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262 padding-bottom: 0px; 263} 264@media screen and (max-width: 992px) { 265 #main { 266 padding-top: 0px; 267 padding-bottom: 0px; 268 } 269} 270</style> 271 272<div id="main" class="sidebar-none sidebar-divider-off"> 273 274 275 <div class="main-gradient"></div> 276 <div class="wf-wrap"> 277 <div class="wf-container-main"> 278 279 280 281 282 <div id="content" class="content" role="main"> 283 284 <div class="wpb-content-wrapper" id="wpb-content-root"><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"></div></div></div></div><!-- Row Backgrounds --><div class="upb_bg_img" data-ultimate-bg="url(https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Sonja-Lyubomirsky-v3-scaled.jpg)" data-image-id="id^1835|url^https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Sonja-Lyubomirsky-v3-scaled.jpg|caption^null|alt^Sonja Lyubomirsky|title^Sonja Lyubomirsky|description^null" data-ultimate-bg-style="vcpb-default" data-bg-img-repeat="no-repeat" data-bg-img-size="cover" data-bg-img-position="center 60%" data-parallx_sense="30" data-bg-override="browser_size" data-bg_img_attach="fixed" data-upb-overlay-color="rgba(151,159,163,0.1)" data-upb-bg-animation="" data-fadeout="" data-bg-animation="left-animation" data-bg-animation-type="h" data-animation-repeat="repeat" data-fadeout-percentage="30" data-parallax-content="" data-parallax-content-sense="30" data-row-effect-mobile-disable="true" data-img-parallax-mobile-disable="true" data-rtl="false" data-custom-vc-row="" data-vc="9.0.1" data-is_old_vc="" data-theme-support="" data-overlay="true" data-overlay-color="rgba(151,159,163,0.1)" data-overlay-pattern="" data-overlay-pattern-opacity="0.8" data-overlay-pattern-size="" data-overlay-pattern-attachment="scroll" ></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1706487999368 vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-o-content-top vc_row-flex"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1571477821281"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div id="ultimate-heading-97836abf1858b3f3b" class="uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-97836abf1858b3f3b uvc-6874 " data-hspacer="no_spacer" data-halign="left" style="text-align:left"><div class="uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer" style="top"></div><div class="uvc-main-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-97836abf1858b3f3b h1' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"tablet_portrait:34px;","line-height":"tablet_portrait:44px;"}' ><h1 style="--font-weight:theme;margin-bottom:20px;">About Sonja Lyubomirsky</h1></div></div><div class="hr-thin style-double hr-left" style="width: 70px;border-color: #2e2b36;border-top-width: 6px;"></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-8"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1571477868281"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div id="ultimate-heading-58306abf1858b439b" class="uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-58306abf1858b439b uvc-6048 uvc-heading-default-font-sizes" data-hspacer="no_spacer" data-halign="center" style="text-align:center"><div class="uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer" style="top"></div><div class="uvc-main-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-58306abf1858b439b h2' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' ><h2 style="--font-weight:theme;">SONJA LYUBOMIRSKY</h2></div><div class="uvc-sub-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-58306abf1858b439b .uvc-sub-heading ' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' style="font-weight:normal;">=== <a href="https://www.name-coach.com/sonja-lyubomirsky" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pronounce my name</a> ===</p> 285<p><em>Distinguished Professor, University of California, Riverside</em><br /> 286Ph.D. Stanford University, 1994</div></div><div class="ult-spacer spacer-6abf1858b442b" data-id="6abf1858b442b" data-height="15" data-height-mobile="15" data-height-tab="15" data-height-tab-portrait="" data-height-mobile-landscape="" style="clear:both;display:block;"></div> 287 <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > 288 <div class="wpb_wrapper"> 289 <p><strong>Sonja Lyubomirsky</strong>, Ph.D., is a Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the University of California, Riverside, and author of <em>The How of Happiness</em> and <em>The Myths of Happiness </em>(published in 39 countries). Her most recent book, <a href="http://howtofeelloved.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>How To Feel Loved</em> </a>(with Harry Reis), was released in February, 2026. She received her B.A. <em>summa cum laude </em>
289from Harvard University and her Ph.D. in social psychology from Stanford University. Lyubomirskyâs researchâon the possibility of lastingly increasing happiness via gratitude, kindness, and connection interventionsâhas been the recipient of many grants and honors, including an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Basel, the Diener Award for Outstanding Midcareer Contributions in Personality Psychology, the Christopher J. Peterson Gold Medal, AAAS Fellow, the Faculty Research Lecturer Award (campus-wide), and a Positive Psychology Prize (H-index = 96). She lives in Santa Monica, California (USA), with her family. Watch her recent <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/sonja_lyubomirsky_1_thing_you_can_do_today_to_be_happier" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TED talk</a> here.</p> 290 291 </div> 292 </div> 293<div class="ult-spacer spacer-6abf1858b4841" data-id="6abf1858b4841" data-height="30" data-height-mobile="30" data-height-tab="30" data-height-tab-portrait="" data-height-mobile-landscape="" style="clear:both;display:block;"></div> 294 <div class="ult_dual_button ult-adjust-bottom-margin to-center " data-response="on" id="ult_btn_195627603"> 295 296 <div id="dualbtn-6634" class="ulitmate_dual_buttons ult-dual-btn ult_main_dualbtn " data-bcolor="#333333"data-bhcolor=""> 297 298 <div class="ult_dualbutton-wrapper btn-inline place-template bt1 "><a href="http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=CNFj4ZsAAAAJ&hl=en" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="ult_ivan_button round-square with-icon icon-before with-text place-template ult_dual1" style=";margin-right:px;;background-color:#ffffff !important;; border-color:#333333;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-radius:3px;;"> 299 <span class="ult-dual-btn-1 Style 1" style="" data-bgcolor="#ffffff" data-bghovercolor="#2e2b36" data-icon_color="#333333" data-icon_hover_color="#333333" data-textcolor="#333333" data-texthovercolor="#ffffff" data-iconbgcolor="transperent" data-iconbghovercolor="transperent" data-iconborder="transperent" data-iconhoverborder="transperent" > 300 <span class="icon-simple icon-left1 ult_btn1span ult-dual-btn-no-icon" style=";padding-left:0px; "></span> 301 <span class="text-btn ult-dual-button-title ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='#dualbtn-6634 .ult-dual-button-title' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"desktop:15px;","line-height":"desktop:15px;"}' style="font-weight:normal;color:#333333;">Google Scholar Page</span> 302 303 </span> 304 </a><span class="middle-text" style="line-height: 1.8em;color:#ffffff;background-color:#333333;border-width:0px;"> 305 <span class="middle-inner" >or</span> 306 </span> 307 308 </div> 309 310 <div class="ult_dualbutton-wrapper btn-inline place-template btn2 "><a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Lyubomirsky-CV.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="ult_ivan_button round-square with-icon icon-after with-text place-template ult_dual2" style=";background-color:#ffffff !important;;margin-left:px;;border-color:#333333;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-radius:3px;"> 311 <span class="ult-dual-btn-2 Style 1" data-bgcolor="#ffffff" data-bghovercolor="#2e2b36" data-icon_color="#333333" data-icon_hover_color="#333333" data-textcolor="#333333" data-texthovercolor="#ffffff" data-iconbgcolor="transperent" data-iconbghovercolor="transperent" data-iconborder="transperent" data-iconhoverborder="transperent" > 312 <span class="text-btn ult-dual-button-title" style="font-weight:normal;color:#333333;">Curriculum Vitae</span> 313 314 <span class="icon-simple icon-right2 ult_btn1span ult-dual-btn-no-icon" style=";padding-left:0px; "></span> 315 </span> 316 </a></div> 317 </div> 318 </div></div></div></div></div><div data-vc-full-width="true" data-vc-full-width-temp="true" data-vc-full-width-init="false" data-vc-stretch-content="true" class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1571660717083 vc_row-has-fill vc_row-no-padding vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-8 vc_col-lg-offset-2 vc_col-lg-8 vc_col-md-offset-2 vc_col-md-8 vc_col-sm-offset-2 vc_col-xs-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> 319 <div class="wpb_raw_code wpb_raw_html wpb_content_element" > 320 <div class="wpb_wrapper"> 321
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390JOIN THE MEMBERSHIP</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1757828058525"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> 391 <div class="wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left"> 392 393 <figure class="wpb_wrapper vc_figure"> 394 <div class="vc_single_image-wrapper "><img decoding="async" class="vc_single_image-img " src="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/discover-happiness-scaled-350x500.jpg" width="350" height="500" alt="Discover Happiness" title="Discover Happiness" loading="lazy" data-dt-location="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/home/attachment/discover-happiness/" /></div> 395 </figure> 396 </div> 397</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix"></div><!-- Row Backgrounds --><div class="upb_color" data-bg-override="0" data-bg-color="#F4D3A5" data-fadeout="" data-fadeout-percentage="30" data-parallax-content="" data-parallax-content-sense="30" data-row-effect-mobile-disable="true" data-img-parallax-mobile-disable="true" data-rtl="false" data-custom-vc-row="" data-vc="9.0.1" data-is_old_vc="" data-theme-support="" data-overlay="false" data-overlay-color="" data-overlay-pattern="" data-overlay-pattern-opacity="" data-overlay-pattern-size="" ></div><div data-vc-full-width="true" data-vc-full-width-temp="true" data-vc-full-width-init="false" data-vc-stretch-content="true" class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1757827119154 vc_row-has-fill vc_row-no-padding vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-8 vc_col-lg-offset-2 vc_col-lg-8 vc_col-md-offset-2 vc_col-md-8 vc_col-sm-offset-2 vc_col-xs-12"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1757827817579"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div id="ultimate-heading-69026abf1858b95fb" class="uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-69026abf1858b95fb uvc-1105 uvc-heading-default-font-sizes" data-hspacer="no_spacer" data-halign="center" style="text-align:center"><div class="uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer" style="top"></div><div class="uvc-main-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-69026abf1858b95fb h2' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' ><h2 style="--font-weight:theme;">Research Areas</h2></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix"></div><div data-vc-full-width="true" data-vc-full-width-temp="true" data-vc-full-width-init="false" data-vc-stretch-content="true" class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1757827053059 vc_row-has-fill vc_row-no-padding vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_col-lg-offset-0 vc_col-lg-12 vc_col-md-offset-0 vc_col-md-12 vc_col-sm-offset-0 vc_col-has-fill"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1757819876488"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-o-content-middle vc_row-flex"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6 vc_col-lg-3 vc_col-md-3 vc_col-has-fill"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1707522023668"><div class="wpb_wrapper"></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6 vc_col-lg-3 vc_col-md-3 vc_col-has-fill"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1571663627659"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div id="ultimate-heading-28156abf1858bac9d" class="uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-28156abf1858bac9d uvc-9249 uvc-heading-default-font-sizes" data-hspacer="no_spacer" data-halign="left" style="text-align:left"><div class="uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer" style="top"></div><div class="uvc-main-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-28156abf1858bac9d h3' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' ><h3 style="--font-weight:theme;color:#ffffff;margin-bottom:15px;">Why Are Some Happier?</h3></div><div class="uvc-sub-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-28156abf1858bac9d .uvc-sub-heading ' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' style="font-weight:normal;color:#ffffff;">I have always been struck by the capacity of some individuals to be remarkably happy, even in the face of stress, trauma, or adversity. Thus, my earlier research efforts had focu
397sed on trying to understand why some people are happier than others (for a review and theoretical framework, see <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/L2001.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lyubomirsky, 2001</a>).</div></div><div id="modal-trg-txt-wrap-4966" class="ult-modal-input-wrapper ult-adjust-bottom-margin " data-keypress-control="keypress-control-enable" data-overlay-control="overlay-control-enable"><span tabindex="0" data-ultimate-target='#modal-trg-txt-wrap-4966 .mycust' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' style="color:#f60f60;cursor:pointer; " data-class-id="content-6abf1858bae418-25337913" class="overlay-show ult-responsive mycust ult-align-left" data-overlay-class="overlay-cornerbottomleft">Read More</span></div> 398<div class="ult-overlay content-6abf1858bae418-25337913 " data-class="content-6abf1858bae418-25337913" id="button-click-overlay" style="background:rgba(51,51,51,0.8); display:none;"> 399 <div class="ult_modal ult-fade ult-medium"> 400 <div id="ult-modal-wrap-4707" class="ult_modal-content ult-hide" style="border-style:solid;border-width:2px;border-radius:0px;border-color:#333333;"> 401 <div class="ult_modal-header" style="color:#333333;border-color:#333333;"> 402 <h3 data-ultimate-target='#ult-modal-wrap-4707 .ult_modal-title' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' class="ult_modal-title ult-responsive">Why Some Happier?</h3> 403 </div> 404 <div data-ultimate-target='#ult-modal-wrap-4707 .ult_modal-body' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' class="ult_modal-body ult-responsive ult-html" style=""> 405 </p> 406<p style="margin: 0in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">I have always been struck by the capacity of some individuals to be remarkably happy, even in the face of stress, trauma, or adversity. Thus, my earlier research efforts had focused on trying to understand why some people are happier than others (for a review and theoretical framework, see </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/L2001.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Lyubomirsky, 2001</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">). To this end, my approach had been to explore the cognitive and motivational processes that distinguish individuals who show exceptionally high and low levels of happiness. These processes include social comparison (how people compare themselves to peers), dissonance reduction (how people justify both trivial and important choices in their lives), self-evaluation (how people judge themselves), person perception (how people think about others), and dwelling or rumination. My students and I have found that truly happy individuals construe life events and daily situations in ways that seem to maintain their happiness, while unhappy individuals construe experiences in ways that seem to reinforce unhappiness (e.g., </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/LBLR2009.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Liberman, Boehm, Lyubomirsky, & Ross, 2009</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Lyubomirsky-Layous-Chancellor-Nelson-2015.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Lyubomirsky, Layous, Chancellor, & Nelson, 2015</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/LR1997.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Lyubomirsky & Ross, 1997</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">, </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/LR1999.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">1999</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; see also </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Boehm-Ruberton-Lyubomirsky-2017.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Boehm, Ruberton, & Lyubomirsky, 2021</span></a>
406<span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">).</span></p> 407<p style="margin: 0in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;"> </span></p> 408<p style="margin: 0in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">To cast our work on happiness in a broader framework, we have also been exploring the meaning, expression, and pursuit of happiness across cultures, subcultures, and age groups. For example, despite media reports, we have found that parents actually experience more happiness and meaning than do non-parentsâboth when evaluating their lives as a whole, when going about their days, and when caring for their children (versus doing other activities; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Nelson-et-al.-2013.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Nelson, Kushlev, English, Dunn, & Lyubomirsky, 2013</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">). Of course, parentsâ happiness is impacted by myriad factors, including their age and SES and their childrenâs ages and temperaments (</span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Nelson-Coffey-Killingsworth-Layous-Cole-Lyubomirsky-2019.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Nelson, Killingsworth, Layous, Cole, & Lyubomirsky, 2019</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Nelson-Kushlev-Lyubomirsky-in-press2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Nelson, Kushlev, & Lyubomirsky, 2014</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">). Furthermore, we have carried out happiness-increasing interventions among Japanese engineers, Korean and Hong Kong undergraduates, Spanish, French, and German professionals, Canadian elementary school students, and British and U.S. teens (for a few of our cross-cultural findings, see </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/BLS2011.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Boehm et al., 2011</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Layous-Lee-Choi-Lyubomirsky-2013.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Layous et al., 2013</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Sheldon-et-al.-2017.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Sheldon et al., 2017</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Shin-Lyubomirsky-in-press-1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Shin & Lyubomirsky, 2017</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Shin-et-al.-2020.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Shin et al., 2020</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Shin-et-al.-2021.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Shin et al., 2021</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">).</span></p> 409<p> 410 </div> 411 </div> 412 </div> 413 <div class="ult-overlay-close top-right" style="width:80px;height:80px; "><div class="ult-overlay-close-inside">Close</div></div> 414</div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6 vc_col-lg-3 vc_col-md-3 vc_col-has-fill"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1707522052173"><div class="wpb_wrapper"></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6 vc_col-lg-3 vc_col-md-3 vc_col-xs-12"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1571663560346"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div id="ultimate-heading-49626abf1858bb535" class="uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-49626abf1858bb535 uvc-4890 uvc-heading-default-font-sizes" data-hspacer="no_spacer" data-halign="left" style="text-align:left"><div class="uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer" style="top"></div><div class="uvc-main-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-49626abf1858bb535 h3' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' ><h3 style="--font-weight:theme;color:#ffffff;margin-bottom:15px;">Benefits of Happiness</h3></div><div class="uvc-sub-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-49626abf1858bb535 .uvc-sub-heading ' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' style="font-weight:normal;color:#ffffff;">Is happiness a good thing? Or, does it just simply feel good? A review of all the available literature has revealed that happiness does indeed have numerous positive byproducts, which appear to benefit not only individuals, but families, communities, and the society at large (<a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/LKD2005.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lyubomirsky, King, & Diener, 2005</a>; see also <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Walsh-Boehm-Lyubomirsky-2018-1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Walsh, Boehm, & Lyubomirsky, 2018</a>; <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Walsh-Boz-Lyubomirsky-2023.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Walsh, Boz, & Lyubomirsky, 2023</a>).</div></div><div id="modal-trg-txt-wrap-6453" class="ult-modal-input-wrapper ult-adjust-bottom-margin " data-keypress-control
414="keypress-control-enable" data-overlay-control="overlay-control-enable"><span tabindex="0" data-ultimate-target='#modal-trg-txt-wrap-6453 .mycust' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' style="color:#f60f60;cursor:pointer; " data-class-id="content-6abf1858bb64e6-60357904" class="overlay-show ult-responsive mycust ult-align-left" data-overlay-class="overlay-cornerbottomleft">Read More</span></div> 415<div class="ult-overlay content-6abf1858bb64e6-60357904 " data-class="content-6abf1858bb64e6-60357904" id="button-click-overlay" style="background:rgba(51,51,51,0.8); display:none;"> 416 <div class="ult_modal ult-fade ult-medium"> 417 <div id="ult-modal-wrap-6260" class="ult_modal-content ult-hide" style="border-style:solid;border-width:2px;border-radius:0px;border-color:#333333;"> 418 <div class="ult_modal-header" style="color:#333333;border-color:#333333;"> 419 <h3 data-ultimate-target='#ult-modal-wrap-6260 .ult_modal-title' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' class="ult_modal-title ult-responsive">Why Some Happier?</h3> 420 </div> 421 <div data-ultimate-target='#ult-modal-wrap-6260 .ult_modal-body' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' class="ult_modal-body ult-responsive ult-html" style=""> 422 </p> 423<p style="margin: 0in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Is happiness a good thing? Or, does it just simply feel good? A review of all the available literature has revealed that happiness does indeed have numerous positive byproducts, which appear to benefit not only individuals, but families, communities, and the society at large (<a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/LKD2005.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lyubomirsky, King, & Diener, 2005</a>; see also <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Walsh-Boehm-Lyubomirsky-2018-1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Walsh, Boehm, & Lyubomirsky, 2018</a>; <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Walsh-Boz-Lyubomirsky-2023.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Walsh, Boz, & Lyubomirsky, 2023</a>). The benefits of happiness include higher income and superior work outcomes (e.g., greater productivity and higher quality of work), larger social rewards (e.g., more satisfying and longer marriages, more friends, stronger social support, and richer social interactions), more activity, energy, and flow, and better physical health (e.g., a bolstered immune system, lowered stress levels, and less pain) and even longer life. The literature, my colleagues and I have found, also suggests that happy individuals are more creative, helpful, charitable, and self-confident, have better self-control, and show greater self-regulatory and coping abilities.</span></p> 424<p style="margin: 0in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;"> </span></p> 425<p style="margin: 0in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">On-going and future experimental and longitudinal studies that attempt to increase the long-term happiness of students and working adults are giving us the opportunity to assess whether increases in durable happiness predict changes in other positive outcomes, such as altruistic behavior, creativity, work performance, physical health, and social relationships. We have investigated whether both happiness and generosity propagate across social networks (funded by the Notre Dame Science of Generosity Initiative; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Chancellor-Margolis-Bao-Lyubomirsky-2018.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Chancellor et al., 2018</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">), and whether happiness is associated with more physical movement and greater social interactions (funded by Hitachiâs Central Research Laboratory; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Chancellor-Layous-Lyubomirsky-2015.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Chancellor, Layous, & Lyubomirsky, 2015</span></a>
425<span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">). For example, we found that 9- to 11-year old kids who practiced acts of kindness not only got happier but became more popular with their peers (<a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Layous-et-al.-2012.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Layous et al., 2012</a>) and that 14- and 15-year olds who practiced gratitude not only got happier but reported healthier eating habits (</span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Fritz-Armenta-Walsh-Lyubomirsky-2019-1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Fritz et al., 2019</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">) and intentions to become a better person (</span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Armenta-Fritz-Walsh-Lyubomirsky-2022-1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Armenta et al., 2022</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">) over the course of a semester. And an exciting experiment showed that doing acts of kindness for others (versus kindness for the world or themselves or doing something neutral) leads to changes in immune cell gene expression associated with disease resistance (</span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Nelson-Layous-Cole-Lyubomirsky-2016.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Nelson-Coffey et al., 2017; </span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">but not telomere length; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Fritz-Walsh-Cole-Epel-Lyubomirsky-2021.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Fritz et al., 2020</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">). We are also currently using new technologies, including ambulatory, sociometric, psychophysiological, smartphone, and EEG methodologies, to assess happiness and the effects of positive activities (e.g., </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Chancellor-Layous-Margolis-Lyubomirsky-2017.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Chancellor et al., 2017</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/PDPZL2012.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Parks, Della Porta, Pierce, Zilca, & Lyubomirsky, 2012</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Yetton-Revord-Margolis-Lyubomirsky-Seitz-2019.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Yetton, Revord, Margolis, Lyubomirsky, & Seitz, 2019</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">).</span></p> 426<p style="margin: 0in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;"> </span></p> 427<p style="margin: 0in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Finally, a separate line of research, supported by the John Templeton Foundation, focuses on the strength of humility â that is, how to measure it; what are its antecedents, causes, and consequences for individuals and organizations; and, perhaps most important, how people can develop it (e.g., </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Kruse-Chancellor-Ruberton-Lyubomirsky-2014.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Kruse, Chancellor, Ruberton, & Lyubomirsky, 2014</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Ruberton-Kruse-Lyubomirsky-2016.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Ruberton, Kruse, & Lyubomirsky, 2016</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">). We have been successful, for example, in inducing humble feelings via manipulations of gratitude, awe, and self-affirmation.</span></p> 428<p> 429 </div> 430 </div> 431 </div> 432 <div class="ult-overlay-close top-right" style="width:80px;height:80px; "><div class="ult-overlay-close-inside">Close</div></div> 433</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_col-lg-offset-0 vc_col-lg-12 vc_col-md-offset-0 vc_col-md-12 vc_col-sm-offset-0 vc_col-has-fill"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1571663514993"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid reverse-row-on-mobile vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-o-content-mid
433dle vc_row-flex"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6 vc_col-lg-3 vc_col-md-3 vc_col-has-fill"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1571663659136"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div id="ultimate-heading-85946abf1858bce4f" class="uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-85946abf1858bce4f uvc-8446 uvc-heading-default-font-sizes" data-hspacer="no_spacer" data-halign="left" style="text-align:left"><div class="uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer" style="top"></div><div class="uvc-main-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-85946abf1858bce4f h3' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' ><h3 style="--font-weight:theme;color:#ffffff;margin-bottom:15px;">Happiness Interventions</h3></div><div class="uvc-sub-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-85946abf1858bce4f .uvc-sub-heading ' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' style="font-weight:normal;color:#ffffff;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">A vibrant and continuing program of research is asking the question, âHow can happiness be reliably increased?â (for reviews, see Layous & Lyubomirsky, 2024 (forthcoming in <em>Handbook of Social Psychology)</em>;Â <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Layous-Lyubomirsky-in-press.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Layous & Lyubomirsky, 2014</a>; </span><a href="http://www.themythsofhappiness.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Lyubomirsky, 2008</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Lyubomirsky-Layous-20132.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/LSS2005.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, & Schkade, 2005</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/SL2009.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">).</span></div></div><div id="modal-trg-txt-wrap-5391" class="ult-modal-input-wrapper ult-adjust-bottom-margin " data-keypress-control="keypress-control-enable" data-overlay-control="overlay-control-enable"><span tabindex="0" data-ultimate-target='#modal-trg-txt-wrap-5391 .mycust' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' style="color:#f60f60;cursor:pointer; " data-class-id="content-6abf1858bcffa8-59190182" class="overlay-show ult-responsive mycust ult-align-left" data-overlay-class="overlay-cornerbottomleft">Read More</span></div> 434<div class="ult-overlay content-6abf1858bcffa8-59190182 " data-class="content-6abf1858bcffa8-59190182" id="button-click-overlay" style="background:rgba(51,51,51,0.8); display:none;"> 435 <div class="ult_modal ult-fade ult-medium"> 436 <div id="ult-modal-wrap-120" class="ult_modal-content ult-hide" style="border-style:solid;border-width:2px;border-radius:0px;border-color:#333333;"> 437 <div class="ult_modal-header" style="color:#333333;border-color:#333333;"> 438 <h3 data-ultimate-target='#ult-modal-wrap-120 .ult_modal-title' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' class="ult_modal-title ult-responsive">Why Some Happier?</h3> 439 </div> 440 <div data-ultimate-target='#ult-modal-wrap-120 .ult_modal-body' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' class="ult_modal-body ult-responsive ult-html" style=""> 441 </p> 442<p style="margin: 0in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">A vibrant and continuing program of research is asking the question, âHow can happiness be reliably increased?â (for reviews, see Layous & Lyubomirsky, 2024 (forthcoming in <em>Handbook of Social Psychology)</em>;Â <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Layous-Lyubomirsky-in-press.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Layous & Lyubomirsky, 2014</a>; </span><a href="http://www.themythsofhappiness.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
442<span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Lyubomirsky, 2008</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Lyubomirsky-Layous-20132.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/LSS2005.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, & Schkade, 2005</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/SL2009.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">). Despite pessimism from the current literature that the pursuit of happiness may be largely futile, my colleagues and I believe that durable increases in happiness are indeed possible and within the average personâs reach (see </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Sheldon-Lyubomirsky-2019.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Sheldon & Lyubomirsky, 2019</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">, for our rethinking of the âhappiness pie chartâ). Thus, following my construal theory of happiness, I am exploring how the thoughts and behaviors that characterize naturally happy people (i.e., âhappy habitsâ) can be nurtured, acquired, or directly taught. To this end, my studentsâ and my current research is testing predictions from our positive activity model (</span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Lyubomirsky-Layous-20132.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">) âspecifically, investigating the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of simple intentional effortful activities (which we call âpositive activitiesâ) to boost well-being, as well as the conditions under which such activities might backfire (</span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Fritz-Lyubomirsky-in-press-1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Fritz & Lyubomirsky, 2018</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">)</span><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">.</span></p> 443<p style="margin: 0in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Â </span></p> 444<p style="margin: 0in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">To this end, we have conducted multiple experimental intervention studies in which participantsâ cognitive and behavioral strategies are systematically retrained. For example, intervention studies with students, kids, community members, workers, depressed individuals, and hospital patients are testing the efficacy of five cognitive and behavioral volitional strategies: 1) regularly setting aside time to recall moments of gratitude (i.e., keeping a journal in which one âcounts oneâs blessingsâ or writing gratitude letters), 2) engaging in self-regulatory and positive thinking about oneself (i.e., reflecting, writing, and talking about oneâs happiest and unhappiest life events or oneâs goals for the future), 3) practicing altruism and kindness (i.e., routinely committing acts of kindness or trying to make a loved one happy), 4) affirming oneâs most important values, and 5) savoring positive experiences (e.g., using oneâs five senses to relish daily moments or living this month like itâs oneâs last in a particular location). Importantly, we are testing our positive activity model by exploring whether the benefits of such activities differ across cultures (see above), and whether their success is moderated by such factors as person-activity âfit,â motivation, effort, social support, variety, medium, delivery, writing format, dosage, personality, culture, age, and expectations (e.g., </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/BLS2011-1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
444<span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Boehm, Lyubomirsky, & Sheldon, 2011</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Fritz-et-al.-in-press-1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Fritz et al., in press;</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Â </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Ko-Margolis-Revord-Lyubomirsky-2021.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Ko et al., 2021</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">;Â <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Layous-Lee-Choi-Lyubomirsky-2013.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Layous, Lee, Choi, & Lyubomirsky, 2103</a>; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/LDBS2011.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Lyubomirsky, Dickerhoof, Boehm, & Sheldon, 2011</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/LSD2006.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Lyubomirsky, Sousa, & Dickerhoof, 2006</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Nelson-et-al.-in-press2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Nelson et al., 2015</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Nelson-Fuller-Choi-Lyubomirsky-2014.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Nelson, Fuller, Choi, & Lyubomirsky, 2014</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Nelson-Layous-Cole-Lyubomirsky-2016.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Nelson, Layous, Cole, & Lyubomirsky, 2016</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/SAFGHNL2010.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Sheldon et al., 2010</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/SBL2012.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Sheldon, Boehm, & Lyubomirsky, 2012</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/SDL2011.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Sin, Della Porta, & Lyubomirsky, 2011</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">;</span><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Â </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Walsh-Regan-Twenge-Lyubomirsky-2023.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Walsh et al., 2023</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Regan-Walsh-Lyubomirsky-2023.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Regan, Walsh, & Lyubomirsky, 2023</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">).</span></p> 445<p style="margin: 0in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Â </span></p> 446<p style="margin: 0in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Perhaps most critical to improving and maintaining happiness is the ability to connect with other people and to create meaningful connecting moments and even chemistry (</span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Reis-Regan-Lyubomirsky-2021.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Reis, Regan, & Lyubomirsky, 2021</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">), and this is an important focus of our labâs recent research (e.g., </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Regan-Radosic-Lyubomirsky-in-press.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
446<span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Regan, Radosic, & Lyubomirsky, 2022;</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Â </span><a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fritz-et-al.-2023.pdf"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Fritz et al., 2023</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Margolis-Lyubomirsky-2020.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Margolis & Lyubomirsky, 2020</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">). We have investigated how feelings of connection during social interactions can be measured (<a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Okabe-Miyamoto-Walsh-Ozer-Lyubomirsky-2024.pdf">Okabe-Miyamoto et al., 2024</a>); how they have been impacted by social distancing policies during COVID-19 (</span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Folk-Okabe-Miyamoto-Dunn-Lyubomirsky-2020.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Folk et al., 2020</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Okabe-Miyamoto-Folk-Lyubomirsky-Dunn-2021.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Okabe-Miyamoto et al., 2021</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">) and by social media and smartphone use (<a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Walsh-Regan-Okabe-Miyamoto-Lyubomirsky-in-press.pdf">Walsh et al., in press</a>); and how they may be induced by psychoactive substances, like MDMA (</span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Lyubomirsky-2022.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Lyubomirsky, 2022</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Regan-Margolis-de-Wit-Lyubomirsky-2021.pdf"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Regan et al., 2021</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Molla-Lee-Lyubomirsky-de-Wit-2023-1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Molla, Lee, Lyubomirsky, & de Wit, 2023</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">). In-progress grant-funded research is focusing on the psychological and biological benefits of strengthening high-quality listening for both the listener and the speaker among stranger, friend, and romantic partner dyads; inducing daily curiosity, boosting partner acceptance in romantic couples.</span></p> 447<p style="margin: 0in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Â </span></p> 448<p style="margin: 0in; line-height: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">We are also examining the âwhyâ of happiness-boosting interventions by testing the mediating role of positive events, positive thoughts, positive emotions, and need satisfaction. Recently, we have become interested in the conditions under which positive activities can feel unpleasant or even backfire (</span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Fritz-Lyubomirsky-in-press-1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Fritz & Lyubomirsky, 2018</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">; </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Layous-Sweeny-Armenta-Na-Choi-Lyubomirsky-2017.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Layous et al., 2017</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">). Finally, we are investigating genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in responses to happiness-increasing interventions (</span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Haworth-et-al.-2016.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Haworth et al., 2016</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">), and considering how such interventions might protect people from mental health conditions (e.g., </span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Layous-Chancellor-Lyubomirsky-2014.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
448<span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Layous, Chancellor, & Lyubomirsky, 2014</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">) and influence biological processes (</span><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Fritz-Walsh-Cole-Epel-Lyubomirsky-2021.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Fritz et al.,2021; </span></a><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Nelson-Coffey-Fritz-Lyubomirsky-Cole-2017.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">Nelson-Coffey, Fritz, Lyubomirsky, & Cole, 2017</span></a><a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/files/2012/09/Nelson-Coffey-Fritz-Lyubomirsky-Cole-in-press.pdf"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">)</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">.</span></p> 449<p> 450 </div> 451 </div> 452 </div> 453 <div class="ult-overlay-close top-right" style="width:80px;height:80px; "><div class="ult-overlay-close-inside">Close</div></div> 454</div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6 vc_col-lg-3 vc_col-md-3 vc_col-has-fill"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1707522078634"><div class="wpb_wrapper"></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6 vc_col-lg-3 vc_col-md-3 vc_col-xs-12"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1571663581852"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div id="ultimate-heading-48176abf1858bd848" class="uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-48176abf1858bd848 uvc-540 uvc-heading-default-font-sizes" data-hspacer="no_spacer" data-halign="left" style="text-align:left"><div class="uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer" style="top"></div><div class="uvc-main-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-48176abf1858bd848 h3' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' ><h3 style="--font-weight:theme;color:#ffffff;margin-bottom:15px;">Hedonic Adaptation</h3></div><div class="uvc-sub-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-48176abf1858bd848 .uvc-sub-heading ' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' style="font-weight:normal;color:#ffffff;">Finally, a line of research focuses on hedonic adaptation to positive experience as a critical barrier to raising happiness (<a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Bao-Lyubomirsky-2013.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bao & Lyubomirsky, 2013</a>; <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Lyubomirsky-2011.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lyubomirsky, 2010</a>; <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/SBL2012.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sheldon et al., 2012</a>; <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Sheldon-Lyubomirsky-2012.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sheldon & Lyubomirsky, 2012</a>). After all, if people become accustomed to (and take for granted) anything positive that happens to them, then how can they ever become happier?</div></div><div id="modal-trg-txt-wrap-6014" class="ult-modal-input-wrapper ult-adjust-bottom-margin " data-keypress-control="keypress-control-enable" data-overlay-control="overlay-control-enable"><span tabindex="0" data-ultimate-target='#modal-trg-txt-wrap-6014 .mycust' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' style="color:#f60f60;cursor:pointer; " data-class-id="content-6abf1858bd9437-58497041" class="overlay-show ult-responsive mycust ult-align-left" data-overlay-class="overlay-cornerbottomleft">Read More</span></div> 455<div class="ult-overlay content-6abf1858bd9437-58497041 " data-class="content-6abf1858bd9437-58497041" id="button-click-overlay" style="background:rgba(51,51,51,0.8); display:none;"> 456 <div class="ult_modal ult-fade ult-medium"> 457 <div id="ult-modal-wrap-3267" class="ult_modal-content ult-hide" style="border-style:solid;border-width:2px;border-radius:0px;border-color:#333333;"> 458 <div class="ult_modal-header" style="color:#333333;border-color:#333333;"> 459 <h3 data-ultimate-target='#ult-modal-wrap-3267 .ult_modal-title' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' class="ult_modal-title ult-responsive">Why Some Happier?</h3> 460 </div> 461 <div data-ultimate-target='#ult-modal-wrap-3267 .ult_modal-body' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' class="ult_modal-body ult-responsive ult-html" style=""> 462 Finally, a line of research focuses on hedonic adaptation to positive experience as a critical barrier to raising happiness (<a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Bao-Lyubomirsky-2013.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bao & Lyubomirsky, 2013</a>; <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Lyubomirsky-2011.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lyubomirsky, 2010</a>; <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/SBL2012.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sheldon et al., 2012</a>; <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Sheldon-Lyubomirsky-2012.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sheldon & Lyubomirsky, 2012</a>). After all, if people become accustomed to (and take for granted) anything positive that happens to them, then how can they ever become happier? Our model suggests that adaptation to positive experience proceeds via two paths: 1) through diminished positive emotions and 2) through increased aspirations. The key to achieving increased and lasting well-being thereby lies in effortful, intentional activities that slow down or preclude the positive adaptation process. Our hypothesis is that such activities share several properties that potentially help them to effectively forestall adaptation: they are dynamic, episodic, novel, and attention-enticing. We have applied our model to understand what produces materialism and consumerism, and how to design interventions that significantly depress peopleâs aspirations and bolster the
462ir humility, thereby allowing them to step off the hedonic treadmill and become more thrifty (e.g., <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/CL2011.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chancellor & Lyubomirsky, 2011</a>, <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Chancellor-Lyubomirsky-2013.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2013</a>). 463 </div> 464 </div> 465 </div> 466 <div class="ult-overlay-close top-right" style="width:80px;height:80px; "><div class="ult-overlay-close-inside">Close</div></div> 467</div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6 vc_col-lg-3 vc_col-md-3 vc_col-has-fill"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1707522107136"><div class="wpb_wrapper"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1707522352933"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><style type="text/css" data-type="the7_shortcodes-inline-css">#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b { 468 border-radius: 3px; 469 font-size: 16px; 470 line-height: 18px; 471} 472.btn-shadow#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b { 473 box-shadow: 0 1px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.12); 474 transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-out, opacity 0.45s; 475} 476.btn-shadow#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b:hover { 477 box-shadow: 0 5px 11px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.18), 0 4px 15px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); 478} 479.btn-3d#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b:hover { 480 box-shadow: 0px 2px 0px 0px #121212; 481} 482.btn-flat#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b { 483 box-shadow: none; 484} 485.btn-flat#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b:hover { 486 box-shadow: none; 487} 488#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b.ico-right-side > i { 489 margin-right: 0px; 490 margin-left: 8px; 491} 492#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b > i { 493 margin-right: 8px; 494 font-size: 16px; 495} 496#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b:not(:hover) { 497 border-width: 2px; 498 border-color: #2e2b36 !important; 499 color: #2e2b36; 500 background: none !important; 501 padding: 16px 38px 16px 38px; 502} 503#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b:not(:hover) * { 504 color: #2e2b36; 505} 506#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b:hover { 507 border-width: 2px; 508 border-color: #2e2b36 !important; 509 color: #ffffff; 510 background: #2e2b36 !important; 511 padding: 16px 38px 16px 38px; 512} 513#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b:hover * { 514 color: #ffffff; 515} 516#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b.ico-right-side > i { 517 margin-right: 0px; 518 margin-left: 8px; 519} 520#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b > i { 521 margin-right: 8px; 522}</style><div class="btn-align-center"><a href="/publications" class="default-btn-shortcode dt-btn link-hover-off btn-flat " id="default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b"><span>View Sonja’s Publications</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix"></div><div data-vc-full-width="true" data-vc-full-width-temp="true" data-vc-full-width-init="false" data-vc-stretch-content="true" class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1707521248046"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-8 vc_col-lg-offset-4 vc_col-lg-4 vc_col-md-offset-2 vc_col-md-8 vc_col-sm-offset-2 vc_col-xs-offset-1 vc_col-xs-10 vc_col-has-fill"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1571482390927"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div id="ultimate-heading-58286abf1858bf6e9" class="uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-58286abf1858bf6e9 uvc-7530 " data-hspacer="no_spacer" data-halign="center" style="text-align:center"><div class="uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer" style="top"></div><div class="uvc-main-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-58286abf1858bf6e9 h2' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"desktop:44px;tablet_portrait:34px;","line-height":"desktop:54px;tablet_portrait:44px;"}' ><h2 style="--font-weight:theme;color:#ffffff;margin-bottom:20px;">The Science of Happiness</h2></div><div class="uvc-sub-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-58286abf1858bf6e9 .uvc-sub-heading ' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"desktop:24px;","line-height":"desktop:34px;"}' style="font-weight:normal;color:#979fa3;">The Science of Social Connection</div></div><div class="ult-spacer spacer-6abf1858bf7b6" data-id="6abf1858bf7b6" data-height="20" data-height-mobile="20" data-height-tab="20" data-height-tab-portrait="" data-height-mobile-landscape="" style="clear:both;display:block;"></div><style type="text/css" data-type="the7_shortcodes-inline-css">#default-btn-59cd796492763743584d14e98c079702 { 523 border-radius: 3px; 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554 color: #ffffff; 555 background: none !important; 556 padding: 16px 38px 16px 38px; 557} 558#default-btn-59cd796492763743584d14e98c079702:not(:hover) * { 559 color: #ffffff; 560} 561#default-btn-59cd796492763743584d14e98c079702:hover { 562 border-width: 2px; 563 border-color: #ffffff !important; 564 color: #2e2b36; 565 background: #ffffff !important; 566 padding: 16px 38px 16px 38px; 567} 568#default-btn-59cd796492763743584d14e98c079702:hover * { 569 color: #2e2b36; 570} 571#default-btn-59cd796492763743584d14e98c079702.ico-right-side > i { 572 margin-right: 0px; 573 margin-left: 8px; 574} 575#default-btn-59cd796492763743584d14e98c079702 > i { 576 margin-right: 8px; 577}</style><div class="btn-align-center"><a href="/media-appearances/" class="default-btn-shortcode dt-btn link-hover-off btn-flat " target="_blank" id="default-btn-59cd796492763743584d14e98c079702" title="Media Appearances" rel="noopener"><span>View Sonja’s Talks</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix"></div>
577<!-- Row Backgrounds --><div class="upb_bg_img" data-ultimate-bg="url(https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Print.png)" data-image-id="id^1636|url^https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Print.png|caption^null|alt^null|title^Print|description^null" data-ultimate-bg-style="vcpb-default" data-bg-img-repeat="no-repeat" data-bg-img-size="cover" data-bg-img-position="" data-parallx_sense="30" data-bg-override="full" data-bg_img_attach="fixed" data-upb-overlay-color="rgba(170,179,184,0.1)" data-upb-bg-animation="" data-fadeout="" data-bg-animation="left-animation" data-bg-animation-type="h" data-animation-repeat="repeat" data-fadeout-percentage="30" data-parallax-content="" data-parallax-content-sense="30" data-row-effect-mobile-disable="true" data-img-parallax-mobile-disable="true" data-rtl="false" data-custom-vc-row="" data-vc="9.0.1" data-is_old_vc="" data-theme-support="" data-overlay="true" data-overlay-color="rgba(170,179,184,0.1)" data-overlay-pattern="" data-overlay-pattern-opacity="0.8" data-overlay-pattern-size="" data-overlay-pattern-attachment="scroll" ></div><div data-vc-full-width="true" data-vc-full-width-temp="true" data-vc-full-width-init="false" class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1571479438790"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div id="ultimate-heading-22226abf1858c06db" class="uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-22226abf1858c06db uvc-8933 uvc-heading-default-font-sizes" data-hspacer="no_spacer" data-halign="center" style="text-align:center"><div class="uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer" style="top"></div><div class="uvc-main-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-22226abf1858c06db h2' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' ><h2 style="--font-weight:theme;margin-bottom:30px;">Ph.D. Students</h2></div></div><style type="text/css" data-type="the7_shortcodes-inline-css">.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .team-desc { 578 padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; 579} 580.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .team-author-name, 581.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .team-author-name a { 582 margin-bottom: 0px; 583} 584.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .team-author p { 585 margin-bottom: 15px; 586 font-size: 15px; 587 line-height: 25px; 588} 589.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .team-media { 590 padding: 0px 0px 30px 0px; 591} 592.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .team-media a, 593.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .team-media > span, 594.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .team-media img { 595 max-width: 160px; 596} 597.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .dt-css-grid .team-media img { 598 width: 160px; 599 max-width: 100%; 600} 601.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .team-content { 602 margin-bottom: 5px; 603} 604.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .team-media, 605.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .team-media a.rollover, 606.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .team-media a.rollover *, 607.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .team-media img { 608 border-radius: 500px; 609} 610.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .soc-ico { 611 margin-bottom: 15px; 612} 613.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .soc-ico a { 614 min-width: 26px; 615 min-height: 26px; 616 font-size: 16px; 617 border-radius: 100px; 618} 619.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .soc-ico a:not(:last-child) { 620 margin-right: 4px; 621} 622.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .soc-ico a:before, 623.dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d .soc-ico a:after { 624 min-width: 26px;
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705 } 706 .cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid .wf-cell, 707 .no-cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .dt-team-shortcode.team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid .wf-cell { 708 width: 100%; 709 } 710}</style><div class="dt-team-masonry-shortcode dt-team-shortcode team-masonry-shortcode-id-877a2e5184c5916dd2c0ab727b8be20d loading-effect-none mode-grid jquery-filter content-align-center dt-css-grid-wrap scale-img dt-css-grid-wrap dt-icon-bg-on dt-icon-border-on dt-icon-hover-bg-on dt-icon-border-hover-on move-icons-under-position resize-by-browser-width vc_custom_1720739243097 " data-padding="15px" data-cur-page="1" data-post-limit="-1" data-pagination-mode="none" data-desktop-columns-num="3" data-v-tablet-columns-num="1" data-h-tablet-columns-num="3" data-phone-columns-num="1" data-width="0px" data-columns="0"><div class="dt-css-grid" ><div class="visible wf-cell" data-post-id="1792" data-date="2024-02-09T21:36:33-08:00" data-name="Tanya Vannoy"><div class="team-container visible post post-1792 dt_team type-dt_team status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry dt_team_category-graduate-students dt_team_category-29 description-off"><div class="team-media">
710<a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/graduate-students/tanya-vannoy/" class="rollover layzr-bg"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="preload-me iso-lazy-load aspect" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%20900%20900'%2F%3E" data-src="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Tanya-Vannoy.jpg" data-srcset="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Tanya-Vannoy.jpg 900w" loading="eager" style="--ratio: 900 / 900" sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" width="900" height="900" title="Tanya Vannoy" alt="Tanya Vannoy" /></a></div><div class="team-desc"><div class="team-author"><div class="team-author-name"><a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/graduate-students/tanya-vannoy/">Tanya Vannoy</a></div><p>Graduate Student</p></div><div class="team-content"></div></div></div></div><div class="visible wf-cell" data-post-id="2193" data-date="2024-07-11T15:55:21-07:00" data-name="Madeline Hoorn"><div class="team-container visible post post-2193 dt_team type-dt_team status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry dt_team_category-graduate-students dt_team_category-29 description-off"><div class="team-media"><a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/graduate-students/madeline-hoorn/" class="rollover layzr-bg"><img decoding="async" class="preload-me iso-lazy-load aspect" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201142%201142'%2F%3E" data-src="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Madeline.png" data-srcset="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Madeline.png 1142w" loading="eager" style="--ratio: 1142 / 1142" sizes="(max-width: 1142px) 100vw, 1142px" width="1142" height="1142" title="Madeline Hoorn" alt="Madeline Hoorn" /></a></div><div class="team-desc"><div class="team-author"><div class="team-author-name"><a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/graduate-students/madeline-hoorn/">Madeline Hoorn</a></div><p>Graduate Student</p></div><div class="team-content"></div></div></div></div><div class="visible wf-cell" data-post-id="1796" data-date="2024-02-09T21:41:49-08:00" data-name="Stephen Cadieux"><div class="team-container visible post post-1796 dt_team type-dt_team status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry dt_team_category-graduate-students dt_team_category-29 description-off"><div class="team-media"><a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/graduate-students/stephen-cadieux/" class="rollover layzr-bg"><img decoding="async" class="preload-me iso-lazy-load aspect" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%20900%20900'%2F%3E" data-src="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Stephen-Cadieux.jpg" data-srcset="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Stephen-Cadieux.jpg 900w" loading="eager" style="--ratio: 900 / 900" sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" width="900" height="900" title="Stephen Cadieux" alt="Stephen Cadieux" /></a></div><div class="team-desc"><div class="team-author"><div class="team-author-name"><a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/graduate-students/stephen-cadieux/">Stephen Cadieux</a></div><p>Graduate Student</p></div><div class="team-content"></div></div></div></div><div class="visible wf-cell" data-post-id="2195" data-date="2024-07-11T15:57:56-07:00" data-name="Nina RadoÅ¡iÄ"><div class="team-container visible post post-2195 dt_team type-dt_team status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry dt_team_category-graduate-students dt_team_category-29 description-off"><div class="team-media"><a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/graduate-students/nina-radosic/" class="rollover layzr-bg"><img decoding="async" class="preload-me iso-lazy-load aspect" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%20900%20900'%2F%3E" data-src="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Nina-Radosic.jpg" data-srcset="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Nina-Radosic.jpg 900w" loading="eager" style="--ratio: 900 / 900" sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100v
710w, 900px" width="900" height="900" title="Nina Radosic" alt="Nina Radosic" /></a></div><div class="team-desc"><div class="team-author"><div class="team-author-name"><a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/graduate-students/nina-radosic/">Nina RadoÅ¡iÄ</a></div><p>Graduate Student</p></div><div class="team-content"></div></div></div></div><div class="visible wf-cell" data-post-id="1794" data-date="2024-02-09T21:39:28-08:00" data-name="James Chinn"><div class="team-container visible post post-1794 dt_team type-dt_team status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry dt_team_category-graduate-students dt_team_category-29 description-off"><div class="team-media"><a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/graduate-students/james-chinn/" class="rollover layzr-bg"><img decoding="async" class="preload-me iso-lazy-load aspect" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%20900%20900'%2F%3E" data-src="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/James-Chinn.jpg" data-srcset="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/James-Chinn.jpg 900w" loading="eager" style="--ratio: 900 / 900" sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" width="900" height="900" title="James Chinn" alt="James Chinn" /></a></div><div class="team-desc"><div class="team-author"><div class="team-author-name"><a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/graduate-students/james-chinn/">James Chinn</a></div><p>Graduate Student</p></div><div class="team-content"></div></div></div></div><div class="visible wf-cell" data-post-id="2197" data-date="2024-07-11T15:59:32-07:00" data-name="Madison Montemayor-Dominguez"><div class="team-container visible post post-2197 dt_team type-dt_team status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry dt_team_category-graduate-students dt_team_category-29 description-off"><div class="team-media"><a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/graduate-students/madison-montemayor-dominguez/" class="rollover layzr-bg"><img decoding="async" class="preload-me iso-lazy-load aspect" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%20900%20900'%2F%3E" data-src="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Madison-Montemayor-Dominguez.jpg" data-srcset="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Madison-Montemayor-Dominguez.jpg 900w" loading="eager" style="--ratio: 900 / 900" sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" width="900" height="900" title="Madison Montemayor-Dominguez" alt="Madison Montemayor-Dominguez" /></a></div><div class="team-desc"><div class="team-author"><div class="team-author-name"><a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/graduate-students/madison-montemayor-dominguez/">Madison Montemayor-Dominguez</a></div><p>Graduate Student</p></div><div class="team-content"></div></div></div></div></div><!-- iso-container|iso-grid --></div><style type="text/css" data-type="the7_shortcodes-inline-css">#default-btn-da17df06628b0e6f6165ffdaeb00c622 { 711 border-radius: 3px; 712 font-size: 16px; 713 line-height: 18px; 714} 715.btn-shadow#default-btn-da17df06628b0e6f6165ffdaeb00c622 { 716 box-shadow: 0 1px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.12); 717 transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-out, opacity 0.45s; 718} 719.btn-shadow#default-btn-da17df06628b0e6f6165ffdaeb00c622:hover { 720 box-shadow: 0 5px 11px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.18), 0 4px 15px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); 721} 722.btn-3d#default-btn-da17df06628b0e6f6165ffdaeb00c622:hover { 723 box-shadow: 0px 2px 0px 0px #121212; 724} 725.btn-flat#default-btn-da17df06628b0e6f6165ffdaeb00c622 { 726 box-shadow: none; 727} 728.btn-flat#default-btn-da17df06628b0e6f6165ffdaeb00c622:hover { 729 box-shadow: none; 730} 731#default-btn-da17df06628b0e6f6165ffdaeb00c622.ico-right-side > i { 732 margin-right: 0px; 733 margin-left: 8px; 734} 735#default-btn-da17df06628b0e6f6165ffdaeb00c622 > i { 736 margin-right: 8px; 737 font-size: 16px; 738} 739#default-btn-da17df06628b0e6f6165ffdaeb00c622:not(:hover) { 740 border-width: 2px; 741 border-color: #2e2b36 !important; 742 color: #2e2b36; 743 background: none !important; 744 padding: 16px 38px 16px 38px; 745} 746#default-btn-da17df06628b0e6f6165ffdaeb00c622:not(:hover) * { 747 color: #2e2b36; 748}
749#default-btn-da17df06628b0e6f6165ffdaeb00c622:hover { 750 border-width: 2px; 751 border-color: #2e2b36 !important; 752 color: #ffffff; 753 background: #2e2b36 !important; 754 padding: 16px 38px 16px 38px; 755} 756#default-btn-da17df06628b0e6f6165ffdaeb00c622:hover * { 757 color: #ffffff; 758} 759#default-btn-da17df06628b0e6f6165ffdaeb00c622.ico-right-side > i { 760 margin-right: 0px; 761 margin-left: 8px; 762} 763#default-btn-da17df06628b0e6f6165ffdaeb00c622 > i { 764 margin-right: 8px; 765}</style><div class="btn-align-center"><a href="/pawlab/graduate-students/" class="default-btn-shortcode dt-btn link-hover-off btn-flat " id="default-btn-da17df06628b0e6f6165ffdaeb00c622" title="Graduate Students"><span>View All Ph.D. Students</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix"></div><div id="SHS" data-vc-full-width="true" data-vc-full-width-temp="true" data-vc-full-width-init="false" data-vc-stretch-content="true" class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-no-padding vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-o-content-top vc_row-flex"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_col-lg-6 vc_col-md-6 vc_col-xs-12 vc_col-has-fill"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1571482000254"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div id="ultimate-heading-63356abf1858c8e58" class="uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-63356abf1858c8e58 uvc-4367 uvc-heading-default-font-sizes" data-hspacer="no_spacer" data-halign="left" style="text-align:left"><div class="uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer" style="top"></div><div class="uvc-main-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-63356abf1858c8e58 h2' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' ><h2 style="--font-weight:theme;color:#ffffff;margin-bottom:30px;">Recent Media Appearances</h2></div></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid light-text"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6 vc_col-lg-6 vc_col-md-12 vc_col-xs-12"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1707517099429"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="standard-arrow bullet-top"><ul> 766<li> 767<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;"><strong>FILM</strong></span></p> 768<ul> 769<li> 770<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;">Mission Joy: Finding Happiness in Troubled Times; available on Netflix, Amazon Video, etc.</span></p> 771</li> 772</ul> 773</li> 774<li> 775<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;"><strong>PODCAST</strong></span></p> 776<ul> 777<li> 778<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">The Rich Roll Podcast, âThe How of Happinessâ; click </span><a href="https://www.richroll.com/podcast/sonja-lyubomirsky-860/"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">her</span><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">e</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;"> to listen.</span></p> 779</li> 780<li> 781<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck, Mark Manson, âSex, Drugs, and Money Might Actually Make You Happierâ; click </span><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/4IsfEbsQiGhN7GM9AVZOqk"><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;">here</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif;"> to listen.</span></p> 782</li> 783</ul> 784</li> 785</ul> 786</div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6 vc_col-lg-6 vc_col-md-12 vc_col-xs-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="standard-arrow bullet-top"><ul> 787<li> 788<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;"><strong>TV INTERVIEW</strong></span></p> 789<ul> 790<li> 791<p style="margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;">The Whole Story with Anderson Cooper: Miracle on the Hudson; available on CNN & Max.</span></p> 792</li> 793</ul> 794</li> 795<li><strong>PRINT</strong> 796<ul> 797<li><em>New York Times Magazine â </em><a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/NYT-Magazine-ARTICLE.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">“How Nearly a Century of Happiness Research Led to One Big Finding”</a></li> 798<li><em>Fortune â â</em><a href="https://fortune.com/well/2023/05/18/how-to-be-happier-at-work/">5 Simple Strategies Can Help You Be Happier At Work</a>â</li> 799<li><em>Los Angeles Times</em> <em>â </em>
799<a href="https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2024-07-03/be-grateful-for-what-you-have-it-may-help-you-live-longer" target="_blank" rel="noopener">“Be Grateful For What You Have. It May Help You Live Longer”</a></li> 800<li>UCR Inside <em>â </em><a href="https://insideucr.ucr.edu/stories/2024/05/22/sonja-lyubomirsky-wins-top-faculty-award-2023-24" target="_blank" rel="noopener">“Sonja Lyubomirsky Wins Top Faculty Award for 2023-24”</a></li> 801<li>Highlights Magazine <em>â </em><a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Highlights-Magazine-March-2024-on-Kindness.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">“Why Be Kind”</a></li> 802<li><em>UCR Magazine â </em>â<a href="https://news.ucr.edu/ucr-magazine/spring-2023/tuning-in-again-to-psychedelics">Tuning in Again to Psychedelics</a>â</li> 803</ul> 804</li> 805</ul> 806</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 vc_col-lg-6 vc_col-md-6 vc_col-xs-12 vc_col-has-fill"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1571482011322"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div id="ultimate-heading-1556abf1858ca2ff" class="uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-1556abf1858ca2ff uvc-5099 uvc-heading-default-font-sizes" data-hspacer="no_spacer" data-halign="left" style="text-align:left"><div class="uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer" style="top"></div><div class="uvc-main-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-1556abf1858ca2ff h2' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' ><h2 style="--font-weight:theme;margin-bottom:30px;">Subjective Happiness Scale</h2></div></div><div class="standard-arrow list-divider bullet-top"><ul> 807<li>Permission is granted for all non-commercial use, including scholarly/academic.</li> 808<li>A PDF of the scale can be downloaded <a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/SHS.pdf">here</a>.</li> 809<li>The scale is available from the first author in the following translations: Bulgarian, Chinese, Croatian, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Filipino, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian, Persian, Peruvian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Scandinavian, Serbian, Sinhala, Slovak, Spanish (European), Spanish (Mexican), Swedish, Tamil, Thai, Turkish, Urdu. If you created a new translation, please contact us! (sonja.lyubomirsky[at]ucr.edu)</li> 810<li>To score the scale, reverse code the 4th item (i.e., turn a 7 into a 1, a 6 into a 2, a 5 into a 3, a 3 into a 5, a 2 into a 6, and a 1 into a 7), and compute the mean of the 4 items. Norms are available in the reference below, as well as in many other publications that have used the scale (see PsycInfo). Note: You may omit the 4th item and only use the first three items.</li> 811<li>Please cite the following scale validation paper in all work mentioning the scale. 812<ul> 813<li>Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. (1999). <a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/LL1999.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation</a>. <em>Social Indicators Research, 46,</em> 137-155. The original publication is available at www.springerlink.com.</li> 814</ul> 815</li> 816</ul> 817</div><style type="text/css" data-type="the7_shortcodes-inline-css">#default-btn-0e294bae31e072161d7a4fe19597869e { 818 border-radius: 3px; 819 font-size: 14px; 820 line-height: 16px; 821} 822.btn-shadow#default-btn-0e294bae31e072161d7a4fe19597869e { 823 box-shadow: 0 1px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.12); 824 transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-out, opacity 0.45s; 825} 826.btn-shadow#default-btn-0e294bae31e072161d7a4fe19597869e:hover { 827 box-shadow: 0 5px 11px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.18), 0 4px 15px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); 828} 829.btn-3d#default-btn-0e294bae31e072161d7a4fe19597869e:hover { 830 box-shadow: 0px 2px 0px 0px #121212; 831} 832.btn-flat#default-btn-0e294bae31e072161d7a4fe19597869e { 833 box-shadow: none; 834} 835.btn-flat#default-btn-0e294bae31e072161d7a4fe19597869e:hover { 836 box-shadow: none; 837} 838#default-btn-0e294bae31e072161d7a4fe19597869e.ico-right-side > i { 839 margin-right: 0px; 840 margin-left: 8px; 841} 842#default-btn-0e294bae31e072161d7a4fe19597869e > i { 843 margin-right: 8px; 844 font-size: 12px; 845} 846#default-btn-0e294bae31e072161d7a4fe19597869e:not(:hover) { 847 border-width: 2px; 848 border-color: #2e2b36 !important; 849 color: #2e2b36; 850 background: none !important; 851 padding: 12px 18px 12px 18px; 852} 853#default-btn-0e294bae31e072161d7a4fe19597869e:not(:hover) * { 854 color: #2e2b36; 855} 856#default-btn-0e294bae31e072161d7a4fe19597869e:hover { 857 border-width: 2px; 858 border-color: #2e2b36 !important; 859 color: #ffffff; 860 background: #2e2b36 !important; 861 padding: 12px 18px 12px 18px; 862} 863#default-btn-0e294bae31e072161d7a4fe19597869e:hover * { 864 color: #ffffff; 865} 866#default-btn-0e294bae31e072161d7a4fe19597869e.ico-right-side > i { 867 margin-right: 0px; 868 margin-left: 8px; 869} 870#default-btn-0e294bae31e072161d7a4fe19597869e > i { 871 margin-right: 8px; 872}</style>
872<a href="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/SHS.pdf" class="default-btn-shortcode dt-btn link-hover-off btn-inline-left btn-flat " target="_blank" id="default-btn-0e294bae31e072161d7a4fe19597869e" rel="noopener"><span>Download the Scale</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix"></div><div data-vc-full-width="true" data-vc-full-width-temp="true" data-vc-full-width-init="false" data-vc-stretch-content="true" class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1571481948465 vc_row-no-padding"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-8 vc_col-lg-offset-3 vc_col-lg-6 vc_col-md-offset-3 vc_col-md-6 vc_col-sm-offset-2"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1571605486617"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div id="ultimate-heading-26746abf1858cb304" class="uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-26746abf1858cb304 uvc-1505 uvc-heading-default-font-sizes" data-hspacer="no_spacer" data-halign="center" style="text-align:center"><div class="uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer" style="top"></div><div class="uvc-main-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-26746abf1858cb304 h2' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' ><h2 style="--font-weight:theme;margin-bottom:30px;">Publications</h2></div><div class="uvc-sub-heading ult-responsive" data-ultimate-target='.uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-26746abf1858cb304 .uvc-sub-heading ' data-responsive-json-new='{"font-size":"","line-height":""}' style="font-weight:normal;">My three books are below. All the publications and scholarly papers can be downloaded for free (links provided).</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1706473004625"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1706423282070"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> 873 <div class="wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center"> 874 875 <figure class="wpb_wrapper vc_figure"> 876 <a href="/books" target="" class="vc_single_image-wrapper vc_box_outline rollover" ><img decoding="async" class="vc_single_image-img " src="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/How-To-Feel-Loved-250x380.jpg" width="250" height="380" alt="How to Feel Loved" title="How to Feel Loved" loading="lazy" data-dt-location="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/books/attachment/how-to-feel-loved/" /></a> 877 </figure> 878 </div> 879</div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1706423294046"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> 880 <div class="wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center"> 881 882 <figure class="wpb_wrapper vc_figure"> 883 <a href="/books" target="" class="vc_single_image-wrapper vc_box_outline rollover" ><img decoding="async" class="vc_single_image-img " src="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/The-Myths-of-Happiness-scaled-250x380.jpg" width="250" height="380" alt="The Myths of Happiness" title="The Myths of Happiness" loading="lazy" data-dt-location="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/books/attachment/the-myths-of-happiness/" /></a> 884 </figure> 885 </div> 886</div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1757821819668"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> 887 <div class="wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center"> 888 889 <figure class="wpb_wrapper vc_figure"> 890 <a href="/books" target="" class="vc_single_image-wrapper vc_box_outline rollover" ><img decoding="async" class="vc_single_image-img " src="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/The-How-of-Happiness-scaled-250x380.jpg" width="250" height="380" alt="The How of Happiness" title="The How of Happiness" loading="lazy" data-dt-location="https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/books/attachment/the-how-of-happiness/" /></a> 891 </figure> 892 </div> 893</div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1706504505092"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><style type="text/css" data-type="the7_shortcodes-inline-css">#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b { 894 border-radius: 3px; 895 font-size: 16px; 896 line-height: 18px; 897} 898.btn-shadow#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b { 899 box-shadow: 0 1px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.12); 900 transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-out, opacity 0.45s; 901} 902.btn-shadow#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b:hover { 903 box-shadow: 0 5px 11px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.18), 0 4px 15px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); 904} 905.btn-3d#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b:hover { 906 box-shadow: 0px 2px 0px 0px #121212; 907} 908.btn-flat#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b { 909 box-shadow: none; 910} 911.btn-flat#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b:hover { 912 box-shadow: none; 913} 914#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b.ico-right-side > i { 915 margin-right: 0px; 916 margin-left: 8px; 917} 918#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b > i { 919 margin-right: 8px; 920 font-size: 16px; 921} 922#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b:not(:hover) { 923 border-width: 2px; 924 border-color: #2e2b36 !important; 925 color: #2e2b36; 926 background: none !important; 927 padding: 16px 38px 16px 38px; 928} 929#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b:not(:hover) * { 930 color: #2e2b36; 931} 932#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b:hover { 933 border-width: 2px; 934 border-color: #2e2b36 !important; 935 color: #ffffff; 936 background: #2e2b36 !important; 937 padding: 16px 38px 16px 38px; 938} 939#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b:hover * { 940 color: #ffffff; 941} 942#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b.ico-right-side > i { 943 margin-right: 0px; 944 margin-left: 8px; 945} 946#default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b > i { 947 margin-right: 8px; 948}</style><div class="btn-align-center"><a href="/publications" class="default-btn-shortcode dt-btn link-hover-off btn-flat " id="default-btn-1e035da7a4d02f795a8de0aa8cd6257b"><span>View All Papers & Publications</span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix"></div> 949</div> 950 </div><!-- #content --> 951 952 953 954 955 </div><!-- .wf-container --> 956 </div><!-- .wf-wrap --> 957 958 959 </div><!-- #main --> 960 961 962 963 964 <!-- !Footer --> 965 <footer id="footer" class="footer solid-bg" role="contentinfo"> 966 967 968 <div class="wf-wrap"> 969 <div class="wf-container-footer"> 970 <div class="wf-container"> 971 <section id="presscore-contact-info-widget-2" class="widget widget_presscore-contact-info-widget wf-cell wf-1-4"><div class="widget-title">Office Address</div><div class="widget-info">Department of Psychology<br> 972University of California<br> 973Riverside, CA 92521</div></section><section id="presscore-contact-info-widget-3" class="widget widget_presscore-contact-info-widget wf-cell wf-1-4"><div class="widget-title">Contacts</div><div class="widget-info"><h6>Phone</h6> 974(951) 827-5041 975<strong>(msg only)</strong></div><ul class="contact-info"><li><span class="color-primary"><h6>E-mail</h6></span><br />sonja.lyubomirsky[at]ucr.edu</li><li></li></ul></section><section id="custom_html-2" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html wf-cell wf-1-4"><div class="widget-title">The Blog</div><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget">
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1102<script type="module"> 1103/*! This file is auto-generated */ 1104var e="script#wp-emoji-settings",t=document.querySelector(e);if(!(t instanceof HTMLScriptElement))throw new Error("Element missing: "+e);const r=JSON.parse(t.text),s=(window._wpemojiSettings=r,"wpEmojiSettingsSupports"),o=["flag","emoji"];function i(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(s,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function c(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0);const r=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);return t.every((e,t)=>e===r[t])}function p(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1);for(let e=0;e<n.data.length;e++)if(0!==n.data[e])return!1;return!0}function u(e,t,n,r){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!r(e,"\ud83e\u1fac8")}return!1}function f(e,t,n,r){let a;const s=(a="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):document.createElement("canvas")).getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(e=>{o[e]=t(s,e,n,r)}),o}function a(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,document.head.appendChild(t)}r.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},new Promise(t=>{let n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(s));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(o),u.toString(),c.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"});const a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=e=>{i(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}i(n=f(o,u,c,p))}t(n)}).then(e=>{for(const n in e)r.supports[n]=e[n],r.supports.everything=r.supports.everything&&r.supports[n],"flag"!==n&&(r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&r.supports[n]);var t;r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!r.supports.flag,r.supports.everything||((t=r.source||{}).concatemoji?a(t.concatemoji):t.wpemoji&&t.twemoji&&(a(t.twemoji),a(t.wpemoji)))}); 1105//# sourceURL=https://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.min.js 1106</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1106
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1107<script></script>
1107 1108<div class="pswp" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"> 1109 <div class="pswp__bg"></div> 1110 <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap"> 1111 <div class="pswp__container"> 1112 <div class="pswp__item"></div> 1113 <div class="pswp__item"></div> 1114 <div class="pswp__item"></div> 1115 </div> 1116 <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> 1117 <div class="pswp__top-bar"> 1118 <div class="pswp__counter"></div> 1119 <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)" aria-label="Close (Esc)"></button> 1120 <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share" aria-label="Share"></button> 1121 <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen" aria-label="Toggle fullscreen"></button> 1122 <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out" aria-label="Zoom in/out"></button> 1123 <div class="pswp__preloader"> 1124 <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> 1125 <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> 1126 <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> 1127 </div> 1128 </div> 1129 </div> 1130 </div> 1131 <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> 1132 <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> 1133 </div> 1134 <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)" aria-label="Previous (arrow left)"> 1135 </button> 1136 <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)" aria-label="Next (arrow right)"> 1137 </button> 1138 <div class="pswp__caption"> 1139 <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> 1140 </div> 1141 </div> 1142 </div> 1143</div> 1144</body> 1145</html>
Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.