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5<script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Two Election Commissioners Unmasking CEC Gyanesh Kumar’s Flagrant Violations Testify to EC’s Compromised Functioning","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/theleaflet/2026-09-24/t2llejyy/newindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif?w=1200&h=675&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=max&enlarge=true","width":"1200","height":"675"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/theleaflet/2026-09-24/t2llejyy/newindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif?w=1200&h=900&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=max&enlarge=true","width":"1200","height":"900"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/theleaflet/2026-09-24/t2llejyy/newindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif?w=1200&h=1200&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=max&enlarge=true","width":"1200","height":"1200"}],"url":"https://theleaflet.in/governance-and-policy/two-election-commissioners-unmasking-cec-gyanesh-kumars-flagrant-violations-testify-to-ecs-compromised-functioning","datePublished":"2026-09-24T08:23:37+05:30","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://theleaflet.in/governance-and-policy/two-election-commissioners-unmasking-cec-gyanesh-kumars-flagrant-violations-testify-to-ecs-compromised-functioning"},"publisher":{"name":"The Leaflet","url":"https://theleaflet.in","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","contentUrl":"https://gumlet.assettype.com/theleaflet/2024-11-12/0owd5q67/LeafletLogoFile.png","url":"https://gumlet.assettype.com/theleaflet/2024-11-12/0owd5q67/LeafletLogoFile.png","name":"logo","width":"","height":""},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/TheLeafletIndia","https://x.com/TheLeaflet_in","https://www.instagram.com/theleaflet_in/","https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNYimA4-2P0YIdTfiSDio9g"],"id":"https://theleaflet.in","@type":"NewsMediaOrganization"},"description":"Gandhi’s understanding that right to vote as  a form of direct action against powers that be and Ambedkar’s  interpretation of adult suffrage as  right to active and direct participation to sustain associated life gets shattered by a compromised ECI  ","author":[{"@type":"Person","givenName":"S.N. Sahu","name":"S.N. Sahu","url":"https://theleaflet.in/author/s-n-sahu","image":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/theleaflet/2025-01-05/bz2p4wqc/Screenshot_2021_07_23_at_5_32_26_PM_75x75.avif"}],"keywords":"","thumbnailUrl":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/theleaflet/2026-09-24/t2llejyy/newindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif?w=1200&h=675&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=max&enlarge=true","articleBody":"MAHATMA GANDHI WROTE&nbsp; in Young India on June 18, 1931 that among the manifold aspects of Swaraj, adult suffrage constituted a key aspect which he interpreted as a form of direct action of people against powers that be. Manipulation of the electoral rolls leading to vote theft fatally impairs people’ ability to directly act against those wielding power.While moving article 289 (now Article 324) of the draft Constitution on June 15, 1949, providing that&nbsp; superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission, B.R. Ambedkar warned that no injustice should be done by the Election Commission of India while preparing electoral roll and any thing contrary to it would “….cut at the very root of democratic government.”&nbsp;Juxtapose the aforementioned vision of Gandhi and Ambedkar with the devastating expose of Indian Express concerning unilateral and unconstitutional action of the&nbsp; Chief Election Commissioner(CEC) Gyanesh Kumar regarding voter registration, deletion and restoration of names and access to electoral-roll data. The expose stunningly reveals that Gyanesh Kumar as CEC violated the constitutional mandate enshrined in&nbsp;Article 324 and law established by Supreme Court in T N Seshan v Union of India (1995) by not enlisting the participation of two other Election Commissioners, Sukhbir Singh Sandhu and Vivek Joshi, in the decision making process. On crucial issues concerning SIR the two Election Commissioners registered their written objections&nbsp; 14 times in 10 months and yet CEC Kumar defiantly violated the prescribed mandate that the Commission would take decisions either on the basis of consensus or by majority principle.&nbsp;All the Election Commissioners are equal in status with the Chief Election Commissioner who is first among&nbsp; equals. So decisions of the Commission are mandatorily&nbsp; to be taken either on the principle of consensus or by majority principle. It is shocking that the CEC Kumar trampled upon the Constitution and law by keeping away Commissioners from key decision making processes concerning preparation of electoral rolls and other related as
5pects. According to the Supreme Court in T N Seshan v Union of India (1995) Article 324 entrusts elections to the Election Commission, not to an individual. Its warning that&nbsp; “It would be wrong to project the individual and eclipse the Election Commission” resonates in the context of CEC Kumar taking all key decisions concerning SIR and pushing two Election Commissioners to oblivion.&nbsp;.The expose stunningly reveals that Gyanesh Kumar as CEC violated the constitutional mandate enshrined in&nbsp;Article 324 and law established by Supreme Court in T N Seshan v. Union of India (1995) by not enlisting the participation of two other Election Commissioners, Sukhbir Singh Sandhu and Vivek Joshi, in the decision making process..Bold Stand by Two Election Commissioners&nbsp;It is worth underlining the crucial and critical point that the two&nbsp; Commissioners were not filing&nbsp; dissenting notes with CEC Kumar.&nbsp; They who formed the majority of the Commission charged that they were wilfully kept out of the decision making process and CEC Gyanesh Kumar took all decisions as if he alone represented the Election Commission of India by excluding Sukhbir Singh Sandhu and Vivek Joshi. Such egregious infractions of the Constitution and law with a view to preparing&nbsp; a curated electoral roll has very adverse consequences for our democracy the very foundation of which rests on the jurisprudence of adult franchise. It is a travesty of that jurisprudence if&nbsp; voters are deleted from the electoral roll on a mass scale and the burden of getting enrolled as a voter rests with the citizen by submitting documents to the ECI which are not easily available.&nbsp;Bengal Issue&nbsp;Take the example of West Bengal where SIR generated electoral rolls led to deletion of 2.7 million voters and they were asked to appeal for inclusion in the voter list by submitting their appeals to a judicial panel formed on the orders of the Supreme Court. Indian Express exposed that in Bengal appeals were filed for deletion of 16.10 lakh voters who were included in the voter list after their names were cleared.&nbsp;
5 Very mysteriously the Commission is not forthcoming to bring to the public domain&nbsp; the authorities of ECI who&nbsp; filed those appeals for that deletion. Election Commissioner Sandhu asked, “Who was authorised to file these appeals on behalf of ECI, and by whom?” and “Who actually filed these appeals on behalf of ECI?” He wrote that “....neither he nor Joshi nor the current Chief Electoral Officer of West Bengal had been informed about the basis or process of filing the appeals.” It is rather shocking that the ECI which has a glorious record of enrolling every Indian citizen as a voter is silent on the appeals filed on its behalf to delete 16.10 lakh voters cleared for inclusion in the voter list.&nbsp;Ambedkar’s warning of 1949 that no injustice should be done by the Election Commission of India while preparing electoral roll and any thing contrary to it would “….cut at the very root of democratic government” is playing out in the context of the appeals for deletion of above mentioned voters whose numbers exceed more than a million.&nbsp;.Form-6 Issue&nbsp;Take another outrageous violation of law and constitutional principle involving Form-6 which is filled up by persons who are adult citizens of eighteen years of age to enroll their names in the voter list. All those who wished to fill that form had to mention &nbsp; their parents/ grandparents names as it existed&nbsp; in the “electoral roll of last SIR.” This information regarding the names of parents and grandparents were never there in the original Form 16 and it was added by ECI. What was done was patently illegal because such additions could only be done by amending the law and the power of such amendment vested with the Parliament and not ECI. It is tragic that those adult citizens wishing to get enrolled as voters could not proceed to fill Form 6 without mentioning in the illegally inserted provision asking for&nbsp; the names of parents or grandparents . &nbsp; As early as May this year, according to Indian Express expose, “ Joshi had warned on file that Form 6 could not be changed in this manner without the government amending the rules, and Sandhu had agreed.” And it is utterly shocking that ECI under the leadership of Gyanesh Kuamr has stubbornly retained those illegal insertions which deserved to be deleted forthwith.&nbsp;Issue of Software and Electoral Data Base&nbsp;What is quite worrisome is the ECI’s highly centralised monopoly of ECINet,&nbsp; the electoral data base&nbsp; for almost a billion voters, &nbsp; is maintained by the&nbsp; Electoral Registration Officers of the States who are&nbsp; the statutory authority mandated for&nbsp; additions, deletions and corrections of the electoral rolls. Both&nbsp; Commissioners Sandhu and Joshi raised alarm bells&nbsp; that the electoral-roll database was being centralised in ECI without allowing Electoral Registration Officers to have access to it for its operation. They wanted an independent technical audit to ascertain the way in which ECINet is made functional. In Goa, 97 people were found eligible to be included in the electoral roll by their EROs but they could not add them because the operation of&nbsp; ECINet was entirely controlled by ECI without any opportunity to EROs to operate it.&nbsp;When Maneesh Garg, Senior Deputy Election Commissioner in the ECI ,&nbsp; was given the additional charge of &nbsp; administrative wing&nbsp; he&nbsp; allotted work afresh without the approval&nbsp; of the Commission.&nbsp; Two Election Commissioners perceived that&nbsp; such work allocation &nbsp; deepened&nbsp; concentration of power to operate electoral data base and so &nbsp; separately wrote&nbsp; to the Cabinet Secretary T V Somanathan about it. Such actions of ECs approaching Cabinet Secretary brought out the fact ECI is not an independent body. Neither the CEC nor any of the ECs are beholden to any Government functionary including the top bureaucrat, Cabinet Secretary,&nbsp; except the Constitution of India.&nbsp; ECI’s Anodyne Press Release&nbsp;However, it is salutary to note that the grave lapses of CEC Gyanesh Kumar has been exposed not by opposition party leaders but by two election commissioners who gave in writing their valid and lawful objections. Their concerns that ECI as an independent body has to function on the basis of the law and&nbsp; Constitution inspires confidence to salvage democracy which has been imperilled by powers that be.&nbsp;ECI’s press release in response to the Indian Express Expose never clarified on&nbsp; the issues uncovered by two Commissioners and stated in a matter of fact manner that &nbsp;it as a constitutional body functions under the strict mandate of Article 324 of the Constitution, statutory rules and established institutional conventions. Describing&nbsp; ECI&nbsp; as&nbsp; a “multi-member constitutional body,” it stated, &nbsp;
5“written notes, observations, technical suggestions and internal checks-and-balances are standard, ongoing practices designed to ensure complete transparency, legal compliance and operational rigour.”.“How Democracies Die”In their book “How Democracies Die,” Steven&nbsp; Levitsky &amp; Daniel&nbsp; Ziblatt observed that “Democratic backsliding today begins at the ballot box.”&nbsp; “The electoral road to breakdown,” they cautioned, “is dangerously deceptive.”&nbsp; Expressing sharp feeling of sadness they remarked, “There are no tanks in the streets. Constitutions and other nominally democratic institutions remain in place. People still vote. Elected autocrats maintain a veneer of democracy while eviscerating its substance. Many government efforts to subvert democracy are “legal,” in the sense that they are approved by the legislature or accepted by the courts. They may even be portrayed as efforts to improve democracy—making the judiciary more efficient, combating corruption, or cleaning up the electoral process”.&nbsp;SIR was started by CEC Gyanesh Kumar to clean up the electoral process. But the way in which Indian Express has brought to light the functioning of CEC to operationalise SIR has unmasked the malafide intent to subvert democracy and demolish the ideal of adult suffrage which sustained democracy in India and set a shining example for the rest of the world.&nbsp; Tragically that ideal is getting shattered&nbsp; through the way in which SIR processes are carried out.&nbsp;Ambedkar on Adult Franchise&nbsp;Over 107 years back, on January 27, 1919, Ambedkar while giving&nbsp;evidence before the Southborough Committee on Franchise, stated: “The chief significance of suffrage or a political right consists in a chance for active and direct participation in the regulation of the terms upon which associated life shall be sustained.”He pleaded by saying,&nbsp;“it would be better to pitch the franchise so low as to educate into political life as many untouchables as possible.”Because there was no universal adult franchise then in 1919, he argued for pitching franchise low so that underprivileged people could get a chance to be enrolled as voters and an inclusive voter list could be prepared.With great deal of sadness it is noted that in&nbsp;2026 the way CEC Kumar has functioned in violation of the Constitution and statutes to conduct SIR sadly demolishes that vision of Ambedkar. ","dateCreated":"2026-09-24T08:23:37+05:30","dateModified":"2026-09-24T18:54:24+05:30","name":"Two Election Commissioners Unmasking CEC Gyanesh Kumar’s Flagrant Violations Testify to EC’s Compromised Functioning","inLanguage":"en","isPartOf":{"@type":"WebPage","url":"https://theleaflet.in/governance-and-policy/two-election-commissioners-unmasking-cec-gyanesh-kumars-flagrant-violations-testify-to-ecs-compromised-functioning","primaryImageOfPage":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://cf-images.assettype.com/theleaflet/2026-09-24/t2llejyy/newindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif?w=1200&h=675&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=max&enlarge=true","width":"1200","height":"675"}},"articleSection":"Governance and Policy","alternativeHeadline":""}</script>
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64  unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
65}
66@font-face {
67  font-display: swap;
68  font-family: Lora;
69  font-style: normal;
70  font-weight: 400;
71  src: local("Lora Regular"), local("Lora-Regular"),
72    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIvMX1D_JOuMw77I-NP.woff2) format("woff2"),
73    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwr7JQ.woff) format("woff");
74  unicode-range: U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
75}
76@font-face {
77  font-display: swap;
78  font-family: Lora;
79  font-style: normal;
80  font-weight: 400;
81  src: local("Lora Regular"), local("Lora-Regular"),
82    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwX7I-NP.woff2) format("woff2"),
83    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwr7JQ.woff) format("woff");
84  unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
85}
86@font-face {
87  font-display: swap;
88  font-family: Lora;
89  font-style: normal;
90  font-weight: 400;
91  src: local("Lora Regular"), local("Lora-Regular"),
92    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwT7I-NP.woff2) format("woff2"),
93    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwr7JQ.woff) format("woff");
94  unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
95}
96@font-face {
97  font-display: swap;
98  font-family: Lora;
99  font-style: normal;
100  font-weight: 400;
101  src: local("Lora Regular"), local("Lora-Regular"),
102    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwr7Iw.woff2) format("woff2"),
103    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIvMX1D_JOuMwr7JQ.woff) format("woff");
104  unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC,
105    U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
106}
107@font-face {
108  font-display: swap;
109  font-family: Lora;
110  font-style: normal;
111  font-weight: 700;
112  src: local("Lora Bold"), local("Lora-Bold"),
113    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIgMX1D_JOuO7HeNtFumsmv.woff2) format("woff2"),
114    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIgMX1D_JOuO7HeNtxunA.woff) format("woff");
115  unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
116}
117@font-face {
118  font-display: swap;
119  font-family: Lora;
120  font-style: normal;
121  font-weight: 700;
122  src: local("Lora Bold"), local("Lora-Bold"),
123    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIgMX1D_JOuO7HeNthumsmv.woff2) format("woff2"),
124    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIgMX1D_JOuO7HeNtxunA.woff) format("woff");
125  unicode-range: U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
126}
127@font-face {
128  font-display: swap;
129  font-family: Lora;
130  font-style: normal;
131  font-weight: 700;
132  src: local("Lora Bold"), local("Lora-Bold"),
133    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIgMX1D_JOuO7HeNtNumsmv.woff2) format("woff2"),
134    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIgMX1D_JOuO7HeNtxunA.woff) format("woff");
135  unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
136}
137@font-face {
138  font-display: swap;
139  font-family: Lora;
140  font-style: normal;
141  font-weight: 700;
142  src: local("Lora Bold"), local("Lora-Bold"),
143    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIgMX1D_JOuO7HeNtJumsmv.woff2) format("woff2"),
144    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIgMX1D_JOuO7HeNtxunA.woff) format("woff");
145  unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
146}
147@font-face {
148  font-display: swap;
149  font-family: Lora;
150  font-style: normal;
151  font-weight: 700;
152  src: local("Lora Bold"), local("Lora-Bold"),
153    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIgMX1D_JOuO7HeNtxumg.woff2) format("woff2"),
154    url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lora/v12/0QIgMX1D_JOuO7HeNtxunA.woff) format("woff");
155  unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC,
156    U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
157}
158/* cyrillic-ext */
159@font-face {
160  font-family: 'PT Serif';
161  font-style: normal;
162  font-weight: 400;
163  src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v19/EJRVQgYoZZY2vCFuvAFbzr-tdg.woff2) format('woff2');
164  unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C8A, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
165font-display: swap; }
166/* cyrillic */
167@font-face {
168  font-family: 'PT Serif';
169  font-style: normal;
170  font-weight: 400;
171  src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v19/EJRVQgYoZZY2vCFuvAFSzr-tdg.woff2) format('woff2');
172  unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
173font-display: swap; }
174/* latin-ext */
175@font-face {
176  font-family: 'PT Serif';
177  font-style: normal;
178  font-weight: 400;
179  src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v19/EJRVQgYoZZY2vCFuvAFYzr-tdg.woff2) format('woff2');
180  unicode-range: U+0100-02BA, U+02BD-02C5, U+02C7-02CC, U+02CE-02D7, U+02DD-02FF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1D00-1DBF, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
181font-display: swap; }
182/* latin */
183@font-face {
184  font-family: 'PT Serif';
185  font-style: normal;
186  font-weight: 400;
187  src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v19/EJRVQgYoZZY2vCFuvAFWzr8.woff2) format('woff2');
188  unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
189font-display: swap; }
190/* cyrillic-ext */
191@font-face {
192  font-family: 'PT Serif';
193  font-style: normal;
194  font-weight: 700;
195  src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v19/EJRSQgYoZZY2vCFuvAnt66qfVyvHpA.woff2) format('woff2');
196  unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C8A, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
197font-display: swap; }
198/* cyrillic */
199@font-face {
200  font-family: 'PT Serif';
201  font-style: normal;
202  font-weight: 700;
203  src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v19/EJRSQgYoZZY2vCFuvAnt66qWVyvHpA.woff2) format('woff2');
204  unicode-range: U+0301, U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
205font-display: swap; }
206/* latin-ext */
207@font-face {
208  font-family: 'PT Serif';
209  font-style: normal;
210  font-weight: 700;
211  src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v19/EJRSQgYoZZY2vCFuvAnt66qcVyvHpA.woff2) format('woff2');
212  unicode-range: U+0100-02BA, U+02BD-02C5, U+02C7-02CC, U+02CE-02D7, U+02DD-02FF, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+1D00-1DBF, U+1E00-1E9F, U+1EF2-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20C0, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
213font-display: swap; }
214/* latin */
215@font-face {
216  font-family: 'PT Serif';
217  font-style: normal;
218  font-weight: 700;
219  src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v19/EJRSQgYoZZY2vCFuvAnt66qSVys.woff2) format('woff2');
220  unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
221font-display: swap; }
222
223        
224        body.fonts-loaded {--primaryFont: "Lora", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', 'Roboto', 'Oxygen', 'Ubuntu', 'Cantarell',
225  'Fira Sans', 'Droid Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;--secondaryFont: "PT Serif", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', 'Roboto', 'Oxygen', 'Ubuntu', 'Cantarell',
226  'Fira Sans', 'Droid Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;--fontsize-larger: 24px;--fontsize-halfjumbo: 32px;--fontsize-largest: 29px;--fontsize-smaller: 11px;--fontsize-small: 13px;--fontsize-medium: 16px;}
227        #sw-wrapper{position:fixed;background-color:#fff;align-items:center;margin:0 40px 48px;width:294px;height:248px;box-shadow:0 0 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.19);bottom:0;z-index:1001;flex-direction:column;display:none;right:0}.sw-app{font-weight:700;text-transform:capitalize}.sw-url{color:#858585;font-size:12px}#sw-wrapper .sw-wrapper--image{width:56px;margin-bottom:10px}#sw-wrapper #service-worker-popup{position:absolute;border:0;border-radius:0;bottom:32px;background-color:var(--primaryColor,#2c61ad)}#sw-wrapper #close-dialog{align-self:flex-end;border:0;background-color:transparent;color:var(--primaryColor,#000);padding:12px}#sw-wrapper #close-dialog svg{width:24px}@media (min-width:320px) and (max-width:767px){#sw-wrapper{position:fixed;background-color:#fff;width:100%;align-items:center;justify-content:start;height:248px;bottom:0;z-index:1001;flex-direction:column;margin:0}}
228        </style>
229    <style>
230        /*! normalize.css v7.0.0 | MIT License | github.com/necolas/normalize.css */html{-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;line-height:1.15}article,aside,footer,header,nav,section{display:block}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}figcaption,figure,main{display:block}figure{margin:1em 40px}hr{box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible}pre{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em}a{-webkit-text-decoration-skip:objects;background-color:transparent}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline dotted}b,strong{font-weight:bolder}code,kbd,samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em}dfn{font-style:italic}mark{background-color:#ff0;color:#000}small{font-size:80%}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}sub{bottom:-.25em}sup{top:-.5em}audio,video{display:inline-block}audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0}img{border-style:none}svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:var(--primaryFont);font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0}button,input{overflow:visible}button,select{text-transform:none}[type=reset],[type=submit],button,html [type=button]{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=button]::-moz-focus-inner,[type=reset]::-moz-focus-inner,[type=submit]::-moz-focus-inner,button::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0}[type=button]:-moz-focusring,[type=reset]:-moz-focusring,[type=submit]:-moz-focusring,button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}fieldset{padding:.35em .75em .625em}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal}progress{display:inline-block;vertical-align:baseline}textarea{overflow:auto}[type=checkbox],[type=radio]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type=number]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}[type=search]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,[type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit}
230details,menu{display:block}summary{display:list-item}canvas{display:inline-block}[hidden],template{display:none}:root{--transparentBlack:rgba(53,53,53,.5);--blackTransparent:rgba(0,0,0,.2);--rgbBlack:0,0,0;--rgbWhite:255,255,255;--white:#fff;--black:#000;--shaded-grey:#6f6d70;--base-blue:#2f73e4;--slighty-darker-blue:#4860bc;--gray-light:#818181;--grey:#dadada;--light-blue:#e7e7f6;--orange:#e84646;--light-gray:#333;--off-grey:#dadee1;--lighter-gray:#797979;--darkest-gray:#333;--darker-gray:#313131;--faded-gray:#0f0f0f;--red:#ff7171;--bright-red:#de0c0b;--blue:#023048;--gray:#5c5c5c;--gray-darkest:#232323;--gray-lighter:#a4a4a4;--gray-lightest:#e9e6e6;--facebook:#4e71a8;--twitter:#1cb7eb;--linkedin:#0077b5;--whatsapp:#25d366;--concrete:#f2f2f2;--tundora:#4c4c4c;--greyBlack:#464646;--gray-whiter:#d8d8d8;--gray-white-fa:#fafafa;--lightBlue:#5094fb;--whitest:#eaeaea;--darkBlue:#132437;--paragraphColor:#4d4d4d;--success:#2dbe65;--defaultDarkBackground:#262626;--defaultDarkBorder:rgba(161,175,194,.1);--font-size-smaller:12px;--font-size-small:14px;--font-size-base:16px;--font-size-medium:18px;--fontsize-large:24px;--fontsize-larger:32px;--oneColWidth:73px;--sevenColWidth:655px;--outerSpace:calc(50vw - 594px);--headerWidth:122px;--headerLargeWidth:190px;--headerHeight:32px;--bold:bold;--normal:normal}@media (min-width:768px){:root{--headerWidth:300px;--headerHeight:56px;--headerLargeWidth:300px}}html{font-size:100%}body{font-family:var(--primaryFont);font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:var(--bodyLineHeight);text-rendering:auto}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,ol,p,ul{font-weight:400;margin:0;padding:0}h1{font-family:var(--primaryFont);font-size:2.25rem;font-weight:300;line-height:1.38889rem}h2{font-size:2rem;line-height:2.22222rem}h2,h3{font-family:var(--primaryFont);padding:.75rem 0 .5rem}h3{font-size:1.8125rem;line-height:1.24138rem;word-break:normal}h4{font-size:1.5rem}h4,h5{font-weight:700;line-height:1.33333rem}h5{font-size:1.125rem}h6{font-size:.8125rem;line-height:1.23077rem}p{font-size:1rem;line-height:var(--bodyLineHeight)}li,p{font-family:var(--primaryFont)}:root{--zIndex-60:600;--zIndex-header-item:601;--zIndex-social:499;--zIndex-social-popup:1000;--zIndex-sub-menu:9;--zIndex-99:99;--zIndex-search:999;--zIndex-menu:2;--zIndex-loader-overlay:1100}.play-icon{position:relative}.play-icon:after,.play-icon:before{content:"";display:block;left:50%;position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%)}.play-icon:before{background:#000;border-radius:50%;height:46px;opacity:.8;width:46px;z-index:10}@media (min-width:768px){.play-icon:before{height:60px;width:60px}}.play-icon:after{border-bottom:7px solid transparent;border-left:11px solid #fff;border-top:7px solid transparent;height:0;margin-left:2px;width:0;z-index:11}@media (min-width:768px){.play-icon:after{border-bottom:9px solid transparent;border-left:15px solid #fff;border-top:9px solid transparent}}.play-icon--small:before{height:46px;width:46px}@media (min-width:768px){.play-icon--small:before{height:46px;width:46px}}.play-icon--small:after{border-bottom:7px solid transparent;border-left:11px solid #fff;border-top:7px solid transparent}@media (min-width:768px){.play-icon--small:after{border-bottom:9px solid transparent;border-left:15px solid #fff;border-top:9px solid transparent}}.play-icon--medium:before{height:46px;width:46px}@media (min-width:768px){.play-icon--medium:before{height:65px;width:65px}}.play-icon--medium:after{border-bottom:7px solid transparent;border-left:11px solid #fff;border-top:7px solid transparent}@media (min-width:768px){.play-icon--medium:after{border-bottom:13px solid transparent;border-left:20px solid #fff;border-top:13px solid transparent}}.play-icon--large:before{height:46px;width:46px}@media (min-width:768px){.play-icon--large:before{height:100px;width:100px}}.play-icon--large:after{border-bottom:7px solid transparent;border-left:11px solid #fff;border-top:7px solid transparent}@media (min-width:768px){.play-icon--large:after{border-bottom:15px solid transparent;border-left:22px solid #fff;border-top:15px solid transparent}}.component-wrapper{overflow:auto;padding:32px 15px}.component-wrapper,.maxwidth-wrapper{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:1172px}.component-wrapper-fluid{margin-bottom:15px}@media (min-width:768px){.component-wrapper-fluid{padding-top:15px}}.card-background-color{background-color:var(--white)}
230.card>:nth-child(3){clear:both;content:""}.app-ad{overflow:hidden;text-align:center;width:100%}.app-ad--vertical{padding-bottom:15px;text-align:center}@media (min-width:768px){.app-ad--vertical{text-align:right}}.app-ad--mrec .adBox,.app-ad--mrec .adbutler-wrapper{padding:30px 0}.app-ad--story-mrec .adBox,.app-ad--story-mrec .adbutler-wrapper{padding-bottom:35px}.app-ad--leaderboard .adBox,.app-ad--leaderboard .adbutler-wrapper{padding:8px}.app-ad--horizontal{clear:both}.app-ad--horizontal .adBox,.app-ad--horizontal .adbutler-wrapper{padding:15px 0}.app-ad--story-horizontal .adBox,.app-ad--story-horizontal .adbutler-wrapper{padding-bottom:25px}.app-ad--grid-horizontal{grid-column:1/4}.video-play-icon{display:block;position:relative}.video-play-icon:before{background-size:88px;content:"";display:block;height:90px;left:50%;position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);width:90px;z-index:10}.qt-button{border-radius:100px;color:#fff;font-family:var(--primaryFont);font-size:1rem;font-weight:300;padding:10px 28px;text-align:center}.qt-button:hover{cursor:pointer}.qt-button--primary{background:#2f73e4}.qt-button--secondary{background:#2f73e4;border:1px solid #fff}.qt-button--transparent{background:transparent;border:2px solid #2f73e4;color:#2f73e4}.overlay{background:rgba(0,0,0,.09);display:none;height:100%;left:0;position:fixed;top:0;width:100%;z-index:600}.overlay--active{display:block}.sidebar{height:100%;left:0;overflow:scroll;padding:50px 48px;position:fixed;top:0;transform:translateX(-100%);transition:transform 375ms cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);width:100%;z-index:601}@media 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svg{color:var(--primaryHeaderTextColor)}.mega-menu-m__overlay__EKIT-{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);height:100vh;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:100%;width:100%;z-index:var(--zIndex-search)}.mega-menu-m__wrapper__I3Jzi{height:100vh}.mega-menu-m__mega-items__9mKmS{grid-column-gap:var(--arrow-fs-big);grid-row-gap:var(--arrow-fs-huge);background-color:var(--hamburgerAndMegaMenuBgColor);box-shadow:0 12px 16px 0 var(--blackTransparent);color:var(--hamburgerAndMegaMenuTextColor);display:grid;font-size:var(--arrow-fs-s);font-weight:700;left:0;max-height:65vh;overflow:scroll;padding:var(--arrow-fs-huge) 150px;right:0;top:1px;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;z-index:var(--z-index-1)}.mega-menu-m__sub-items__IXtMg .title,.mega-menu-m__sub-items__IXtMg a{border-bottom:1px solid rgb(var(--hamburgerAndMegaMenuTextColorRgba),.2);display:block;font-size:var(--arrow-fs-tiny);font-weight:var(--arrow-fw-normal);padding:var(--arrow-spacing-xs) 0}.mega-menu-m__sub-items__IXtMg 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230.app-download-links-m__wrapper__9IzzZ{grid-gap:var(--arrow-spacing-xs);align-items:center;display:flex;max-width:56px}.app-download-links-m__wrapper__9IzzZ a{height:24px;width:24px}.app-download-links-m__wrapper__9IzzZ div{line-height:0}.app-download-links-m__wrapper__9IzzZ svg{color:var(--secondaryHeaderTextColor)}.current-date-time-m__current-date__xDYEg{color:var(--black);color:var(--secondaryHeaderTextColor,var(--black));font-size:12px;font-weight:var(--arrow-fw-bold)}.current-date-time-m__space-right__18Zlb{margin-right:var(--arrow-spacing-xs)}.current-date-time-m__current-time__pXIcA{color:var(--black);color:var(--secondaryHeaderTextColor,var(--black));font-size:12px}.current-date-time-m__wrapper__2ah2u:last-child{line-height:30px}html[dir=rtl] .current-date-time-m__wrapper__2ah2u:last-child{border-right:none;padding-left:6px}.dark-mode-toggle-m__toggle-button__xgdJz{align-items:center;background-color:transparent;border:0;color:var(--primaryHeaderTextColor);cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-size:var(--arrow-fs-m);height:var(--arrow-spacing-20);justify-content:center;width:var(--arrow-spacing-20)}.footer-subscribe-button-module__subscribe-button__uh9GT{background-color:var(--black);background-color:var(--footerBackgroundColor,var(--black));border:1px solid var(--footerTextColor,var(--white));border-radius:2px;color:var(--white);color:var(--footerTextColor,var(--white));cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-family:var(--primaryFont);font-size:var(--arrow-fs-xs);font-weight:700;line-height:1.25;margin-top:17px;padding:6px var(--arrow-spacing-m) 6px}.shorts-pill-m__shorts-pill__liZxv{grid-gap:6px;align-items:center;background:var(--primaryColor);border:none;border-radius:30px;box-shadow:0 4px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.21);color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;font-family:inherit;font-family:var(--primaryFont,inherit);font-size:var(--font-size-medium);font-weight:700;gap:6px;height:30px;justify-content:center;line-height:normal;padding:4px 10px;position:fixed;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;white-space:nowrap;z-index:9999}.shorts-pill-m__shorts-pill__liZxv:active{transform:scale(.98)}.shorts-pill-m__shorts-pill-text__Qf5W-{align-items:center;display:flex}.shorts-pill-m__shorts-pill-icon__20z1d{fill:currentColor;flex-shrink:0;height:18px;width:18px}.shorts-pill-m__shorts-pill--bottom-left__qiVo6{bottom:24px;left:24px}.shorts-pill-m__shorts-pill--bottom-right__eG0i5{bottom:24px;right:24px}.shorts-pill-m__shorts-pill--bottom-center__2AMkS{bottom:24px;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%)}@media (max-width:768px){.shorts-pill-m__shorts-pill__liZxv{grid-gap:8px;gap:8px;height:30px;padding:0 18px}.shorts-pill-m__shorts-pill--bottom-center__2AMkS,.shorts-pill-m__shorts-pill--bottom-left__qiVo6,.shorts-pill-m__shorts-pill--bottom-right__eG0i5{bottom:16px}.shorts-pill-m__shorts-pill--bottom-left__qiVo6{left:16px}.shorts-pill-m__shorts-pill--bottom-right__eG0i5{right:16px}}
231    </style>
232    <style id="theme-css">.qt-theme__color {
233        color: #A80000 !important;
234      }
235      .qt-theme__color--border {
236        border-color: #A80000 !important;
237      }
238      .blank-story .story-element-text a:after {
239        background-color: #A80000 !important;
240      }
241      .card--align-left .story-element-text-quote,
242      .card--align-left .story-element-text-blockquote,
243      .card--align-left .story-element-text-blurb,
244      .card--align-right .story-element-text-quote,
245      .card--align-right .story-element-text-blockquote,
246      .card--align-right .story-element-text-blurb {
247        border-color: #A80000 !important;
248      }
249      ::-moz-selection {
250             background-color: #A80000;
251             color: #FFF;
252             opacity: 0.5;
253      }
254      ::selection {
255             background-color: #A80000;
256             color: #FFF;
257             opacity: 0.5;
258      }
259      :root {--modeColor: #333;
260--tableTextColor: #000;
261--titleElementColor: unset;
262--headlineLineHeight: 1.4;
263--bodyLineHeight: 1.5;
264--bleedCarouseltitleLineHeight: 1.4;
265--primaryHeaderBackgroundColor: #A80000;
266--primaryHeaderTextColor: #ffffff;
267--secondaryHeaderTextColor: #333333;
268--secondaryHeaderBackgroundColor: #ffffff;
269--hamburgerAndMegaMenuBgColor: #A80000;
270--hamburgerAndMegaMenuTextColor: #ffffff;
271--footerTextColor: #ffffff;
272--footerBackgroundColor: #000000;
273--breakingNewsBgColor: #A80000;
274--breakingNewsTextColor: #ffffff;
275--subscription_color: #A80000;
276--placeholderBackground: #f4f5f7;
277--primaryFont: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell;
278--secondaryFont: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell;
279--bleedCarouselSectionColor: #fff;
280--bleedCarouselSectionBackgroundColor: rgba(216,37,28,.7);
281--bleedCarouselTitleColor: #fff;
282--bleedCarouselTitleBackgroundColor: transparent;
283--bleedCarouselAuthorColor: #D4D4D4;
284--bleedCarouselAuthorBackgroundColor: transparent;
285--primaryColorRgba: 168, 0, 0;
286--primaryHeaderTextColorRgba: 255, 255, 255;
287--secondaryHeaderTextColorRgba: 51, 51, 51;
288--hamburgerAndMegaMenuTextColorRgba: 255, 255, 255;
289--halfWidthCarouselHeadingColor: #333333;
290--halfWidthCarouselDescriptionColor: #4c4c4c;
291--halfWidthCarouselAuthorColor: #515151;
292--halfWidthCarouselheadlineLineHeight: 1.2;
293--textElementHyperlinkColor: #2f81cd;
294--headerBackgroundColor: #fff;
295--headerIconColor: #a9a9a9;
296--headerTextColor: #333;
297--primaryColor: #A80000;
298--primaryContrastColor: #FFFFFF;
299--textColor: #333;
300--defaultBgColor: #ffffff;
301--staticHeadlineColor: #0D0D0D;
302--staticTextColor: #636363;
303--staticInfoColor: #D1D1D1;
304--standardBgColor: #ffffff;
305--loginButtonColor: #A80000;
306--nxtHeaderBackgroundColor: undefined;
307--customPageCardColor: #FFFFFF;
308--customPageTagColor: #0000000A;
309--customPageBorderColor: #00000029;
310--customWidgetWrapperBackground: var(--arrow-c-accent5);
311--storyTagColor: #000000;
312--storyTagBorderColor: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
313}</style>
314        <style id="critical-css-0">.social-share-popup-m_basic-popup-wrapper__34h5Q,.social-share-popup-m_custom-popup-wrapper__fKMJC{border-radius:var(--arrow-spacing-xs) var(--arrow-spacing-xs) 0 0;bottom:0;left:0;padding:var(--arrow-spacing-m) var(--arrow-spacing-m) 40px;position:fixed;right:0;z-index:1101}@media (min-width:1025px){.social-share-popup-m_basic-popup-wrapper__34h5Q,.social-share-popup-m_custom-popup-wrapper__fKMJC{border-radius:var(--arrow-spacing-m);bottom:unset;padding:14px 14px var(--arrow-spacing-s);position:absolute;right:unset;top:56px;width:274px;z-index:99}.social-share-popup-m_custom-popup-wrapper__fKMJC{left:unset;top:54px}.social-share-popup-m_content-width-2__mid1m{width:124px}.social-share-popup-m_content-width-3__2kapi{width:174px}.social-share-popup-m_content-width-4__3sGlp{width:224px}.social-share-popup-m_content-width-5__WcfSJ{width:274px}.social-share-popup-m_content-width-6__2jIlZ{width:324px}}.social-share-popup-m_dark__26Igp.social-share-popup-m_basic-popup-wrapper__34h5Q,.social-share-popup-m_dark__26Igp.social-share-popup-m_custom-popup-wrapper__fKMJC{background-color:var(--arrow-c-light);border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0 -2px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1)}.social-share-popup-m_light__gQmxf.social-share-popup-m_basic-popup-wrapper__34h5Q,.social-share-popup-m_light__gQmxf.social-share-popup-m_custom-popup-wrapper__fKMJC{background-color:var(--arrow-c-dark);border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.14);box-shadow:0 -2px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14)}.social-share-popup-m_top-bar__174Um{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin-bottom:var(--arrow-spacing-xs)}.social-share-popup-m_close__3k-Hj{cursor:pointer;padding:var(--arrow-spacing-xxs) 0 var(--arrow-spacing-xxs) var(--arrow-spacing-xxs)}.social-share-popup-m_share-text__19E-F{font-size:var(--arrow-fs-s);font-weight:var(--arrow-fw-semi-bold)}.social-share-popup-m_dark__26Igp .social-share-popup-m_share-text__19E-F{color:#000}.social-share-popup-m_light__gQmxf .social-share-popup-m_share-text__19E-F{color:#fff}.social-share-popup-m_share-icon-wrapper__23U3C{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.social-share-popup-m_icon-wrapper__37Ww4{border-radius:2px;cursor:pointer;flex-shrink:0;height:44px;list-style-type:none;margin:6px var(--arrow-spacing-xs) 0 0;padding:6px;width:44px}@media (min-width:1025px){.social-share-popup-m_icon-wrapper__37Ww4{margin:6px 0 0 6px}}.social-share-popup-m_dark__26Igp .social-share-popup-m_icon-wrapper__37Ww4{background-color:var(--arrow-c-accent5)}.social-share-popup-m_light__gQmxf .social-share-popup-m_icon-wrapper__37Ww4{background-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.071)}.social-share-popup-m_dark__26Igp.social-share-popup-m_basic-popup-wrapper__34h5Q:before,.s
314ocial-share-popup-m_dark__26Igp.social-share-popup-m_custom-popup-wrapper__fKMJC:before{color:var(--arrow-c-light)}.social-share-popup-m_light__gQmxf.social-share-popup-m_basic-popup-wrapper__34h5Q:before,.social-share-popup-m_light__gQmxf.social-share-popup-m_custom-popup-wrapper__fKMJC:before{color:var(--arrow-c-dark)}@media (min-width:1025px){.social-share-popup-m_triangle__14z72{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);height:14px;top:-13px;width:16px;z-index:9}.social-share-popup-m_triangle__14z72,.social-share-popup-m_triangle__14z72:after{-webkit-clip-path:polygon(50% 0,0 100%,100% 100%);clip-path:polygon(50% 0,0 100%,100% 100%);position:absolute}.social-share-popup-m_triangle__14z72:after{background-color:var(--arrow-c-light);box-sizing:border-box;content:"";height:12px;top:2px;width:14px;z-index:-1}}.social-share-popup-m_light__gQmxf .social-share-popup-m_triangle__14z72{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.14)}.social-share-popup-m_light__gQmxf .social-share-popup-m_triangle__14z72:after{background-color:var(--arrow-c-dark)}@media (min-width:1025px){html[dir=ltr] .social-share-popup-m_basic-popup-wrapper__34h5Q .social-share-popup-m_triangle__14z72{left:32px}html[dir=ltr] .social-share-popup-m_basic-popup-wrapper__34h5Q .social-share-popup-m_triangle__14z72:after{left:1px}html[dir=ltr] .social-share-popup-m_basic-popup-wrapper__34h5Q{left:0}html[dir=ltr] .social-share-popup-m_custom-popup-wrapper__fKMJC .social-share-popup-m_triangle__14z72{right:14px}html[dir=ltr] .social-share-popup-m_custom-popup-wrapper__fKMJC .social-share-popup-m_triangle__14z72:after{right:1px}html[dir=ltr] .social-share-popup-m_custom-popup-wrapper__fKMJC{right:0}html[dir=ltr] .social-share-popup-m_share-icon-wrapper__23U3C :first-child,html[dir=ltr] .social-share-popup-m_share-icon-wrapper__23U3C :nth-child(7){margin-left:0}html[dir=rtl] .social-share-popup-m_basic-popup-wrapper__34h5Q .social-share-popup-m_triangle__14z72{right:32px}html[dir=rtl] .social-share-popup-m_basic-popup-wrapper__34h5Q .social-share-popup-m_triangle__14z72:after{right:1px}}html[dir=rtl] .social-share-popup-m_icon-wrapper__37Ww4{margin:6px 6px 0 0}@media (min-width:1025px){html[dir=rtl] .social-share-popup-m_basic-popup-wrapper__34h5Q{right:0}html[dir=rtl] .social-share-popup-m_custom-popup-wrapper__fKMJC .social-share-popup-m_triangle__14z72{left:14px}html[dir=rtl] .social-share-popup-m_custom-popup-wrapper__fKMJC .social-share-popup-m_triangle__14z72:after{left:1px}html[dir=rtl] .social-share-popup-m_custom-popup-wrapper__fKMJC{left:0}html[dir=rtl] .social-share-popup-m_share-icon-wrapper__23U3C :first-child,html[dir=rtl] .social-share-popup-m_share-icon-wrapper__23U3C :nth-child(7){margin-right:0}}.social-share-popup-m_icon-wrapper__37Ww4 .copied-msg{border-radius:3px;padding:5px;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;transform:translate(-50%,-100%);white-space:nowrap;z-index:1000}.social-share-popup-m_icon-wrapper__37Ww4 .copied-msg.hidden{display:none}.social-share-popup-m_dark__26Igp .social-share-popup-m_icon-wrapper__37Ww4 .copied-msg,.social-share-popup-m_light__gQmxf .social-share-popup-m_icon-wrapper__37Ww4 .copied-msg{background-color:#333;color:#fff}.dot-m_dark__1Njxl{fill:var(--arrow-c-mono4)}.dot-m_light__27IA3{fill:var(--arrow-c-invert-mono4)}
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375<div id="widget-1767598668873_2f34b96d-2339-48a0-a598-ea21a3017dee"><div id="widget-1767598668873" style="margin:8px 0;--widget-height-mobile:50px;--widget-height-desktop:90px" class="widget-m__customWidgetWrapper__eCNOo widget-m__widget__bUJP1"></div></div><div style="background-color:#ffffff"><div class="story-m__wrapper__iut-B"><div data-test-id="text-story-headline-priority" style="background-color:#ffffff" class="arrow-component arr-story-grid arr--content-wrapper arr--text-story-template-wrapper text-story-m_headline-priority__2TsHT"><div class="text-story-m_header-details__3D-Xf"><a class="arrow-component arr--section-name" aria-label="section-name" href="https://theleaflet.in/governance-and-policy"><span data-test-id="sectionTag" style="background-color:initial" class="section-tag arrow-component section-m_dark__1r3C4 section-m_section__2N4S3 section-m_section-borderLeft__3hKVj"><span class="section-m_border-left__2oUyp" style="color:#A80000"></span>Governance and Policy<div class="section-m_border-bottom__3cRoD" style="background-color:#A80000"></div></span></a><div class="arrow-component arr--story-headline story-headline-m_wrapper__1Wey6"><h1 data-testid="story-headline" class="arr--story--headline-h1 story-headline-m_headline__x10-O story-headline-m_dark__1_kPz"><bdi>Two Election Commissioners Unmasking CEC Gyanesh Kumar’s Flagrant Violations Testify to EC’s Compromised Functioning</bdi></h1></div><div style="-webkit-line-clamp:none" data-test-id="subheadline" class="p-alt arr--sub-headline arrow-component  subheadline-m_subheadline__3fd7z subheadline-m_dark__28u00">Gandhi’s understanding that right to vote as a form of direct action against powers that be and Ambedkar’s interpretation of adult suffrage as right to active and direct participation to sustain associated life gets shattered by a compromised ECI </div></div><div class="text-story-m_story-content-inner-wrapper__s3KPp text-story-m_hero-image__288rD text-story-m_index-2__36i8Z" data-test-id="headline-priority-hero-image"><div data-test-id="arr--hero-image" class="arr--hero-image  hero-image-m_hero-image__3lraV hero-image-m_with-padding__324G_"><div class="hero-image-m_image-wrapper__2EIzt"><figure style="padding-top:56.25%" class="arr--responsive-hero-image  hero-image-m_image__1mz0U"><img src="//cf-images.assettype.com/theleaflet%2F2026-09-24%2Ft2llejyy%2Fnewindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif?w=480&amp;auto=format%2Ccompress&amp;fit=max" srcSet="//cf-images.assettype.com/theleaflet%2F2026-09-24%2Ft2llejyy%2Fnewindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif?w=480&amp;auto=format%2Ccompress&amp;fit=max 480w,//cf-images.assettype.com/theleaflet%2F2026-09-24%2Ft2llejyy%2Fnewindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif?w=640&amp;auto=format%2Ccompress&amp;fit=max 640w,//cf-images.assettype.com/theleaflet%2F2026-09-24%2Ft2llejyy%2Fnewindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif?w=768&amp;auto=format%2Ccompress&amp;fit=max 768w,//cf-images.assettype.com/theleaflet%2F2026-09-24%2Ft2llejyy%2Fnewindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif?w=1024&amp;auto=format%2Ccompress&amp;fit=max 1024w,//cf-images.assettype.com/theleaflet%2F2026-09-24%2Ft2llejyy%2Fnewindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif?w=1200&amp;auto=format%2Ccompress&amp;fit=max 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 50vw" fetchPriority="high" alt="Two Election Commissioners Unmasking CEC Gyanesh Kumar’s Flagrant Violations Testify to EC’s Compromised Functioning" class="qt-image arr-image-placeholder"/></figure><div class="hero-image-m_icon-wrapper__3ogj_"></div></div></div></div><div class="text-story-m_story-content-inner-wrapper__s3KPp"><div data-test-id="caption" class="arr--caption-attribution caption-attribution-m_caption__BM5NN caption-attribution-m_dark__uER8u"><span></span></div><div class="text-story-m_gap-16__5BPKQ"><div data-test-id="author-card-default" class="author-card-wrapper"><div class="author-card-m_author-card-wrapper__2tErR author-card-m_default__2dkRY"><div data-test-id="author-name" class="arr-name-share author-card-m_author-name-share__3vb9q author-card-m_single-author__2ponZ"><span><a aria-label="author-name" class="author-card-m_multiple-author-style__1Fd3D author-card-m_dark__1u0YB" href="/author/s-n-sahu">S.N. Sahu</a></span><div class="author-card-m_twitter-wrapper__2j5w0"></div></div></div></div><div data-test-id="author-card-default" class=""><div class="author-card-m_author-card-wrapper__2tErR author-card-m_default__2dkRY"><div data-test-id="author-image" class="arr-author-image author-card-m_author-image-wrapper__1at-z"></div><div data-test-id="author-name" class="arr-name-share author-card-m_author-name-share__3vb9q"></div></div></div><div class="text-story-m_timestamp-publish-details__3H1nX" id="publish-details-container-2f34b96d-2339-48a0-a598-ea21a3017dee"><div data-test-id="timeStamp" class="arrow-component arr--publish-details publish-details-m_timeStamp__2yL0k publish-details-m_dark__1L30z"><div data-test-id="publishDetails" class="publish-details-m_publish-details__2a1Xq publish-details-m_dark__1L30z">Published on<!-- -->: <div class="publish-details-m_date__3ZIQN"><time dateTime="2026-09-24 08:23:37 GMT+5:30">24 Sep 2026, 2:53 am</time></div></div></div></div><div class="text-story-m_share__FrlMt"><div id="story-share-2f34b96d-2339-48a0-a598-ea21a3017dee" class="content-style"><div data-test-id="fixed" class="arr--share social-share-template-m_fixed__2HXVB social-share-template-m_partial-icons-wrapper__2N5lf social-share-template-m_dark__1lmTM social-share-template-m_margin-24__2smky social-share-template-m_circular-icon__2k8oM"><ul data-test-id="circularColorSvg" class="social-share-template-m_icon-wrapper__1SXjo social-share-template-m_min-max-icon__ipPYm"><li data-testid="whatsapp" class="social-share-template-m_icon__1Mnu5">
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in Young India on June 18, 1931 that among the manifold aspects of Swaraj, adult suffrage constituted a key aspect which he interpreted as a form of direct action of people against powers that be. Manipulation of the electoral rolls leading to vote theft fatally impairs people’ ability to directly act against those wielding power.</p><p>While moving article 289 (now Article 324) of the draft Constitution on June 15, 1949, providing that&nbsp; superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission, B.R. Ambedkar warned that no injustice should be done by the Election Commission of India while preparing electoral roll and any thing contrary to it would “….cut at the very root of democratic government.”</p><p>&nbsp;Juxtapose the aforementioned vision of Gandhi and Ambedkar with the devastating expose of <a aria-label='content' target='_blank' href="https://indianexpress.com/article/express-exclusive/election-commission-sir-14-objections-gyanesh-kumar-sukhbir-singh-sandhu-vivek-joshi-10889737/">Indian Express</a> concerning unilateral and unconstitutional action of the&nbsp; Chief Election Commissioner(CEC) Gyanesh Kumar regarding voter registration, deleti
375on and restoration of names and access to electoral-roll data. The expose stunningly reveals that Gyanesh Kumar as CEC violated the constitutional mandate enshrined in&nbsp;Article 324 and law established by Supreme Court in <em>T N Seshan v Union of India</em> (1995) by not enlisting the participation of two other Election Commissioners, Sukhbir Singh Sandhu and Vivek Joshi, in the decision making process. On crucial issues concerning SIR the two Election Commissioners registered their written objections&nbsp; 14 times in 10 months<strong> </strong>and yet CEC Kumar defiantly violated the prescribed mandate that the Commission would take decisions either on the basis of consensus or by majority principle.&nbsp;</p><p>All the Election Commissioners are equal in status with the Chief Election Commissioner who is first among&nbsp; equals. So decisions of the Commission are mandatorily&nbsp; to be taken either on the principle of consensus or by majority principle. It is shocking that the CEC Kumar trampled upon the Constitution and law by keeping away Commissioners from key decision making processes concerning preparation of electoral rolls and other related aspects. According to the Supreme Court in <em>T N Seshan v Union of India</em> (1995) Article 324 entrusts elections to the Election Commission, not to an individual. Its warning that&nbsp; “It would be wrong to project the individual and eclipse the Election Commission” resonates in the context of CEC Kumar taking all key decisions concerning SIR and pushing two Election Commissioners to oblivion.&nbsp;</p></div></div><div class="arr--element-container story-element-card-m_element-container__1ZeJL story-element-card-m_dark__1AX15"><div data-test-id="blockquote" class="arrow-component arr--block-quote block-quote-m_blockquote-default__fZ8a1 "><div class="block-quote-m_quote-wrapper__83bEy"><div class="block-quote-m_icon__m-EIZ"><div class="icon-m_edge-wrapper__xUOdp"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64px" height="64px" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="inherit" d="M16.858 29.836v4.727H28V60H4V29.836c0-9.6 2.606-16.727 7.746-21.187C15.3 5.564 19.8 4 25.122 4v13.627c-2.888 0-8.264 0-8.264 12.209zm40.264-12.21V4c-5.32 0-9.82 1.564-13.376 4.65C38.606 13.108 36 20.236 36 29.835V60h24V34.563H48.857v-4.727c0-12.21 5.377-12.21 8.265-12.21z"></path></svg></div></div><div class="block-quote-m_wrapper__2KEhw" style="border-color:unset"><div class="block-quote-m_content__xpMqX block-quote-m_dark__HaZuG">The expose stunningly reveals that Gyanesh Kumar as CEC violated the constitutional mandate enshrined in Article 324 and law established by Supreme Court in T N Seshan v. Union of India (1995) by not enlisting the participation of two other Election Commissioners, Sukhbir Singh Sandhu and Vivek Joshi, in the decision making process.</div><div class="block-quote-m_attribution__2m4s2 block-quote-m_dark__HaZuG"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="arr--story-page-card-wrapper"><div class="arr--element-container story-element-card-m_element-container__1ZeJL story-element-card-m_dark__1AX15"><div style="color:#000" data-test-id="text" class="arrow-component arr--text-element text-m_textElement__e3QEt text-m_dark__1TC18 "><p><strong>Bold Stand by Two Election Commissioners&nbsp;</strong></p><p>It is worth underlining the crucial and critical point that the two&nbsp; Commissioners were not filing&nbsp; dissenting notes with CEC Kumar.&nbsp; They who formed the majority of the Commission charged that they were wilfully kept out of the decision making process and CEC Gyanesh Kumar took all decisions as if he alone represented the Election Commission of India by excluding Sukhbir Singh Sandhu and Vivek Joshi. Such egregious infractions of the Constitution and law with a view to preparing&nbsp; a curated electoral roll has very adverse consequences for our democracy the very foundation of which rests on the jurisprudence of adult franchise. It is a travesty of that jurisprudence if&nbsp; voters are deleted from the electoral roll on a mass scale and the burden of getting enrolled as a voter rests with the citizen by submitting documents to the ECI which are not easily available.&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Bengal Issue&nbsp;</strong></p><p>Take the example of West Bengal where SIR generated electoral rolls led to deletion of 2.7 million voters and they were asked to appeal for inclusion in the voter list by submitting their appeals to a judicial panel formed on the orders of the Supreme Court. Indian Express exposed that in Bengal appeals were filed for deleti
375on of 16.10 lakh voters who were included in the voter list after their names were cleared.&nbsp; Very mysteriously the Commission is not forthcoming to bring to the public domain&nbsp; the authorities of ECI who&nbsp; filed those appeals for that deletion. Election Commissioner Sandhu asked, “Who was authorised to file these appeals on behalf of ECI, and by whom?” and “Who actually filed these appeals on behalf of ECI?” He wrote that “....neither he nor Joshi nor the current Chief Electoral Officer of West Bengal had been informed about the basis or process of filing the appeals.” It is rather shocking that the ECI which has a glorious record of enrolling every Indian citizen as a voter is silent on the appeals filed on its behalf to delete 16.10 lakh voters cleared for inclusion in the voter list.&nbsp;</p><p>Ambedkar’s <a aria-label='content' target='_blank' href="https://thewire.in/politics/ecis-inaction-on-rahul-gandhis-allegations-of-vote-theft-violates-the-vision-of-gandhi-and-ambedkar">warning</a> of 1949 that no injustice should be done by the Election Commission of India while preparing electoral roll and any thing contrary to it would “….cut at the very root of democratic government” is playing out in the context of the appeals for deletion of above mentioned voters whose numbers exceed more than a million.&nbsp;</p></div></div></div><div class="arr--story-page-card-wrapper"><div class="arr--element-container story-element-card-m_element-container__1ZeJL story-element-card-m_dark__1AX15"><div style="color:#000" data-test-id="text" class="arrow-component arr--text-element text-m_textElement__e3QEt text-m_dark__1TC18 "><p><strong>Form-6 Issue&nbsp;</strong></p><p>Take another outrageous violation of law and constitutional principle involving Form-6 which is filled up by persons who are adult citizens of eighteen years of age to enroll their names in the voter list. All those who wished to fill that form had to mention &nbsp; their parents/ grandparents names as it existed&nbsp; in the “electoral roll of last SIR.” This information regarding the names of parents and grandparents were never there in the original Form 16 and it was added by ECI. What was done was patently illegal because such additions could only be done by amending the law and the power of such amendment vested with the Parliament and not ECI. It is tragic that those adult citizens wishing to get enrolled as voters could not proceed to fill Form 6 without mentioning in the illegally inserted provision asking for&nbsp; the names of parents or grandparents . &nbsp; As early as May this year, according to Indian Express expose, “ Joshi had warned on file that Form 6 could not be changed in this manner without the government amending the rules, and Sandhu had agreed.” And it is utterly shocking that ECI under the leadership of Gyanesh Kuamr has stubbornly retained those illegal insertions which deserved to be deleted forthwith.&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Issue of Software and Electoral Data Base&nbsp;</strong></p><p>What is quite worrisome is the ECI’s highly centralised monopoly of ECINet,&nbsp; the electoral data base&nbsp; for almost a billion voters, &nbsp; is maintained by the&nbsp; Electoral Registration Officers of the States who are&nbsp; the statutory authority mandated for&nbsp; additions, deletions and corrections of the electoral rolls. Both&nbsp; Commissioners Sandhu and Joshi raised alarm bells&nbsp; that the electoral-roll database was being centralised in ECI without allowing Electoral Registration Officers to have access to it for its operation. They wanted an independent technical audit to ascertain the way in which ECINet is made functional. In Goa, 97 people were found eligible to be included in the electoral roll by their EROs but they could not add them because the operation of&nbsp; ECINet was entirely controlled by ECI without any opportunity to EROs to operate it.&nbsp;</p><p>When Maneesh Garg, Senior Deputy Election Commissioner in the ECI ,&nbsp; was given the additional charge of &nbsp; administrative wing&nbsp; he&nbsp; allotted work afresh without the approval&nbsp; of the Commission.&nbsp; Two Election Commissioners perceived that&nbsp; such work allocation &nbsp; deepened&nbsp; concentration of power to operate electoral data base and so &nbsp; separately wrote&nbsp; to the Cabinet Secretary T V Somanathan about it. Such actions of ECs approaching Cabinet Secretary brought out the fact ECI is not an independent body. Neither the CEC nor any of the ECs are beholden to any Government functionary including the top bureaucrat, Cabinet Secretary,&nbsp; except the Constitution of India.&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>ECI’s Anodyne Press Release&nbsp;</strong></p><p>However, it is salutary to note that the grave lapses of CEC Gyanesh Kumar has been exposed not by opposition party leaders but by two election commissioners who gave in writing their valid and lawful objections. Their concerns that ECI as an independent body has to function on the basis of the law and&nbsp; Constitution inspires confidence to salvage democracy which has been imperilled by powers that be.&nbsp;</p><p>ECI’s press release in response to the Indian Express Expose never clarified on&nbsp; the issues uncovered by two Commissioners and stated in a matter of fact manner that &nbsp;it as a constitutional body functions under the strict mandate of Article 324 of the Constitution, statutory rules and established institutional conventions. Describing&nbsp; ECI&nbsp; as&nbsp; a “multi-member constitutional body,” it stated, &nbsp;
375“written notes, observations, technical suggestions and internal checks-and-balances are standard, ongoing practices designed to ensure complete transparency, legal compliance and operational rigour.”</p></div></div></div><div class="arr--story-page-card-wrapper"><div class="arr--element-container story-element-card-m_element-container__1ZeJL story-element-card-m_dark__1AX15"><div style="color:#000" data-test-id="text" class="arrow-component arr--text-element text-m_textElement__e3QEt text-m_dark__1TC18 "><p><strong>“How Democracies Die”</strong></p><p>In their book “How Democracies Die,” Steven&nbsp; Levitsky &amp; Daniel&nbsp; Ziblatt observed that “Democratic backsliding today begins at the ballot box.”&nbsp; “The electoral road to breakdown,” they cautioned, “is dangerously deceptive.”&nbsp; Expressing sharp feeling of sadness they remarked, “There are no tanks in the streets. Constitutions and other nominally democratic institutions remain in place. People still vote. Elected autocrats maintain a veneer of democracy while eviscerating its substance. Many government efforts to subvert democracy are “legal,” in the sense that they are approved by the legislature or accepted by the courts. They may even be portrayed as efforts to improve democracy—making the judiciary more efficient, combating corruption, or cleaning up the electoral process”.&nbsp;</p><p>SIR was started by CEC Gyanesh Kumar to clean up the electoral process. But the way in which Indian Express has brought to light the functioning of CEC to operationalise SIR has unmasked the malafide intent to subvert democracy and demolish the ideal of adult suffrage which sustained democracy in India and set a shining example for the rest of the world.&nbsp; Tragically that ideal is getting shattered&nbsp; through the way in which SIR processes are carried out.&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Ambedkar on Adult Franchise&nbsp;</strong></p><p>Over 107 years back, on January 27, 1919, Ambedkar while giving&nbsp;evidence before the Southborough Committee on Franchise, <a aria-label='content' target='_blank' href="https://thewire.in/rights/ambedkar-vision-one-person-one-vote-one-value-shattered-ec-sir">stated</a>: “The chief significance of suffrage or a political right consists in a chance for active and direct participation in the regulation of the terms upon which associated life shall be sustained.”</p><p>He pleaded by saying,&nbsp;“it would be better to pitch the franchise so low as to educate into political life as many untouchables as possible.”</p><p>Because there was no universal adult franchise then in 1919, he argued for pitching franchise low so that underprivileged people could get a chance to be enrolled as voters and an inclusive voter list could be prepared.</p><p>With great deal of sadness it is noted that in&nbsp;2026 the way CEC Kumar has functioned in violation of the Constitution and statutes to conduct SIR sadly demolishes that vision of Ambedkar. </p></div></div></div><div class="text-story-m_story-tags__Roh7y"><div class="arrow-component arr--story-tags"></div></div><div id="story-footer-2f34b96d-2339-48a0-a598-ea21a3017dee"></div></div></div><div class="text-story-m_text-story-side-column__ChMaj"><div style="background-color:#ffffff" data-nosnippet="true" data-test-id="aside-collection" class="arrow-component arr--aside-collection aside-collection-m_wrapper__2TJi5 aside-collection-m_sticky__AZXBP aside-collection-m_top-header-six__3Ytr9"><div id="aside-collection-0_2f34b96d-2339-48a0-a598-ea21a3017dee"><div style="border-bottom:none" data-test-id="collection-name" class="arr--collection-name arrow-component  collection-name-m_collection__JD6sx collection-name-m_dark__nMe5H"><h2>Related Stories</h2></div><div class="aside-collection-m_stories__9wfUs"><div class="aside-story aside-collection-m_story__17Jdm"><div data-test-id="story-card" style="background-color:#ffffff" class="arr--story-card  storycard-m_card__KJwRa storycard-m_horizontal-card___7afz storycard-m_border-default__PEZ1x storycard-m_dark__2wCTq"><div class="aside-hero-image aside-collection-m_story-hero-image__13nFY"><a data-test-id="arr--hero-image" aria-label="fallback-hero-image" class="arr--hero-image  hero-image-m_hero-image__3lraV" href="https://theleaflet.in/supreme-court/wrong-precedent-lawyers-body-protests-supreme-court
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397002Felection-commission-sir-14-objections-gyanesh-kumar-sukhbir-singh-sandhu-vivek-joshi-10889737\u002F\"\u003EIndian Express\u003C\u002Fa\u003E concerning unilateral and unconstitutional action of the&nbsp; Chief Election Commissioner(CEC) Gyanesh Kumar regarding voter registration, deletion and restoration of names and access to electoral-roll data. The expose stunningly reveals that Gyanesh Kumar as CEC violated the constitutional mandate enshrined in&nbsp;Article 324 and law established by Supreme Court in \u003Cem\u003ET N Seshan v Union of India\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (1995) by not enlisting the participation of two other Election Commissioners, Sukhbir Singh Sandhu and Vivek Joshi, in the decision making process. On crucial issues concerning SIR the two Election Commissioners registered their written objections&nbsp; 14 times in 10 months\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Eand yet CEC Kumar defiantly violated the prescribed mandate that the Commission would take decisions either on the basis of consensus or by majority principle.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAll the Election Commissioners are equal in status with the Chief Election Commissioner who is first among&nbsp; equals. So decisions of the Commission are mandatorily&nbsp; to be taken either on the principle of consensus or by majority principle. It is shocking that the CEC Kumar trampled upon the Constitution and law by keeping away Commissioners from key decision making processes concerning preparation of electoral rolls and other related aspects. According to the Supreme Court in \u003Cem\u003ET N Seshan v Union of India\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (1995) Article 324 entrusts elections to the Election Commission, not to an individual. Its warning that&nbsp; “It would be wrong to project the individual and eclipse the Election Commission” resonates in the context of CEC Kumar taking all key decisions concerning SIR and pushing two Election Commissioners to oblivion.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002F2f34b96d-2339-48a0-a598-ea21a3017dee\u002Felement\u002Fc6109627-1cb0-4275-9b1a-12115db3197b","type":"text","family-id":"ad65935c-00ef-4c42-b9a2-86664813faa5","title":"","id":"c6109627-1cb0-4275-9b1a-12115db3197b","metadata":{"content":"The expose stunningly reveals that Gyanesh Kumar as CEC violated the constitutional mandate enshrined in Article 324 and law established by Supreme Court in T N Seshan v. Union of India (1995) by not enlisting the participation of two other Election Commissioners, Sukhbir Singh Sandhu and Vivek Joshi, in the decision making process.","attribution":""},"subtype":"blockquote","text":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003EThe expose stunningly reveals that Gyanesh Kumar as CEC violated the constitutional mandate enshrined in&nbsp;Article 324 and law established by Supreme Court in T N Seshan v. Union of India (1995) by not enlisting the participation of two other Election Commissioners, Sukhbir Singh Sandhu and Vivek Joshi, in the decision making process.\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"attribution\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1790255283335,"content-version-id":"7a40d78b-2d3c-4314-9cd1-418277579f22","card-added-at":1790218197453,"status":"draft","id":"77f4631f-0b59-439e-b0a4-9d6851694ae4","content-id":"77f4631f-0b59-439e-b0a4-9d6851694ae4","version":12,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Two Election Commissioners Unmasking CEC Gyanesh Kumar’s Flagrant Violations Testify to EC’s Compromised Functioning","message":"Gandhi’s understanding that right to vote as  a form of direct action against powers that be and Ambedkar’s  interpretation of adult suffrage as  right to active and direct participation to sustain associated life gets shattered by a compromised ECI  ","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-09-24\u002Ft2llejyy\u002Fnewindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":480,"height":319,"mime-type":"image\u002Fjpeg","file-size":26300,"file-name":"newindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif","focus-point":null}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002F2f34b96d-2339-48a0-a598-ea21a3017dee\u002Felement\u002F8af8bcab-4133-48d4-8f70-21766a52706d","type":"text","family-id":"05fc0373-b3b3-4fbc-b236-25a7eebe3ae6","title":"","id":"8af8bcab-4133-48d4-8f70-21766a52706d","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBold Stand by Two Ele
397ction Commissioners&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt is worth underlining the crucial and critical point that the two&nbsp; Commissioners were not filing&nbsp; dissenting notes with CEC Kumar.&nbsp; They who formed the majority of the Commission charged that they were wilfully kept out of the decision making process and CEC Gyanesh Kumar took all decisions as if he alone represented the Election Commission of India by excluding Sukhbir Singh Sandhu and Vivek Joshi. Such egregious infractions of the Constitution and law with a view to preparing&nbsp; a curated electoral roll has very adverse consequences for our democracy the very foundation of which rests on the jurisprudence of adult franchise. It is a travesty of that jurisprudence if&nbsp; voters are deleted from the electoral roll on a mass scale and the burden of getting enrolled as a voter rests with the citizen by submitting documents to the ECI which are not easily available.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBengal Issue&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETake the example of West Bengal where SIR generated electoral rolls led to deletion of 2.7 million voters and they were asked to appeal for inclusion in the voter list by submitting their appeals to a judicial panel formed on the orders of the Supreme Court. Indian Express exposed that in Bengal appeals were filed for deletion of 16.10 lakh voters who were included in the voter list after their names were cleared.&nbsp;
397 Very mysteriously the Commission is not forthcoming to bring to the public domain&nbsp; the authorities of ECI who&nbsp; filed those appeals for that deletion. Election Commissioner Sandhu asked, “Who was authorised to file these appeals on behalf of ECI, and by whom?” and “Who actually filed these appeals on behalf of ECI?” He wrote that “....neither he nor Joshi nor the current Chief Electoral Officer of West Bengal had been informed about the basis or process of filing the appeals.” It is rather shocking that the ECI which has a glorious record of enrolling every Indian citizen as a voter is silent on the appeals filed on its behalf to delete 16.10 lakh voters cleared for inclusion in the voter list.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAmbedkar’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fthewire.in\u002Fpolitics\u002Fecis-inaction-on-rahul-gandhis-allegations-of-vote-theft-violates-the-vision-of-gandhi-and-ambedkar\"\u003Ewarning\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of 1949 that no injustice should be done by the Election Commission of India while preparing electoral roll and any thing contrary to it would “….cut at the very root of democratic government” is playing out in the context of the appeals for deletion of above mentioned voters whose numbers exceed more than a million.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1790256220007,"content-version-id":"6e97bb1d-b1ac-4545-8fb9-1881dc130c56","card-added-at":1790218239880,"status":"draft","id":"a2c1b041-19f2-47ef-82c1-a5e0fe42faf5","content-id":"a2c1b041-19f2-47ef-82c1-a5e0fe42faf5","version":9,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Two Election Commissioners Unmasking CEC Gyanesh Kumar’s Flagrant Violations Testify to EC’s Compromised Functioning","message":"Gandhi’s understanding that right to vote as  a form of direct action against powers that be and Ambedkar’s  interpretation of adult suffrage as  right to active and direct participation to sustain associated life gets shattered by a compromised ECI  ","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-09-24\u002Ft2llejyy\u002Fnewindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":480,"height":319,"mime-type":"image\u002Fjpeg","file-size":26300,"file-name":"newindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif","focus-point":null}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002F2f34b96d-2339-48a0-a598-ea21a3017dee\u002Felement\u002Fe45b40d6-2b5a-4ec8-a4f5-e2dfd775f5f4","type":"text","family-id":"c17b9603-52b5-4e24-bc4f-ff44ea088f3d","title":"","id":"e45b40d6-2b5a-4ec8-a4f5-e2dfd775f5f4","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EForm-6 Issue&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETake another outrageous violation of law and constitutional principle involving Form-6 which is filled up by persons who are adult citizens of eighteen years of age to enroll their names in the voter list. All those who wished to fill that form had to mention &nbsp; their parents\u002F grandparents names as it existed&nbsp; in the “electoral roll of last SIR.” This information regarding the names of parents and grandparents were never there in the original Form 16 and it was added by ECI. What was done was patently illegal because such additions could only be done by amending the law and the power of such amendment vested with the Parliament and not ECI. It is tragic that those adult citizens wishing to get enrolled as voters could not proceed to fill Form 6 without mentioning in the illegally inserted provision asking for&nbsp; the names of parents or grandparents . &nbsp; As early as May this year, according to Indian Express expose, “ Joshi had warned on file that Form 6 could not be changed in this manner without the government amending the rules, and Sandhu had agreed.” And it is utterly shocking that ECI under the leadership of Gyanesh Kuamr has stubbornly retained those illegal insertions which deserved to be deleted forthwith.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIssue of Softw
397are and Electoral Data Base&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhat is quite worrisome is the ECI’s highly centralised monopoly of ECINet,&nbsp; the electoral data base&nbsp; for almost a billion voters, &nbsp; is maintained by the&nbsp; Electoral Registration Officers of the States who are&nbsp; the statutory authority mandated for&nbsp; additions, deletions and corrections of the electoral rolls. Both&nbsp; Commissioners Sandhu and Joshi raised alarm bells&nbsp; that the electoral-roll database was being centralised in ECI without allowing Electoral Registration Officers to have access to it for its operation. They wanted an independent technical audit to ascertain the way in which ECINet is made functional. In Goa, 97 people were found eligible to be included in the electoral roll by their EROs but they could not add them because the operation of&nbsp; ECINet was entirely controlled by ECI without any opportunity to EROs to operate it.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen Maneesh Garg, Senior Deputy Election Commissioner in the ECI ,&nbsp; was given the additional charge of &nbsp; administrative wing&nbsp; he&nbsp; allotted work afresh without the approval&nbsp; of the Commission.&nbsp; Two Election Commissioners perceived that&nbsp; such work allocation &nbsp; deepened&nbsp; concentration of power to operate electoral data base and so &nbsp; separately wrote&nbsp; to the Cabinet Secretary T V Somanathan about it. Such actions of ECs approaching Cabinet Secretary brought out the fact ECI is not an independent body. Neither the CEC nor any of the ECs are beholden to any Government functionary including the top bureaucrat, Cabinet Secretary,&nbsp; except the Constitution of India.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E \u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EECI’s Anodyne Press Release&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHowever, it is salutary to note that the grave lapses of CEC Gyanesh Kumar has been exposed not by opposition party leaders but by two election commissioners who gave in writing their valid and lawful objections. Their concerns that ECI as an independent body has to function on the basis of the law and&nbsp; Constitution inspires confidence to salvage democracy which has been imperilled by powers that be.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EECI’s press release in response to the Indian Express Expose never clarified on&nbsp; the issues uncovered by two Commissioners and stated in a matter of fact manner that &nbsp;it as a constitutional body functions under the strict mandate of Article 324 of the Constitution, statutory rules and established institutional conventions. Describing&nbsp; ECI&nbsp; as&nbsp; a “multi-member constitutional body,” it stated, &nbsp;“written notes, observations, technical suggestions and internal checks-and-balances are standard, ongoing practices designed to ensure complete transparency, legal compliance and operational rigour.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1790236476432,"content-version-id":"dbc65299-5c3e-4a88-b2ca-389e1bca6de1","card-added-at":1790218253112,"status":"draft","id":"498d2af8-1e2d-4432-aeaf-65ab5992c154","content-id":"498d2af8-1e2d-4432-aeaf-65ab5992c154","version":5,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Two Election Commissioners Unmasking CEC Gyanesh Kumar’s Flagrant Violations Testify to EC’s Compromised Functioning","message":"Gandhi’s understanding that right to vote as  a form of direct action against powers that be and Ambedkar’s  interpretation of adult suffrage as  right to active and direct participation to sustain associated life gets shattered by a compromised ECI  ","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-09-24\u002Ft2llejyy\u002Fnewindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":480,"height":319,"mime-type":"image\u002Fjpeg","file-size":26300,"file-name":"newindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif","focus-point":null}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002F2f34b96d-2339-48a0-a598-ea21a3017dee\u002Felement\u002F78017c24-440c-407f-b869-6c0f5fdf4832","type":"text","family-id":"e54f9773-5545-4011-a924-1a6dcc56eddb","title":"","id":"78017c24-440c-407f-b869-6c0f5fdf4832","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E“How Democracies Die”\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn their book “How Democracies Die,” Steven&nbsp; Levitsky &amp; Daniel&nbsp; Ziblatt observed that “Democratic backsliding today begins at the ballot box.”&nbsp; “The electoral road to breakdown,” they cautioned, “is dangerously deceptive.”&nbsp; Expressing sharp feeling of sadness they remarked, “There are no tanks in the streets. Constitutions and other nominally democratic institutions remain in place. People still vote. Elected autocrats maintain a veneer of democracy while eviscerating its substance. Many government efforts to subvert democracy are “legal,” in the sense that they are approved by the legislature or accepted by the courts. They may even be portrayed as efforts to improve democracy—making the judiciary more efficient, combating corruption, or cleaning up the electoral process”.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESIR was started by CEC Gyanesh Kumar to clean up the electoral process. But the way in which Indian Express has brought to light the functioning of CEC to operationalise SIR has unmasked the malafide intent to subvert democracy and demolish the ideal of adult suffrage which sustained democracy in India and set a shining example for the rest of the world.&nbsp; Tragically that ideal is getting shattered&nbsp; through the way in which SIR processes are carried out.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAmbedkar on Adult Franchise&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOver 107 years back, on January 27, 1919, Ambedkar while giving&nbsp;evidence before the Southborough Committee on Franchise, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fthewire.in\u002Frights\u002Fambedkar-vision-one-person-one-vote-one-value-shattered-ec-sir\"\u003Estated\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: “The chief significance of suffrage or a political right consists in a chance for active and direct participation in the regulation of the terms upon which associated life shall be sustained.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHe pleaded by saying,&nbsp;“it would be better to pitch the franchise so low as to educate into political life as many untouchables as possible.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBecause there was no universal adult franchise then in 1919, he argued for pitching franchise low so that underprivileged people could get a chance to be enrolled as voters and an inclusive voter list could be prepared.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWith great deal of sadness it is noted that in&nbsp;2026 the way CEC Kumar has functioned in violation of the Constitution and statutes to conduct SIR sadly demolishes that vision of Ambedkar. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1790255764680,"content-version-id":"76cb277f-d3a9-4c21-aa51-c
3975ce86fd59df","card-added-at":1790218267125,"status":"draft","id":"19a9dde1-97e2-4f83-b09b-8ef453df0b31","content-id":"19a9dde1-97e2-4f83-b09b-8ef453df0b31","version":6,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Two Election Commissioners Unmasking CEC Gyanesh Kumar’s Flagrant Violations Testify to EC’s Compromised Functioning","message":"Gandhi’s understanding that right to vote as  a form of direct action against powers that be and Ambedkar’s  interpretation of adult suffrage as  right to active and direct participation to sustain associated life gets shattered by a compromised ECI  ","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-09-24\u002Ft2llejyy\u002Fnewindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":480,"height":319,"mime-type":"image\u002Fjpeg","file-size":26300,"file-name":"newindianexpress2026-09-23kyq4t6mw20260530109L.avif","focus-point":null}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Fgovernance-and-policy\u002Ftwo-election-commissioners-unmasking-cec-gyanesh-kumars-flagrant-violations-testify-to-ecs-compromised-functioning","story-version-id":"92475244-e1b3-46ff-b3de-cf8fb47b08e5","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1790256269620,"author-id":2116657,"owner-id":2173166,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1790218417147,"hero-image-caption":null,"redirect":true,"version":18,"story-template":"text","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1790256219991,"authors":[{"slug":"s-n-sahu","social":{},"name":"S.N. Sahu","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https:\u002F\u002Fcf-images.assettype.com\u002Ftheleaflet\u002F2025-01-05\u002Fbz2p4wqc\u002FScreenshot_2021_07_23_at_5_32_26_PM_75x75.avif","bio":"The author was Press Secretary to President of India late KR Narayanan.","id":2116657,"avatar-s3-key":"theleaflet\u002F2025-01-05\u002Fbz2p4wqc\u002FScreenshot_2021_07_23_at_5_32_26_PM_75x75.avif","twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":false}},"subscription-metadata":null,"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Siva Sankar Santhosh","customSlotAfterStory":{},"hasSummary":false,"firstStory":false},"relatedStories":[{"updated-at":1790255137479,"seo":{"claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":2423897,"author-name":"Ajitesh Singh","tags":[],"headline":"‘Wrong Precedent’: Lawyers’ Body Protests Supreme Court’s Handling Of Noida DM’s Plea","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"161cf128-f617-4602-9a5d-9a415dc13ddd","slug":"supreme-court\u002Fwrong-precedent-lawyers-body-protests-supreme-courts-handling-of-noida-dms-plea","last-published-at":1790254251263,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"In an open letter to the Chief Justice of India, the Lawyers Association for Constitution has pointed out that out-of-turn listing and muted hearing in the Noida DM's case set a troubling precedent for judicial transparency.","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"supreme-court","name":"Supreme Court","section-url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Fsupreme-court","id":84888,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Supreme Court","collection":{"slug":"supreme-court","name":"Supreme Court","id":194240},"data":null},{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"life-and-liberty","name":"Life and Liberty","section-url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Flife-and-liberty","id":84887,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Life and Liberty","collection":{"slug":"life-and-liberty","name":"Life and Liberty","id":194239},"data":null}],"read-time":2,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1790253501481,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Ajitesh Singh","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":7248,"hero-image-metadata":{"mime-type":"image\u002Fjpeg","width":1672,"file-size":238849,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Jul-2-2026-012849-PM.png","height":941,"focus-point":null},"comments":null,"word-count":514,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null,"linked-with-story-fields-status":{"title":null,"message":null}}},"entities":{},"published-at":1790254251263,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1790255140775,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":null,"bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"161cf128-f617-4602-9a5d-9a415dc13ddd","hero-image-s3-key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-09-24\u002Fhocg1twj\u002FChatGPT-Image-Jul-2-2026-012849-PM.png","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002F161cf128-f617-4602-9a5d-9a415dc13ddd\u002Felement\u002F49a4e543-9738-4d07-95d7-2c9d6088be40","type":"text","family-id":"b912685b-1753-44ed-9902-19b981bf56fe","title":"","id":"49a4e543-9738-4d07-95d7-2c9d6088be40","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETHE LAWYERS ASSOCIATION FOR CONSTITUTION\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E (‘LAFC’) has written to the Chief Justice of India questioning the special listing and muted live proceedings in the case of Noida District Magistrate Medha Roopam.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELAFC has sent an open letter to the Chief Justice of India protesting the listing of two petitions filed over strictures passed against Gautam Buddh Nagar District Magistrate Medha Roopam. The letter, dated September 24, objects to the matter being placed before a particular bench outside the ordinary roster, and to the muting of the video conferencing feed during the hearing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“The out-of-turn listing of the case has received special treatment and tends to set a wrong precedent,” the LAFC wrote. The letter noted that Roopam “also happens to be the daughter of the Chief Election Commissioner of India,” namely Gyanesh Kumar.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002F161cf128-f617-4602-9a5d-9a415dc13ddd\u002Felement\u002F323563aa-fa1e-4d9c-a15c-2fd6c33ec888","type":"text","family-id":"524aa269-23db-4aaa-a6ce-148c301d5964","title":"","id":"323563aa-fa1e-4d9c-a15c-2fd6c33ec888","metadata":{"linked-story-id":"81f839ea-2f4f-4bd1-b6be-97fa18e56075","linked-story":{"updated-at":1788879538979,"author-name":"S.N. Sahu","headline":"Allahabad High Court Quashing NSA Against Akriti and Indicting Civil Servants Captures Sardar Patel and Ambedkar’s Vision \n","story-content-id":"81f839ea-2f4f-4bd1-b6be-97fa18e56075","is-published":true,"slug":"high-courts\u002Fallahabad-high-court-quashing-nsa-against-akriti-and-indicting-civil-servants-captures-sardar-patel-and-ambedkars-vision","highlighted-external-id":null,"last-published-at":1788879542699,"highlighted-text":null,"alternative":{},"sections":[{"id":84889,"name":"High Courts","slug":"high-courts","data":null},{"id":84887,"name":"Life and Liberty","slug":"life-and-liberty","data":null}],"highlighted-slug":null,"public-preview-url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Fpreview\u002Fstory\u002F0w2Puh83zw1UqqIA_I1PoimhUEetd2n7TmNpLyYsC1sWN5C4pFDYoQGfNqamJwCp","published-at":1788879542699,"status":"published","i
397d":"81f839ea-2f4f-4bd1-b6be-97fa18e56075","content-type":"story","frontend-url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Fhigh-courts\u002Fallahabad-high-court-quashing-nsa-against-akriti-and-indicting-civil-servants-captures-sardar-patel-and-ambedkars-vision","author-id":2116657,"highlighted-headline":null,"story-template":"text","authors":[{"id":2116657,"name":"S.N. Sahu","email":"[email protected]"}],"metadata":{},"highlighted-public-identifier":null,"public-preview-key":"0w2Puh83zw1UqqIA_I1PoimhUEetd2n7TmNpLyYsC1sWN5C4pFDYoQGfNqamJwCp","publish-at":null}},"subtype":"also-read","text":"Allahabad High Court Quashing NSA Against Akriti and Indicting Civil Servants Captures Sardar Patel and Ambedkar’s Vision \n"}],"card-updated-at":1790254065063,"content-version-id":"5da4d53e-cebf-43b6-9a6c-131f70657a6d","card-added-at":1790253501501,"status":"draft","id":"d446e9c7-5c55-438e-ae8e-efe153c75097","content-id":"d446e9c7-5c55-438e-ae8e-efe153c75097","version":12,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"‘Wrong Precedent’: Lawyers’ Body Protests Supreme Court’s Handling Of Noida DM’s Plea","message":null,"image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-09-24\u002Fhocg1twj\u002FChatGPT-Image-Jul-2-2026-012849-PM.png","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"mime-type":"image\u002Fjpeg","width":1672,"file-size":238849,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Jul-2-2026-012849-PM.png","height":941,"focus-point":null}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002F161cf128-f617-4602-9a5d-9a415dc13ddd\u002Felement\u002F2f4d8e1b-1f4a-43ff-9d00-0cf4d336ea32","type":"text","family-id":"63f8a621-7520-4eab-ad72-16022289e000","title":"","id":"2f4d8e1b-1f4a-43ff-9d00-0cf4d336ea32","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe underlying case\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe dispute traces back to protests by workers in Noida demanding wage revisions. A student, Akriti Chaudhary, was detained under the \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mha.gov.in\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2022-08\u002FISdivII_NSAAct1980_20122018%5B1%5D.pdf\"\u003ENational Security Act\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E in connection with the unrest. The Allahabad High Court \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Fhigh-courts\u002Fsham-and-nothing-more-allahabad-hc-quashes-nsa-detention-of-student-activist-slaps-rs-5-lakh-fine-on-noida-dm\"\u003Equashed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E her detention and directed Roopam to pay Rs 5 lakh compensation from her own salary. Paragraphs 27 to 33 of that judgment recorded strictures against the DM, holding that she “desired to set an example” out of Chaudhary “to deter others from exercising their right to freedom of speech and expression in public spaces in support of labourers.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERoopam and the Uttar Pradesh government moved the Supreme Court against the order. The petitions, SLP (Crl.) Diary No. 56202\u002F2026 and SLP (Crl.) No. 18010\u002F2026, came up before a bench of Justice Satish Chandra Sharma and Justice N K Singh. Senior Advocate Mukul Rohatgi appeared for the state, Solicitor General Tushar Mehta for Roopam, and Senior Advocate Colin Gonsalves for Chaudhary.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMuted proceedings, then a clarified order\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDuring the September 23 hearing, the bench muted the audio of the video conferencing feed, cutting off media access since reporters cannot enter the courtroom in person. The Court reserved orders on interim relief that day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELater on September 23, the Court stayed paragraphs 27 to 33 of the High Court judgment, the portion recording strictures and directing salary recovery. Notice was issued, and the matter was listed for October 7. The Court clarified that the stay did not extend to the quashing of Chaudhary’s NSA detention itself, which stands. On September 24, the Court revised its order to make this distinction explicit, specifying that the stay operates only on the adverse remarks against the officer and the compensation direction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe LAFC’s objection\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile the LAFC’s in its letter has not disputed the merits of the stay, it has raised complaints such as that the case did not fall before this bench under the prevailing roster for NSA matters, that it appears to have been specially assigned, and that muting the live feed in a case “important for media and the public” undermines the openness that video conferencing is meant to provide. “The special listing before a particular bench has also not enhanced confidence in the judicial process,” the letter states.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002F161cf128-f617-4602-9a5d-9a415dc13ddd\u002Felement\u002F151ca57d-af4c-46d3-b666-005d2a00999f","type":"file","family-id":"1eac09df-7a9e-4459-8566-2ee010689e67","title":"","id":"151ca57d-af4c-46d3-b666-005d2a00999f","file-name":"OPEN LETTER TO CJI.pdf","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.assettype.com\u002Ftheleaflet\u002F2026-09-24\u002Foki0s8ck\u002FOPEN_LETTER_TO_CJI.pdf","s3-key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-09-24\u002Foki0s8ck\u002FOPEN_LETTER_TO_CJI.pdf","content-type":"application\u002Fpdf","metadata":{"file-size":79245},"subtype":"attachment"}],"card-updated-at":1790255133515,"content-version-id":"dec4ea19-f055-47fe-be2b-72bb74abbac6","card-added-at":1790253501501,"status":"draft","id":"a03a4928-0148-47dd-81e1-4c73074d9282","content-id":"a03a4928-0148-47dd-81e1-4c73074d9282","version":13,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"‘Wrong Precedent’: Lawyers’ Body Protests Supreme Court’s Handling Of Noida DM’s Plea","message":null,"image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-09-24\u002Fhocg1twj\u002FChatGPT-Image-Jul-2-2026-012849-PM.png","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"mime-type":"image\u002Fjpeg","width":1672,"file-size":238849,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Jul-2-2026-012849-PM.png","height":941,"focus-point":null}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Fsupreme-court\u002Fwrong-precedent-lawyers-body-protests-supreme-court
397s-handling-of-noida-dms-plea","story-version-id":"623de1fc-dd1e-460e-8ea4-dfacdb1ebe7a","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1790255141049,"author-id":2423897,"owner-id":2423897,"linked-story-ids":["81f839ea-2f4f-4bd1-b6be-97fa18e56075"],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1790254251263,"hero-image-caption":null,"version":13,"story-template":"text","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1790255133497,"authors":[{"slug":"ajitesh-singh-2","social":{},"name":"Ajitesh Singh","contributor-role":{"id":11010,"name":"Author"},"avatar-url":"https:\u002F\u002Flh3.googleusercontent.com\u002Fa\u002FACg8ocLyKl5zUGyTH-FuLiCfu_iE_3Wn3McITBwas7f8u8pZbCVi9Q=s96-c","bio":null,"id":2423897,"avatar-s3-key":null,"twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":false}},"subscription-metadata":null,"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Ajitesh Singh"},{"updated-at":1789473978463,"seo":{"meta-title":"BAPS Monks’ Approach Towards Eiffel Tower’s Women Staff is a Form of Untouchability","meta-description":"Making women ‘unseeable’ to preserve monastic celibacy is not tradition, it is untouchability, and the Eiffel Tower episode revives Ambedkar’s unfinished argument with Manusmriti.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":2173166,"author-name":"S.N. Sahu","tags":[],"headline":"BAPS Monks’ Approach Towards Eiffel Tower’s Women Staff is a Form of Untouchability","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"b0fd36c2-5bd3-4fe4-ad30-147877ebdd55","slug":"religion\u002Fbaps-monks-approach-towards-eiffel-towers-women-staff-is-a-form-of-untouchability","last-published-at":1789473980284,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"Making women ‘unseeable’ to preserve monastic celibacy is not tradition, it is untouchability, and the Eiffel Tower episode revives Ambedkar’s unfinished argument with Manusmriti.","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"religion","name":"Religion","section-url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Freligion","id":84882,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Religion","collection":{"slug":"religion","name":"Religion","id":194234},"data":null},{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"women-and-children","name":"Women and Children","section-url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Fwomen-and-children","id":84885,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Women and Children","collection":{"slug":"women-and-children","name":"Women and Children","id":194237},"data":null}],"read-time":7,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1789473735743,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Siva Sankar Santhosh","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":7248,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":1200,"height":800,"mime-type":"image\u002Fjpeg","file-size":131916,"file-name":"AFPC79B3WE.jpg","focus-point":null},"comments":null,"word-count":1870,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null,"linked-with-story-fields-status":{"title":null,"message":null}}},"entities":{},"published-at":1789473980284,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"summary":null,"push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":null,"bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"b0fd36c2-5bd3-4fe4-ad30-147877ebdd55","hero-image-s3-key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-09-15\u002Fznqfczx5\u002FAFPC79B3WE.jpg","contributors":null,"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Fb0fd36c2-5bd3-4fe4-ad30-147877ebdd55\u002Felement\u002F41ffaa05-b64d-4a36-bd3e-77988c27dba1","type":"text","family-id":"be7ac6e0-e704-4a6a-80f8-cd8cf64b2424","title":"","id":"41ffaa05-b64d-4a36-bd3e-77988c27dba1","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESWAMI VIVEKANANDA \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Ehailed by Americans as a cerebral Hindu monk following his spell binding address delivered at the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago on September 11, 1893 was deeply impressed by the presence of a huge number of&nbsp; women at his numerous lecture events in the USA. In a letter to one Haripada Mitra written from Chicago on September 28, 1893, he paid glowing tribute to the women of America and remarked, “Oh, how free they are! It is they who control social and civic duties. Schools and colleges are full of women and in our country women cannot be safely allowed to walk in the streets! Their kindness to me is immeasurable. Since I came here, I have been welcomed by them to their houses. They are providing me with food, arranging for my lectures, taking me to market, and doing everything for my comfort and convenience. I shall never be able to repay in the least the deep debt of gratitude I owe to them. Do you know 
397who is the real Shakti-worshipper? It is he who knows that God is omnipresent.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOutrageous Conduct of BAPS Monks&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E133 years later on September 7, 2026, outrageous actions of a 100 monks of Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (‘BAPS’), a Hindu religious sect, vis-a-vis women staff of Eiffel Tower in Paris has tarnished India’s image leading to the French people and the whole of&nbsp; France got outraged.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThose 100 monks during their visit to the Eiffel Tower in Paris asked its management to keep its women staff away from their sight. Such disgraceful conduct in French soil, apart from contravening India’s &nbsp; constitutional values, which provides equal space to women in the public sphere, brutally assaulted the enduring values of the French Revolution anchored in the ideals of ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’.&nbsp; The Republican ideals of France have been shaped by those values and continue to nourish them and inspire other countries including India.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1789473977459,"content-version-id":"5e4f2cfd-33ec-437a-8944-c747eb665d3f","card-added-at":1789473735795,"status":"draft","id":"aabefd60-800a-4817-a4f0-81d2ef9d8039","content-id":"aabefd60-800a-4817-a4f0-81d2ef9d8039","version":8,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"BAPS Monks’ Approach Towards Eiffel Tower’s Women Staff is a Form of Untouchability","message":null,"image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-09-15\u002Fznqfczx5\u002FAFPC79B3WE.jpg","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1200,"height":800,"mime-type":"image\u002Fjpeg","file-size":131916,"file-name":"AFPC79B3WE.jpg","focus-point":null}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Fb0fd36c2-5bd3-4fe4-ad30-147877ebdd55\u002Felement\u002F3f2ad224-fb1c-4fe4-a094-0f52c5b56f2a","type":"text","family-id":"43bb71c9-ca20-45a6-8fe8-4a3640f11782","title":"","id":"3f2ad224-fb1c-4fe4-a094-0f52c5b56f2a","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003EThe damage to India’s reputation is all the more intense and pronounced because those monks participated in the online inauguration of their&nbsp; temple, located near Paris, by Prime Minister Modi.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt is quite preposterous that those monks of BAPS insisted that women staff of Eiffel Tower should be kept out of their sight during their visit to the Tower. Apparently the reasoning that they advanced was that they, as life long celibates, strictly follow the tradition of BAPS mandating&nbsp; that women should not be there in the range of their visibility. It is all the more strange that the Eiffel Tower management paid heed to such insistence and segregated women staff from men and asked the former to keep away from duty till the visit of those monks to the Tower got over.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUproar in France&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe anger and resentment against the exclusion of women from the Eiffel Tower staff&nbsp; was so widespread that it was severely condemned by high functionaries and even triggered protests causing employee walkout and the closure of the iconic Tower for a day.&nbsp; The&nbsp; local trade union spokeswoman remarked that&nbsp; it was “a humiliating experience for the women to be made invisible in a public space, even more so at a national symbol like the Eiffel Tower”. Strongly disapproving of it Ariel Weil, the president of the company that runs the Eiffel Tower, described the incident as&nbsp; “totally shocking and unacceptable” and ordered an internal investigation to fix accountability and ensure that in future such shameful treatment of women staff would&nbsp; never be repeated. He added that what happened was&nbsp; in contravention of&nbsp; the&nbsp; values of the company and&nbsp; the principles of equality between men and women&nbsp; and promised&nbsp; to accept the consequences.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFrance’s Gender Equality Minister Aurore Berge expressed indignation and anger at the Eiffel Tower incident by saying, “In France, we do not ask women to erase themselves.” Far-right presidential candidate Marine Le Pen disapproved of the scornful&nbsp; incident and said France would “never accept that women’s presence be ‘limited’.”&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGabriel Attal, a leader expected to pitch himself to contest elections for the&nbsp; head of State, said: ‘In France, no culture, no belief, no religion, nothing and no one can come and dictate to women what their place should be.’\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EParis Mayor Emmanuel Grégoire, while announcing that&nbsp; an&nbsp; investigation would be launched, recognised&nbsp; employees’ anger as legitimate and affirmed&nbsp; that gender equality must apply everywhere in the city. “It is not acceptable,” he said, “that such conditions can be tolerated,”&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1789473977459,"content-version-id":"66dac382-d9af-42b3-8034-c8a28f760248","card-added-at":1789473770505,"status":"draft","id":"f20d6540-482a-4b88-a9fc-126611abfcb3","content-id":"f20d6540-482a-4b88-a9fc-126611abfcb3","ver
397sion":6,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"BAPS Monks’ Approach Towards Eiffel Tower’s Women Staff is a Form of Untouchability","message":null,"image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-09-15\u002Fznqfczx5\u002FAFPC79B3WE.jpg","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1200,"height":800,"mime-type":"image\u002Fjpeg","file-size":131916,"file-name":"AFPC79B3WE.jpg","focus-point":null}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Fb0fd36c2-5bd3-4fe4-ad30-147877ebdd55\u002Felement\u002Ffd3a3753-1aeb-486c-a229-242292f2d36d","type":"text","family-id":"cd4faa61-9b71-41e6-8106-f55bfb5cfeb8","title":"","id":"fd3a3753-1aeb-486c-a229-242292f2d36d","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003EFrance based Christophe Jaffrelot, a professor of South Asian politics and sociology, in an interview with Karan Thapar said that the BAPS sect’s practice of segregating women clashed with French republican values of equality, particularly in a public space as iconic as the Eiffel Tower. He noted that the involvement of the Indian embassy and the close relationship between the BAPS movement and the Modi government suggests that this was not merely a private religious matter but a political one that has embarrassed the Macron government in France. He proceeded to add that the inauguration of the BAPS temple by Modi is indicative of the influence of the BAPS sect in France in contravention of the ideas of the French Revolution.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe&nbsp; Indian diaspora expressed concern that such shameful incidents might trigger&nbsp; anti-immigrant backlash. One prominent group, the India Alliance Paris (‘IAP’), stated in a social media post, “The Eiffel Tower story must not become fodder for more racism. BAPS is a regressive sect, politically connected to India’s far-right. It should be treated like the sexist, casteist, backward sect it is. BAPS does not represent all Hindus, and it certainly does not represent India.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe spokesperson of the Indian&nbsp; Ministry of External Affairs distanced itself from the issue of exclusion of women staff from duty during visit of 100 monks to Eiffel Tower and merely commented that&nbsp; it was aware of the inauguration of the BAPS temple in the Paris region but had nothing to do with the Tower issue involving the concerned parties.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUnseeability of Women, a Brutal Form of Untouchability&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETo make women invisible or unseeable so that monks of BAPS are not defiled reminds the scourge of untouchability which has been abolished by the Constitution of India under \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Findiankanoon.org\u002Fdoc\u002F1987997\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EArticle 17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E. Almost hundred years back on October 7, 1927 Mahatma Gandhi while speaking at a public meeting at Tinnevelly said, “After all, that untouchability which, in its most excessive and excruciating form, has given us the untouchables and unseeables, has been running through the core of Hinduism.” “Unseeable” term he used for those Dalits whose very sight would pollute or defile the caste Hindus who, therefore, made them stay beyond their visibility range all the time. So the legacy of BAPS making women unseeable, be it in India or elsewhere in the world including at Eiffel Tower, is nothing but the continuation of the abominable practice of untouchability the sting of which Congress President and Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha Mallikarjun Kharge felt badly when the venue in Haldwani where he delivered a speech was purified. Obviously that purification was done to cleanse the place taking into account the Dalit identity of Kharge. Only after repeated attempts of his party, spanning more than a month, that a FIR was filed against those who did the purification.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1789473977459,"content-version-id":"55e0ea23-7f75-44cf-8ae7-6533eef0a8c9","card-added-at":1789473815732,"status":"draft","id":"7cf1e7a9-26a4-4122-b61b-d4a175cd6485","content-id":"7cf1e7a9-26a4-4122-b61b-d4a175cd6485","version":5,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"BAPS Monks’ Approach Towards Eiffel Tower’s Women Staff is a Form of Untouchability","message":null,"image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-09-15\u002Fznqfczx
3975\u002FAFPC79B3WE.jpg","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1200,"height":800,"mime-type":"image\u002Fjpeg","file-size":131916,"file-name":"AFPC79B3WE.jpg","focus-point":null}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Fb0fd36c2-5bd3-4fe4-ad30-147877ebdd55\u002Felement\u002Fafa00fc0-7a90-4f79-889e-29333730e92e","type":"text","family-id":"c612e88b-9e82-49eb-b6a6-13c55ffecfcd","title":"","id":"afa00fc0-7a90-4f79-889e-29333730e92e","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGandhi on the Practice of&nbsp; Untouchability by Swamynarayanas&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBAPS is a \u003Cem\u003ESwamynarayan \u003C\u002Fem\u003Esect. It has an inglorious tradition of following the practice of untouchability and Mahatma Gandhi in a piece, “Untouchability Among Swamynarayans and Jains” published in Harijanbandhu on&nbsp; March 26, 1933 wrote, “I did not know this. I had always believed from my childhood that there was no untouchability at all among the Swaminarayans because the Gandhi family has had a very close relations with the followers of this sect for many years past.”&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe insistence of those 100&nbsp; monks in Paris that&nbsp; women should be made unseeable during their visit to Eiffel Tower demonstrated that BAPS, as part of the Swamynarayan sect, is upholding the practice to segregate people in the name of their caste and gender identities.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOn February, 1, 1948 Gandhi referred to complaints of some Harijans (now called Dalits) that they were not allowed to enter a Swamynarayan temple in Bombay (now Mumbai) and they protested against it by offering \u003Cem\u003ESatyagraha\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.&nbsp; He advised them not to continue the Satyagraha and exercise patience because the Bombay Government passed a law that all should be permitted to enter temples regardless of caste identities.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBAPS Resisted Temple Entry by Dalits&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EG. Sampath in his article, “\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thehindu.com\u002Fnews\u002Fnational\u002Fbaps-sacred-demands\u002Farticle71461162.ece\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EBAPS | ‘Sacred’ demands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E,” published in The Hindu on September 13, 2026, revealed how the wider Swaminarayan tradition to which BAPS belongs\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Eresisted the \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.legitquest.com\u002Fact\u002Fbombay-harijan-temple-entry-act-1947\u002F26D6\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EBombay Harijan Temple Entry Act, 1947\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E allowing entry of Dalits to Hindu temples which were not open to them due to the practice of untouchability by caste Hindus.&nbsp; Sampath wrote, “They litigated all the way to the Supreme Court, going to the extent of arguing that Swaminarayan Sampradaya constituted a religion ‘distinct and separate’ from Hinduism and therefore its temples did not come under the legislation governing Hindu temples. In a landmark judgment, the Supreme Court ruled against them.”&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBAPS Monks Upheld Manusmriti, Negated Ambedkar’s Vision&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt is clear from the historical details that what the BAPS monks did at Eiffel Tower to make women unseeable is nothing but a sinister form of untouchability put into practice in an iconic public tourist place of France visited by millions from across the world. While in Paris their conduct as Indians should have been informed by the values of our Constitution and constitutional morality and the law of France to eschew those inhuman practices of shunning women.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt is no exaggeration to say that the conduct of BAPS monks in asking women to remain unseeable for them signals their adherence to Manusmriti which according to B.R. Ambedkar resulted in the downfall of Hindu women in India’s history. In his 1950 article, ‘\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbaws.in\u002Fbooks\u002Fbaws\u002FEN\u002FVolume_17_02\u002Fpdf\u002F145\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe Rise and Fall of the Hindu Woman: Who Was Responsible for It?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E’ he categorically held Manu for the inferior status of women. The monks of BAPS in treating women as unseeable creatures affirmed&nbsp; that inferior status and upheld Manusmriti. The fact that those monks acted in that unacceptable manner in negation of the Republican values of France guaranteeing equality and equal space for men and women brought out their sense of contempt for the French Revolution which was rooted in the ideals of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBurning of Manusmriti and the Fall of the Bastille&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt is instructive to note that Ambedkar burnt Manu
397smriti in 1927. He wrote that “The burning of the Manu Smriti by the Untouchables at Mahad in 1927 is an event which has the same significance and importance in the history of the emancipation of the Untouchables which the Fall of Bastille had in the liberation of the masses in France and Europe.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo in making women invisible in Eiffel Tower those monks were acting against the emancipatory vision of Ambedkar and the ideals of French revolution. Such regressive action&nbsp; tragically has the support of powers that be in India and it was evident from the participation of those monks in the inauguration of the BAPS temple near Paris by none other than the Prime Minister of India. Only by upholding the Constitution can we defeat such forces and celebrate the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1789473977459,"content-version-id":"c54997d2-625b-4942-a35d-899a906ec9e1","card-added-at":1789473832688,"status":"draft","id":"86de6007-17da-4cf0-a28a-0755fe80a765","content-id":"86de6007-17da-4cf0-a28a-0755fe80a765","version":4,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"BAPS Monks’ Approach Towards Eiffel Tower’s Women Staff is a Form of Untouchability","message":null,"image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-09-15\u002Fznqfczx5\u002FAFPC79B3WE.jpg","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1200,"height":800,"mime-type":"image\u002Fjpeg","file-size":131916,"file-name":"AFPC79B3WE.jpg","focus-point":null}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Freligion\u002Fbaps-monks-approach-towards-eiffel-towers-women-staff-is-a-form-of-untouchability","story-version-id":"e45415f1-e41a-4f66-af6d-f83febca58f0","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1789473981078,"author-id":2116657,"owner-id":2173166,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1789473980284,"hero-image-caption":null,"version":8,"story-template":"text","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1789473977258,"authors":[{"slug":"s-n-sahu","social":{},"name":"S.N. Sahu","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https:\u002F\u002Fcf-images.assettype.com\u002Ftheleaflet\u002F2025-01-05\u002Fbz2p4wqc\u002FScreenshot_2021_07_23_at_5_32_26_PM_75x75.avif","bio":"The author was Press Secretary to President of India late KR Narayanan.","id":2116657,"avatar-s3-key":"theleaflet\u002F2025-01-05\u002Fbz2p4wqc\u002FScreenshot_2021_07_23_at_5_32_26_PM_75x75.avif","twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":false}},"subscription-metadata":null,"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Siva Sankar Santhosh"},{"updated-at":1786102211017,"seo":{"meta-title":"The Liberhan Commission’s difficult legacy","meta-description":"Seventeen years after the Liberhan Commission's report, an honest reckoning must acknowledge not only its indictments, but also its omissions and problematic portrayals of what actually happened in Ayodhya in 1992.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":2173166,"author-name":"V. Krishna Ananth","tags":[],"headline":"The Liberhan Commission’s difficult legacy","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"8b352e98-8bf3-4c7c-9dcb-1cd712a5d897","slug":"civil-justice\u002Fthe-liberhan-commissions-difficult-legacy","last-published-at":1786102212756,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"Seventeen years after the Liberhan Commission's report, an honest reckoning must acknowledge not only its indictments, but also its omissions and problematic portrayals of what actually happened in Ayodhya in 1992.","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"civil-justice","name":"Civil Justice","section-url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Fcivil-justice","id":84880,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Civil Justice","collection":{"slug":"civil-justice","name":"Civil Justice","id":194232},"data":null},{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"religion","name":"Religion","section-url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Freligion","id":84882,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Religion","collection":{"slug":"religion","name":"Religion","id":194234},"data":null},{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"opinion","name":"Opinion","section-url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Fopinion","id":84897,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Opinion","collection":{"slug":"opinion","name":"Opinion","id":194249},"data":null}],"read-time":8,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1786101651856,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Siva Sankar Santhosh","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":7248,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":1672,"height":941,"mime-type":"image\u002Fpng","file-size":2390687,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Aug-7-2026-045124-PM.png"},"comments":null,"word-count":2084,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null,"linked-with-story-fields-status":{"title":null,"message":null}}},"entities":{},"published-at":1786102212756,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"summary":"Seventeen years after the Liberhan Commission's report, an honest reckoning must acknowledge not only its indictments, but also its omissions and problematic portrayals of what actually happened in Ayodhya in 1992.","push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":null,"bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"8b352e98-8bf3-4c7c-9dcb-1cd712a5d897","hero-image-s3-key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-08-07\u002Fy6fxh2t0\u002FChatGPT-Image-Aug-7-2026-045124-PM.png","contributors":null,"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002F8b352e98-8bf3-4c7c-9dcb-1cd712a5d897\u002Felement\u002Ffd6a115d-6619-4562-bfd7-afde6573a4f1","type":"text","family-id":"7972d64a-374a-4918-94fe-4747e8d27096","title":"","id":"fd6a115d-6619-4562-bfd7-afde6573a4f1","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EJUSTICE (RETD.) MANMOHAN SINGH 
397LIBERHAN \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Epassed away on August 2, 2026. He was 87. An obituary for a former judge, in the normal course, shall contain references to her\u002Fhis judgments, whether in a positive light or otherwise. This, however, seems not possible in case of Justice Liberhan. Even as Justice Liberhan served for thirteen years as a judge across Chandigarh, Madras and Hyderabad, for eight of those thirteen years, he was straddled between his judgeship and the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry. Justice Liberhan is remembered, in his death, for having headed this One-man Commission of Inquiry whose life lasted longer than his years as a judge – seventeen years. In the end, in June 2009, \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mha.gov.in\u002Fen\u002Fabout-us\u002Fcommissions-committees\u002Fliberhan-ayodhya-commission\"\u003Ethe report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E noted&nbsp; that the Babri Masjid’s demolition was “neither spontaneous nor unplanned”, but the result of a carefully orchestrated conspiracy. It alleged that cadres and leaders of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (‘VHP’), the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (‘RSS’), the Bharatiya Janata Party (‘BJP’) and Shiv Sena had actively and passively supported the demolition.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHowever, beyond stating the obvious, it is far less discussed that the report failed to recognise the accountability of the Union government in the events leading up to the demolition, apportioned blame upon Muslims for being led by “fanatic” leaders, and helped establish the logic that the ‘dispute’, arising from a brutal demolition, was something to be “negotiated” between the communities. In some ways, it paved the logic of how constitutional courts, in later years, would frame and eventually dispose of the issue.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002F8b352e98-8bf3-4c7c-9dcb-1cd712a5d897\u002Felement\u002Fed9d99ee-149d-4ea9-abed-4a1378371983","type":"text","family-id":"b3e6ab47-e095-4556-b70f-aae36ab7f36e","title":"","id":"ed9d99ee-149d-4ea9-abed-4a1378371983","metadata":{"content":"Justice Liberhan is remembered, in his death, for having headed this One-man Commission of Inquiry whose life lasted longer than his years as a judge – seventeen years.","attribution":""},"subtype":"blockquote","text":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003EJustice Liberhan is remembered, in his death, for having headed this One-man Commission of Inquiry whose life lasted longer than his years as a judge – seventeen years.\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"attribution\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1786102209794,"content-version-id":"fe8cbd7f-3424-4a14-841c-3e7a53f556b6","card-added-at":1786101651868,"status":"draft","id":"9fbc7432-c285-409b-b9c6-d47084aa798a","content-id":"9fbc7432-c285-409b-b9c6-d47084aa798a","version":3,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"The Liberhan Commission’s difficult legacy","message":"Seventeen years after the Liberhan Commission's report, an honest reckoning must acknowledge not only its indictments, but also its omissions and problematic portrayals of what actually happened in Ayodhya in 1992.","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-08-07\u002Fy6fxh2t0\u002FChatGPT-Image-Aug-7-2026-045124-PM.png","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1672,"height":941,"mime-type":"image\u002Fpng","file-size":2390687,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Aug-7-2026-045124-PM.png"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002F8b352e98-8bf3-4c7c-9dcb-1cd712a5d897\u002Felement\u002Fe671a71e-c8e4-4a4b-be91-d412159d63f9","type":"text","family-id":"ff50b03b-9b97-467c-a622-9b7bad4c1b4a","title":"","id":"e671a71e-c8e4-4a4b-be91-d412159d63f9","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E“Oversimplified approach”\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Justice M.S. Liberhan Commission of Inquiry, appointed on December 16, 1992, exactly ten days after the Black Sunday, which marked one of the darkest chapters in independent India’s short history, witnessing the demolition of the Babri Masjid by an organized mob, was meant to submit its findings before March 16, 1993. Seventeen years and forty eight extensions went by before the judge submitted the report – a pretty much shoddy one indeed – on June 30, 2009.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJustice Liberhan and the Commission lived through several regimes: P.V. Narasimha Rao, H.D. Deve Gowda, I.K. Gujral, Atal Behari Vajpayee, and Manmohan Singh. By the time the report came out, had himself moved on from being a sitting judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, which he was when then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao left him with the onerous task of unravelling the circumstances behind the demolition of the “disputed structure” on December 6, 1992, among a few other things connected with the demolition.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere was an element of absurdity even in the words chosen. The notification called 
397it the “disputed structure” rather than the “Babri Masjid”. Even the least privileged sections of the society then, whose source of information and knowledge those days were news on \u003Cem\u003EDoordarshan \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eknew the anatomy of the confrontation over the 16th century mosque in Faizabad and its eventual demolition in December 1992. The police had registered FIRs, even on December 6, 1992: FIR 197\u002F1992 against \u003Cem\u003Eunknown kar sevaks\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and FIR 198\u002F1992 naming such persons as L.K. Advani, Murli Manohar Joshi and Uma Bharti. The chargesheets were already filed in courts in Rae Bareli and Lucknow even while Justice Liberhan was tasked with finding out the truth. And all that the judge would tell us, after seventeen years, was that “the demolition was pre-planned.”&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe report contained some more such obvious facts as findings. That the BJP and its leaders, whom the Commission described as ‘pseudo-moderates’, were \u003Cem\u003Ealso\u003C\u002Fem\u003E responsible for the demolition, even while, it underscored, they were not party to the planning. In \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffrontline.thehindu.com\u002Fcover-story\u002Farticle30186022.ece\"\u003Ean interview\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E to \u003Cem\u003EFrontline \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ein 2009, Anupam Gupta, the sole counsel for the Liberhan Commission for eight years, between 1999 and 2007, who left the Commission because of differences with Justice Liberhan also noted that the final report adopted an “oversimplified approach”, seeing nothing but the “hands and the brains of the RSS”, and significantly overlooked the role of the VHP which was “directly germane and vital to the Ayodhya movement.”&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe report also concluded, rather limitedly, that the Uttar Pradesh state government, then headed by the BJP’s Kalyan Singh, did all things at its command to ensure the demolition and the Union government was crippled with lack of intelligence. Justice Liberhan did not even consider the grounds, then in public domain, of the Supreme Court’s decision, in \u003Cem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Findiankanoon.org\u002Fdoc\u002F60799\u002F\"\u003ES.R. Bommai\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(1994),\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eupholding the dismissal of the BJP led state governments of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh, on December 15, 1992 by the President of India (using \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.constitutionofindia.net\u002Farticles\u002Farticle-356-provisions-in-case-of-failure-of-constitutional-machinery-in-states\u002F\"\u003EArticle 356\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E of the Constitution), a day before the Liberhan Commission was appointed.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Cem\u003ES.R. Bommai \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ejudgment contained elaborate details about the guilt of these state governments, all led by the BJP, in planning and executing the heinous act, defeating the constitutional scheme. The judgment was delivered as early as in March 1994, by when Justice Liberhan was already into his work. Unfortunately, the Commission made no reference to the extensive documentation relied upon by the Supreme Court and absolved leaders of these BJP led state governments of playing any role in orchestrating the act.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002F8b352e98-8bf3-4c7c-9dcb-1cd712a5d897\u002Felement\u002F9fd088d1-4a67-4a49-84f9-731b0522409d","type":"text","family-id":"047569d9-b024-4b47-84b9-405230f15957","title":"","id":"9fd088d1-4a67-4a49-84f9-731b0522409d","metadata":{"content":"The report went on to simply apportion blame upon the mass of the Muslim population to have let them be led by “fanatics”, which eventually resulted in the events of December 6, 1992. ","attribution":""},"subtype":"blockquote","text":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003EThe report went on to simply apportion blame upon the mass of the Muslim population to have let them be led by “fanatics”, which eventually resulted in the events of December 6, 1992.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"attribution\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1786102209794,"content-version-id":"67db3bdd-6c22-4807-b368-05621d76f0b0","card-added-at":1786101651868,"status":"draft","id":"7f3331db-afa4-4aa5-b29e-ed2bf699c168","content-id":"7f3331db-afa4-4aa5-b29e-ed2bf699c168","version":3,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"The Liberhan Commission’s difficult legacy","message":"Seventeen years after the Liberhan Commission's report, an honest reckoning must acknowledge not only its indictments, but also its omissions and problematic portrayals of what actually happened in Ayodhya in 1992.","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-08-07\u002Fy6fxh2t0\u002FChatGPT-Image-Aug-7-2026-045124-PM.png","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1672,"height":941,"mime-type":"image\u002Fpng","file-size":2390687,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Aug-7-2026-045124-PM.png"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002F8b352e98-8bf3-4c7c-9dcb-1cd712a5d897\u002Felement\u002Fda884a97-835a-40a2-aa98-4c5fe290c36e","type":"text","family-id":"80d6eb01-ec1c-49c5-b49c-46ea87a06942","title":"","id":"da884a97-835a-40a2-aa98-4c5fe290c36e","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003EThe report went further by explicitly absolving the Union government of its complicity in the act, blaming “intelligence failure” for the demolition. Gupta, in \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffrontline.thehindu.com\u002Fcover-story\u002Farticle30186022.ece\"\u003Ehis interview\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E in 2009, noted that “Justice Liberhan consciously and purposely overlooked the wealth of information and intelligence available to the Central government regarding the actual evolving situation in Ayodhya in December 1992.” Prominent among these was a letter by then Uttar Pradesh governor Satyanarayana Reddy warning that the situation on the ground posed a real threat to the disputed structure (i.e., he flagged the danger of demolition or damage). However, despite that warning, Reddy recommended against invoking President's Rule in UP, which would have let the Centre take direct control from the Kalyan Singh government. During questioning by Gupta in the Liberhan Commission, Narasimha Rao pointed out that the Kalyan Singh government had already given assurance to the Supreme Court that the mosque would not be attacked, and governor Reddy had given a similar assurance to Rao. “So there is nothing to show that the State government did not intend what it assured. If it turned out otherwise, how can I be blamed?”, Rao said. According to Gupta, Rao’s argument was “accepted lock, stock and barrel by Justice Liberhan”, and further, basing everything on the governor’s “banal” report was “nothing short of a travesty.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA failure to ‘negotiate’?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnother dubious aspect of the report, indeed, was that Justice Liberhan went too far beyond the brief or the terms of reference before the Commission. Although the report narrated the events during the months preceding the demolition, the mischief lay in the fact that right from the outset it was presented as a dispute involving two opposite claims to a place of worship between two communities: The Hindus and the Muslims. The report went on to simply apportion blame upon the mass of the Muslim population to have let them be led by “fanatics”, which eventually resulted in the events of December 6, 1992. Some seventeen years after the report was first submitted, it is apposite to cite this important passage from the report:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E“While the RSS, VHP, Shiv Sena and Bajrang Dal and the BJP brought the \u003Cstrong\u003Etemple construction movement\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E to the front burner and caused it to boil over, the \u003Cstrong\u003Efanatic muslim leadership\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E making the counter claim were either completely complacent and had no substantive or effective leadership or was simply incompetent in projecting \u003Cstrong\u003Etheir own lopsided counterview\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E to the people throughout the half century leading up to the 6th of December 1992. (See para 167.1 of the Report)”\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAn act of destruction by a violent mob, which in his own words, “was carried out with great painstaking preparation and preplanning” (even though Justice Liberhan did not identify who planned it and only ruled out the leaders of the BJP having had anything to do with the planning), in Justice Liberhan’s report, was attributed to the incompetence of the leadership of the Muslim community! The report had more such absurdities. But of relevance here, seventeen years after June 2009, when Justice Liberhan submitted his report, is that a basis was laid to treat the entire debate and the dispute as having to do with mere claims and counterclaims between two religious communities over a place and having nothing to do with the constitutional scheme in general, and the tenets of secularism in particular. In other words, Justice Liberhan framed the issues as merely to be “negotiated” between two communities.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002F8b352e98-8bf3-4c7c-9dcb-1cd712a5d897\u002Felement\u002F62191c84-4914-4fb6-98cc-5f2171948529","type":"text","family-id":"2c90749d-304e-4b79-9450-d9594c1ec6d2","title":"","id":"62191c84-4914-4fb6-98cc-5f2171948529","metadata":{"content":"Justice Liberhan’s legacy resides significantly in the Commission’s report spread across 999 pages, which will survive as an important record of these troubling times. ","attribution":""},"subtype":"blockquote","text":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003EJustice Liberhan’s legacy resides significantly in the Commission’s report spread across 999 pages, which will survive as an important record of these troubling times.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"attribution\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1786102209794,"content-version-id":"1c974cca-89dd-419a-891b-b888d6d2defb","card-added-at":1786101651868,"status":"draft","id":"3e3de707-3053-41e3-b402-4b825fda51f3","content-id":"3e3de707-3053-41e3-b402-4b825fda51f3","ver
397sion":3,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"The Liberhan Commission’s difficult legacy","message":"Seventeen years after the Liberhan Commission's report, an honest reckoning must acknowledge not only its indictments, but also its omissions and problematic portrayals of what actually happened in Ayodhya in 1992.","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-08-07\u002Fy6fxh2t0\u002FChatGPT-Image-Aug-7-2026-045124-PM.png","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1672,"height":941,"mime-type":"image\u002Fpng","file-size":2390687,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Aug-7-2026-045124-PM.png"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002F8b352e98-8bf3-4c7c-9dcb-1cd712a5d897\u002Felement\u002Fc65a2f5f-5d3b-4c75-812f-215ca1546111","type":"text","family-id":"1644f024-3bc1-49ca-b780-4eaec280d141","title":"","id":"c65a2f5f-5d3b-4c75-812f-215ca1546111","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003EIt did not take too long before this specious approach gathered mass. On September 30, 2010, only a year after Justice Liberhan’s report was submitted, the Allahabad High Court, in a 2:1 decision \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Felegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in\u002Felegalix\u002Fayodhyafiles\u002Fhonsukj.pdf\"\u003Eordered\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E division of the disputed land, 2.77 acres (in and around where the mosque stood before demolition), into three equal parts to be handed over to Shri Ram Lalla (represented by the Hindu Maha Sabha), the Nirmohi Akhara and the Sunni Central Wakf Board. The Supreme Court&nbsp; stayed this decision, soon after, pending hearing the appeals from all three parties to the dispute in the High Court. The status quo was once again disturbed when the matter was assigned before a five judge Constitution Bench in January 2019 by then Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi. Framing it as a failed attempt at “mediation”, once again, the highest court of justice reduced the whole dispute to some quarrel over property rather than a challenge to the constitutional scheme. The conscience of the nation was indeed stunned on November 9, 2019, when the Supreme Court gave its ruling in&nbsp; \u003Cem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Findiankanoon.org\u002Fdoc\u002F107745042\u002F\"\u003EM. Siddiq v. Mahant Suresh Das\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThrough a judgment that many argue was decided \u003Cem\u003Eper incuriam \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(perhaps the second most prominent such instance in the Indian judiciary’s history since the \u003Cem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Findiankanoon.org\u002Fdoc\u002F1735815\u002F\"\u003EA.D.M. Jabalpur\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (1976) ruling), the five judges struck down the High Court’s decision for a three-way division of the property and instead ordered all of the 2.77 acres to Shri Ram Virajman as well as the construction of a temple. The rest is history and of relevance here is to say that Justice Liberhan will be remembered for setting the stage for shunting out the constitutional scheme of the issue and holding that the demolition was the consequence of the Muslim leadership refusing to negotiate and concede space to the majority.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA record of our troubling times\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESeen today, Justice Liberhan’s report appears as an exercise in absurdity. On one hand, his findings charged senior RSS and BJP leaders for their role in the violent demolition in 1992. Those were, to his credit, observations he stood by firmly, even after a special CBI court acquitted all the accused in the demolition case in 2020. “I found it was a civil conspiracy, I still believe in it,” \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Findianexpress.com\u002Farticle\u002Findia\u002Findia-others\u002Fwrote-about-hindu-militants-in-babri-report-says-justice-retd-manmohan-singh-liberhan\u002F\"\u003Ehe had said\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E. However, when viewed beyond this contribution, the Commission has left behind a far more complicated, dual legacy. As per the records of the Rajya Sabha, as much as Rs. 9.02 crores of taxpayer’s money was spent on the Commission. The point is that the demolition of the Babri Masjid on December 6, 1992 was a decisive moment in India’s slide into a fascist takeover. And when the history of this slide is recorded, certainly after democracy is restored, as American journalist William L Shirer did in his book, \u003Cem\u003EThe Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: History of Nazi Germany\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, with copious records as evidence, it will contain stories of the many complicities of fascist footsoldiers.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESuch an account will certainly contain records of the several acts of commission, omission and facilitation that led to democratic erosion. Justice Liberhan’s legacy resides significantly in the Commission’s report spread across 999 pages, which will survive as an important record of these troubling times. For some, it will be a record that directly indicts those who spearheaded the Hindu nationalist movement, and for others, it will be a far more layered account, which in its hidden texts, its erasures, and its questionable framing of the issue, facilitated and legitimated some problematic retellings of what actually happened in the December of 1992.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1786102209794,"content-version-id":"9ceb9df3-7bfb-455b-9aee-8db407d88db1","card-added-at":1786101651868,"status":"draft","id":"df7c36ec-1613-44f7-be22-51fa082bb45f","content-id":"df7c36ec-1613-44f7-be22-51fa082bb45f","ver
397sion":3,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"The Liberhan Commission’s difficult legacy","message":"Seventeen years after the Liberhan Commission's report, an honest reckoning must acknowledge not only its indictments, but also its omissions and problematic portrayals of what actually happened in Ayodhya in 1992.","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-08-07\u002Fy6fxh2t0\u002FChatGPT-Image-Aug-7-2026-045124-PM.png","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1672,"height":941,"mime-type":"image\u002Fpng","file-size":2390687,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Aug-7-2026-045124-PM.png"}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Fcivil-justice\u002Fthe-liberhan-commissions-difficult-legacy","story-version-id":"9ec86ffa-fa0c-4dd9-bc2e-d2c982beceff","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1786102213692,"author-id":2116979,"owner-id":2173166,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":null,"asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1786102212756,"hero-image-caption":null,"version":3,"story-template":"text","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1786102209434,"authors":[{"slug":"v-krishna-ananth","social":{},"name":"V. Krishna Ananth","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https:\u002F\u002Fcf-images.assettype.com\u002Ftheleaflet\u002F2026-08-07\u002F7qrpam6u\u002FScreenshot_2026_08_07_at_4_52_15_PM.png","bio":"V. Krishna Ananth teaches History at Sikkim University, Gangtok and is author of 'Constitution of India: 75 Years of World's Largest Democracy' Atlantic, 2025.","id":2116979,"avatar-s3-key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-08-07\u002F7qrpam6u\u002FScreenshot_2026_08_07_at_4_52_15_PM.png","twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":false}},"subscription-metadata":null,"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Siva Sankar Santhosh"},{"updated-at":1785429089956,"seo":{"meta-title":"Why the UN Commission of Inquiry’s report on Palestine chaired by Justice Murlidhar opens a new window to test Israel’s ‘Genocide’ charges","meta-description":"The finding by the Commission headed by Justice S. Murlidhar provide a substantial evidentiary basis for investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity and, more controversially, reopen the debate on the interpretation of genocide in contemporary international law.","claim-reviews":{"story":null}},"assignee-id":2173166,"author-name":"Kritish Dadu","tags":[],"headline":"Why the UN Commission of Inquiry’s report on Palestine opens a new window to test Israel’s ‘Genocide’ charges","storyline-id":null,"votes":{},"story-content-id":"fc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d","slug":"international-law-world-affairs\u002Fwhy-the-un-commission-of-inquirys-report-on-palestine-chaired-by-justice-murlidhar-opens-a-new-window-to-test-israels-genocide-charges","last-published-at":1785424946539,"public-identifier":null,"subheadline":"The finding by the Commission headed by Justice S. Murlidhar provide a substantial evidentiary basis for investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity and, more controversially, reopen the debate on the interpretation of genocide in contemporary international law.","alternative":{},"sections":[{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"international-law-world-affairs","name":"International Law & World Affairs","section-url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Finternational-law-world-affairs","id":84877,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"International Law & World Affairs","collection":{"slug":"international-law-world-affairs","name":"International Law & World Affairs","id":194229},"data":null},{"domain-slug":null,"slug":"opinion","name":"Opinion","section-url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Fopinion","id":84897,"parent-id":null,"display-name":"Opinion","collection":{"slug":"opinion","name":"Opinion","id":194249},"data":null}],"read-time":19,"access-level-value":null,"content-created-at":1785422285853,"is-embargoed":false,"owner-name":"Siva Sankar Santhosh","custom-slug":null,"push-notification":null,"publisher-id":7248,"hero-image-metadata":{"width":1536,"height":1024,"mime-type":"image\u002Fpng","file-size":2812851,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png"},"comments":null,"word-count":5212,"story-features":{"push-notification":{"is-scheduled":false,"publish-at":null,"linked-with-story-fields-status":{"title":null,"message":null}}},"entities":{},"published-at":1785424946539,"embargoed-till":null,"breaking-news-linked-story-id":null,"storyline-title":null,"last-correction-published-at":1785429093100,"summary":"The finding by the C
397ommission headed by Justice S. Murlidhar provide a substantial evidentiary basis for investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity and, more controversially, reopen the debate on the interpretation of genocide in contemporary international law.","push-notification-title":null,"external-id":null,"canonical-url":null,"hero-image-hyperlink":null,"autotags":[],"linked-entities":[],"status":"published","hero-image-attribution":null,"bullet-type":"123","hero-image-alt-text":null,"id":"fc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d","hero-image-s3-key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-07-30\u002Fj3rpv2zn\u002FChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png","contributors":[],"cards":[{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Ffc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d\u002Felement\u002F9deb71a9-7ee9-4ad4-a0f9-d7f3af71a675","type":"text","family-id":"312ee730-c03f-437d-a294-47c899f105f4","title":"","id":"9deb71a9-7ee9-4ad4-a0f9-d7f3af71a675","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003E“\u003Cem\u003EYou will die, your children will die, your grandchildren will die, there won’t be a Palestinian state, there won’t be\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E&nbsp;– \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fx.com\u002FAGvaryahu\u002Fstatus\u002F1760319661189574922\"\u003EHanoch Milwidsky\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E, Member of the Knesset, February 21, 2024\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘THE ESSENCE OF CHILDHOOD HAS BEEN DESTROYED’ \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Ewrites the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel, which last month published a \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Funispal\u002Fdocument\u002Fcoi-report-23jun26\u002F?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"\u003Ecomprehensive report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E on Israel’s targeting of Palestinian Children in the ongoing conflict in Gaza between October 7, 2023 and March 31, 2026.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUnlike \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ohchr.org\u002Fen\u002Fhr-bodies\u002Fhrc\u002Fco-israel\u002Findex\"\u003Eprevious reports\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E, which examined civilian harm more broadly, this report adopts a child-centered approach, examining how the conflict has affected every aspect of childhood, including physical survival, health, education, family life, mental wellbeing and future development. The Commission argues that Palestinian children have suffered not merely incidental harm resulting from military operations, but have been exposed to a pattern of violence that has fundamentally altered the conditions necessary for childhood itself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBeyond battlefield casualties, the Commission examined the cumulative effects of military operations, displacement, detention, destruction of civilian infrastructure and prolonged humanitarian deprivation. The report, therefore, presents childhood as a legal and humanitarian category deserving special protection under international law and argues that the systematic erosion of these protections has produced long-term consequences extending beyond immediate physical injury. The report demonstrates that beyond solely mortality figures, children’s victimization should also be measured by considering developmental, psychological and societal harms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1785424943363,"content-version-id":"b76780c0-faf2-42bd-a35d-726b75441b3a","card-added-at":1785422285865,"status":"draft","id":"2510085b-16fa-4202-b494-3671b451720e","content-id":"2510085b-16fa-4202-b494-3671b451720e","version":9,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Why the UN Commission of Inquiry’s report on Palestine opens a new window to test Israel’s ‘Genocide’ charges","message":"The finding by the Commission headed by Justice S. Murlidhar provide a substantial evidentiary basis for investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity and, more controversially, reopen the debate on the interpretation of genocide in contemporary international law.","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-07-30\u002Fj3rpv2zn\u002FChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1536,"height":1024,"mime-type":"image\u002Fpng","file-size":2812851,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Ffc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d\u002Felement\u002F94c62d52-6417-4e10-9b4e-d6cd521172f1","type":"text","family-id":"466ea37c-c1c3-4240-82d9-553946ac60d3","title":"","id":"94c62d52-6417-4e10-9b4e-d6cd521172f1","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003EThe commission points out grave violations of international criminal law and international humanitarian law. It finds evidence of both, violations of customary international humanitarian law and triggering of Articles of the Rome Statute, particularly on Articles 7 (Crimes Against Humanity); Article 8 (War Crimes). While it steps short of concluding on genocidal intent, it \u003Cem\u003Edoes \u003C\u002Fem\u003Esay that various elements of actus reus under Article 6 of the Statute are satisfied.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn this report, we critically examine the Commission’s conclusions through the broader framework of international criminal law, analysing its findings on war crimes, crimes against humanity and violations of international humanitarian law, while assessing their legal basis and interrelationship. Our principal focus, however, is on the report’s significance for the crime of genocide. Although the Commission stops short of concluding that genocidal intent has been established, we examine whether its extensive factual findings provide additional evidentiary support for inferring the specific intent (\u003Cem\u003Edolus specialis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) required under Article 6 of the Rome Statute.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icj-cij.org\u002Fcase\u002F192\"\u003ESouth Africa’s case against Israel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E for violation of the Genocide Convention remains open, we also analyse how the Commission’s reasoning may shape the evolving jurisprudence on proving genocidal intent, alongside an evaluation of the principal legal defences advanced by Israel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EKey Findings of the Report: A Summary\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Commission concludes that Palestinian children have suffered systematic, widespread and multidimensional harm since October 7, 2023. Drawing upon witness testimony, medical records, satellite imagery, forensic analysis and digital verification, the report documents patterns of violence extending far beyond battlefield casualties. It finds that children have been affected physically, psychologically, socially and developmentally through military operations, prolonged occupation policies and the collapse of civilian infrastru
397cture. Together, these findings portray a cumulative assault on every dimension of childhood.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1785424943363,"content-version-id":"47faf3b8-6ccf-468b-832e-52e69442e6d0","card-added-at":1785423909569,"status":"draft","id":"4fab1c73-cfcd-4789-b49a-89e035041c7f","content-id":"4fab1c73-cfcd-4789-b49a-89e035041c7f","version":7,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Why the UN Commission of Inquiry’s report on Palestine opens a new window to test Israel’s ‘Genocide’ charges","message":"The finding by the Commission headed by Justice S. Murlidhar provide a substantial evidentiary basis for investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity and, more controversially, reopen the debate on the interpretation of genocide in contemporary international law.","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-07-30\u002Fj3rpv2zn\u002FChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1536,"height":1024,"mime-type":"image\u002Fpng","file-size":2812851,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Ffc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d\u002Felement\u002F69da1464-60f5-4204-9a0c-3423580d1ab4","type":"text","family-id":"5fcf6c28-6ce3-4725-8694-870605fec9ac","title":"","id":"69da1464-60f5-4204-9a0c-3423580d1ab4","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUnprecedented Physical Harm to Palestinian Children\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Commission reports that at least \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ochaopt.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fhumanitarian-situation-update-329-gaza-strip\"\u003E20,179 Palestinian children were killed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E and \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ochaopt.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fhumanitarian-situation-update-329-gaza-strip\"\u003Eover 44,000 injured\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E between October 2023 and October 2025, accounting for nearly \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ochaopt.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fhumanitarian-situation-update-329-gaza-strip\"\u003E30 percent of all recorded deaths in Gaza\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E. Thousands more remain buried beneath collapsed buildings or are \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.savethechildren.net\u002Fgaza-missing-children\"\u003Epresumed missing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E because rescue teams have been unable to recover bodies.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe report attributes this unprecedented casualty rate primarily to the extensive use of explosive weapons in densely populated civilian areas. Survivors have suffered amputations, spinal injuries, blindness, hearing loss and severe polytrauma, making Gaza home to the world’s largest population of child amputees. The Commission concludes that the conflict has left an entire generation facing lifelong physical disabilities and rehabilitation needs.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDeliberate Targeting of Children\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBeyond casualties resulting from explosive weapons, the Commission documented several incidents suggesting that Palestinian children were intentionally targeted. It investigated the killing of \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fforensic-architecture.org\u002Finvestigation\u002Fthe-killing-of-hind-rajab\"\u003EHind Rajab\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E, a six-year-old girl trapped in a vehicle after six members of her family were killed; the Palestine Red Crescent ambulance sent to rescue her was also attacked, killing the two paramedics. The report further records the shooting of a 10-day-old infant while being breastfed in a displacement tent, a four-year-old girl shot while eating with her family in Khan Younis, and two young brothers killed by a drone strike while collecting firewood near the designated ‘yellow line’.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBased on witness testimony, forensic assessments, CT scans and medical evidence, the Commission identified recurring patterns of gunshot wounds to children’s heads and upper bodies consistent with the use of precision weapons rather than 
397indiscriminate fire.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1785424943363,"content-version-id":"21759c17-111d-4fed-bb30-ad6fa6eff23a","card-added-at":1785423909569,"status":"draft","id":"f1fcbb4b-51c7-41d8-b78b-fe61fe4f8aad","content-id":"f1fcbb4b-51c7-41d8-b78b-fe61fe4f8aad","version":7,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Why the UN Commission of Inquiry’s report on Palestine opens a new window to test Israel’s ‘Genocide’ charges","message":"The finding by the Commission headed by Justice S. Murlidhar provide a substantial evidentiary basis for investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity and, more controversially, reopen the debate on the interpretation of genocide in contemporary international law.","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-07-30\u002Fj3rpv2zn\u002FChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1536,"height":1024,"mime-type":"image\u002Fpng","file-size":2812851,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Ffc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d\u002Felement\u002F988afdec-2fb4-4dd7-9899-a4b4dc9129bf","type":"text","family-id":"87a37a66-3010-480a-afa1-0cb06e3549c3","title":"","id":"988afdec-2fb4-4dd7-9899-a4b4dc9129bf","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EArbitrary Arrest, Detention, Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Against Children\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Commission documented a marked increase in the arrest and detention of Palestinian children, particularly adolescent boys in Gaza and the West Bank. It recorded several incidents where children were stripped to their underwear, blindfolded, handcuffed and transported to undisclosed detention facilities without communication with their families.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe report highlighted numerous such instances, one being the death of 17-year-old \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2025\u002Fapr\u002F01\u002Fpalestinian-teenager-walid-ahmad-dies-in-israeli-detention-in-west-bank\"\u003EWali Ahmed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E in Megiddo Jail as he was tortured. The report also documented \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Freliefweb.int\u002Freport\u002Foccupied-palestinian-territory\u002Fmore-human-can-bear-israels-systematic-use-ofsexual-reproductive-and-other-forms-gender-based-violence-7-october-2023-ahrc58crp6\"\u003Esexual and gender-based violence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E, including forced public nudity, regular strip searches, threats of rape and sexual assault, sexualised insults, and the photographing and filming of naked or semi-naked boys under guard\u003Cstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Many detained children were reportedly labelled as ‘terrorists’ despite being minors. The report concluded that these practices exposed children to severe physical and psychological harm while heightening their vulnerability during detention.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDestruction of Child-Survival Infrastructure\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Commission identified the destruction of healthcare, orphan care and educational infrastructure as making conditions equivalent to ‘\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fopiniojuris.org\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F14\u002Fslow-death-as-genocide-the-convention-was-written-for-gaza\u002F\"\u003Eslow death\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E’ of Palestinian children. All three specialized pediatric hospitals in Gaza were forced to cease operations within the first two months of hostilities.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAl-Nasr Pediatric Hospital was attacked \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aljazeera.com\u002Fgallery\u002F2023\u002F11\u002F7\u002Fisrael-continues-to-attack-hospitals-in-gaza-city-killing-at-least-eight\"\u003Ethree times\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E in November 2023, resulting in the death of an infant after electricity to life-support equipment was cut, while four \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nbcnews.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld\u002Fabandoned-babies-found-decomposing-gaza-hospital-evacuated-rcna127533\"\u003Edecomposing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E premature babies were later found abandoned in its neonatal intensive care unit. The report also noted that the number of functioning neonatal incubators fell from 178 before the conflict to only 54, while also noting the increase in underweight births and infant mortality and mothers resorting to unsanitary feeding practices to supplement breast-milk.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the education sector, more than \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unicef.org\u002Fsop\u002Fstories\u002Fafter-two-years-war-gazas-education-system-brink-collapse\"\u003E97 percent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E of schools in Gaza were damaged or destroyed, while military operations and restrictions affected approximately 8,06,000 students in the West Bank.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E \u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHumanitarian Deprivation and Conditions Causing Slow Death of Children\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Commission concluded that prolonged siege, starvation, repeated displacement and restrictions on humanitarian aid created living conditions incompatible with children’s survival and development.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBetween October 2023 and October 2025, approximately 58,554 children lost one or \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pcbs.gov.ps\u002Fmedia\u002Fxnnd21u1\u002Fbook2729.pdf\"\u003Eboth parents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E, while around 18,000 children became unaccompanied or separated from their families. Doctors at Al-Shifa Hospital coined the term ‘Wounded Child No Surviving Family’ (‘\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2023\u002Fdec\u002F22\u002Fthe-plight-of-gazas-wcnsfs-wounded-child-no-surviving-family\"\u003EWCNSF’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E) after treating 120 children admitted without surviving relatives within the first five weeks of the conflict. Medical personnel described performing surgeries without anesthesia due to shortages of medicines and fuel, while one 13-year-old survivor reported surviving on cat food and ground donkey feed during the siege. The report further documents children dying from \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unrwa.org\u002Fresources\u002Freports\u002Funrwa-situation-report-154-humanitarian-crisis-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including\"\u003Ehypothermia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E after repeated displacement. It concluded that deprivation of food, water, healthcare and shelter significantly increased preventable illness, malnutrition and child mortality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1785424943363,"content-version-id":"fb05b898-b8b7-4653-a83f-07743a31b860","card-added-at":1785423909569,"status":"draft","id":"6339640f-05c5-4073-8cb9-45b021a62c9c","content-id":"6339640f-05c5-4073-8cb9-45b021a62c9c","version":7,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Why the UN Commission of Inquiry’s report on Palestine opens a new window to test Israel’s ‘Genocide’ charges","message":"The finding by the C
397ommission headed by Justice S. Murlidhar provide a substantial evidentiary basis for investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity and, more controversially, reopen the debate on the interpretation of genocide in contemporary international law.","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-07-30\u002Fj3rpv2zn\u002FChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1536,"height":1024,"mime-type":"image\u002Fpng","file-size":2812851,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Ffc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d\u002Felement\u002F4752e8ed-860e-4a1b-b89b-3ac92d2c2278","type":"text","family-id":"11eae163-403b-4062-95a9-7864b6a416b5","title":"","id":"4752e8ed-860e-4a1b-b89b-3ac92d2c2278","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPsychological Trauma&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe report concluded that nearly every Palestinian child in Gaza has experienced repeated displacement, bombardment, bereavement or the destruction of their home. Mental health professionals interviewed by the Commission described widespread symptoms of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and developmental regression among children. Healthcare workers also reported increasing numbers of children presenting with emotional withdrawal, loss of speech and persistent nightmares. The Commission concluded that these harms are likely to shape children’s emotional development, education and future life opportunities for generations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDehumanization of Palestinian Childhood\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe overarching finding supports the dehumanization of Palestinian childhood by Israel. The Commission documented \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nbcnews.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld\u002Fisraeli-military-called-question-misbehavior-troops-rcna129227\"\u003Eincidents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E in which Israeli soldiers allegedly mocked children’s belongings, destroyed toys, vandalized schools and circulated videos depicting the humiliation of Palestinian civilians.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPortrayal of Palestinian boys as ‘terrorists’ or legitimate military targets despite their civilian status was also noted along with similar dehumanizing statements by Israeli politicians. According to the Commission, these practices, viewed alongside repeated attacks affecting children, contributed to the erosion of children’s protected status and normalized violence directed against them. The report argued that this dehumanization undermined children’s dignity, identity and recognition as rights-bearing individuals deserving of special protection under international law.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe Commission’s Findings and Calls for Accountability\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBased on its factual findings, the Commission concluded that there are reasonable grounds to believe that multiple serious violations of international law have been committed against Palestinian children. It identified conduct that may constitute wilful killing, extermination, persecution, torture, enforced disappearance, sexual and gender-based violence, attacks against protected civilian objects, reproductive violence and the deliberate creation of life-threatening conditions affecting children’s survival.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe report recommended continued investigation by the International Criminal Court, enhanced international cooperation in accountability mechanisms, reparative measures for child victims and stronger implementation of international obligations to protect children during armed conflict. This factual record forms the basis for the subsequent analysis of whether the Commission’s findings satisfy the constituent elements of international crimes under the Rome Statute.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhere Does the Report Stand Under International Criminal Law?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile the Commission's report is primarily a fact-finding exercise, its significance extends beyond documenting humanitarian suffering. By concluding that there are ‘reasonable grounds to believe’ that multiple international crimes have been committed, the report seeks to translate patterns of violence against Palestinian children into the language of individual criminal responsibility under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (hereinafter ‘ICC’).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUnlike international humanitarian law, which primarily governs the responsibility of States, international criminal law focuses on the criminal liability of individuals responsible for the commission of atrocity crimes.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe report therefore raises an important legal question: Do the documented facts satisfy the constituent elements of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide under the Rome Statute based on judicial precedent?&nbsp;&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis section critically evaluates the Commission’s findings against the applicable legal framework to answer this question.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Ffc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d\u002Felement\u002F0c449e84-c8f6-4a10-8349-2b7e9bc94580","type":"text","family-id":"8c905221-eee1-45b1-90e3-ffd3b9f453cb","title":"","id":"0c449e84-c8f6-4a10-8349-2b7e9bc94580","metadata":{"content":"The Commission argues that Palestinian children have suffered not merely incidental harm resulting from military operations, but have been exposed to a pattern of violence that has fundamentally altered the conditions necessary for childhood itself.","attribution":""},"subtype":"blockquote","text":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003EThe Commission argues that Palestinian children have suffered not merely incidental harm resulting from military operations, but have been exposed to a pattern of violence that has fundamentally altered the conditions necessary for childhood itself.\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"attribution\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1785424943363,"content-version-id":"edd14f4d-06bf-440b-8388-01143039f775","card-added-at":1785423909569,"status":"draft","id":"8f115626-e2c8-4d6a-a07b-fce6ace48acc","content-id":"8f115626-e2c8-4d6a-a07b-fce6ace48acc","version":7,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Why the UN Commission of Inquiry’s report on Palestine opens a new window to test Israel’s ‘Genocide’ charges","message":"The finding by the C
397ommission headed by Justice S. Murlidhar provide a substantial evidentiary basis for investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity and, more controversially, reopen the debate on the interpretation of genocide in contemporary international law.","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-07-30\u002Fj3rpv2zn\u002FChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1536,"height":1024,"mime-type":"image\u002Fpng","file-size":2812851,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Ffc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d\u002Felement\u002F2f6e8fb3-d458-4202-a8d9-5d528aea8738","type":"text","family-id":"8dcca486-8ff4-41fe-87b0-8062feb78cb0","title":"","id":"2f6e8fb3-d458-4202-a8d9-5d528aea8738","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWar Crimes: Assessing the Commission's Findings under Article 8 of the Rome Statute\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Foxford-law-pro\u002Fbook\u002F57464\u002Fchapter-abstract\u002F473860386?redirectedFrom=fulltext\"\u003EWilliam Schabas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E opines that Article 8 of the Rome Statute as the most comprehensive codification of war crimes ever as it codifies grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and other serious violations of the laws and customs of war, requiring that the alleged conduct occur in the context of and be associated with an armed conflict.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn \u003Cem\u003EProsecutor v Tadić (\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.refworld.org\u002Fjurisprudence\u002Fcaselaw\u002Ficty\u002F1999\u002F40180\"\u003E1999\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia’s (hereinafter ‘ICTY’) Appeals Chamber held that \u003Cem\u003E“an armed conflict exists whenever there is a resort to armed force between States or protracted armed violence between governmental authorities and organised armed groups or between such groups within a State”\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Given the sustained hostilities following October 7, 2023, the Commission's findings clearly satisfy this contextual threshold.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Commission’s principal legal conclusion concerns wilful killing and intentionally directing attacks against civilians under Articles 8(2)(a)(i) and 8(2)(b)(i) of the Rome Statute. The \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icc-cpi.int\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002FPublications\u002FElements-of-Crimes.pdf\"\u003EElements of Crimes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E state that intentional attacks against civilians require proof that the perpetrator intentionally made civilians, including children, the object of the attack. In contrast, wilful killing is established where the perpetrator intentionally causes the death of a protected person while knowing that the victim enjoys protected status under international humanitarian law.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis inquiry is governed by the principle of distinction, codified in Articles 48 and 51 of \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ohchr.org\u002Fen\u002Finstruments-mechanisms\u002Finstruments\u002Fprotocol-additional-geneva-conventions-12-august-1949-and\"\u003EAdditional Protocol I\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E, which requires parties to distinguish between civilians and combatants at all times.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn \u003Cem\u003EProsecutor v Blaškić (\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.refworld.org\u002Fjurisprudence\u002Fcaselaw\u002Ficty\u002F2004\u002F40041\"\u003E2004\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E) \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(hereinafter ‘Blaškić’), the ICTY Appeals Chamber reaffirmed that civilians retain their protected status unless and for such time as they directly participate in hostilities. Israel has claimed that Hamas has embedded its fighters within civilians and hence the civilians are ‘\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ohchr.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fdocuments\u002Fcountries\u002Fopt\u002Fisrael-initial-response-ohchr-background-note-june2024.pdf\"\u003Ecollateral damage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E’. Further, there exists ambiguity as to when a civilian can be held to be ‘directly participating’ in hostilities. The \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icrc.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fexternal\u002Fdoc\u002Fen\u002Fassets\u002Ffiles\u002Fother\u002Ficrc-002-0990.pdf\"\u003EICRC Guidance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E dictates direct participation in hostilities requires that an act&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(i) is likely to adversely affect the military operations or capacity of a party to the conflict, or inflict death, injury or destruction upon protected persons or objects (threshold of harm);&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(ii) bears a direct causal link to that harm (direct causation); and&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E(iii) is specifically designed to support one party to the conflict to the detriment of another (belligerent nexus).&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAll these criteria have not been assessed by Israeli Defence Forces, especially when attacking children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAny such claims regarding direct participation also do not strip the entire population of a territory like Gaza of their civilian character as the ICTY Trial Chamber noted in \u003Cem\u003EProsecutor v Karadzic\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icty.org\u002Fx\u002Fcases\u002Fkaradzic\u002Ftjug\u002Fen\u002F160324_judgement.pdf\"\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E). The principles of distinction and proportionality and the presumption of civilian character still apply. Thus, when Israeli forces target civilian infrastru
397cture wantonly without following distinction and target children as seen above, the intent of them being made the object of attack is manifested. Hence the findings of the commission on these facts hold substantial weight.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Commission also concluded that the repeated destruction of hospitals, schools and humanitarian facilities may constitute the war crime of \u003Cstrong\u003Eintentionally directing attacks against protected civilian objects\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E under Article 8(2)(b)(ix). International humanitarian law accords enhanced protection to medical units and educational institutions because of their indispensable civilian functions. Articles 18 and 19 of the \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ohchr.org\u002Fen\u002Finstruments-mechanisms\u002Finstruments\u002Fgeneva-convention-relative-protection-civilian-persons-time-war\"\u003EFourth Geneva Convention\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E and Articles 12 and 52 of Additional Protocol I prohibit attacks against such facilities unless they are used, outside their humanitarian purpose, for military acts.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Ffc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d\u002Felement\u002F4d0ae0a9-5903-4778-8190-d43a4aeaa1b9","type":"text","family-id":"76a3aa8e-95ae-40aa-b0e7-3cf387e52ab4","title":"","id":"4d0ae0a9-5903-4778-8190-d43a4aeaa1b9","metadata":{"content":"Based on witness testimony, forensic assessments, CT scans and medical evidence, the Commission identified recurring patterns of gunshot wounds to children’s heads and upper bodies consistent with the use of precision weapons rather than indiscriminate fire.","attribution":""},"subtype":"blockquote","text":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003EBased on witness testimony, forensic assessments, CT scans and medical evidence, the Commission identified recurring patterns of gunshot wounds to children’s heads and upper bodies consistent with the use of precision weapons rather than indiscriminate fire.\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"attribution\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1785424943363,"content-version-id":"3618455d-63ea-4031-b576-1c6384dcd7dd","card-added-at":1785423925062,"status":"draft","id":"cd2d54ce-2c47-4c6b-9bdb-f45978bf7530","content-id":"cd2d54ce-2c47-4c6b-9bdb-f45978bf7530","version":6,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Why the UN Commission of Inquiry’s report on Palestine opens a new window to test Israel’s ‘Genocide’ charges","message":"The finding by the Commission headed by Justice S. Murlidhar provide a substantial evidentiary basis for investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity and, more controversially, reopen the debate on the interpretation of genocide in contemporary international law.","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-07-30\u002Fj3rpv2zn\u002FChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1536,"height":1024,"mime-type":"image\u002Fpng","file-size":2812851,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Ffc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d\u002Felement\u002F4b6cac17-45a0-4555-8051-153568d1180e","type":"text","family-id":"7f196c52-9649-40b0-8952-546e003bd5c3","title":"","id":"4b6cac17-45a0-4555-8051-153568d1180e","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003EIn\u003Cem\u003E Prosecutor v Strugar (\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.refworld.org\u002Fjurisprudence\u002Fcaselaw\u002Ficty\u002F2005\u002F64231\"\u003E2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the ICTY Trial Chamber held that attacks against protected civilian objects violate the laws and customs of war unless justified by military necessity, while in \u003Cem\u003EProsecutor v Kupreškić (\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.refworld.org\u002Fjurisprudence\u002Fcaselaw\u002Ficty\u002F2000\u002F91846\"\u003E2000\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E) \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(
397hereinafter ‘Kupreškić’)\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003EThe ICTY Trial Chamber stressed that the principles of distinction, proportionality and precaution continue to govern attacks even where military objectives exist nearby.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe chief question remains that of intent as the Elements of Crimes again stresses on the object of attack being such objects and the intention of the perpetrator to target them. The element of deniability remains with Israel as it can argue ‘collateral damage’, but using explosive weapons on a wide scale on densely populated civilian areas, with few military objects does not give them a case. Extensive documentation of repeated attacks on civilian power, water, food and health infrastructure have been \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ochaopt.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fhumanitarian-situation-report-3-july-2026\"\u003Enoted already\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E by the UN. Hence the finding of intent, by the scale of evidence collected appears to be substantially proven.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIntent is the highest form of mens rea and is notoriously difficult to prove directly. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (hereinafter ‘ICTR’) in \u003Cem\u003EProsecutor\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Cem\u003Ev Akayesu (\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.refworld.org\u002Fjurisprudence\u002Fcaselaw\u002Fictr\u002F1998\u002F19275\"\u003E1998\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (hereinafter ‘Akayesu’) had ruled that intent should be inferred from context of the conflict, that establishes covert if not explicit state policy, by statements of leaders, prolonged inaction after knowledge of crimes etc. Also, while discussing proportionality and intent in \u003Cem\u003EProsecutor v Galic (\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.refworld.org\u002Fjurisprudence\u002Fcaselaw\u002Ficty\u002F2003\u002F40194\"\u003E2003\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the ICTY Trial Chamber gave consideration to distance between victim and the most probable source of fire; and between the location where the victim was hit and the confrontation line; appearance of the victim as to age, gender, clothing; the activity the victim could appear to be engaged in etc.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EInstances of Israeli attacking children waving white flags, collecting firewood and travelling to schools and shooting newborns, attacking maternal-fetal wards of hospitals, and shooting children at close-range, coupled with \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flaw4palestine.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2024\u002F02\u002FDatabase-of-Israeli-Incitement-to-Genocide-including-after-ICJ-order-27th-February-2024-.pdf\"\u003Edehumanising statements\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E of Israeli leaders towards children of Palestinian descent point to the element of intent squarely.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps the Commission’s strongest legal findings concern the treatment of Palestinian child detainees. Unlike battlefield operations, where questions of military necessity inevitably arise, detention occurs entirely under the control of the detaining authority and therefore attracts heightened legal protection. Articles 3 and 27 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, together with Articles 8(2)(a)(ii) and 8(2)(b)(xxi) of the Rome Statute, prohibit torture, cruel treatment and outrages upon personal dignity. In \u003Cem\u003EProsecutor v. Mucic, Delic, Landzo and Delalic\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.refworld.org\u002Fjurisprudence\u002Fcaselaw\u002Ficty\u002F1998\u002F91857\"\u003E1998\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) the ICTY Trial Chamber held that torture consists of the intentional infliction of severe physical or mental suffering for purposes such as punishment, intimidation or coercion. Likewise, the ICTY Trial Chamber in \u003Cem\u003EProsecutor v Kunarac, Kovač and Vuković (\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.refworld.org\u002Fjurisprudence\u002Fcaselaw\u002Ficty\u002F2001\u002F18198\"\u003E2001\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (hereinafter ‘Kunarac’)\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003Erecognised that rape, sexual humiliation and other forms of sexual violence may themselves amount to torture because of the profound physical and psychological suffering they inflict.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe above instances of torture and gender-based\u002F sexual violence, as discu
397ssed including those of explicitly filming semi-nude detainees and sexually insulting them, and strip searching them all point to the overwhelming use of torture and sexual violence. Instances of psychological trauma inflicted by the Israelis by raids, and dehumanization of children as ‘terrorists’ and even mocking their toys further support this claim. In her \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ohchr.org\u002Fen\u002Fdocuments\u002Fcountry-reports\u002Fahrc6171-torture-and-genocide-report-special-rapporteur-situation-human\"\u003EFebruary 2026 report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E, Francesca Albenese, the UN Special Rapporteur on Occupied Palestinian Territories documented similar patterns of conduct that satisfy torture requirement under the Genocide Convention.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Ffc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d\u002Felement\u002F1428dad4-1dcd-455f-b764-b52787f94af6","type":"text","family-id":"f3ac86d2-5bd9-4508-8ce7-a285719ecd8e","title":"","id":"1428dad4-1dcd-455f-b764-b52787f94af6","metadata":{"content":"Based on its factual findings, the Commission concluded that there are reasonable grounds to believe that multiple serious violations of international law have been committed against Palestinian children. ","attribution":""},"subtype":"blockquote","text":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003EBased on its factual findings, the Commission concluded that there are reasonable grounds to believe that multiple serious violations of international law have been committed against Palestinian children.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"attribution\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1785424943363,"content-version-id":"6bf1d322-b0c8-474e-b6fd-7f255d1b9dd3","card-added-at":1785424066325,"status":"draft","id":"f711ad83-bdeb-4daf-a68a-13dacac4f4b8","content-id":"f711ad83-bdeb-4daf-a68a-13dacac4f4b8","version":5,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Why the UN Commission of Inquiry’s report on Palestine opens a new window to test Israel’s ‘Genocide’ charges","message":"The finding by the Commission headed by Justice S. Murlidhar provide a substantial evidentiary basis for investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity and, more controversially, reopen the debate on the interpretation of genocide in contemporary international law.","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-07-30\u002Fj3rpv2zn\u002FChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1536,"height":1024,"mime-type":"image\u002Fpng","file-size":2812851,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Ffc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d\u002Felement\u002F10e5a6b8-052b-4102-83ec-c1725aa45ee9","type":"text","family-id":"e32f06d9-cca7-40e3-9bad-ed1f97bbedd0","title":"","id":"10e5a6b8-052b-4102-83ec-c1725aa45ee9","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003EIsrael takes the defence of necessity for these situations. The Israeli Supreme Court famously allowed the necessity defence to be valid for torture in exceptional circumstances in \u003Cem\u003EPublic Committee Against Torture in Israel v The State of Israel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E(\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fversa.cardozo.yu.edu\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fupload\u002Fopinions\u002FPublic%20Committee%20Against%20Torture%20in%20Israel%20v.%20Government%20of%20Israel%281%29_0.pdf\"\u003E1999\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) under Israeli Penal Code. However, this runs contrary to \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ohchr.org\u002Fen\u002Finstruments-mechanisms\u002Finstruments\u002Fconvention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading\"\u003EArticle 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E of the UN Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Hence, the defence of necessity carries no weight.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECrimes Against Humanity: From Isolated Violations to a Widespread or Systematic Attack\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile the Commission’s findings raise substantial questions regarding the commission of war crimes, they also invite consideration of whether the documented conduct satisfies the higher contextual threshold for crimes against humanity under Article 7 of the Rome Statute.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUnlike war crimes, which require a nexus with an armed conflict, crimes against humanity criminalize certain acts committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack. As \u003Cem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Foxford-law-pro\u002Fbook\u002F58833\u002Fchapter-abstract\u002F489476885?utm_source=chatgpt.com&amp;login=true\"\u003ESchabas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E notes, the defining characteristic of crimes against humanity is not the prohibited act itself but its integration into a broader campaign against civilians, thereby distinguishing such offences from isolated violations of international humanitarian law.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe first contextual requirement is the existence of an attack directed against a civilian population. Article 7(2)(a) defines an attack as a course of conduct involving the multiple commission of prohibited acts against civilians.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn \u003Cem\u003EProsecutor v Martic (\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.refworld.org\u002Fjurisprudence\u002Fcaselaw\u002Ficty\u002F2008\u002F62117\"\u003E2008\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E,\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ethe ICTY Appeal held that it could not allow the term ‘civilian’ for the purposes of a crime against humanity to include all persons who were not actively participating in combat, including those who were hors de combat at time of the crimes, as this would blur the distinction between combatants and non-combatants. It also held that any aspect of nationality is irrelevant in determination of civilian status. It is well established that Palestinian civilians, especially children fit these criteria.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn \u003Cem\u003EKunarac’s Appeal Judgment (\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.refworld.org\u002Fjurisprudence\u002Fcaselaw\u002Ficty\u002F2008\u002F62117\"\u003E2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the ICTY Appeals Chamber clarified that an ‘attack’ is not confined to military operations but encompasses any organised campaign involving repeated unlawful acts directed against civilians. Likewise, the ICC in the trial judgment of \u003Cem\u003EProsecutor v Katanga (\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icc-cpi.int\u002Fcourt-record\u002Ficc-01\u002F04-01\u002F07-3436\"\u003E2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E held that the attack consists of a pattern of conduct rather than 
397isolated incidents. Apart from the patterns of attacks discussed above, the Commission documented irregular attacks by Israeli settlers in Gaza have been aided to attack Palestinian civilians, with the settlers carrying out at least 1000 attacks since October 2023. Israel also has plans to \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2024\u002Fjan\u002F29\u002Fisraeli-ministers-attend-conference-calling-for-voluntary-migration-of-palestinians\"\u003Erepopulate Gaza\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E with Jewish settlers once the Palestinians are relocated. Forced displacements have been used systematically to exhaust and demoralize civilians and these two circumstances can also be called an ‘attack’ under Article 7.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E‘\u003Cem\u003ESystematic’\u003C\u002Fem\u003E has been defined in \u003Cem\u003EBlaškić’s Trial Judgment\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.refworld.org\u002Fjurisprudence\u002Fcaselaw\u002Ficty\u002F2000\u002F19490\"\u003E2000\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E) as when the attack is a covert or overt policy of the government to fulfil a political aim, with a written policy not required but inferred by circumstances. ‘\u003Cem\u003EWidespread\u003C\u002Fem\u003E’ has been defined in \u003Cem\u003EAkayesu\u003C\u002Fem\u003E as the occurrence of an act on a large-scale with multiple victims. The Appeals Chamber \u003Cem\u003EBlaškić\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Ealso recognised that repetition, planning and the organised use of State or military resources may demonstrate systematicity. The above instances highlighted show that the scale of death and injuries makes the attack widespread and combined with repeated attacks on civilian infrastructure and forced displacement orders, the attack appears ‘systematic’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Ffc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d\u002Felement\u002F450c0ca3-b11b-478c-864f-095f425548f6","type":"text","family-id":"377510f1-fc2f-4d95-96a7-d7b52520c687","title":"","id":"450c0ca3-b11b-478c-864f-095f425548f6","metadata":{"content":"The Commission also concluded that the repeated destruction of hospitals, schools and humanitarian facilities may constitute the war crime of intentionally directing attacks against protected civilian objects","attribution":""},"subtype":"blockquote","text":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003EThe Commission also concluded that the repeated destruction of hospitals, schools and humanitarian facilities may constitute the war crime of \u003Cstrong\u003Eintentionally directing attacks against protected civilian objects\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"attribution\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1785424943363,"content-version-id":"71f7a26b-19b2-43a0-93f0-2dbb7a8eb0d7","card-added-at":1785424276291,"status":"draft","id":"61157e05-3170-47e1-a21b-c2a2ecf3d506","content-id":"61157e05-3170-47e1-a21b-c2a2ecf3d506","version":4,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Why the UN Commission of Inquiry’s report on Palestine opens a new window to test Israel’s ‘Genocide’ charges","message":"The finding by the Commission headed by Justice S. Murlidhar provide a substantial evidentiary basis for investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity and, more controversially, reopen the debate on the interpretation of genocide in contemporary international law.","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-07-30\u002Fj3rpv2zn\u002FChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1536,"height":1024,"mime-type":"image\u002Fpng","file-size":2812851,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Ffc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d\u002Felement\u002F319d6d12-b902-45c9-9ec0-32241f63e9c9","type":"text","family-id":"337393d1-9be1-4f17-9ba4-c2c6b114c6f9","title":"","id":"319d6d12-b902-45c9-9ec0-32241f63e9c9","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003EA subpart of the ‘systematic’ requirement under the Rome Statute is that the attack be committed pursuant to or in furtherance of a state policy. \u003Cem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu\u002Fcgi\u002Fviewcontent.cgi?article=7299&amp;context=jclc\"\u003ESchabas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E explains that although customary international law did not expressly require proof of policy, the Rome Statute deliberately incorporated this element to distinguish crimes against humanity from ordinary criminal conduct.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe ICC in \u003Cem\u003EProsecutor v Bemba (\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icc-cpi.int\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002FCourtRecords\u002FCR2016_02238.PDF\"\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E) \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eand the ICTY Trial Chamber in \u003Cem\u003EBlaškić\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Eheld that such a policy need not be formally declared but may be inferred from repeated acts, coordinated implementation and the mobilisation of State institutions or organisational resources. While the European Court of Human Rights\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Ehas noted reservations with this requirement in \u003Cem\u003EKorbely v Hungary (\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhudoc.echr.coe.int\u002Feng#%7B%22appno%22:[%229174\u002F02%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-88429%22]%7D\"\u003E2008\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Commission does not purport to establish the existence of such a policy conclusively. But a new and comprehensive&nbsp;\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flaw4palestine.org\u002Flaw-for-palestine-releases-database-with-500-instances-of-israeli-incitement-to-genocide-continuously-updated\u002F\"\u003Edatabase\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E, compiled by Law for Palestine, which meticulously documents and collates statements that embody the Israeli state’s intention to annihilate Palestinian State, can serve as useful to determine, that it has long been the policy of the Israeli State to annihilate the Palestinian State.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENow coming to the acts committed under Article 7, we restrict ourselves to Extermination and Prosecution, as they are the most notable findings and rest have been discussed above. The ICC’s Elements of Crimes require that the perpetrator killed, or intentionally inflicted conditions of life calculated to bring about the destruction of part of a civilian population, as part of a widespread or systematic attack. In \u003Cem\u003EProsecutor v Stakić (\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.refworld.org\u002Fjurisprudence\u002Fcaselaw\u002Ficty\u002F2003\u002F40192\"\u003E2003\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the ICTY Trial Chamber held that extermination encompasses both mass killings and the deliberate creation of conditions that inevitably result in large-scale death, including deprivation of food, medicine and other necessities indispensable to survival.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Commission relied on cases of indiscriminate bombing and shelling of civilian areas with precision weapons, quadcopters and drones, sniper shootings with upper-body injuries to children of all ages, indicative of their deliberate targeting. Even when the Israelis knew children were present in civilian areas they still did not change the weapons used, which signifies intent. Further, denial of humanitarian aid and food has induced famine and starvation, with conditions of ‘slow death’ being rampant.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Commission’s findings also engage the crime of persecution under Article 7(1)(h). Unlike many crimes against humanity, persecution is inherently discriminatory. As held by the ICTY Trial Chamber in \u003Cem\u003EKupreškić\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, persecution consists of the intentional and severe deprivation of fundamental rights on discriminatory grounds, with the prohibited acts assessed cumulatively rather than 
397individually. Similarly, in \u003Cem\u003EProsecutor v Krnojelac\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.refworld.org\u002Fjurisprudence\u002Fcaselaw\u002Ficty\u002F2002\u002F19276\"\u003E2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E), the ICTY Trial Chamber observed that persecution may be established through a series of acts which, taken together, deny a protected group the exercise of rights guaranteed under international law.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Commission documented several instances of the denial of children’s rights to life, health, education, adequate food, humanitarian assistance and family unity, together with restrictions on movement, arbitrary arrests, repeated displacement and increased settler violence against Palestinian communities in the occupied West Bank. It also considered ‘age’ as an ‘other ground’ of discrimination under Article 7. This is consistent with Article 21(3) of the Rome Statute, which requires the interpretation of the Statute to be consistent with internationally recognised human rights and without distinction based on, \u003Cem\u003Einter alia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt further identifies repeated public statements by senior Israeli officials which it considers relevant in assessing discriminatory intent. Viewed cumulatively, the systematic deprivation of fundamental rights experienced by Palestinian children closely reflects the approach adopted in \u003Cem\u003EKupreškić\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, where persecution was understood as the organised denial of human dignity rather than any single prohibited act.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Ffc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d\u002Felement\u002Fb49a0880-f539-4fc5-b07e-308fae610764","type":"text","family-id":"803ad808-5aed-497f-adf4-3b8aac2114e6","title":"","id":"b49a0880-f539-4fc5-b07e-308fae610764","metadata":{"content":"In her February 2026 report, Francesca Albenese, the UN Special Rapporteur on Occupied Palestinian Territories documented similar patterns of conduct that satisfy torture requirement under the Genocide Convention. ","attribution":""},"subtype":"blockquote","text":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003EIn her \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ohchr.org\u002Fen\u002Fdocuments\u002Fcountry-reports\u002Fahrc6171-torture-and-genocide-report-special-rapporteur-situation-human\"\u003EFebruary 2026 report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E, Francesca Albenese, the UN Special Rapporteur on Occupied Palestinian Territories documented similar patterns of conduct that satisfy torture requirement under the Genocide Convention.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"attribution\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1785424943363,"content-version-id":"c03a063b-30a8-47ac-9862-9b0e9414c447","card-added-at":1785424375085,"status":"draft","id":"0933d3be-9424-4bf6-a006-1a4b8d7bbb49","content-id":"0933d3be-9424-4bf6-a006-1a4b8d7bbb49","version":3,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Why the UN Commission of Inquiry’s report on Palestine opens a new window to test Israel’s ‘Genocide’ charges","message":"The finding by the Commission headed by Justice S. Murlidhar provide a substantial evidentiary basis for investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity and, more controversially, reopen the debate on the interpretation of genocide in contemporary international law.","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-07-30\u002Fj3rpv2zn\u002FChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1536,"height":1024,"mime-type":"image\u002Fpng","file-size":2812851,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Ffc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d\u002Felement\u002F24853113-6a56-4bc1-b3cc-88ef1af60cd6","type":"text","family-id":"f9fb5ece-b3b2-4e71-9e16-fa1cc213c727","title":"","id":"24853113-6a56-4bc1-b3cc-88ef1af60cd6","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGenocide: The Difficult Question of Intent\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAmong the three core international crimes, genocide remains the most legally and \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fis-israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza-we-asked-5-legal-and-genocide-experts-how-to-interpret-the-violence-262688\"\u003Epolitically contested\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E. The Commission itself does not conclude that genocide has been established; rather, it finds that the cumulative evidence warrants investigation under the \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ohchr.org\u002Fen\u002Finstruments-mechanisms\u002Finstruments\u002Fconvention-prevention-and-punishment-crime-genocide\"\u003EGenocide Convention\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E and the Rome Statute, particularly in relation to the destruction of conditions essential for the survival of Palestinian children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis cautious approach reflects the complexity of Article 6, whose application has historically been far narrower than 
397its political invocation. As \u003Cem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdigitalcommons.usf.edu\u002Fcgi\u002Fviewcontent.cgi?article=1241&amp;context=gsp\"\u003ESchabas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E observes, genocide has increasingly become a political descriptor for mass atrocities, often employed long before the stringent legal requirements of the Convention have been examined.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Commission’s findings arguably engage four of the five prohibited acts enumerated in Article 6. It documents the killing of members of the group through the unprecedented death toll among Palestinian children; serious bodily and mental harm through widespread amputations, permanent disabilities, torture and severe psychological trauma; and, perhaps most significantly, the deliberate infliction of conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the group. The destruction of hospitals, repeated restrictions on humanitarian relief, widespread starvation, forced displacement, collapse of sanitation systems and denial of essential medical care collectively portray what \u003Cem\u003EMelanie O’Brien\u003C\u002Fem\u003E characterizes as \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.routledge.com\u002FFrom-Discrimination-to-Death-Genocide-Process-Through-a-Human-Rights-Lens\u002FOBrien\u002Fp\u002Fbook\u002F9780367645984\"\u003E&nbsp;indirect methods of destruction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E, producing what scholars increasingly describe as a process of \u003Cstrong\u003E‘\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fopiniojuris.org\u002F2025\u002F08\u002F04\u002Fis-genocide-happening-in-gaza\u002F\"\u003Eslow death\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E’ rather than immediate extermination. The Commission also records the systematic collapse of maternity and neonatal healthcare, repeated attacks affecting reproductive services and rising miscarriages associated with starvation and inadequate medical treatment, findings capable of engaging Article 6(d) concerning measures intended to prevent births within the protected group.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYet the decisive legal issue remains intent. International jurisprudence has traditionally imposed an exceptionally demanding evidentiary threshold. In \u003Cem\u003EBosnia v. Serbia\u003Cstrong\u003E (\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icj-cij.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fcase-related\u002F91\u002F091-20070226-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf\"\u003E2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the International Court of Justice held that genocidal intent must be established separately from the underlying acts and, where inferred from circumstantial evidence, must constitute the ‘only reasonable inference’ capable of being drawn. That approach was reaffirmed in \u003Cem\u003ECroatia v. Serbia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icj-cij.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fcase-related\u002F118\u002F118-20150203-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf\"\u003E2015\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E), where the Court accepted that widespread killings and destruction had occurred but nevertheless declined to find genocide because the evidence did not conclusively demonstrate an intention to destroy the protected group. The ICTY similarly adopted a restrictive approach in \u003Cem\u003EProsecutor v Brđanin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.refworld.org\u002Fjurisprudence\u002Fcaselaw\u002Ficty\u002F2007\u002F61251\"\u003E2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E), \u003Cem\u003EProsecutor v Krajišnik (\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.refworld.org\u002Fjurisprudence\u002Fcaselaw\u002Ficty\u002F2006\u002F91994\"\u003E2006\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem\u003EStakić’s Appeals Judgement (\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.refworld.org\u002Fjurisprudence\u002Fcaselaw\u002Ficty\u002F2006\u002F61217\"\u003E2006\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, concluding that even severe ‘conditions of life’ were intended to forcibly displace populations rather than physically destroy them.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Gaza proceedings, however, present materially different circumstances. Unlike the conflicts in Bosnia, where displacement frequently remained an identifiable military objective and escape remained possible, the Commission documented conditions imposed upon almost the entirety of Gaza's civilian population, whose ability to flee or secure the basic necessities of life was severely constrained. The repeated evacuation orders issued from October 2023, coupled with simultaneous restrictions on food, water, fuel, healthcare and humanitarian assistance, created conditions in which survival itself became increasingly precarious. As the World Health Organization warned at the time, evacuating hospitals under such circumstances amounted to a ’\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews\u002Fitem\u002F14-10-2023-evacuation-orders-by-israel-to-hospitals-in-northern-gaza-are-a-death-se
397ntence-for-the-sick-and-injured\"\u003Edeath sentence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E for many patients.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThese circumstances raise the question: whether the cumulative creation of lethal conditions is more consistent with destruction than with temporary military displacement?&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEqually significant is the evolving understanding of intent itself. While genocide has traditionally been associated with a purposive intention to destroy, contemporary scholarship increasingly questions whether such a restrictive interpretation reflects either the text or object of the Genocide Convention.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs the drafting history of the Genocide Convection shows the Convention deliberately employs the phrase \u003Cstrong\u003E‘\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Eintent to destroy’, rejecting earlier drafting proposals requiring destruction \u003Cstrong\u003E‘\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdigitallibrary.un.org\u002Frecord\u002F601957?utm_source=chatgpt.com&amp;v=pdf\"\u003Efor the purpose of\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E doing so. Scholars including \u003Cem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpapers.ssrn.com\u002Fsol3\u002Fpapers.cfm?abstract_id=1517995\"\u003EAlexander Greenawalt\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fleiden-journal-of-international-law\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fgenocide-its-particular-intent-to-destroy-in-whole-or-in-part-the-group-as-such\u002F1D748D6F6CF0A19F9B585B64430214A3\"\u003EOtto\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fleiden-journal-of-international-law\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fgenocide-its-particular-intent-to-destroy-in-whole-or-in-part-the-group-as-such\u002F1D748D6F6CF0A19F9B585B64430214A3\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fleiden-journal-of-international-law\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fgenocide-its-particular-intent-to-destroy-in-whole-or-in-part-the-group-as-such\u002F1D748D6F6CF0A19F9B585B64430214A3\"\u003ETriffterer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E therefore argue that genocidal intent may be established where perpetrators knowingly create conditions from which destruction is the foreseeable consequence, even if destruction is not their sole subjective purpose.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe ICTR in \u003Cem\u003EAkayesu\u003C\u002Fem\u003E likewise accepted that genocidal intent may be inferred from surrounding circumstances and observed that an accused is culpable where he ‘knew or should have known’ that his conduct would contribute to the destruction of the protected group. Similarly, the standard was criticised by \u003Cem\u003EJustice Cançado Trindade\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in his \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icj-cij.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fcase-related\u002F118\u002F118-20150203-JUD-01-05-EN.pdf\"\u003Edissent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E in \u003Cem\u003ECroatia v. Serbia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E for imposing a threshold so exacting that it risks making genocide practically impossible to establish while atrocities are still unfolding.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis evolving approach is reflected in the ongoing proceedings before the International Court of Justice. In its \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icj-cij.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fcase-related\u002F192\u002F192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf\"\u003EJanuary 2024\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E Provisional Measures Order\u003Cstrong\u003E,\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E the C
397ourt concluded that South Africa's claim under the Genocide Convention was \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ejiltalk.org\u002Fimplausible-confusion-the-meaning-of-plausibility-in-the-icjs-provisional-measures\u002F\"\u003Eplausible\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E, recognising Palestinians in Gaza as a protected group and ordering Israel to prevent genocidal acts. \u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icj-cij.org\u002Fcase\u002F192\u002Fprovisional-measures\"\u003ESubsequent provisional measures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E acknowledged the rapidly deteriorating humanitarian situation, including the emergence of famine and the urgent need for humanitarian assistance.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAlthough the Court has deliberately refrained from determining whether genocide has occurred at this stage, its repeated intervention demonstrates that contemporary international law is increasingly prepared to infer the plausibility of genocidal intent from the cumulative interaction of repeated conduct, official rhetoric and the systematic creation of life-threatening conditions. The Commission’s findings, viewed against this evolving jurisprudence and supplemented by \u003Cem\u003E\u003Cins\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Funispal\u002Fdocument\u002Fanatomy-of-a-genocide-report-of-the-special-rapporteur-on-the-situation-of-human-rights-in-the-palestinian-territory-occupied-since-1967-to-human-rights-council-advance-unedited-version-a-hrc-55\u002F\"\u003EFrancesca Albense’s findings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fins\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E on the same issue since 2024, therefore provide a substantial evidentiary basis for examining genocide while simultaneously exposing the continuing debate over whether the law’s demanding conception of \u003Cem\u003Edolus specialis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E remains compatible with the preventive purpose of the Genocide Convention.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Ffc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d\u002Felement\u002F205b079f-5dc6-4623-9363-0691f3445c9b","type":"text","family-id":"125a7c6e-dbb4-48ce-8dc0-c632fa235f2b","title":"","id":"205b079f-5dc6-4623-9363-0691f3445c9b","metadata":{"content":"While genocide has traditionally been associated with a purposive intention to destroy, contemporary scholarship increasingly questions whether such a restrictive interpretation reflects either the text or object of the Genocide Convention. ","attribution":""},"subtype":"blockquote","text":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cblockquote\u003EWhile genocide has traditionally been associated with a purposive intention to destroy, contemporary scholarship increasingly questions whether such a restrictive interpretation reflects either the text or object of the Genocide Convention.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"attribution\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1785424943363,"content-version-id":"eddf9483-1c24-4b55-bd84-0ba54129181a","card-added-at":1785424375085,"status":"draft","id":"52e1fc2c-21bd-403c-8835-5e2c8a6193da","content-id":"52e1fc2c-21bd-403c-8835-5e2c8a6193da","version":3,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Why the UN Commission of Inquiry’s report on Palestine opens a new window to test Israel’s ‘Genocide’ charges","message":"The finding by the Commission headed by Justice S. Murlidhar provide a substantial evidentiary basis for investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity and, more controversially, reopen the debate on the interpretation of genocide in contemporary international law.","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-07-30\u002Fj3rpv2zn\u002FChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1536,"height":1024,"mime-type":"image\u002Fpng","file-size":2812851,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png"}}},"attributes":{}}},{"story-elements":[{"description":"","page-url":"\u002Fstory\u002Ffc714495-8124-49e1-9880-cd856104430d\u002Felement\u002Facfa2c15-7b27-4f12-9a56-5c537ee635d8","type":"text","family-id":"0ed31d4e-7662-479b-89a1-4aa1b3151df3","title":"","id":"acfa2c15-7b27-4f12-9a56-5c537ee635d8","metadata":{},"subtype":null,"text":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Need for an interpretation to prevent, rather than merely punish, genocide’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Commission's report demonstrates that the harms suffered by Palestinian children extend far beyond the incidental consequences of armed conflict. Its findings provide a substantial evidentiary basis for investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity and, more controversially, reopen the debate on the interpretation of genocide in contemporary international law.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe principal obstacle is no longer the absence of evidence, but the continued insistence on an exceptionally restrictive conception of dolus specialis. By requiring genocidal intent to be the only reasonable inference, the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice risks transforming the Genocide Convention from an instrument of prevention into one of retrospective condemnation, recognising genocide only \u003Cem\u003Eafter \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ethe destruction of the protected group has become undeniable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA more persuasive approach is the knowledge-based interpretation supported by aspects of Akayesu, under which genocidal intent may be inferred where decision-makers knowingly create conditions from which the destruction of a protected group is the foreseeable and inevitable consequence. Such an interpretation better reflects the drafting history of the Genocide Convention, which deliberately rejected a narrow \"purpose\" requirement in favour of the broader phrase ‘intent to destroy’, and aligns with the Convention's humanitarian object of preventing, rather than merely punishing, genocide.&nbsp;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EInternational law should not remain paralyzed by an evidentiary threshold that is almost impossible to satisfy while atrocities are unfolding. A knowledge-based approach would preserve the exceptional nature of genocide while ensuring that its preventive promise remains meaningful in the face of contemporary patterns of mass destruction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"}],"card-updated-at":1785424943363,"content-version-id":"4606881f-37ff-42f4-bf5d-bf871ddf311b","card-added-at":1785424375085,"status":"draft","id":"a31bc774-998a-455b-929f-732ce1f025d5","content-id":"a31bc774-998a-455b-929f-732ce1f025d5","version":3,"metadata":{"social-share":{"shareable":false,"title":"Why the UN Commission of Inquiry’s report on Palestine opens a new window to test Israel’s ‘Genocide’ charges","message":"The finding by the C
397ommission headed by Justice S. Murlidhar provide a substantial evidentiary basis for investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity and, more controversially, reopen the debate on the interpretation of genocide in contemporary international law.","image":{"key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-07-30\u002Fj3rpv2zn\u002FChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png","url":null,"attribution":null,"alt-text":null,"caption":null,"metadata":{"width":1536,"height":1024,"mime-type":"image\u002Fpng","file-size":2812851,"file-name":"ChatGPT-Image-Jul-30-2026-085454-PM.png"}}},"attributes":{}}}],"url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Finternational-law-world-affairs\u002Fwhy-the-un-commission-of-inquirys-report-on-palestine-chaired-by-justice-murlidhar-opens-a-new-window-to-test-israels-genocide-charges","story-version-id":"0e8e63b5-7cf3-4374-9c56-6ed771975249","content-type":"story","content-updated-at":1785429093423,"author-id":2553447,"owner-id":2173166,"linked-story-ids":[],"access":"subscription","asana-project-id":null,"first-published-at":1785424946539,"hero-image-caption":null,"version":11,"story-template":"text","sequence-no":null,"created-at":1785429087441,"authors":[{"slug":"kritish-dadu","social":{},"name":"Kritish Dadu","contributor-role":null,"avatar-url":"https:\u002F\u002Fcf-images.assettype.com\u002Ftheleaflet\u002F2026-07-31\u002F78wm6en0\u002FScreenshot_2026_07_31_at_11_22_18_AM.png","bio":"Kritish Dadu is a final-year B.A. LL.B. (Hons.) student at Symbiosis Law School, Pune, and a long-term Fellow with the International Crimes Tribunal Bangladesh. His research interests lie in international criminal law, with a particular focus on genocide studies, transitional justice, and South Asian approaches to international law.","id":2553447,"avatar-s3-key":"theleaflet\u002F2026-07-31\u002F78wm6en0\u002FScreenshot_2026_07_31_at_11_22_18_AM.png","twitter-handle":null}],"metadata":{"card-share":{"shareable":false}},"subscription-metadata":null,"publish-at":null,"assignee-name":"Siva Sankar Santhosh"}],"customAsideCollections":{},"cacheKeys":["s\u002F7248\u002F2f34b96d","a\u002F7248\u002F2116657","pb\u002F7248\u002Fstory","pb\u002F7248\u002Fall","page\u002F7248\u002Fstory-page","s\u002F7248\u002F161cf128","s\u002F7248\u002Fb0fd36c2","s\u002F7248\u002F8b352e98","s\u002F7248\u002Ffc714495"],"navigationMenu":[{"updated-at":1734597091881,"tag-name":null,"entity-properties":null,"entity-slug":null,"publisher-id":7248,"menu-group-slug":"default","item-id":null,"rank":64235,"title":"Home","item-type":"link","section-slug":null,"tag-slug":null,"id":65735,"parent-id":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002F","entity-name":null,"created-at":1734597042999,"section-name":null,"menu-group-id":7592,"data":{"color":"#FFFFFF","link":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002F"},"children":[],"completeUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002F","isExternalLink":false},{"updated-at":1734597091880,"tag-name":null,"entity-properties":null,"entity-slug":null,"publisher-id":7248,"menu-group-slug":"default","item-id":null,"rank":64244,"title":"Rights","item-type":"placeholder","section-slug":null,"tag-slug":null,"id":64235,"parent-id":null,"url":null,"entity-name":null,"created-at":1731386006464,"section-name":null,"menu-group-id":7592,"data":{"color":"#FFFFFF"},"children":[{"updated-at":1731386017466,"tag-name":null,"entity-properties":null,"entity-slug":null,"publisher-id":7248,"menu-group-slug":"default","item-id":84903,"rank":64236,"title":"Equality","item-type":"section","section-slug":"equality","tag-slug":null,"id":64236,"parent-id":64235,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Fequality","entity-name":null,"created-at":1731386017466,"section-name":"Equality","menu-group-id":7592,"data":{"color":"#FFFFFF"},"children":[],"completeUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Fequality"},{"updated-at":1731386029249,"tag-name":null,"entity-properties":null,"entity-slug":null,"publisher-id":7248,"menu-group-slug":"default","item-id":84891,"rank":64237,"title":"Freedom","item-type":"section","section-slug":"freedom","tag-slug":null,"id":64237,"parent-id":64235,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Ffreedom","entity-name":null,"created-at":1731386029249,"section-name":"Freedom","menu-group-id":7592,"data":{"color":"#FFFFFF"},"children":[],"completeUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Ftheleaflet.in\u002Ffreedom"},{"updated-at":1731386040959,"tag-name":null,"entity-properties":null,"entity-slug":null,"publisher-id":7248,"menu-group-slug":"default","item-id":84887,"rank":64238,"title":"Life 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