1<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><link rel="preload" as="image" imageSrcSet="/_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=16&q=55 16w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=32&q=55 32w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=48&q=55 48w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=64&q=55 64w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=96&q=55 96w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=256&q=55 256w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=384&q=55 384w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=640&q=55 640w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=750&q=55 750w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=828&q=55 828w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=1080&q=55 1080w" imageSizes="(min-width: 1024px) 232px, (min-width: 640px) 200px, 181px"/><link rel="preload" as="image" fetchPriority="high" imageSrcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=640&q=80 640w,/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=750&q=80 750w,/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=828&q=80 828w,/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=1080&q=80 1080w" imageSizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 90vw"/><link rel="preload" as="image" imageSrcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=640&q=80 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=750&q=80 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=828&q=80 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=1080&q=80 1080w" imageSizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 90vw" fetchPriority="high"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/chunks/0~95ur_-tyf-v.css" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==" data-precedence="next"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/chunks/0qk8sjwpis8r6.css" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==" data-precedence="next"/><link rel="preload" as="script" fetchPriority="low" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==" href="/_next/static/chunks/12wfr01vhodwc.js"/>
1<script src="/_next/static/chunks/07qn5qn1~xr-t.js" async="" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ=="></script>
1<script src="/_next/static/chunks/07euxesjsvkvq.js" async="" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ=="></script>
1<script src="/_next/static/chunks/04sd.7qb9m.rr.js" async="" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ=="></script>
1<script src="/_next/static/chunks/turbopack-0_je-gz6r.3.k.js" async="" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ=="></script>
1<script src="/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js" async="" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ=="></script>
1<script src="/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js" async="" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ=="></script>
1<script src="/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js" async="" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ=="></script>
1<script src="/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js" async="" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ=="></script>
1<script src="/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js" async="" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ=="></script>
1<script src="/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js" async="" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ=="></script>
1<script src="/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js" async="" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ=="></script>
1<script src="/_next/static/chunks/035ch7w681p6b.js" async="" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ=="></script>
1<script src="/_next/static/chunks/11f9v0cl-w9a4.js" async="" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ=="></script>
1<link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/chunks/0b~r31-ule-9m.js" as="script" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==" fetchPriority="low"/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/chunks/07jvpnmtljfrw.js" as="script" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==" fetchPriority="low"/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/chunks/0p1i-~egnoi-u.js" as="script" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==" fetchPriority="low"/><meta name="next-size-adjust" content=""/><meta name="theme-color" content="#C62A2A"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://ruralindiaonline.org/article/pari-s-language-universe"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="ur" href="https://ruralindiaonline.org/article/pari-s-language-universe-ur?locale=ur"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="or" href="https://ruralindiaonline.org/article/pari-s-language-universe-or?locale=or"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="mr" href="https://ruralindiaonline.org/article/pari-s-language-universe-mr?locale=mr"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="hi" href="https://ruralindiaonline.org/article/pari-s-language-universe-hi?locale=hi"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="bn" href="https://ruralindiaonline.org/article/pari-s-language-universe-bn?locale=bn"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="x-default" href="https://ruralindiaonline.org/article/pari-s-language-universe"/><title>PARIâs Language Universe - PARI - PARI</title><meta name="description" content="Stories from rural India"/><meta property="og:title" content="PARIâs Language Universe"/><meta property="og:description" content="Stories from rural India"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://ruralindiaonline.org/article/pari-s-language-universe"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="PARI - People's Archive of Rural India"/><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://production.ruralindiaonline.org/uploads/pari_languages_c61230a6c1.png"/><meta property="og:image:alt" content="PARIâs Language Universe"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="article:published_time" content="2025-01-28"/><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2025-01-28T10:37:33.629Z"/><meta property="article:author" content="P. Sainath"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@PARINetwork"/><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@PARINetwork"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="PARIâs Language Universe"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Stories from rural India"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://production.ruralindiaonline.org/uploads/pari_languages_c61230a6c1.png"/><meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="PARIâs Language Universe"/><link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico?favicon.0lvc4a1x.tcqk.ico" sizes="32x32" type="image/x-icon"/><link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"/><link rel="preload" as="image" href="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=1080&q=80" fetchPriority="high" imageSrcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=640&q=80 640w,/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=750&q=80 750w,/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=828&q=80 828w,/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=1080&q=80 1080w" imageSizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 90vw"/>
1<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">(function(){try{var l=new URLSearchParams(location.search).get('locale')||'en';var m={'hi':'hi','mr':'mr','te':'te','ta':'ta','kn':'kn','bn':'bn','gu':'gu','or':'or','ml':'ml','pa':'pa','ur':'ur','ar':'ar','as':'as','bho':'bho','hne':'hne'};var d=document.documentElement;d.lang=m[l]||'en';if(l==='ur'||l==='ar')d.dir='rtl';}catch(e){}})();</script>
1<script src="/_next/static/chunks/03~yq9q893hmn.js" noModule="" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ=="></script>
1</head><body class="noto_sans_b504eb-module__Jsg41a__variable noto_sans_devanagari_3a65e9a2-module__AU5DCG__variable noto_sans_telugu_6371841b-module__mVcmxW__variable noto_sans_tamil_b7d167b1-module__svxGva__variable noto_sans_kannada_be346744-module__Rvz9tW__variable noto_sans_bengali_b7c6a023-module__3RqYRa__variable noto_sans_gujarati_a789a9df-module__wKZvWa__variable noto_sans_oriya_96615ef2-module__z2pS7G__variable noto_sans_malayalam_f68db390-module__Nwa_Oa__variable noto_sans_gurmukhi_cec565db-module__LLuTWW__variable noto_nastaliq_urdu_ff72fd6-module__9TtKPa__variable font-noto antialiased"><div hidden=""><!--$--><!--/$--></div><!--$--><!--/$--><!--$--><!--$--><!--/$--><!--/$-->
1<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">((a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h)=>{let i=document.documentElement,j=["light","dark"];function k(b){var c;(Array.isArray(a)?a:[a]).forEach(a=>{let c="class"===a,d=c&&f?e.map(a=>f[a]||a):e;c?(i.classList.remove(...d),i.classList.add(f&&f[b]?f[b]:b)):i.setAttribute(a,b)}),c=b,h&&j.includes(c)&&(i.style.colorScheme=c)}if(d)k(d);else try{let a=localStorage.getItem(b)||c,d=g&&"system"===a?window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches?"dark":"light":a;k(d)}catch(a){}})("class","theme","light",null,["light","dark"],null,false,true)</script>
1<!--$?--><template id="B:0"></template><div class="h-[88px] bg-white dark:bg-background border-b border-border"><div class="container mx-auto px-4 max-w-[1282px] h-full flex items-center justify-center">Loading header...</div></div><!--/$--><!--$--><!--/$--><main class="min-h-screen bg-background"><!--$--><!--$--><!--$?--><template id="B:1"></template><div class="min-h-screen bg-background"><div class="max-w-4xl mx-auto px-4 py-8"><div class="animate-pulse space-y-6"><div class="space-y-2"><div class="animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-4 w-48"></div><div class="animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-4 w-32"></div></div><div class="animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-16 w-full"></div><div class="animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-6 w-5/6"></div><div class="flex items-center space-x-4"><div class="animate-pulse bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-12 w-12 rounded-full"></div><div class="space-y-2"><div class="animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-4 w-32"></div><div class="animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-3 w-24"></div></div></div><div class="animate-pulse bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-96 w-full rounded-lg"></div><div class="space-y-4"><div class="animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-4 w-full"></div><div class="animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-4 w-full"></div><div class="animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-4 w-5/6"></div><div class="animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-4 w-full"></div><div class="animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-4 w-4/5"></div></div></div></div></div><!--/$--><!--/$--><!--/$--></main><!--$--><!--/$--><!--$--><div class="min-h-100" aria-hidden="true"></div><!--/$--><!--$--><div class="fixed bottom-4 sm:bottom-6 md:bottom-8 lg:bottom-10 right-4 sm:right-6 md:right-8 rounded-full lg:right-10 z-[100]"><button data-slot="button" class="inline-flex items-center justify-center whitespace-nowrap text-sm font-medium disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-4 shrink-0 outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-ring/50 focus-visible:ring-[3px] dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive/40 px-4 py-2 has-[>svg]:px-3 relative h-[45px] w-[100px] sm:h-[50px] sm:w-[110px] md:h-[55px] md:w-[120px] lg:h-[61px] lg:w-[130px] active:outline-none gap-2 border-none rounded-full cursor-pointer bg-primary-PARI-Red text-white hover:bg-primary-PARI-Red/80 backdrop-blur-3xl supports-[backdrop-filter]:bg-primary-PARI-Red transition-all duration-200"><div class="flex items-center justify-center w-full h-full rounded-full gap-1 sm:gap-2 font-semibold text-[10px] sm:text-xs px-2"><div class="flex flex-col items-center justify-center gap-0"><div class="flex items-center gap-1.5"><span class="font-bold">EN</span><span class="text-white/70">|</span><span class="font-bold">English</span></div><span class="text-[10px] sm:text-xs font-normal">6<!-- --> languages</span></div></div></button></div><!--/$-->
1<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">requestAnimationFrame(function(){$RT=performance.now()});</script>
1<script src="/_next/static/chunks/12wfr01vhodwc.js" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==" id="_R_" async=""></script>
1<div hidden id="S:0"><div class="main-header-section bg-white dark:bg-popover md:py-8 py-5 border-b border-border dark:border-borderline"><div class="container mx-auto px-4 top-0 max-w-[1282px]"><div class="flex flex-col items-center justify-center w-full z-1000"><div class="flex flex-col items-center -mt-1 mx-auto"><div class="text-left"><div class=" max-w-[1232px] mx-auto px-6 "><p class="eyebrow-text text-grey-300 dark:text-discreet-text">FRIDAY, OCTOBER 2, 2026</p></div></div><div class="flex items-center justify-center mb-0"><a class="flex-shrink-0" href="/"><img alt="PARI Logo" width="1000" height="448" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="object-contain w-45.25 sm:w-50 md:w-50 lg:w-58" style="color:transparent;height:auto;aspect-ratio:1000/448" sizes="(min-width: 1024px) 232px, (min-width: 640px) 200px, 181px" srcSet="/_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=16&q=55 16w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=32&q=55 32w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=48&q=55 48w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=64&q=55 64w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=96&q=55 96w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=256&q=55 256w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=384&q=55 384w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=640&q=55 640w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=750&q=55 750w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=828&q=55 828w, /_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=1080&q=55 1080w" src="/_next/image?url=%2Fimages%2Fheader-logo%2FFor-light-mode%2Fpari-english-light.png&w=1080&q=55"/></a></div></div></div></div></div><header class="border-b border-gray-200 dark:border-border dark:bg-popover bg-white transition-all duration-300 relative z-40"><div class="container mx-auto px-4 max-w-[1282px]"><nav class="flex items-center justify-between h-[60px]"><div class="flex items-center space-x-2 flex"><button data-slot="button" class="inline-flex gap-2 whitespace-nowrap text-sm font-medium transition-[color,box-shadow] disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-4 shrink-0 outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-ring/50 focus-visible:ring-[3px] dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive/40 shadow-xs hover:ring-primary-PARI-Red ring-primary-PARI-Red ring-1 hover:text-white hover:bg-primary-PARI-Red size-9 md:hidden rounded-full h-[32px] w-[32px] dark:hover:bg-primary-PARI-Red dark:bg-popover bg-white items-center justify-center p-2 text-primary-PARI-Red" aria-label="Open menu"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-menu h-[1.2rem] w-[1.2rem]"><line x1="4" x2="20" y1="12" y2="12"></line><line x1="4" x2="20" y1="6" y2="6"></line><line x1="4" x2="20" y1="18" y2="18"></line></svg><span class="sr-only">Toggle menu</span></button></div><div class="hidden md:flex items-center space-x-8 flex-1"><div class="hidden md:block"><div class="w-full dark:bg-popover bg-white h-9"></div></div><div class="md:hidden w-full dark:bg-popover rounded-[8px] bg-popover h-9"></div></div><div class="flex items-center justify-center space-x-2 md:space-x-4 flex flex"><button data-slot="button" class="inline-flex gap-2 whitespace-nowrap text-sm font-medium transition-[color,box-shadow] disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-4 shrink-0 outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-ring/50 focus-visible:ring-[3px] dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive/40 shadow-xs hover:ring-primary-PARI-Red ring-primary-PARI-Red ring-1 hover:text-white hover:bg-primary-PARI-Red size-9 rounded-full h-[32px] w-[32px] dark:hover:bg-primary-PARI-Red dark:bg-popover bg-white items-center justify-center p-2 text-primary-PARI-Red" aria-label="Search"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-search h-[1.2rem] w-[1.2rem] cursor-pointer"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle><path d="m21 21-4.3-4.3"></path></svg></button><div class="flex items-center gap-x-2 md:space-x-2"><button data-slot="button" class="justify-center whitespace-nowrap text-sm font-medium transition-[color,box-shadow] disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg:not([class*='
1size-'])]:size-4 shrink-0 outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-ring/50 focus-visible:ring-[3px] dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive/40 text-primary-PARI-Red shadow-xs hover:ring-primary-PARI-Red ring-primary-PARI-Red ring-1 hover:text-white hover:bg-primary-PARI-Red px-4 py-2 has-[>svg]:px-3 rounded-2xl w-[73px] cursor-pointer dark:hover:bg-primary-PARI-Red dark:bg-popover bg-white h-[32px] flex items-center gap-1"><p class="text-sm ">Explore</p></button><a href="/donate"><button data-slot="button" class="inline-flex justify-center gap-2 whitespace-nowrap text-sm font-medium transition-[color,box-shadow] disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-4 shrink-0 outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-ring/50 focus-visible:ring-[3px] dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive/40 text-primary-PARI-Red shadow-xs hover:ring-primary-PARI-Red ring-primary-PARI-Red ring-1 hover:text-white hover:bg-primary-PARI-Red px-4 py-2 has-[>svg]:px-3 rounded-2xl items-center sm:hidden md:flex dark:hover:bg-primary-PARI-Red dark:bg-popover bg-white cursor-pointer w-[73px] h-[32px]"><p class="text-sm "> <!-- -->Donate</p></button></a></div><div class="relative flex items-center"><button data-slot="button" class="inline-flex items-center justify-center gap-2 whitespace-nowrap text-sm font-medium transition-[color,box-shadow] disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-4 shrink-0 outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-ring/50 focus-visible:ring-[3px] dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive/40 bg-lghtsurface2 shadow-xs hover:dark:bg-primary-PARI-Red hover:ring-primary-PARI-Red ring-primary-PARI-Red ring-1 size-9 hover:bg-primary-PARI-Red hover:text-white w-[32px] h-[32px] rounded-full cursor-pointer text-primary-PARI-Red"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-sun absolute h-[1.2rem] w-[1.2rem] rotate-0 scale-100 transition-all dark:-rotate-90 dark:scale-0"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="4"></circle><path d="M12 2v2"></path><path d="M12 20v2"></path><path d="m4.93 4.93 1.41 1.41"></path><path d="m17.66 17.66 1.41 1.41"></path><path d="M2 12h2"></path><path d="M20 12h2"></path><path d="m6.34 17.66-1.41 1.41"></path><path d="m19.07 4.93-1.41 1.41"></path></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-moon absolute h-[1.2rem] w-[1.2rem] rotate-90 scale-0 transition-all dark:rotate-0 dark:scale-100"><path d="M12 3a6 6 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 0 1 1-9-9Z"></path></svg><span class="sr-only">Toggle theme</span></button></div></div></nav></div></header><div class="fixed top-0 left-0 h-full w-full max-w-[395px] bg-white dark:bg-popover border-r border-border transform transition-transform duration-300 ease-in-out z-[70] md:hidden -translate-x-full"><div class="flex flex-col h-full"><div class="p-4 border-b border-border"><div class="flex items-center justify-between mb-2"><div class="flex flex-col gap-1"><img alt="PARI Logo" loading="lazy" width="60" height="60" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="h-16 w-16 object-contain" style="color:transparent" sizes="64px" srcSet="/_next/image?url=%2Fpari-logo.png&w=16&q=55 16w, /_next/image?url=%2Fpari-logo.png&w=32&q=55 32w, /_next/image?url=%2Fpari-logo.png&w=48&q=55 48w, /_next/image?url=%2Fpari-logo.png&w=64&q=55 64w, /_next/image?url=%2Fpari-logo.png&w=96&q=55 96w, /_next/image?url=%2Fpari-logo.png&w=256&q=55 256w, /_next/image?url=%2Fpari-logo.png&w=384&q=55 384w, /_next/image?url=%2Fpari-logo.png&w=640&q=55 640w, /_next/image?url=%2Fpari-logo.png&w=750&q=55 750w, /_next/image?url=%2Fpari-logo.png&w=828&q=55 828w, /_next/image?url=%2Fpari-logo.png&w=1080&q=55 1080w" src="/_next/image?url=%2Fpari-logo.png&w=1080&q=55"/></div><button data-slot="button" class="inline-flex items-center justify-center gap-2 whitespace-nowrap rounded-md text-sm font-medium transition-[color,box-shadow] disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg:not([class*='
1size-'])]:size-4 shrink-0 outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-ring/50 focus-visible:ring-[3px] dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive/40 size-9 md:hidden" aria-label="Close menu"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-x h-7 w-7 text-primary-PARI-Red"><path d="M18 6 6 18"></path><path d="m6 6 12 12"></path></svg></button></div></div><div class="flex-1 overflow-y-auto p-4"><div class="hidden md:block"><div class="w-full dark:bg-popover bg-white h-9"></div></div><div class="md:hidden w-full dark:bg-popover rounded-[8px] bg-popover h-9"></div></div></div></div></div>
1<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">$RB=[];$RV=function(a){$RT=performance.now();for(var b=0;b<a.length;b+=2){var c=a[b],e=a[b+1];null!==e.parentNode&&e.parentNode.removeChild(e);var f=c.parentNode;if(f){var g=c.previousSibling,h=0;do{if(c&&8===c.nodeType){var d=c.data;if("/$"===d||"/&"===d)if(0===h)break;else h--;else"$"!==d&&"$?"!==d&&"$~"!==d&&"$!"!==d&&"&"!==d||h++}d=c.nextSibling;f.removeChild(c);c=d}while(c);for(;e.firstChild;)f.insertBefore(e.firstChild,c);g.data="$";g._reactRetry&&requestAnimationFrame(g._reactRetry)}}a.length=0}; 2$RC=function(a,b){if(b=document.getElementById(b))(a=document.getElementById(a))?(a.previousSibling.data="$~",$RB.push(a,b),2===$RB.length&&("number"!==typeof $RT?requestAnimationFrame($RV.bind(null,$RB)):(a=performance.now(),setTimeout($RV.bind(null,$RB),2300>a&&2E3<a?2300-a:$RT+300-a)))):b.parentNode.removeChild(b)};$RC("B:0","S:0")</script>
2<div hidden id="S:1"><div class="min-h-screen bg-background story-content-wrapper" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style> 3 .article-content-text, 4 .article-content-text * { 5 font-size: inherit !important; 6 } 7 .article-content-text { 8 font-size: 18px !important; 9 } 10 11 /* Force story content to use its own direction, overriding parent HTML dir */ 12 .story-content-wrapper { 13 direction: ltr !important; 14 text-align: left !important; 15 } 16 17 .story-content-wrapper * { 18 direction: inherit !important; 19 } 20 21 22 </style><div class="fixed top-0 left-0 w-full bg-white dark:bg-popover border-b border-gray-200 dark:border-gray-700 z-40000 transition-transform duration-300 print:hidden -translate-y-full"><div class="max-w-7xl mx-auto px-3 md:px-8 py-3 md:py-4 flex items-center justify-center gap-12 md:gap-16 relative"><button class="text-primary-PARI-Red border-primary-PARI-Red rounded-full p-2 cursor-pointer" title="Toggle Photos" aria-label="Toggle Photos"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-image"><rect width="18" height="18" x="3" y="3" rx="2" ry="2"></rect><circle cx="9" cy="9" r="2"></circle><path d="m21 15-3.086-3.086a2 2 0 0 0-2.828 0L6 21"></path></svg></button><button class="text-primary-PARI-Red border-primary-PARI-Red rounded-full cursor-pointer" title="Share" aria-label="Share"><svg width="28" height="28" class="" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><circle cx="18" cy="5" r="3"></circle><circle cx="6" cy="12" r="3"></circle><circle cx="18" cy="19" r="3"></circle><line x1="8.59" y1="13.51" x2="15.42" y2="17.49"></line><line x1="15.41" y1="6.51" x2="8.59" y2="10.49"></line></svg></button><button class="text-primary-PARI-Red border-primary-PARI-Red rounded-full cursor-pointer" title="Print" aria-label="Print"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-printer"><path d="M6 18H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h16a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2"></path><path d="M6 9V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6"></path><rect x="6" y="14" width="12" height="8" rx="1"></rect></svg></button><div class="relative flex items-center gap-4 md:gap-6"><button type="button" class="text-primary-PARI-Red hover:opacity-70 transition-opacity font-medium cursor-pointer leading-none" style="font-size:28px" title="Decrease Font Size" aria-label="Decrease font size">â</button><span class="text-primary-PARI-Red font-medium" style="font-size:24px">T</span><button type="button" class="text-primary-PARI-Red hover:opacity-70 transition-opacity font-medium cursor-pointer leading-none" style="font-size:28px" title="Increase Font Size" aria-label="Increase font size">+</button></div></div><div class="absolute bottom-0 left-0 w-full h-1 bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700"><div class="h-full bg-primary-PARI-Red transition-all duration-150 ease-out" style="width:0%"></div></div></div><div class="relative w-full group"><div class="relative w-full bg-muted"><img alt="PARIâs Language Universe" fetchPriority="high" width="1920" height="1080" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="w-full h-auto cursor-pointer print:block" style="color:transparent" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 90vw" srcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=640&q=80 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=750&q=80 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=828&q=80 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=1080&q=80 1080w" src="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png&w=1080&q=80"/><div class="absolute top-4 right-4 transition-opacity duration-300 print:hidden"><button class="bg-primary-PARI-Red text-white p-3 rounded-full shadow-lg hover:scale-110 transition-transform" title="Zoom Image" aria-label="Zoom image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-zoom-in"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle><line x1="21" x2="16.65" y1="21" y2="16.65"></line><line x1="11" x2="11" y1="8" y2="14"></line>
22<line x1="8" x2="14" y1="11" y2="11"></line></svg></button></div></div></div><div class="relative mx-auto px-4 my-16 md:px-8 mt-8 md:-mt-32 mb-3"><div class="md:bg-white md:dark:bg-popover md:rounded-3xl p-[16px] md:p-[2.5rem] lg:p-[4rem] md:shadow-[0px_4px_20px_0px_rgba(0,0,0,0.1)] relative mx-auto max-w-[768px] md:max-w-[768px] lg:max-w-[912px] xl:max-w-[970px] 2xl:max-w-[1016px] mx-auto overflow-wrap-anywhere break-words" lang="en" dir="ltr"><button class="absolute md:top-6 top-2 right-2 md:right-6 w-10 h-10 hidden md:flex items-center justify-center rounded-full border-1 border-primary-PARI-Red text-primary-PARI-Red hover:bg-primary-PARI-Red hover:text-white transition-colors" aria-label="Minimize article"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><line x1="5" y1="10" x2="15" y2="10" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"></line></svg></button><div class="flex items-center gap-2 mb-4 flex-row"><p class="eyebrow-text font-noto-sans text-primary-PARI-Red">SANGUR, PUNJAB</p><span class="text-gray-400 dark:text-[#8e8888]">|</span><p class="eyebrow-text font-noto-sans text-grey-300 dark:text-discreet-text">TUE, JAN 28, 2025</p></div><h1 class="text-foreground mb-2">PARIâs Language Universe</h1><div class="w-full h-px bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700 my-8 "></div><div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row md:items-end md:justify-between gap-4 print:hidden"><div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:flex md:flex-row gap-2 md:gap-12 flex-1"><div class=" grid grid-cols-2 md:grid-cols-1 gap- "><p class="eyebrow-text font-noto-sans text-grey-300 dark:text-discreet-text mb-2">Author</p><div class="font-noto-sans text-foreground" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:400;line-height:140%"><span><button class="transition-colors text-left hover:text-primary-PARI-Red dark:hover:text-primary-PARI-Red">P. Sainath</button></span></div></div></div><button class="w-full md:w-auto md:ml-8 px-6 py-3 border border-primary-PARI-Red text-primary-PARI-Red hover:bg-primary-PARI-Red rounded-full font-noto-sans hover:text-white transition-colors whitespace-nowrap" style="font-size:14px;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">See all credits</button></div><div id="print-author-info" class="hidden print:flex flex-row gap-8 mt-4 print:mt-0"><div><span class="text-gray-500 text-sm">Author<!-- -->: </span><span class="text-black font-medium">P. Sainath</span></div></div></div></div><div class="w-full lg:my-16 md:my-12 my-8 mx-auto md:px-8" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div><div class="jsx-697efda36bba53a6 my-6 max-w-3xl mx-auto px-8 md:px-10 lg:px-16"><div style="font-size:18px;line-height:170%;letter-spacing:-0.03em" class="jsx-697efda36bba53a6 article-content-text text-discreet-text "><p>PARI publishes in 15 languages: English, Hindi, Urdu, Marathi, Bengali, Odia, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Punjabi, Chhattisgarhi, Bhojpuri, Assamese and Gujarati. You can read articles in any of those. Of these, five â Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Urdu and Odia â have âlocalisedâ sites, that is, home pages where everything including the menus are in that particular language.</p><p>Sure, there are giant media corporations that function in up to 40 languages, but those are not on an equal footing. For instance, their Indian language platforms carry a fraction of what you will find on their English sites.</p><p>In PARI, we work on the principle: Every Indian Language is Your Language. And this implies parity among tongues. If a piece appears in one language, it is our mandate to see it appears in all 15 that we presently publish in. A mandate we will fulfil regardless of the number of languages we might add to PARI. We are able to do this because of a fantastic translations team. So far, we have worked with over 170 translators â with around 40 of them active in any given month. However, we publish not just translations but also original content in Indian languages.</p><p>We believe the promotion of Indian languages is a must for society as a whole. The linguistic richness of this country gave rise to the old saying that, over here, if at every three or four kilometres the water tastes different, well, thereâs a different tongue to be heard at every 12-15.</p><p>But we cannot be complacent about that anymore. Not at a time when the Peopleâs Linguistic Survey of India tells us that this country, with close to 8
2200 living languages, has witnessed 225 tongues die in the past 50 years. Not at a time when the United Nations claims that 90-95 per cent of the worldâs spoken languages will be extinct or seriously endangered by the end of this century. Not at a time when at least one indigenous language is dying every fortnight across the world.</p><p>Welcome to PARIâs Language Universe.</p><p> </p></div></div></div><div class="max-w-3xl mx-auto px-8 md:px-10 lg:px-16 my-8"><p class="text-discreet-text font-noto-sans text-sm md:text-base">Want to republish this article? Please write to<!-- --> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#97edf6ffe5f6d7e5e2e5f6fbfef9f3fef6f8f9fbfef9f2b9f8e5f0" class="text-primary-PARI-Red hover:underline font-medium"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="780219100a19380a0d0a191411161c111917161411161d56170a1f">[email protected]</span></a> <!-- -->with a cc to<!-- --> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#f698979b9f8297b6848384979a9f98929f9799989a9f9893d8998491" class="text-primary-PARI-Red hover:underline font-medium"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="68060905011c09281a1d1a090401060c010907060401060d46071a0f">[email protected]</span></a></p></div></div><div id="credits-section" class="w-full bg-[#ececec] dark:bg-[#1e1e1e] py-12 md:py-16 md:pb-16 "><div class="max-w-3xl mx-auto px-4 md:px-8"><div class="bg-white dark:bg-popover rounded-lg p-6 md:p-8 mb-8 shadow-sm print:hidden"><h3 class="text-2xl font-noto-sans mb-4 text-primary-PARI-Red">Donate to PARI</h3><p class="text-discreet font-noto-sans mb-6">All donors will be entitled to tax exemptions under Section-80G of the Income Tax Act. Please double check your email address before submitting.</p><button class="w-full rounded-full py-4 bg-primary-PARI-Red hover:bg-primary-PARI-Red/90 text-white rounded-full font-bold text-lg transition-colors flex items-center justify-center gap-2">Donate to PARI<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"><path d="M5 12h14M12 5l7 7-7 7"></path></svg></button></div><div id="authors-section"><div class="bg-white dark:bg-popover rounded-lg p-6 md:p-8 mb-6 shadow-sm"><p class="eyebrow-text font-noto-sans text-grey-300 dark:text-discreet-text text-[14px] mb-1">Author</p><div class="text-2xl font-bold mb-4 text-foreground"><h3 class="text-2xl font-noto-sans">P. Sainath</h3></div><div class="mb-6"><p class="text-discreet-text leading-relaxed">P. Sainath is Founder Editor, People's Archive of Rural India. He has been a rural reporter for decades and is the author of 'Everybody Loves a Good Drought' and 'The Last Heroes: Foot Soldiers of Indian Freedom'.</p></div><div class="flex items-center gap-4 print:hidden"><a href="/author/p-sainath" class="px-6 py-2 border border-primary-PARI-Red text-primary-PARI-Red hover:bg-primary-PARI-Red rounded-full hover:text-white transition-colors text-sm font-medium flex items-center gap-2">See more stories<svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"><path d="M5 12h14M12 5l7 7-7 7"></path></svg></a><div class="flex gap-3"><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#8afaf9ebe3e4ebfee2caede7ebe3e6a4e9e5e7" class="text-gray-600 hover:text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:text-gray-200 transition-colors" title="Email"><svg width="24" height="24" class="w-6 h-6" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M4 4h16c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2v12c0 1.1-.9 2-2 2H4c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2V6c0-1.1.9-2 2-2z"></path><polyline points="22,6 12,13 2,6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fixed bottom-4 sm:bottom-6 md:bottom-8 rounded-full lg:bottom-10 right-4 sm:right-6 md:right-8 lg:right-10 z-50"><button data-slot="button" class="inline-flex items-center justify-center whitespace-nowrap text-sm font-medium disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg:not([class*='size-'])]:size-4 shrink-0 outline-none focus-visible:border-ring focus-visible:ring-ring/50 focus-visible:ring-[3px] dark:aria-invalid:ring-destructive/40 px-4 py-2 has-[>svg]:px-3 relative h-[50px] w-[90px] sm:h-[55px] sm:w-[95px] md:h-[60px] md:w-[100px] lg:h-[65px] lg:w-[120px] active:outline-none gap-1 border-none rounded-full cursor-pointer bg-primary-PARI-Red hover:bg-primary-PARI-Red/80 text-white transition-all duration-200 after:content-[''] after:absolute after:top-1/2 after:left-1/2 after:transform after:-translate-x-1/2 after:-translate-y-1/2 after:w-[80%] after:h-[105%] after:border-12 after:border-red-700 after:rounded-full after:animate-ping"><div class="flex flex-col items-center justify-center gap-0"><div class="flex items-center gap-1"><span class="text-[10px] sm:text-xs md:text-sm font-bold">English</span>|<span class="text-[8px] sm:text-[10px] opacity-50">EN</span></div><span class="text-[8px] sm:text-[9px] md:text-[10px] opacity-80 font-normal">6<!-- --> <!-- -->languages</span></div></button></div><div class="hidden print:block mt-12 pt-6 border-t-2 border-gray-300 text-center"><p class="text-lg font-bold text-gray-800">PARI - People's Archive of Rural India</p><p class="text-sm text-gray-600 mt-1">ruralindiaonline.org</p><p class="text-sm text-gray-500 mt-2">https://ruralindiaonline.org/articles/<!-- -->pari-s-language-universe</p></div></div></div>
vendor: 108 bytes, line 22
22<script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script>
22<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">$RC("B:1","S:1")</script>
22<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">(self.__next_f=self.__next_f||[]).push([0])</script>
22<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">self.__next_f.push([1,"1:\"$Sreact.fragment\"\n3:I[53179,[\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js\"],\"default\"]\n4:I[30855,[\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js\"],\"default\"]\n7:I[19371,[\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js\"],\"OutletBoundary\"]\n8:\"$Sreact.suspense\"\nb:I[19371,[\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js\"],\"ViewportBoundary\"]\nd:I[19371,[\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js\"],\"MetadataBoundary\"]\nf:I[48751,[\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js\"],\"default\",1]\n11:I[77939,[\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js\"],\"GlobalCanonicalAndHreflang\"]\n12:I[31362,[\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js\"],\"default\"]\n13:I[43435,[\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js\"],\"ThemeProvider\"]\n14:I[6968,[\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js\"],\"Header\"]\n15:I[33228,[\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/035ch7w681p6b.js\"],\"default\"]\n16:I[61748,[\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/035ch7w681p6b.js\"],\"\"]\n1d:I[44817,[\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.j"])</script>
22<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">self.__next_f.push([1,"s\"],\"Footer\"]\n1e:I[68330,[\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js\"],\"LanguageToggle\"]\n:HL[\"/_next/static/chunks/0~95ur_-tyf-v.css\",\"style\",{\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\"}]\n:HL[\"/_next/static/chunks/0qk8sjwpis8r6.css\",\"style\",{\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\"}]\n:HL[\"/_next/static/media/d1026d003941335e-s.p.0.i531x_zbhs8.woff2\",\"font\",{\"crossOrigin\":\"\",\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\",\"type\":\"font/woff2\"}]\n"])</script>
22<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">self.__next_f.push([1,"0:{\"P\":null,\"c\":[\"\",\"article\",\"pari-s-language-universe\"],\"q\":\"\",\"i\":false,\"f\":[[[\"\",{\"children\":[\"article\",{\"children\":[[\"slug\",\"pari-s-language-universe\",\"d\",null],{\"children\":[\"__PAGE__\",{}]}]}]},\"$undefined\",\"$undefined\",16],[[\"$\",\"$1\",\"c\",{\"children\":[[[\"$\",\"link\",\"0\",{\"rel\":\"stylesheet\",\"href\":\"/_next/static/chunks/0~95ur_-tyf-v.css\",\"precedence\":\"next\",\"crossOrigin\":\"$undefined\",\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\"}],[\"$\",\"link\",\"1\",{\"rel\":\"stylesheet\",\"href\":\"/_next/static/chunks/0qk8sjwpis8r6.css\",\"precedence\":\"next\",\"crossOrigin\":\"$undefined\",\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\"}],[\"$\",\"script\",\"script-0\",{\"src\":\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"async\":true,\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\"}],[\"$\",\"script\",\"script-1\",{\"src\":\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"async\":true,\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\"}],[\"$\",\"script\",\"script-2\",{\"src\":\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"async\":true,\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\"}],[\"$\",\"script\",\"script-3\",{\"src\":\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"async\":true,\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\"}],[\"$\",\"script\",\"script-4\",{\"src\":\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"async\":true,\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\"}],[\"$\",\"script\",\"script-5\",{\"src\":\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"async\":true,\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\"}],[\"$\",\"script\",\"script-6\",{\"src\":\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js\",\"async\":true,\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\"}]],\"$L2\"]}],{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$1\",\"c\",{\"children\":[null,[\"$\",\"$L3\",null,{\"parallelRouterKey\":\"children\",\"error\":\"$undefined\",\"errorStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"errorScripts\":\"$undefined\",\"template\":[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{}],\"templateStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"templateScripts\":\"$undefined\",\"notFound\":\"$undefined\",\"forbidden\":\"$undefined\",\"unauthorized\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$1\",\"c\",{\"children\":[null,\"$L5\"]}],{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$1\",\"c\",{\"children\":[\"$L6\",[[\"$\",\"script\",\"script-0\",{\"src\":\"/_next/static/chunks/11f9v0cl-w9a4.js\",\"async\":true,\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\"}]],[\"$\",\"$L7\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$8\",null,{\"name\":\"Next.MetadataOutlet\",\"children\":\"$@9\"}]}]]}],{},null,false,null]},null,false,null]},null,false,\"$@a\"]},null,false,null],[\"$\",\"$1\",\"h\",{\"children\":[null,[\"$\",\"$Lb\",null,{\"children\":\"$Lc\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"hidden\":true,\"children\":[\"$\",\"$Ld\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$8\",null,{\"name\":\"Next.Metadata\",\"children\":\"$Le\"}]}]}],[\"$\",\"meta\",null,{\"name\":\"next-size-adjust\",\"content\":\"\"}]]}],false]],\"m\":\"$undefined\",\"G\":[\"$f\",[[\"$\",\"link\",\"0\",{\"rel\":\"stylesheet\",\"href\":\"/_next/static/chunks/0~95ur_-tyf-v.css\",\"precedence\":\"next\",\"crossOrigin\":\"$undefined\",\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\"}],[\"$\",\"link\",\"1\",{\"rel\":\"stylesheet\",\"href\":\"/_next/static/chunks/0qk8sjwpis8r6.css\",\"precedence\":\"next\",\"crossOrigin\":\"$undefined\",\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\"}]]],\"S\":false,\"h\":null,\"s\":\"$undefined\",\"l\":\"$undefined\",\"p\":\"$undefined\",\"d\":\"$undefined\",\"b\":\"viD_WdcDbK41lQgfoUN0W\"}\n"])</script>
22<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">self.__next_f.push([1,"10:[]\na:\"$W10\"\n"])</script>
22<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">self.__next_f.push([1,"2:[\"$\",\"html\",null,{\"lang\":\"en\",\"suppressHydrationWarning\":true,\"children\":[[\"$\",\"head\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"script\",null,{\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\",\"suppressHydrationWarning\":true,\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"(function(){try{var l=new URLSearchParams(location.search).get('locale')||'en';var m={'hi':'hi','mr':'mr','te':'te','ta':'ta','kn':'kn','bn':'bn','gu':'gu','or':'or','ml':'ml','pa':'pa','ur':'ur','ar':'ar','as':'as','bho':'bho','hne':'hne'};var d=document.documentElement;d.lang=m[l]||'en';if(l==='ur'||l==='ar')d.dir='rtl';}catch(e){}})();\"}}]}],[\"$\",\"body\",null,{\"className\":\"noto_sans_b504eb-module__Jsg41a__variable noto_sans_devanagari_3a65e9a2-module__AU5DCG__variable noto_sans_telugu_6371841b-module__mVcmxW__variable noto_sans_tamil_b7d167b1-module__svxGva__variable noto_sans_kannada_be346744-module__Rvz9tW__variable noto_sans_bengali_b7c6a023-module__3RqYRa__variable noto_sans_gujarati_a789a9df-module__wKZvWa__variable noto_sans_oriya_96615ef2-module__z2pS7G__variable noto_sans_malayalam_f68db390-module__Nwa_Oa__variable noto_sans_gurmukhi_cec565db-module__LLuTWW__variable noto_nastaliq_urdu_ff72fd6-module__9TtKPa__variable font-noto antialiased\",\"suppressHydrationWarning\":true,\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$8\",null,{\"fallback\":null,\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L11\",null,{}]}],[\"$\",\"$8\",null,{\"fallback\":null,\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L12\",null,{\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\"}]}],[\"$\",\"$L13\",null,{\"attribute\":\"class\",\"defaultTheme\":\"light\",\"enableSystem\":false,\"disableTransitionOnChange\":true,\"storageKey\":\"theme\",\"nonce\":\"HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$8\",null,{\"fallback\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"h-[88px] bg-white dark:bg-background border-b border-border\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"container mx-auto px-4 max-w-[1282px] h-full flex items-center justify-center\",\"children\":\"Loading header...\"}]}],\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L14\",null,{}]}],[\"$\",\"$L3\",null,{\"parallelRouterKey\":\"children\",\"error\":\"$undefined\",\"errorStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"errorScripts\":\"$undefined\",\"template\":[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{}],\"templateStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"templateScripts\":\"$undefined\",\"notFound\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"min-h-[calc(100vh-4rem)] bg-background px-4 py-16\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"flex flex-col items-center text-center\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"h1\",null,{\"className\":\"text-[clamp(7rem,25vw,17rem)] font-black leading-none tracking-tight text-primary-PARI-Red\",\"children\":\"404\"}],[\"$\",\"h3\",null,{\"className\":\"mt-2 max-w-sm text-2xl font-bold text-foreground\",\"children\":\"The pesky page you're looking for doesn't exist.\"}],[\"$\",\"$L15\",null,{}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mt-5 flex flex-col items-center gap-4\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"flex flex-wrap justify-center gap-3\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L16\",null,{\"href\":\"/stories\",\"className\":\"rounded-full border-1 border-primary-PARI-Red px-6 py-2 text-sm font-medium text-primary-PARI-Red transition-colors hover:bg-primary-PARI-Red hover:text-white\",\"children\":\"See all stories\"}],[\"$\",\"$L16\",null,{\"href\":\"/library\",\"target\":\"blank\",\"className\":\"rounded-full border-1 border-primary-PARI-Red px-6 py-2 text-sm font-medium text-primary-PARI-Red transition-colors hover:bg-primary-PARI-Red hover:text-white\",\"children\":\"Visit Library\"}]]}]}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mx-auto mt-8 max-w-3xl\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"mb-6 text-center text-[20px] font-medium text-foreground\",\"children\":\"Other helpful resources\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"grid grid-cols-1 gap-4 sm:grid-cols-3\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L16\",\"Donate\",{\"href\":\"/donate\",\"className\":\"group rounded-2xl bg-popover p-6 shadow-sm hover:shadow-md\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mb-3 flex items-center gap-2\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"svg\",null,{\"stroke\":\"currentColor\",\"fill\":\"none\",\"strokeWidth\":\"2\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 24 24\",\"strokeLinecap\":\"round\",\"strokeLinejoin\":\"round\",\"className\":\"h-5 w-5 text-primary-PARI-Red\",\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[[\"$\",\"path\",\"0\",{\"d\":\"M20.84 4.61a5.5 5.5 0 0 0-7.78 0L12 5.67l-1.06-1.06a5.5 5.5 0 0 0-7.78 7.78l1.06 1.06L12 21.23l7.78-7.78 1.06-1.06a5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-7.78z\",\"children\":[]}]]],\"style\":{\"color\":\"$undefined\"}
22,\"height\":\"1em\",\"width\":\"1em\",\"xmlns\":\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"}],\"$L17\"]}],\"$L18\"]}],\"$L19\",\"$L1a\"]}]]}]]}],[]],\"forbidden\":\"$undefined\",\"unauthorized\":\"$undefined\"}],\"$L1b\",\"$L1c\"]}]]}]]}]\n"])</script>
22<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">self.__next_f.push([1,"17:[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"className\":\"font-bold text-foreground\",\"children\":\"Donate\"}]\n18:[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"text-sm leading-relaxed bg text-foreground/70\",\"children\":\"We can do this without governments â and will. We can't do it without you.\"}]\n19:[\"$\",\"$L16\",\"Contribute\",{\"href\":\"/submit-content\",\"className\":\"group rounded-2xl bg-popover p-6 shadow-sm hover:shadow-md\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mb-3 flex items-center gap-2\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"svg\",null,{\"stroke\":\"currentColor\",\"fill\":\"none\",\"strokeWidth\":\"2\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 24 24\",\"strokeLinecap\":\"round\",\"strokeLinejoin\":\"round\",\"className\":\"h-5 w-5 text-primary-PARI-Red\",\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[[\"$\",\"path\",\"0\",{\"d\":\"M12 20h9\",\"children\":[]}],[\"$\",\"path\",\"1\",{\"d\":\"M16.5 3.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L7 19l-4 1 1-4L16.5 3.5z\",\"children\":[]}]]],\"style\":{\"color\":\"$undefined\"},\"height\":\"1em\",\"width\":\"1em\",\"xmlns\":\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"}],[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"className\":\"font-bold text-foreground\",\"children\":\"Contribute\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"text-sm leading-relaxed bg text-foreground/70\",\"children\":\"India's biggest archive of itself needs everyone to participate. Join us.\"}]]}]\n1a:[\"$\",\"$L16\",\"Volunteer\",{\"href\":\"/volunteer\",\"className\":\"group rounded-2xl bg-popover p-6 shadow-sm hover:shadow-md\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mb-3 flex items-center gap-2\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"svg\",null,{\"stroke\":\"currentColor\",\"fill\":\"none\",\"strokeWidth\":\"2\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 24 24\",\"strokeLinecap\":\"round\",\"strokeLinejoin\":\"round\",\"className\":\"h-5 w-5 text-primary-PARI-Red\",\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[[\"$\",\"path\",\"0\",{\"d\":\"M17 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H5a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2\",\"children\":[]}],[\"$\",\"circle\",\"1\",{\"cx\":\"9\",\"cy\":\"7\",\"r\":\"4\",\"children\":[]}],[\"$\",\"path\",\"2\",{\"d\":\"M23 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-3-3.87\",\"children\":[]}],[\"$\",\"path\",\"3\",{\"d\":\"M16 3.13a4 4 0 0 1 0 7.75\",\"children\":[]}]]],\"style\":{\"color\":\"$undefined\"},\"height\":\"1em\",\"width\":\"1em\",\"xmlns\":\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"}],[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"className\":\"font-bold text-foreground\",\"children\":\"Volunteer\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"text-sm leading-relaxed bg text-foreground/70\",\"children\":\"Engage with today's issues. See our volunteering opportunities.\"}]]}]\n1b:[\"$\",\"$8\",null,{\"fallback\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"bg-white dark:bg-popover text-card-foreground px-5 py-8 sm:py-12 md:py-16\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"max-w-[1232px] mx-auto px-4\",\"children\":\"Loading footer...\"}]}],\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L1d\",null,{}]}]\n1c:[\"$\",\"$8\",null,{\"fallback\":null,\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L1e\",null,{}]}]\nc:[[\"$\",\"meta\",\"0\",{\"charSet\":\"utf-8\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"1\",{\"name\":\"viewport\",\"content\":\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"2\",{\"name\":\"theme-color\",\"content\":\"#C62A2A\"}]]\n"])</script>
22<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">self.__next_f.push([1,"1f:I[58497,[\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js\"],\"CanonicalAndHreflang\"]\n20:I[11683,[\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js\"],\"IconMark\"]\n5:[[\"$\",\"$8\",null,{\"fallback\":null,\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L1f\",null,{\"articleLocalizations\":[{\"code\":\"en\",\"slug\":\"pari-s-language-universe\"},{\"code\":\"ur\",\"slug\":\"pari-s-language-universe-ur\"},{\"code\":\"or\",\"slug\":\"pari-s-language-universe-or\"},{\"code\":\"mr\",\"slug\":\"pari-s-language-universe-mr\"},{\"code\":\"hi\",\"slug\":\"pari-s-language-universe-hi\"},{\"code\":\"bn\",\"slug\":\"pari-s-language-universe-bn\"}],\"englishArticleSlug\":\"pari-s-language-universe\"}]}],[\"$\",\"$L3\",null,{\"parallelRouterKey\":\"children\",\"error\":\"$undefined\",\"errorStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"errorScripts\":\"$undefined\",\"template\":[\"$\",\"$L4\",null,{}],\"templateStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"templateScripts\":\"$undefined\",\"notFound\":\"$undefined\",\"forbidden\":\"$undefined\",\"unauthorized\":\"$undefined\"}]]\n9:null\n"])</script>
22<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">self.__next_f.push([1,"e:[[\"$\",\"title\",\"0\",{\"children\":\"PARIâs Language Universe - PARI - PARI\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"1\",{\"name\":\"description\",\"content\":\"Stories from rural India\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"2\",{\"property\":\"og:title\",\"content\":\"PARIâs Language Universe\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"3\",{\"property\":\"og:description\",\"content\":\"Stories from rural India\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"4\",{\"property\":\"og:url\",\"content\":\"https://ruralindiaonline.org/article/pari-s-language-universe\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"5\",{\"property\":\"og:site_name\",\"content\":\"PARI - People's Archive of Rural India\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"6\",{\"property\":\"og:locale\",\"content\":\"en_US\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"7\",{\"property\":\"og:image\",\"content\":\"https://production.ruralindiaonline.org/uploads/pari_languages_c61230a6c1.png\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"8\",{\"property\":\"og:image:alt\",\"content\":\"PARIâs Language Universe\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"9\",{\"property\":\"og:type\",\"content\":\"article\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"10\",{\"property\":\"article:published_time\",\"content\":\"2025-01-28\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"11\",{\"property\":\"article:modified_time\",\"content\":\"2025-01-28T10:37:33.629Z\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"12\",{\"property\":\"article:author\",\"content\":\"P. Sainath\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"13\",{\"name\":\"twitter:card\",\"content\":\"summary_large_image\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"14\",{\"name\":\"twitter:site\",\"content\":\"@PARINetwork\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"15\",{\"name\":\"twitter:creator\",\"content\":\"@PARINetwork\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"16\",{\"name\":\"twitter:title\",\"content\":\"PARIâs Language Universe\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"17\",{\"name\":\"twitter:description\",\"content\":\"Stories from rural India\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"18\",{\"name\":\"twitter:image\",\"content\":\"https://production.ruralindiaonline.org/uploads/pari_languages_c61230a6c1.png\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"19\",{\"name\":\"twitter:image:alt\",\"content\":\"PARIâs Language Universe\"}],[\"$\",\"link\",\"20\",{\"rel\":\"icon\",\"href\":\"/favicon.ico?favicon.0lvc4a1x.tcqk.ico\",\"sizes\":\"32x32\",\"type\":\"image/x-icon\"}],[\"$\",\"link\",\"21\",{\"rel\":\"icon\",\"href\":\"/favicon.ico\"}],[\"$\",\"$L20\",\"22\",{}]]\n"])</script>
22<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">self.__next_f.push([1,"21:I[72328,[\"/_next/static/chunks/125fkx2ce4q1w.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/17b-5a2y.ufcc.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0co9r91.u944z.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ci60o-rg9rl2.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0iavdd7nron3n.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0ljipm7tpmodg.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/0vlr0h2unk07d.js\",\"/_next/static/chunks/11f9v0cl-w9a4.js\"],\"StoryContentClient\"]\n:HL[\"/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png\u0026w=1080\u0026q=80\",\"image\",{\"fetchPriority\":\"high\",\"imageSrcSet\":\"/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png\u0026w=640\u0026q=80 640w,/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png\u0026w=750\u0026q=80 750w,/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png\u0026w=828\u0026q=80 828w,/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png\u0026w=1080\u0026q=80 1080w\",\"imageSizes\":\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 90vw\"}]\n22:T10ee,"])</script>
22<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp style=\"line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:8pt;margin-top:0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-size:12pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Kalpurush;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;\"\u003ePARI publishes in 15 languages: English, Hindi, Urdu, Marathi, Bengali, Odia, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Punjabi, Chhattisgarhi, Bhojpuri, Assamese and Gujarati. You can read articles in any of those. Of these, five â Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Urdu and Odia â have âlocalisedâ sites, that is, home pages where everything including the menus are in that particular language.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:8pt;margin-top:0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-size:12pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Kalpurush;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;\"\u003eSure, there are giant media corporations that function in up to 40 languages, but those are not on an equal footing. For instance, their Indian language platforms carry a fraction of what you will find on their English sites.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:8pt;margin-top:0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-size:12pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Kalpurush;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;\"\u003eIn PARI, we work on the principle: Every Indian Language is Your Language.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Cambria,serif;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Kalpurush;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;\"\u003e And this implies parity among tongues. If a piece appears in one language, it is our mandate to see it appears in all 15 that we presently publish in. A mandate we will fulfil regardless of the number of languages we might add to PARI. We are able to do this because of a fantastic translations team. So far, we have worked with over 170 translators â with around 40 of them active in any given month. However, we publish not just translations but also original content in Indian languages.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:8pt;margin-top:0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-size:12pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Kalpurush;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;\"\u003eWe believe the promotion of Indian languages is a must for society as a whole. The linguistic richness of this country gave rise to the old saying that, over here, if at every three or four kilometres the water tastes different, well, thereâs a different tongue to be heard at every 12-15.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:8pt;margin-top:0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-size:12pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Kalpurush;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;\"\u003eBut we cannot be complacent about that anymore. Not at a time when the Peopleâs Linguistic Survey of India tells us that this country, with close to 800 living languages, has witnessed 225 tongues die in the past 50 years. Not at a time when the United Nations claims that 90-95 per
22cent of the worldâs spoken languages will be extinct or seriously endangered by the end of this century. Not at a time when at least one indigenous language is dying every fortnight across the world.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:8pt;margin-top:0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color:transparent;color:#000000;font-size:12pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Kalpurush;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;\"\u003eWelcome to PARIâs Language Universe.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp style=\"line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:8pt;margin-top:0pt;\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
22<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">self.__next_f.push([1,"6:[[\"$\",\"link\",null,{\"rel\":\"preload\",\"as\":\"image\",\"href\":\"/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png\u0026w=1080\u0026q=80\",\"fetchPriority\":\"high\",\"imageSrcSet\":\"/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png\u0026w=640\u0026q=80 640w,/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png\u0026w=750\u0026q=80 750w,/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png\u0026w=828\u0026q=80 828w,/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fproduction.ruralindiaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fpari_languages_c61230a6c1.png\u0026w=1080\u0026q=80 1080w\",\"imageSizes\":\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 90vw\"}],[\"$\",\"main\",null,{\"className\":\"min-h-screen bg-background\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$8\",null,{\"fallback\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"min-h-screen bg-background\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"max-w-4xl mx-auto px-4 py-8\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"animate-pulse space-y-6\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"space-y-2\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-4 w-48\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-4 w-32\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-16 w-full\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-6 w-5/6\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"flex items-center space-x-4\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"animate-pulse bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-12 w-12 rounded-full\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"space-y-2\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-4 w-32\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-3 w-24\"}]]}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"animate-pulse bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-96 w-full rounded-lg\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"space-y-4\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-4 w-full\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-4 w-full\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-4 w-5/6\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-4 w-full\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"animate-pulse rounded-md bg-gray-200 dark:bg-popover h-4 w-4/5\"}]]}]]}]}]}],\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L21\",null,{\"initialCoverImage\":\"https://production.ruralindiaonline.org/uploads/pari_languages_c61230a6c1.png\",\"initialStoryData\":{\"title\":\"PARIâs Language Universe\",\"subtitle\":\"\",\"publishedDate\":\"2025-01-28\",\"authors\":[{\"name\":\"P. Sainath\",\"title\":\"Author\",\"bio\":\"P. Sainath is Founder Editor, People's Archive of Rural India. He has been a rural reporter for decades and is the author of 'Everybody Loves a Good Drought' and 'The Last Heroes: Foot Soldiers of Indian Freedom'.\",\"email\":\"[email protected]\",\"twitter\":\"\",\"facebook\":\"\",\"instagram\":\"\",\"linkedin\":\"\"}],\"content\":[{\"id\":261750,\"__component\":\"modular-content.text\",\"Text\":\"$22\",\"align_content\":\"default\"}],\"coverImage\":\"https://production.ruralindiaonline.org/uploads/pari_languages_c61230a6c1.png\",\"mobileCoverImage\":\"$undefined\",\"coverImageCaption\":\"$undefined\",\"coverImageCredits\":\"$undefined\",\"categories\":[],\"location\":\"$undefined\",\"city\":\"$undefined\",\"state\":\"$undefined\",\"availableLanguages\":[{\"code\":\"en\",\"slug\":\"pari-s-language-universe\"},{\"code\":\"ur\",\"slug\":\"pari-s-language-universe-ur\"},{\"code\":\"or\",\"slug\":\"pari-s-language-universe-or\"},{\"code\":\"mr\",\"slug\":\"pari-s-language-universe-mr\"},{\"code\":\"hi\",\"slug\":\"pari-s-language-universe-hi\"},{\"code\":\"bn\",\"slug\":\"pari-s-language-universe-bn\"}],\"relatedStoriesData\":[],\"isStudent\":false,\"storyLocale\":\"en\"}}]}]}]]\n"])</script>
22<script nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==">(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||(a.contentWindow&&a.contentWindow.document);if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.nonce='HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==';d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'a4405eb229696190',t:'MTc5MDkwOTExNQ=='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script>
22<script type="module" src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/v31edd6df95cf4e85bb4c19e7a9bdbcba1788362987495" integrity="sha512-iIg7k2xntmwu6/uSb5tpc/hySgZc4eoL31yB29W6tJFo2akwjPWcEqnCEdJvGexCL0KEQwVYv5BlowfhVz26hg==" nonce="HVt+ePu636mJqeQeRSA+iQ==" data-cf-beacon='{"version":"2024.11.0","token":"0dde683ebd634c629e18c22d529f9423","spa":2}' crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
22 23</body></html>
Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.