/Existing-and-Final-Capacity-Report">town report</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
717
718<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Above ground, <a href="https://wyofile.com/elk-refuge-disease-discovery-calls-for-talk-of-reducing-size-of-nations-largest-herd/">an ailing elk</a> was identified and euthanized April 15. Lab results later confirmed that case marked the first ever detection of the degenerative brain disease in an elk on the refuge. Refuge officials announced <a href="https://www.jhnewsandguide.com/news/environmental/local/national-elk-refuge-detects-second-case-of-chronic-wasting-disease/article_3d51e131-3ac8-452a-98a4-d7064ab6d19f.html">a second case</a> in July.</p>
719
720<p class="wp-block-paragraph">“You would expect to find CWD prions in the soil first,” said Eric Cole, the refuge’s senior wildlife biologist, who told the audience that new research would be out soon on testing soil and water for prions. “We expect that prions will bind to soil and be less of a threat to groundwater supply. So it’s kind of a second-tier concern at this point until a firm human health risk is established.”</p>
721
722<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In parts of Wyoming where CWD infects a large percentage of mule deer, <a href="https://wyofile.com/a-wyoming-mule-deer-herd-is-so-riddled-with-cwd-it-could-nearly-vanish/">devastating populations like the Project Herd</a>, consumption of meat from potentially infected animals is commonplace. The Wyoming Game and Fish Department <a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/wyoming-wildlife/wildlife-disease-and-health/chronic-wasting-disease/chronic-wasting-disease">encourages hunters to test their animals</a>, but in most areas doesn’t require it.&nbsp;</p>
723
724<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The refuge is working with the town of Jackson to start doing some water testing, Refuge Project Leader Frank Durbian said Tuesday at the Fish and Wildlife Service’s only in-person public meeting on the draft plan. Just a handful of people attended the meeting at the Teton County Library in Jackson where stakeholders from federal, state and local agencies answered questions. The service held a Sept. 15 virtual meeting.&nbsp;</p>
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735<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><a href="https://wyofile.fundjournalism.org/donate/?campaign=701Pl00001qGdi6IAC" target="_blank" rel=" noopener"><img decoding="async" width="1000" height="100" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-1-omnibus-1.png" alt="" class="wp-image-130765" style="width:700px;height:auto" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-1-omnibus-1.png 1000w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-1-omnibus-1-300x30.png 300w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-1-omnibus-1-768x77.png 768w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-1-omnibus-1-780x78.png 780w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/fall-2026-inline-1-omnibus-1-400x40.png 400w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></a></figure>
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738
739<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="503" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/ElkBisonPlanMeeting1-1024x503.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-130881" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/ElkBisonPlanMeeting1-1024x503.jpg 1024w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/ElkBisonPlanMeeting1-300x147.jpg 300w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/ElkBisonPlanMeeting1-768x377.jpg 768w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/ElkBisonPlanMeeting1-780x383.jpg 780w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/ElkBisonPlanMeeting1-400x196.jpg 400w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/ElkBisonPlanMeeting1.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">National Elk Refuge Project Leader Frank Durbian, left, and Senior Wildlife Biologist Eric Cole run through four possible long-term strategies for managing elk and bison during a meeting Tuesday at Teton County Library in Jackson. Alternatives range from feeding elk and bison indefinitely to ending feeding within five years. (Rebecca Huntington/WyoFile)</figcaption></figure>
740
741<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Researchers are investigating how chronic wasting disease moves through the environment but available testing is so far still experimental, Cole said Tuesday. “There&#8217;s no off-the-shelf assay for testing CWD, prions, in soil or water,” Cole said, adding that the refuge is working with the U.S. Geological Survey on testing.&nbsp;</p>
742
743<p class="wp-block-paragraph">“Based on those preliminary results, we are not detecting CWD in soil on the refuge yet,” Cole said.&nbsp;</p>
744
745<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Scientists wouldn’t expect to find it yet because prevalence is low since the disease has just been detected there, he said. Researchers also have been testing soil samples throughout Wyoming, including in areas with a very high prevalence of the disease, he said, adding “even in those situations, many of the samples, in a relatively small area, were negative.”</p>
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757			</div>
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759
760<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Jackson’s Ecosystem Stewardship Administrator Tanya Anderson also spoke at the meeting.&nbsp;</p>
761
762<p class="wp-block-paragraph">“We communicate regularly with the Elk Refuge, our neighbor to the north,” Anderson said. “We definitely want to ensure safe drinking water for everyone.”</p>
763
764<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Anderson said she has been talking with the health department and reading scientific papers.&nbsp;</p>
765
766<p class="wp-block-paragraph">“It is our understanding that those prions love absorbing to soil so much that they generally don&#8217;t go deeper than about a half a centimeter in the soil,” Anderson said. “That we have a groundwater supply, and not a surface water supply, should be a great relief to everyone who depends on that water supply.”</p>
767
768<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In June, Teton County Public Health Director Travis Riddell said he was exploring options to test the town’s water supply to get ahead of any potential concerns in an interview with KHOL 89.1.</p>
769
770<p class="wp-block-paragraph">“The chance that this could become an actual health threat to humans is quite low,” Riddell told KHOL. “But it’s a new and emerging problem.”</p>
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782			</div>
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784
785<h4 class="wp-block-heading">What about the elk?</h4>
786
787<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The new preferred alternative for managing elk and bison marks a shift from focusing on feeding to curtail the elk herd’s size to leaning more heavily on hunting.&nbsp;</p>
788
789<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Cole and Brad Hovinga, the Wyoming Game and Fish Department’s Jackson regional supervisor, both stressed plans to work closely to target short-distance migrants <a href="https://wyofile.com/judas-elk-to-help-target-jackson-hole-suburban-elk-easing-pressure-on-yellowstone-migrants/">with hunters, and using GPS-collar data</a> to do it.&nbsp;</p>
790
791<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Managers split the Jackson Elk Herd into two buckets — those that migrate short distances, from areas like subdivisions along the Snake River corridor, and those that migrate long distances from summer ranges on the Bridger-Teton National Forest and Yellowstone and Grand Teton national parks. By hunting short-distance migrants more heavily, the plan aims to reduce the number of elk wintering on the refuge, which could reduce conflicts on private land, reduce disease prevalence and improve habitat, including for other wildlife like birds, the analysis suggests. The draft study also says this approach would reduce impacts to hunters, guides and outfitters.&nbsp;</p>
792
793<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The refuge plans to start working with Game and Fish this year to target those short-distance migrants and will adapt as necessary, Durbian said.</p>
794
795<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" width="1000" height="750" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Elk_JacksonWY_LauraThompson-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-70651" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Elk_JacksonWY_LauraThompson-1.jpg 1000w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Elk_JacksonWY_LauraThompson-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Elk_JacksonWY_LauraThompson-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Elk_JacksonWY_LauraThompson-1-800x600.jpg?crop=1 800w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Elk_JacksonWY_LauraThompson-1-400x300.jpg?crop=1 400w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Elk_JacksonWY_LauraThompson-1-200x150.jpg?crop=1 200w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Elk_JacksonWY_LauraThompson-1-706x530.jpg 706w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Snake River elk, which populate private lands, are seen in Jackson Hole in 2016. (Laura Thompson/USGS)</figcaption></figure>
796
797<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The proposal does not alter the Jackson Elk Herd’s overall population objective of 11,000 animals, a goal established and changed by Game and Fish. But about 7,500 elk on average winter on the refuge and the goal is to get that number down to 5,000.&nbsp;</p>
798
799<p class="wp-block-paragraph">“What we would like to do is change the number of elk that use the National Elk Refuge,” Hovinga said. “We can do that from, not only just harvesting elk on the refuge, but the challenge is to be able to harvest the right elk.”</p>
800
801<p class="wp-block-paragraph">
801The short-distance migrants can be prolific and provide less of an ideal opportunity for hunters since they tend to migrate along private lands, officials explained. Changing the distribution of elk, through hunting, could mean more elk wintering on natural forage and fewer elk coming to the refuge, he said.&nbsp;</p>
802
803<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The last plan <a href="https://wyofile.com/natl-refuge-tries-to-wean-its-elk-off-feed-and-fails-so-far/">failed to reduce the number of elk wintering</a> on the Elk Refuge but did succeed in reducing the average feeding season length by 19%, Cole said. Refuge officials found through experience that starting feeding later proved difficult, but ending artificial feeding earlier in the spring worked. So all four alternatives call for shortening feeding seasons by ending about two weeks earlier on average. Shortening the overall feeding season would lower future chronic wasting disease prevalence and lead to healthier herds over the long-term, the service’s analysis suggests.&nbsp;</p>
804
805<p class="wp-block-paragraph">During the presentation, federal wildlife managers stressed that all alternatives result in long-term elk population declines. Continuing feeding indefinitely, however, is <a href="https://wyofile.com/study-predicts-huge-decline-of-jackson-hole-elk-especially-if-refuge-keeps-feeding/">expected to result in the worst outcome</a> for herd size and <a href="https://wyofile.com/category/latest-news/page/227/">hunting opportunity</a>.&nbsp;</p>
806
807<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-1024x768.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-98801" srcset="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-300x225.jpg 300w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-768x576.jpg 768w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-1200x900.jpg?crop=1 1200w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-800x600.jpg?crop=1 800w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-600x450.jpg?crop=1 600w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-400x300.jpg?crop=1 400w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-200x150.jpg?crop=1 200w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-1568x1176.jpg 1568w, https://wyofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IMG_0307-2000x1500.jpg 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Bison chow down on alfalfa pellets on the National Elk Refuge in March 2013. Elk, which are subordinate, wait for the chance to feed. (Mike Koshmrl/WyoFile)</figcaption></figure>
808
809<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In addition to continuing to feed elk, the Fish and Wildlife Service’s current preferred alternative, which officials said could change, also calls for continuing to feed bison on the northernmost portion of the refuge. Roughly 7,500 elk and 500 bison consume around 35 to 40 tons of alfalfa pellets per day. It’s not uncommon for the refuge to feed about 2,000 tons of pellets over a season, which has averaged 65 days and typically costs more than $1 million a year, Cole said. During mild winters, the refuge has not fed at all, which was the case last winter and has occurred 11 times in the refuge’s history, he said. Reducing elk on the refuge to 5,000 could reduce costs tied to labor-intensive feeding operations.&nbsp;</p>
810
811<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The draft analysis contemplates scenarios that would phase out feeding <a href="https://wyofile.com/feds-provide-peek-at-national-elk-refuge-plan-keep-feeding-bison-cut-off-elk-at-7-cwd/">for elk but continue it for bison</a>,&nbsp;in part, to keep bison from heading into subdivisions bordering the refuge where they could pose a problem for people. Some meeting attendees questioned Tuesday whether that would work. Cole said feeding is a learned behavior and elk could learn over time that bison aren’t about to share any alfalfa pellets with the smaller ungulates. The pellets get gobbled up quickly and don’t remain on the landscape as an attractant, he said.&nbsp;</p>
812
813<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The public has 45 days to review the new draft environmental impact statement and submit c
813omments, which are due Oct. 13.&nbsp;</p>
814
815<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><em>Mike Koshmrl contributed reporting.</em></p>
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821							<h2 class="article-section-title">
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827				style="min-height: 4vh; padding-top: 0.8vh;"
828				>
829							<figure class="post-thumbnail">
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1147													name='donation_value_year'
1148													value='75'
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1152													class='tier-select-label tier-label'
1153													for='newspack-tier-year-37796-0'
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1155													$75												</label>
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1158											class='wp-block-newspack-blocks-donate__tier donation-tier__year'
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1163													value='250'
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1170													$250												</label>
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1174											data-checkout='[]'										>
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1177													name='donation_value_year'
1178													value='500'
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1180																									/>
1181												<label
1182													class='tier-select-label tier-label'
1183													for='newspack-tier-year-37796-2'
1184												>
1185													$500												</label>
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1194													value='other'
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1196												/>
1197												<label
1198													class='tier-select-label tier-label'
1199													for='newspack-tier-year-37796-other'
1200												>
1201												Other												</label>
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1205												>
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1211														type='number'
1212														min='3'
1213														name='donation_value_year_other'
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1215														step='0.01'
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1217												</div>
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1252
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1254						</div>
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1256
1257											<p>
1258							Rebecca Huntington is the collaborations editor, working with news outlets across Wyoming to expand the depth, breadth and quality of public service journalism for all. Before joining WyoFile, she was...															<a class="author-link" href="https://wyofile.com/author/rebecca-huntington/" rel="author">
1259								More by Rebecca Huntington								</a>
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1268<div id="comments" class="comments-area">
1269	<div class="comments-title-wrap">
1270		<h2 class="comments-title">
1271		Join the Conversation		</h2><!-- .comments-title -->
1272		
1273<div class="discussion-meta">
1274	<p class="discussion-meta-info">
1275		<svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M21.99 4c0-1.1-.89-2-1.99-2H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v12c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14l4 4-.01-18z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg>		<span>2 Comments</span>
1276	</p>
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1279			<div id="respond" class="comment-respond">
1280		<div class="comment-policy"><p style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt" dir="ltr">
1281    <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">
1282<p style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt" dir="ltr">
1283    <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><strong>WyoFile's goal is to provide readers with information and ideas that foster constructive conversations about the issues and opportunities our communities face. One small piece of how we do that is by offering a space below each story for readers to share perspectives, experiences and insights. For this to work, we need your help.</strong></span></span>
1284</p>
1285<p style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt" dir="ltr">
1286    <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><strong>What we're looking for:&nbsp;</strong></span></span>
1287</p>
1288<ul style="margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding-inline-start:48px">
1289    <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1290        <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Your real name — first and last.&nbsp;</span></span>
1291    </li>
1292    <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1293        <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Direct responses to the article. Tell us how your experience relates to the story.</span></span>
1294    </li>
1295    <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1296        <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">The truth. Share factual information that adds context to the reporting.</span></span>
1297    </li>
1298    <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1299        <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Thoughtful answers to questions raised by the reporting or other commenters.</span></span>
1300    </li>
1301    <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1302        <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Tips that could advance our reporting on the topic.</span></span>
1303    </li>
1304    <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1305        <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">No more than three comments per story, including replies.&nbsp;</span></span>
1306    </li>
1307</ul>
1308<p style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt" dir="ltr">
1309    <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><strong>What we block from our comments section, when we see it:</strong></span></span>
1310</p>
1311<ul style="margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding-inline-start:48px">
1312    <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1313        <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Pseudonyms. WyoFile stands behind everything we publish, and we expect commenters to do the same by using their real name.</span></span>
1314    </li>
1315    <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1316        <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Comments that are not directly relevant to the article.&nbsp;</span></span>
1317    </li>
1318    <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1319        <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Demonstrably false claims, what-about-isms, references to debunked lines of rhetoric, professional political talking points or links to sites trafficking in misinformation.</span></span>
1320    </li>
1321    <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1322        <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Personal attacks, profanity, discriminatory language or threats.</span></span>
1323    </li>
1324    <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1325        <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Arguments with other commenters.</span></span>
1326    </li>
1327</ul>
1328<p style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt" dir="ltr">
1329    <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><strong>Other important things to know:&nbsp;</strong></span></span>
1330</p>
1331<ul style="margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding-inline-start:48px">
1332    <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1333        <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Appearing in WyoFile’s comments section is a privilege, not a right or entitlement.&nbsp;</span></span>
1334    </li>
1335    <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1336        <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">We’re a small team and our first priority is reporting. Depending on what’s going on, comments may be moderated 24 to 48 hours from when they’re submitted — or even later. If you comment in the evening or on the weekend, please be patient. We’ll get to it when we’re back in the office.</span></span>
1337    </li>
1338    <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1339        <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">We’re not interested in managing squeaky wheels, and even if we wanted to, we don't have time to address every single commenter’s grievance.&nbsp;</span></span>
1340    </li>
1341    <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1342        <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">Try as we might, we will make mistakes.</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></span><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">We’ll fail to catch aliases, mistakenly allow folks to exceed the comment limit and occasionally miss false statements. If that’s going to upset you, it’s probably best to just stick with our journalism and avoid the comments section.</span></span>
1343    </li>
1344    <li style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;list-style-type:disc;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline" dir="ltr">
1345        <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">We don’t mediate disputes between commenters. If you have concerns about another commenter, please don’t bring them to us.</span></span>
1346    </li>
1347</ul>
1348<p style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt" dir="ltr">
1349    <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline"><strong>The bottom line:</strong></span></span>
1350</p>
1351<p style="line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-top:12pt" dir="ltr">
1352    <span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline">If you repeatedly push the boundaries, make unreasonable demands, get caught lying or generally cause trouble, we will stop approving your comments — maybe forever. Such moderation decisions are not negotiable or subject to explanation. If civil and constructive conversation is not your goal, then our comments section is not for you.&nbsp;</span></span>
1353</p></span></span></p></div> <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/national-elk-refuge-fields-questions-about-what-feeding-elk-could-mean-for-jackson-holes-water/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small><form action="https://wyofile.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form"><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Your email address will not be published.</span> <span class="required-field-message">Required fields are marked <span class="required">*</span></span></p><p class="comment-form-comment"><label for="comment">Comment <span class="required">*</span></label> <textarea id="comment" name="comment" cols="45" rows="5" maxlength="65525" required></textarea></p><p class="comment-form-author"><label for="author">Name <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="" size="30" maxlength="245" autocomplete="name" required /></p>
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1367						<li id="comment-855181" class="comment even thread-even depth-1">
1368			<article id="div-comment-855181" class="comment-body">
1369						<footer class="comment-meta">
1370			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1371				<img alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb32838dd5e1900c8eb375fe75f746d97ab7ed6a838a2d24affcc70f3abb7ec3?s=60&amp;d=mm&amp;r=g" class="avatar avatar-60 photo" height="60" width="60" /><b class="fn">Chad Guenter</b> <span class="screen-reader-text says">says:</span>			</div><!-- .comment-author -->
1372
1373			<div class="comment-metadata">
1374				<a href="https://wyofile.com/national-elk-refuge-fields-questions-about-what-feeding-elk-could-mean-for-jackson-holes-water/#comment-855181">
1375										<time datetime="2026-09-24T07:29:50-06:00">
1376						September 24, 2026 at 7:29 am					</time>
1377				</a>
1378							</div><!-- .comment-metadata -->
1379
1380					</footer><!-- .comment-meta -->
1381				<div class="comment-content">
1382			<p>Are we now trying to scare the public into thinking something can happen to their water?</p>
1383<p>Studies out of Univ. Wisconsin show prions leaching into groundwater/aquifers is &#8220;highly unlikely&#8221;, and &#8220;not a significant cause for concern&#8221;, Joel Pedersen, a UW-Madison soil scientist .  </p>
1384<p>The stoppage of feeding the elk will not stop the elk from gathering where they always have every single winter for millennia. Elk will continue to congregate in close proximity to each other at the refuge whether they are fed or not. </p>
1385<p>The fearmongering is now looking for another avenue to take hold. There is an obvious agenda behind the never ending push to stop the feeding programs.</p>
1386		</div><!-- .comment-content -->
1387					</article><!-- .comment-body -->
1388
1389			<div class="comment-reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-855181" data-commentid="855181" data-postid="130874" data-belowelement="div-comment-855181" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Chad Guenter" aria-label="Reply to Chad Guenter">Reply</a></div>		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1390		<li id="comment-855131" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1">
1391			<article id="div-comment-855131" class="comment-body">
1392						<footer class="comment-meta">
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1394				<img alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e44e7c1cc5158648f6b1eac7fad8488550b648a039f746d53b46c5827ebb6f5c?s=60&amp;d=mm&amp;r=g" class="avatar avatar-60 photo" height="60" width="60" /><b class="fn">Judd Grossman</b> <span class="screen-reader-text says">says:</span>			</div><!-- .comment-author -->
1395
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1398										<time datetime="2026-09-23T19:27:52-06:00">
1399						September 23, 2026 at 7:27 pm					</time>
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1405			<p>Good article.</p>
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1561
1562<!-- Consent Management powered by Complianz | GDPR/CCPA Cookie Consent https://wordpress.org/plugins/complianz-gdpr -->
1563<div id="cmplz-cookiebanner-container"><div id="cmplz-cookiebanner-1-optout" class="cmplz-cookiebanner cmplz-hidden banner-1 bottom-right-view-preferences optout cmplz-bottom-right cmplz-categories-type-view-preferences" aria-modal="true" data-nosnippet="true" role="dialog" aria-live="polite" aria-labelledby="cmplz-header-1-optout" aria-describedby="cmplz-message-1-optout">
1564	<div class="cmplz-header">
1565		<div class="cmplz-logo"></div>
1566		<div class="cmplz-title" id="cmplz-header-1-optout">Manage Cookie Consent</div>
1567		<div class="cmplz-close" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-label="Close dialog">
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1570	</div>
1571
1572	<div class="cmplz-divider cmplz-divider-header"></div>
1573	<div class="cmplz-body">
1574		<div class="cmplz-message" id="cmplz-message-1-optout">To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions.</div>
1575		<!-- categories start -->
1576		<div class="cmplz-categories">
1577			<div class="cmplz-category cmplz-functional">
1578				<div class="cmplz-category-header">
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1599				</div>
1600				<div class="cmplz-description" id="cmplz-desc-functional-1-optout" hidden>
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1627					<span class="cmplz-description-preferences">The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.</span>
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1685
1686	<div class="cmplz-links cmplz-information">
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1688			<li><a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-options cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-manage-consent-container">Manage options</a></li>
1689			<li><a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-third-parties cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-cookie
1689s-overview">Manage services</a></li>
1690			<li><a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-vendors tcf cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-tcf-wrapper">Manage {vendor_count} vendors</a></li>
1691			<li><a class="cmplz-link cmplz-external cmplz-read-more-purposes tcf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://cookiedatabase.org/tcf/purposes/" aria-label="Read more about TCF purposes on Cookie Database">Read more about these purposes</a></li>
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1704
1705
1706	<div class="cmplz-documents cmplz-links">
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1709			<li><a class="cmplz-link privacy-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="">{title}</a></li>
1710			<li><a class="cmplz-link impressum" href="#" data-relative_url="">{title}</a></li>
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1712			</div>
1713</div>
1714</div>
1715					<div id="cmplz-manage-consent" data-nosnippet="true"><button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-hidden cmplz-manage-consent manage-consent-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="cmplz-cookiebanner-1-optout">Manage consent</button>
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1723if(iframe){iframe.style.width = '100%';}}}});googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded',function(event){var container = document.getElementById(event.slot.getSlotElementId());if(! container){return;}var ad_unit = container.ad_unit;if(! ad_unit || ! ad_unit.sticky){return;}if(! event.isEmpty){stickyContainer.style.display = 'flex';document.body.style.paddingBottom = stickyContainer.clientHeight + 'px';}});(function(){var stickyAd = document.querySelector('.h-stk .stick-to-top:last-child');var siteHeader = document.querySelector('.h-stk .site-header');if(stickyAd&&siteHeader){stickyAd.style.top = 'calc(' + siteHeader.offsetHeight + 'px + 1rem)';}})();});})();</script>
1723
1724			
1724<script type="module">
1725		import { Workbox } from "https:\/\/wyofile.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/pwa\/wp-includes\/js\/workbox-v7.3.0\/workbox-window.prod.js";
1726
1727		if ( 'serviceWorker' in navigator ) {
1728			window.wp = window.wp || {};
1729			window.wp.serviceWorkerWindow = new Workbox(
1730				"https:\/\/wyofile.com\/wp.serviceworker",
1731				{"scope":"\/"}			);
1732			window.wp.serviceWorkerWindow.register();
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1734	</script>
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1735		
1735<script>
1736	/(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&document.getElementById&&window.addEventListener&&window.addEventListener("hashchange",function(){var t,e=location.hash.substring(1);/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e)&&(t=document.getElementById(e))&&(/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName)||(t.tabIndex=-1),t.focus())},!1);
1737	</script>
1737
1738	
1738<script id="underscore-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/7.1.2/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1738
1738
1739<script id="wp-util-js-extra">
1740var _wpUtilSettings = {"ajax":{"url":"/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php"}};
1741//# sourceURL=wp-util-js-extra
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1742
1743<script id="wp-util-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/7.1.2/wp-includes/js/wp-util.min.js"></script>
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1743
1744<script id="newspack-ui-js-extra">
1745var newspackUIData = {"icons":{"error":"\u003Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"newspack-ui__svg-icon--error\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M12.218 5.377a.25.25 0 0 0-.436 0l-7.29 12.96a.25.25 0 0 0 .218.373h14.58a.25.25 0 0 0 .218-.372l-7.29-12.96Zm-1.743-.735c.669-1.19 2.381-1.19 3.05 0l7.29 12.96a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.525 2.608H4.71a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.525-2.608l7.29-12.96ZM12.75 17.46h-1.5v-1.5h1.5v1.5Zm-1.5-3h1.5v-5h-1.5v5Z\" /\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C/svg\u003E","warning":"\u003Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"newspack-ui__svg-icon--caution\"\u003E\n\t\t\t\t\u003Cpath fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M5.5 12a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0ZM12 4a8 8 0 1 0 0 16 8 8 0 0 0 0-16Zm-.75 12v-1.5h1.5V16h-1.5Zm0-8v5h1.5V8h-1.5Z\" /\u003E\n\t\t\t\u003C/svg\u003E"}};
1746//# sourceURL=newspack-ui-js-extra
1747</script>
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1747
1748<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-ui-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/newspack-ui.js?ver=d1407b1574b82f495aa2" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1748
1749<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-ads-frontend-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-ads/includes/../dist/frontend.js?ver=8dc778583f80c834cc12"></script>
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1749
1750<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack_commons-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/commons.js?ver=59efc466b06e4617237b" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1750
1751<script id="wp-hooks-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/7.1.2/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js"></script>
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1751
1752<script id="wp-i18n-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/7.1.2/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js"></script>
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1752
1753<script id="wp-i18n-js-after">
1754wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } );
1755//# sourceURL=wp-i18n-js-after
1756</script>
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1756
1757<script id="newspack-recaptcha-js-extra" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1">
1758var newspack_recaptcha_data = {"site_key":"6LdzsNEoAAAAAL36EDHDgqY25I7vkJ0etjJ3e3j_","version":"v3","api_url":"https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LdzsNEoAAAAAL36EDHDgqY25I7vkJ0etjJ3e3j_"};
1759//# sourceURL=newspack-recaptcha-js-extra
1760</script>
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1760
1761<script data-wp-strategy="async" defer id="newspack-recaptcha-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/other-scripts/recaptcha.js?ver=e1f2edd75ff5d2c218f4" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1761
1762<script id="newspack-reader-activation-js-extra">
1763var newspack_ras_config = {"auth_intention_cookie":"np_auth_intention","cid_cookie":"newspack-cid","is_logged_in":"","authenticated_email":"","otp_auth_action":"np_otp_auth","otp_rate_interval":"60","auth_action_result":"np_auth_link_result","account_url":"","is_ras_enabled":"","verify_new_reader_accounts":"1","verification_url":"https://wyofile.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","check_email_url":"https://wyofile.com/wp-json/newspack/v1/reader-activation/check-email","captcha_site_key":"6LdzsNEoAAAAAL36EDHDgqY25I7vkJ0etjJ3e3j_","captcha_version":"v3"};
1764var newspack_reader_data = {"store_prefix":"np_reader_1_","is_temporary":"","reader_activity":[{"action":"article_view","data":{"post_id":130874,"permalink":"https://wyofile.com/national-elk-refuge-fields-questions-about-what-feeding-elk-could-mean-for-jackson-holes-water/","categories":[4663,27,10627,12514,3519,6355],"tags":[],"author":"523"}}],"read_only_keys":["active_memberships","active_subscriptions","is_former_donor","newsletter_subscribed_lists","available_deals"],"api_url":"https://wyofile.com/wp-json/newspack/v1/reader-data","session_url":"https://wyofile.com/wp-json/newspack/v1/reader/session"};
1765//# sourceURL=newspack-reader-activation-js-extra
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1766
1767<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-reader-activation-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-activation.js?ver=92f110f9fad6dc3b7e9c" data-amp-plus-allowed type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1767
1768<script id="newspack-reader-auth-js-extra">
1769var newspack_reader_activation_labels = {"title":"Sign in or register","invalid_email":"Please enter a valid email address.","invalid_password":"Please enter a password.","invalid_display":"Display name cannot match your email address. Please choose a different display name.","blocked_popup":"The popup has been blocked. Allow popups for the site and try again.","code_sent":"Code sent! Check your inbox.","code_resent":"Code resent! Check your inbox.","verification_error":"Something went wrong. Please try again.","create_account":"Create an account","signin":{"title":"Sign in or register","success_title":"Success! You\u2019re signed in.","success_message":"Login successful!","continue":"Continue","resend_code":"Resend code","otp":"Email me a one-time code instead","otp_title":"Enter the code sent to your email","forgot_password":"Forgot password","create_account":"Create an account","register":"Sign in to an existing account","go_back":"Go back","set_password":"Set a password (optional)"},"register":{"title":"Create an account","success_title":"Success! Your account was created and you\u2019re signed in.","success_description":"In the future, you\u2019ll sign in with a magic link, or a code sent to your email. If you\u2019d rather use a password, you can set one below."},"verify":"Thank you for verifying your account!","magic_link":"Please check your inbox for an authentication link.","password_reset_interval":"Please wait a moment before requesting another password reset email.","account_link":{"signedin":"My Account","signedout":"Sign In"},"newsletters_cta":"Subscribe to our newsletter","newsletters_confirmation":"Thanks for supporting WyoFile .","newsletters_continue":"Continue","newsletters_details":"Get the best of WyoFile  directly in your email inbox.","newsletters_success":"Signup successful!","newsletters_title":"Sign up for newsletters","auth_form_action":"reader-activation-auth-form","sign_in_to_upgrade":"Sign in to upgrade","register_to_upgrade":"Register to upgrade"};
1770//# sourceURL=newspack-reader-auth-js-extra
1771</script>
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1771
1772<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-reader-auth-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-auth.js?ver=004cfe784118b547beea" data-amp-plus-allowed type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1772
1773<script id="newspack-relative-time-js-extra">
1774var newspackRelativeTime = {"cutoff":"86400","locale":"en_US"};
1775//# sourceURL=newspack-relative-time-js-extra
1776</script>
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1776
1777<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-relative-time-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/other-scripts/relative-time.js?ver=aed0c486d20c454abd09" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1777
1778<script id="wp-url-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/7.1.2/wp-includes/js/dist/url.min.js"></script>
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1780var newspackPopupsCriteria = {"is_non_preview_user":"","config":{"articles_read":{"matchingFunction":"range","matchingAttribute":"articles_read","optionParams":[]},"articles_read_in_session":{"matchingFunction":"range","matchingAttribute":"articles_read_in_session","optionParams":[]},"favorite_categories":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"favorite_categories","optionParams":[]},"devices":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"devices","optionParams":{"Desktop":{"max_width":9223372036854775807,"min_width":1280},"Laptop":{"max_width":1280,"min_width":1024},"Tablet":{"max_width":1024,"min_width":768},"Mobile":{"max_width":768,"min_width":480},"Mobile small":{"max_width":480,"min_width":0}}},"user_account":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"user_account","optionParams":[]},"newsletter":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"newsletter","optionParams":[]},"subscribed_lists":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"newsletter_subscribed_lists","optionParams":[]},"not_subscribed_lists":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"newsletter_subscribed_lists","optionParams":[]},"donation":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"donation","optionParams":[]},"active_subscriptions":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"active_subscriptions","optionParams":[]},"not_active_subscriptions":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"active_subscriptions","optionParams":[]},"sources_to_match":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"referrer","optionParams":[]},"sources_to_exclude":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"referrer","optionParams":[]},"has_available_deal":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"available_deals","optionParams":[]}}};
1781//# sourceURL=newspack-popups-criteria-js-extra
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1782
1783<script data-wp-strategy="defer" id="newspack-popups-criteria-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/criteria.js?ver=1789759412" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1787
1788<script id="newspack-popups-view-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/view.js?ver=1789759412" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1788
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1789
1790<script id="parsely-cfg" data-parsely-site="wyofile.com" src="https://cdn.parsely.com/keys/wyofile.com/p.js?ver=3.24.1" defer></script>
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1790
1791<script async data-wp-strategy="async" fetchpriority="low" id="comment-reply-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/7.1.2/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1791
1792<script id="newspack-amp-fallback-js-extra">
1793var newspackScreenReaderText = {"open_search":"Open Search","close_search":"Close Search","expand_comments":"Expand Comments","collapse_comments":"Collapse Comments","show_order_details":"Show details","hide_order_details":"Hide details","open_dropdown_menu":"Open dropdown menu","close_dropdown_menu":"Close dropdown menu","is_amp":""};
1794//# sourceURL=newspack-amp-fallback-js-extra
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1795
1796<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-amp-fallback-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/amp-fallback.js?ver=2.27.0" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1796
1797<script id="newspack-menu-accessibility-js-extra">
1798var newspackScreenReaderText = {"open_search":"Open Search","close_search":"Close Search","expand_comments":"Expand Comments","collapse_comments":"Collapse Comments","show_order_details":"Show details","hide_order_details":"Hide details","open_dropdown_menu":"Open dropdown menu","close_dropdown_menu":"Close dropdown menu","is_amp":""};
1799//# sourceURL=newspack-menu-accessibility-js-extra
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1800
1801<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-menu-accessibility-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/menu-accessibility.js?ver=2.27.0" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1802<script id="newspack-font-loading-js-extra">
1803var newspackFontLoading = {"fonts":["Roboto Slab","Roboto"]};
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1805
1806<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-font-loading-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/font-loading.js?ver=2.27.0" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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1806
1807<script id="newspack-amp-fallback-sponsors-js-extra">
1808var newspackScreenReaderTextSponsors = {"open_info":"Learn More","close_info":"Close"};
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1810
1811<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="newspack-amp-fallback-sponsors-js" src="https://wyofile.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/amp-fallback-newspack-sponsors.js?ver=2.27.0" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>
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