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223 224 225<div class="row"> 226 <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> 227 228</div> 229 230<!-- page.html.twig --> 231<section id="offcanvas-container"> 232<div class="container-padd"> 233 <div id="main"> 234 <article id="content-area"> 235 <!-- content_top --> 236 237 <!-- end content_top --> 238 239 <div id="row-title" class="row-title hidden-sm hidden-xs"> 240 <div class="bc">You are reading: <a href="/resources">Resources</a> / Virtual Library</div> 241 </div> 242 243 <a href="/thematic-publications" class="arrow-link left">Back to overview</a> 244 245 246 247 <div class="spl-publications mt-4"> 248 <div class="region region-content"> 249 <!-- node-library.html.twig --> 250 251 <article data-history-node-id="20578" class="node node--type-library node--promoted node--sticky node--view-mode-full clearfix"> 252 <header> 253 254 255 </header> 256 <div class="node__content clearfix" translate="no"> 257 258 <div class="row"> 259 <div class="col-sm-3 col-lg-2 hidden-xs"> 260 <a href="http://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2026-09/annual-review-of-constitution-building-2025-CBP.pdf" target="_blank"> 261 <!-- const8/templates/field/field.html.twig entity_type=node--> 262 <div class="field field--name-field-cover field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> 263 <div class="field--label sr-only">Cover</div> 264 <div class="field--item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/images/virtual_library/annual-CB-review-cover%20.png" width="660" height="948" alt="" class="img-responsive" /> 265 266</div> 267 </div> 268 269 </a> 270 <!-- const8/templates/field/field.html.twig entity_type=node--> 271 <div class="field field--name-upload field--type-file field--label-visually_hidden"> 272 <div class="field--label sr-only">Attachments</div> 273 <div class="field__items"> 274 <div class="field--item"> <a target=_ class="filelink publication-download-pdf text-center" href="http://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2026-09/annual-review-of-constitution-building-2025-CBP.pdf" title="English" 275 target="_blank"> 276 English 277 </a> 278</div> 279 </div> 280 </div> 281 282 <div> 283 <p><a href="https://www.idea.int/creative-commons-licence"><img width="179" alt="Creative Commons License" data-entity-type="" data-entity-uuid="" src="/themes/custom/const8/img/Cc-by-nc-sa_icon.png" /></a></p> 284 </div> 285 286 287 </div> 288 <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-9 col-lg-10 inner"> 289 290 <h1 lang=''> 291<span>Annual Review of Constitution Building: 2025</span> 292</h1> 293 294 <div class="publication-page-date"> 295 Published September 9, 2026 296 </div> 297 298 <div class="visible-xs mobile-download"> 299 <a href="http://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2026-09/annual-review-of-constitution-building-2025-CBP.pdf" target="_blank"> 300 <!-- const8/templates/field/field.html.twig entity_type=node--> 301 <div class="field field--name-field-cover field--type-image field--label-visually_hidden"> 302 <div class="field--label sr-only">Cover</div> 303 <div class="field--item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/images/virtual_library/annual-CB-review-cover%20.png" width="660" height="948" alt="" class="img-responsive" /> 304 305</div> 306 </div> 307 308 </a> 309 310 <!-- const8/templates/field/field.html.twig entity_type=node--> 311 <div class="field field--name-upload field--type-file field--label-visually_hidden"> 312 <div class="field--label sr-only">Attachments</div> 313 <div class="field__items"> 314 <div class="field--item"> <a target=_ class="filelink publication-download-pdf text-center" href="http://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/2026-09/annual-review-of-constitution-building-2025-CBP.pdf" title="English" 315 target="_blank"> 316 English 317 </a> 318</div> 319 </div> 320 </div> 321 322 </div> 323 324 <div class="summary" translate="no"> 325 <!-- const8/templates/field/field.html.twig entity_type=node--> 326 <div class="field field--name-field-summery field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> 327 <div class="field--label sr-only">Blurb</div> 328 <div class="field--item"><p>International IDEA's Annual Review of Constitution Building examines constitutional reform efforts around the world. The 2025 review covers cases from Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and the Pacific, highlighting the challenges facing democratic constitutionalism amid political transitions, polarization, and weakening constitutional safeguards. </p><p>Topics include constitutional reform processes in Bangladesh, Ghana, and Palestine; political transitions in Bangladesh and Syria;
328 Gen Z mobilization and its constitutional implications in Nepal and Madagascar; barriers to constitutional change in Fiji and The Gambia; the use of constitutional reform to entrench personalized rule in Chad, Djibouti, El Salvador, Guinea, and Nicaragua; and the impact of digital speech regulation on freedom of expression in Pakistan and Sri Lanka. </p><p>While the global picture remains troubling, the report highlights the importance of inclusive constitution-building processes, broad political agreement, and effective safeguards against the concentration of power, particularly at a time of growing polarization and pressure on constitutional rights.</p><h3><strong>Contents</strong></h3><p>Introduction <br><em>Kimana Zulueta-Fülscher</em></p><p>1. Voices from Reformers: Constitutional Reforms in Bangladesh, Ghana, and Palestine<br><em>Adem Kassie Abebe</em></p><p>2. Dealing with the Future under Conditions of Uncertainty: Bangladesh and Syria<br><em>Kimana Zulueta-Fülscher</em></p><p>3. Gen Z Mobilization and Pathways to Political, Constitutional, and Institutional Reform in 2025<br><em>Sharon Pia Hickey</em></p><p>4. Thresholds for Approving Constitutional Change: Recent Events in Fiji and The Gambia<br><em>Alexander Hudson</em></p><p>5. (Mis)using Constitutional Reforms to Preserve Personalized Presidential Rule<br><em>Alexandra Oancea</em></p><p>6. The Structural Reconfiguration of Constitutional Free-Speech Rights in Pakistan and Sri Lanka<br><em>Eva Montero Ibarra</em></p><p>Also in this series: <a href="https://constitutionnet.org/vl/item/annual-review-constitution-building-2024-CBP">Annual Review of Constitution-Building: 2024</a></p></div> 329 </div> 330 331 </div> 332 <hr> 333 334 <div class="main-meta"> 335 <!-- const8/templates/field/field.html.twig entity_type=node--> 336 <div class="field field--name-field-languages field--type-list-string field--label-above"> 337 <div class="field--label">Language</div> 338 <div class="field__items"> 339 <div class="field--item">English</div> 340 </div> 341 </div> 342 343 <!-- const8/templates/field/field.html.twig entity_type=node--> 344 <div class="field field--name-document-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> 345 <div class="field--label">Document type</div> 346 <div class="field--item"><a href="/document-type/analysis">Analysis</a></div> 347 </div> 348 349 <!-- const8/templates/field/field.html.twig entity_type=node--> 350 <div class="field field--name-issues field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> 351 <div class="field--label">Issues</div> 352 <div class="field__items"> 353 <div class="field--item"><a href="/issues/basic-constitutional-principles">Basic Constitutional Principles</a></div> 354 <div class="field--item"><a href="/issues/constitutional-building-institutions">Constitutional Building Institutions</a></div> 355 <div class="field--item"><a href="/issues/constitutional-courtjudical-review">Constitutional Court/Judical Review</a></div> 356 <div class="field--item"><a href="/issues/constitutional-amendment">Constitutional Amendment</a></div> 357 <div class="field--item"><a href="/issues/diversity-and-conflictminority-issues">Diversity and Conflict/Minority Issues</a></div> 358 <div class="field--item"><a href="/issues/electoral-issues">Electoral Issues</a></div> 359 <div class="field--item"><a href="/issues/gender">Gender</a></div> 360 <div class="field--item"><a href="/issues/human-rights">Human Rights</a></div> 361 <div class="field--item"><a href="/issues/independent-commissions">Independent Commissions</a></div> 362 <div class="field--item"><a href="/issues/interim-arrangements">Interim Arrangements</a></div> 363 <div class="field--item"><a href="/issues/public-participation">Public Participation</a></div> 364 <div class="field--item"><a href="/issues/political-parties">Political Parties</a></div> 365 <div class="field--item"><a href="/issues/federalism-devolution-decentralization">Federalism/ Devolution/ Decentralization</a></div> 366 <div class="field--item"><a href="/issues/referendum">Referendum</a></div> 367 <div class="field--item"><a href="/issues/structure-government">
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