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209/*# sourceURL=https://mixedmigration.org/wp-includes/blocks/list/style.min.css */
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231         class="max-w-[9.063rem] lg:max-w-[10.438rem] h-auto flex-shrink-0">
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306    <p>Migration in the context of geopolitical turmoil</p>
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424  <main role="main" id="post-364" class="post-364 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry">
425    
426<header class="wp-block-mmd-hero mmd-hero lg:min-h-[25rem] lg:flex flex-col justify-center items-stretch mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md lg:mmd-padding-y relative overflow-hidden isolate bg-primary-faint-blue mod--theme--light mod--variant--featured"><div class="container relative z-10"><div class="mmd-content lg:max-w-1/2 py-10 lg:py-0 relative isolate"><h1 class="text-heading-1 mod--variant--default">What is 4Mi Migration
Data? </h1>
427<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi is MMC’s primary global data collection system. It generates migration data through surveys carried out directly with refugees and migrants on the move on mixed migration routes around the world.</p>
428
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430</div></div><figure class="relative order-first lg:order-last lg:absolute lg:right-0 lg:top-0 lg:h-full lg:max-w-[calc(53%_-_3rem)] lg:w-1/2"><div class="is-ratio-image ratio-3-2 lg:ratio-none lg:absolute lg:inset-0"><img fetchpriority="high" src="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/4Mi_header.jpg" alt="Illustrated people walking along a connected path." class="" width="1500" height="500"  decoding="async" srcset="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/4Mi_header-540x200.jpg 540w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/4Mi_header-1080x400.jpg 1080w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/4Mi_header.jpg 1500w" sizes="auto, 100vw" data-image-id="10466"/></div></figure><div class="mmd-hero__background bg-primary-faint-blue mod--theme--light" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="absolute top-1/2 left-1/2 -z-10 size-[200%] -translate-2/4 pointer-events-none" width="3500" height="2182" aria-hidden="true"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#MMC-Decor"></use></svg></div></header>
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434<section class="wp-block-mmd-content-media mmd-content-media mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md mmd-padding-y bg-system-white mod--theme--light mod--variant--media-right" data-columns="lg:cols-2"><div class="mmd-content-media__inner-wrapper"><div class="mmd-content-media__content lg:col-span-1"><div class="mmd-content-media__content-inner"><div class="flex flex-col justify-start items-stretch not-last:mb-2"><h2 class="mod--variant--default"><strong>Data directly from people on the move</strong></h2></div><div class="mmd-content">
435<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Every day, more than 120 trained 4Mi enumerators interview people moving along major migration routes to capture first-hand accounts of their journeys.</p>
436
437
438
439<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Because surveys are standardized and continuous, the data is comparable across routes, regions and over time. It is the only global system that regularly and systematically documents mixed migration from the perspective of those experiencing it.</p>
440
441
442
443<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Launched in 2014, it is today the largest, in-depth, globally comparable dataset, based on direct interviews with refugees and migrants on the move.</p>
444
445
446
447<div class="wp-block-mmd-button-group mmd-button-group lg:justify-start">
448<a class="wp-block-mmd-button mmd-button mod--variant--primary" href="#4Mi-background" target="_self" rel="noopener">Read FAQs</a>
449</div>
450</div></div></div><div class="mmd-content-media__media lg:col-span-1"><figure class="mmd-content-media__media-wrapper"><div class="is-ratio-image ratio-3-2 w-full"><img src="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_Enumerator1200X800.png" alt="A women enumerator interviews a migrant, both at a table." class="w-full h-auto object-cover block" width="1200" height="800"  decoding="async" srcset="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_Enumerator1200X800-450x300.png 450w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_Enumerator1200X800-600x400.png 600w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_Enumerator1200X800-1000x670.png 1000w" sizes="auto, (min-width: 992px) 600px, calc(100vw - 2rem)" data-image-id="5622"/></div><figcaption class="mmd-figcaption mmd-figcaption">4Mi enumerators interview refugees and migrants on the move</figcaption></figure></div></div></section>
451
452
453
454<section class="wp-block-mmd-section--1col mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md mmd-padding-y bg-accent-soft-cream mod--theme--light"><div class="container mmd-content">
455<div class="wp-block-mmd-heading mmd-heading flex flex-col lg:flex-row lg:items-center lg:justify-between flex-wrap gap-4"><h2 class="mod--variant--default">Why data on mixed migration matters</h2></div>
456
457
458
459<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Despite the high interest in migration, policy decisions, political debates, and humanitarian programming often unfold in the absence of large-scale data. Refugees and migrants on the move are a mobile, diverse, and hard-to-reach population, which makes collecting reliable information extremely challenging.</p>
460
461
462
463<p class="wp-block-paragraph">MMC’s 4Mi migration data helps fill this gap by providing regular, comparable, first-hand data gathered directly from people on the move.&nbsp;</p>
464</div></section>
465
466
467
468<section class="wp-block-mmd-floating-layer mmd-floating-layer relative z-10 isolate has-overlap-top has-overlap-bottom"><div class="container"><div class="mmd-content mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md mmd-padding-y rounded-3px px-8 lg:px-16 bg-primary-jet-blue mod--theme--dark">
469<section class="wp-block-mmd-cta mmd-cta mmd-content overflow-hidden rounded-3px mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md mmd-margin-y mod--variant--simple-centered bg-parent mod--theme--inherit"><div class="mmd-cta__heading-wrapper flex flex-col justify-start items-stretch m-0"><h2 class="text-heading-3 mod--variant--mod--variant--simple-centered">4Mi Data Explorer</h2></div><div class="mmd-content">
470<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The 4Mi Data Explorer makes MMC’s unique 4Mi survey data publicly available.&nbsp; Updated quarterly with thousands of new interviews, over 100,000 to date, it offers first-hand insights from people on the move along mixed migration routes worldwide.</p>
471
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473
474<div class="wp-block-mmd-button-group mmd-button-group lg:justify-start">
475<a class="wp-block-mmd-button mmd-button mod--variant--primary" href="https://mixedmigration.org/4mi-data-explorer/" target="_self" rel="noopener">Explore the data</a>
476</div>
477</div></section>
478</div></div><div class="absolute w-full h-1/2 pointer-events-none -z-10 left-0 bg-accent-soft-cream top-0" aria-hidden="true"></div><div class="absolute w-full h-1/2 pointer-events-none -z-10 left-0 bg-system-white bottom-0" aria-hidden="true"></div></section>
479
480
481
482<section class="wp-block-mmd-section--1col mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md mmd-padding-y bg-system-white mod--theme--light"><div class="container mmd-content">
483<div class="wp-block-mmd-heading mmd-heading flex flex-col lg:flex-row lg:items-center lg:justify-between flex-wrap gap-4"><h2 class="mod--variant--default">What makes 4Mi migration data unique</h2></div>
484
485
486
487<div class="wp-block-mmd-grid--cards mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md mmd-padding-y mmd-row mmd-row-md lg:cols-3">
488<div class="wp-block-mmd-grid--key-insights-child mmd-col"><article class="mmd-highlight-card group mod--theme--light mod--variant--icon mod--card-type--compact"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%2064%2064'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Migrants People Walking" class="card__icon mb-1 size-16 max-w-16 max-h-16 object-center object-contain" width="64" height="64" decoding="async" aria-hidden="true" data-lazy-src="/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/images/brand-icons/Migrants_People_Walking_AQUA.svg"/><noscript><img src="/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/images/brand-icons/Migrants_People_Walking_AQUA.svg" alt="Migrants People Walking" class="card__icon mb-1 size-16 max-w-16 max-h-16 object-center object-contain" width="64" height="64" decoding="async" loading="lazy" aria-hidden="true"/></noscript><p class="mt-1 font-bold text-base">Access to hard-to-reach groups</p><footer class="mt-0"><p class="mt-auto text-base">It captures the experiences of refugees and migrants on irregular routes and outside camps, as well as smugglers.</p></footer></article></div>
489
490
491
492<div class="wp-block-mmd-grid--key-insights-child mmd-col"><article class="mmd-highlight-card group mod--theme--light mod--variant--icon mod--card-type--compact"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%2064%2064'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Socio-educational activities" class="card__icon mb-1 size-16 max-w-16 max-h-16 object-center object-contain" width="64" height="64" decoding="async" aria-hidden="true" data-lazy-src="/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/images/brand-icons/Socio-educational_activities_AQUA.svg"/><noscript><img src="/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/images/brand-icons/Socio-educational_activities_AQUA.svg" alt="Socio-educational activities" class="card__icon mb-1 size-16 max-w-16 max-h-16 object-center object-contain" width="64" height="64" decoding="async" loading="lazy" aria-hidden="true"/></noscript><p class="mt-1 font-bold text-base">Flexible and adaptive</p><footer class="mt-0"><p class="mt-auto text-base">It can quickly adapt to new issues; for example, during COVID-19 it was used to collect +25,000 remote interviews the first year.</p></footer></article></div>
493
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495
496<div class="wp-block-mmd-grid--key-insights-child mmd-col"><article class="mmd-highlight-card group mod--theme--light mod--variant--icon mod--card-type--compact"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%2064%2064'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Interview Vox Pops Research" class="card__icon mb-1 size-16 max-w-16 max-h-16 object-center object-contain" width="64" height="64" decoding="async" aria-hidden="true" data-lazy-src="/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/images/brand-icons/Interview_Vox_Pops_Research_AQUA.svg"/><noscript><img src="/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/images/brand-icons/Interview_Vox_Pops_Research_AQUA.svg" alt="Interview Vox Pops Research" class="card__icon mb-1 size-16 max-w-16 max-h-16 object-center object-contain" width="64" height="64" decoding="async" loading="lazy" aria-hidden="true"/></noscript><p class="mt-1 font-bold text-base">Community-based data collection</p><footer class="mt-0"><p class="mt-auto text-base">Enumerators are often migrants or refugees themselves, building trust with respondents and adding local knowledge to the data collection.</p></footer></article></div>
497
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499
500<div class="wp-block-mmd-grid--key-insights-child mmd-col"><article class="mmd-highlight-card group mod--theme--light mod--variant--icon mod--card-type--compact"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%2064%2064'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="People Movement 2" class="card__icon mb-1 size-16 max-w-16 max-h-16 object-center object-contain" width="64" height="64" decoding="async" aria-hidden="true" data-lazy-src="/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/images/brand-icons/People_Movement_2_AQUA.svg"/><noscript><img src="/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/images/brand-icons/People_Movement_2_AQUA.svg" alt="People Movement 2" class="card__icon mb-1 size-16 max-w-16 max-h-16 object-center object-contain" width="64" height="64" decoding="async" loading="lazy" aria-hidden="true"/></noscript><p class="mt-1 font-bold text-base">Quantitative data with human depth</p><footer class="mt-0"><p class="mt-auto text-base">Structured surveys generate robust statistics while also capturing detailed stories of individual journeys to gain insights into the human face of mi
500xed migration.</p></footer></article></div>
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504<div class="wp-block-mmd-grid--key-insights-child mmd-col"><article class="mmd-highlight-card group mod--theme--light mod--variant--icon mod--card-type--compact"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%2064%2064'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Video Call Zoom Teams" class="card__icon mb-1 size-16 max-w-16 max-h-16 object-center object-contain" width="64" height="64" decoding="async" aria-hidden="true" data-lazy-src="/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/images/brand-icons/Video_Call_Zoom_Teams_AQUA.svg"/><noscript><img src="/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/images/brand-icons/Video_Call_Zoom_Teams_AQUA.svg" alt="Video Call Zoom Teams" class="card__icon mb-1 size-16 max-w-16 max-h-16 object-center object-contain" width="64" height="64" decoding="async" loading="lazy" aria-hidden="true"/></noscript><p class="mt-1 font-bold text-base">Large samples for solid analysis</p><footer class="mt-0"><p class="mt-auto text-base">Thousands of interviews per year allow for advanced statistical methods and robust analysis, going beyond descriptive analytics alone.</p></footer></article></div>
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508<div class="wp-block-mmd-grid--key-insights-child mmd-col"><article class="mmd-highlight-card group mod--theme--light mod--variant--icon mod--card-type--compact"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%2064%2064'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Data Gathering Systems" class="card__icon mb-1 size-16 max-w-16 max-h-16 object-center object-contain" width="64" height="64" decoding="async" aria-hidden="true" data-lazy-src="/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/images/brand-icons/Data_Gathering_Systems_AQUA.svg"/><noscript><img src="/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/images/brand-icons/Data_Gathering_Systems_AQUA.svg" alt="Data Gathering Systems" class="card__icon mb-1 size-16 max-w-16 max-h-16 object-center object-contain" width="64" height="64" decoding="async" loading="lazy" aria-hidden="true"/></noscript><p class="mt-1 font-bold text-base">Complementary to other systems</p><footer class="mt-0"><p class="mt-auto text-base">It works alongside initiatives like IOM’s DTM, enriching global understanding of mixed migration.</p></footer></article></div>
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510</div></section>
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514<section class="wp-block-mmd-content-media mmd-content-media mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md mmd-padding-y bg-neutral-light-grey mod--theme--light mod--variant--media-left" data-columns="lg:cols-2"><div class="mmd-content-media__inner-wrapper"><div class="mmd-content-media__media lg:col-span-1"><figure class="mmd-content-media__media-wrapper"><div class="is-ratio-image ratio-3-2 w-full"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201250%20883'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="World map illustrating 4Mi building blocks framework." class="w-full h-auto object-cover block" width="1250" height="883" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_building_block-450x300.jpg 450w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_building_block-600x400.jpg 600w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_building_block-1000x670.jpg 1000w" data-lazy-sizes="auto, (min-width: 992px) 600px, calc(100vw - 2rem)" data-image-id="5621" data-lazy-src="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_building_block.jpg"/><noscript><img src="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_building_block.jpg" alt="World map illustrating 4Mi building blocks framework." class="w-full h-auto object-cover block" width="1250" height="883" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_building_block-450x300.jpg 450w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_building_block-600x400.jpg 600w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_building_block-1000x670.jpg 1000w" sizes="auto, (min-width: 992px) 600px, calc(100vw - 2rem)" data-image-id="5621"/></noscript></div></figure></div><div class="mmd-content-media__content lg:col-span-1"><div class="mmd-content-media__content-inner"><div class="flex flex-col justify-start items-stretch not-last:mb-2"><h2 class="mod--variant--default">What the 4Mi survey covers</h2></div><div class="mmd-content">
515<p class="wp-block-paragraph">At the heart of 4Mi is the migrant survey covering the full migration journey — from migrant profiles and migration drivers to financing, routes, use of smugglers, risks, access to assistance and information, decision-making, and future aspirations.</p>
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519<p class="wp-block-paragraph">MMC can also develop special modules to focus on specific themes or emerging issues (e.g. impact of the earthquake in Syria/Türkiye, the war in Tigray or the measures by the Trump administration). These are integrated into the core survey for rapid and targeted data collectionusing the already existing 4Mi infrastru
519cture to avoid the need to set up a new standalone research project. Additionally, MMC developed specific thematic 4Mi projects. For example, during Covid-19, <a href="https://mixedmigration.org/mixed-migration-during-covid-19/">a new survey captured the pandemic’s impact,</a> with over 25,000 remote interviews collected in the first year, and 4Mi Cities was developed to explore migration realities in urban hubs.&nbsp;</p>
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523<p class="wp-block-paragraph">On selected routes, 4Mi also implements a longitudinal approach, repeatedly interviewing the same respondents to track how journeys, decisions, and risks evolve over time.</p>
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527<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Finally, 4Mi has developed targeted approaches to reach specific populations in addition to people on the move, such as smugglers and returnees, offering perspectives rarely captured elsewhere.</p>
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534<section class="wp-block-mmd-section--1col mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md mmd-padding-y bg-system-white mod--theme--light"><div class="container mmd-content">
535<div class="wp-block-mmd-heading mmd-heading flex flex-col lg:flex-row lg:items-center lg:justify-between flex-wrap gap-4"><h2 class="mod--variant--default">How do we use 4Mi data?</h2></div>
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539<p class="wp-block-paragraph">MMC publishes analysis based on 4Mi throughout the year to shed light on the drivers, aspirations, and experiences of people on the move along major migration routes. This evidence helps:</p>
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543<ul class="wp-block-list is-style-checklist">
544<li>Inform programming and response for organisations working with migrants and refugees</li>
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548<li>Shape policy discussions with timely, first-hand insights</li>
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552<li>Challenge persistent migration myths that continue to dominate public narratives and policymaking</li>
553</ul>
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557<div class="wp-block-mmd-grid--key-insights mmd-highlight-grid mmd-row mmd-masonry masonry-gutter-md md:masonry-2 xl:masonry-3 mod--variant--staggered"><div class="mmd-masonry-gutter"></div>
558<div class="wp-block-mmd-grid--key-insights-child mmd-col"><article class="mmd-highlight-card group mod--theme--light mod--variant--heading mod--card-type--default"><h3 class="text-system-base mod--variant--default">5%</h3><p class="mt-1 font-bold text-base">said smugglers influenced their decision to migrate.    </p><footer class="mt-auto"><p class="mt-auto text-base">From surveys with +98,000 refugees and migrants. </p><a class="mt-3 mmd-button mod--variant--arrow" href="https://mixedmigration.org/4mi-data-explorer/en/drivers#top-data-explorer" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Explore the data<svg class="icon" width="16" height="16"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#ArrowRight"></use></svg></a></footer></article></div>
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562<div class="wp-block-mmd-grid--key-insights-child mmd-col"><article class="mmd-highlight-card group mod--theme--light mod--variant--quote mod--card-type--default"><blockquote><svg class="mb-2 size-6" width="100" height="100" aria-hidden="true"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#QuoteOpen"></use></svg><h3 class="text-xl lg:text-2xl font-extrabold text-system-base leading-tight mod--variant--default">Migrate as a woman? They always ask for sexual favours in return — that’s the main thing.</h3></blockquote><footer class="mt-auto"><p class="mt-auto text-base">From surveys with migrant women in South America in 2025.</p><a class="mt-3 mmd-button mod--variant--arrow" href="https://mixedmigration.org/resource/migrant-women-in-transit-across-south-america/" target="_self" rel="noopener">See the report<svg class="icon" width="16" height="16"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#ArrowRight"></use></svg></a></footer></article></div>
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566<div class="wp-block-mmd-grid--key-insights-child mmd-col"><article class="mmd-highlight-card group mod--theme--light mod--variant--heading mod--card-type--default"><h3 class="text-system-base mod--variant--default">80%</h3><p class="mt-1 font-bold text-base">of Afghan returnees MMC surveyed said they had been deported or expelled.</p><footer class="mt-auto"><p class="mt-auto text-base">From surveys carried out with 747 Afghan returnees in 2025.</p><a class="mt-3 mmd-button mod--variant--arrow" href="https://mixedmigration.org/resource/afghan-returns/" target="_self" rel="noopener">Read Afghan returns<svg class="icon" width="16" height="16"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#ArrowRight"></use></svg></a></footer></article></div>
567</div>
568</div></section>
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572<section class="wp-block-mmd-section--1col mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md mmd-padding-y bg-secondary-aths-special mod--theme--light"><div class="container mmd-content">
573<section class="wp-block-mmd-cta mmd-cta mmd-content overflow-hidden rounded-3px mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md mmd-margin-y mod--variant--simple-centered bg-parent mod--theme--inherit"><div class="mmd-cta__heading-wrapper flex flex-col justify-start items-stretch m-0"><h2 class="text-heading-3 mod--variant--mod--variant--simple-centered">Frequently Asked Questions</h2></div><div class="mmd-content">
574<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For general enquiries please contact <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#99f0f7fff6d9f4f0e1fcfdf4f0feebf8edf0f6f7b7f6ebfe"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="21484f474e614c485944454c4846534055484e4f0f4e5346">[email&#160;protected]</span></a></p>
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578<div class="wp-block-mmd-button-group mmd-button-group lg:justify-start">
579<a class="wp-block-mmd-button mmd-button mod--variant--primary" href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/4Mi_FAQ_2025.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Download all the FAQs in a PDF</a>
580</div>
581</div></section>
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585<section id="mmd-tabs--99aea8" class="wp-block-mmd-tabs mmd-tabs mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md mmd-margin-y bg-system-white mod--theme--light"><div class="flex justify-start items-stretch gap-2 mb-4 lg:mb-8 overflow-x-scroll lg:overflow-x-auto [scrollbar-width:none]" role="tablist"><button id="tab-button-tab-panel-mmd-tabs--99aea8-823df9" type="button" class="mmd-tabs__tab font-bold inline-block cursor-pointer min-w-[9rem] p-3 lg:py-5 lg:px-4 roun
585ded-3px text-sm lg:text-base bg-neutral-light-grey text-primary-dark-blue aria-[selected=true]:bg-primary-dark-blue aria-[selected=true]:text-system-white hover:bg-primary-dark-blue hover:text-system-white focus:bg-primary-dark-blue focus:text-system-white" role="tab" aria-selected="true" aria-controls="tab-panel-mmd-tabs--99aea8-823df9">4Mi Background</button><button id="tab-button-tab-panel-mmd-tabs--99aea8-d5aa0f" type="button" class="mmd-tabs__tab font-bold inline-block cursor-pointer min-w-[9rem] p-3 lg:py-5 lg:px-4 rounded-3px text-sm lg:text-base bg-neutral-light-grey text-primary-dark-blue aria-[selected=true]:bg-primary-dark-blue aria-[selected=true]:text-system-white hover:bg-primary-dark-blue hover:text-system-white focus:bg-primary-dark-blue focus:text-system-white" role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="tab-panel-mmd-tabs--99aea8-d5aa0f">4Mi Scope</button><button id="tab-button-tab-panel-mmd-tabs--99aea8-fc1d02" type="button" class="mmd-tabs__tab font-bold inline-block cursor-pointer min-w-[9rem] p-3 lg:py-5 lg:px-4 roun
585ded-3px text-sm lg:text-base bg-neutral-light-grey text-primary-dark-blue aria-[selected=true]:bg-primary-dark-blue aria-[selected=true]:text-system-white hover:bg-primary-dark-blue hover:text-system-white focus:bg-primary-dark-blue focus:text-system-white" role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="tab-panel-mmd-tabs--99aea8-fc1d02">Methodology Used</button><button id="tab-button-tab-panel-mmd-tabs--99aea8-5424f4" type="button" class="mmd-tabs__tab font-bold inline-block cursor-pointer min-w-[9rem] p-3 lg:py-5 lg:px-4 rounded-3px text-sm lg:text-base bg-neutral-light-grey text-primary-dark-blue aria-[selected=true]:bg-primary-dark-blue aria-[selected=true]:text-system-white hover:bg-primary-dark-blue hover:text-system-white focus:bg-primary-dark-blue focus:text-system-white" role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="tab-panel-mmd-tabs--99aea8-5424f4"><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Who collects 4Mi data?</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></button><button id="tab-button-tab-panel-mmd-tabs--99aea8-14e33b" type="button" class="mmd-tabs__tab font-bold inline-block cursor-pointer min-w-[9rem] p-3 lg:py-5 lg:px-4 roun
585ded-3px text-sm lg:text-base bg-neutral-light-grey text-primary-dark-blue aria-[selected=true]:bg-primary-dark-blue aria-[selected=true]:text-system-white hover:bg-primary-dark-blue hover:text-system-white focus:bg-primary-dark-blue focus:text-system-white" role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="tab-panel-mmd-tabs--99aea8-14e33b"><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Who are 4Mi respondents?</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></button><button id="tab-button-tab-panel-mmd-tabs--99aea8-8de994" type="button" class="mmd-tabs__tab font-bold inline-block cursor-pointer min-w-[9rem] p-3 lg:py-5 lg:px-4 rounded-3px text-sm lg:text-base bg-neutral-light-grey text-primary-dark-blue aria-[selected=true]:bg-primary-dark-blue aria-[selected=true]:text-system-white hover:bg-primary-dark-blue hover:text-system-white focus:bg-primary-dark-blue focus:text-system-white" role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="tab-panel-mmd-tabs--99aea8-8de994"><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>4Mi data protection &amp; usage</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></button></div>
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587<div class="wp-block-mmd-heading mmd-heading flex flex-col lg:flex-row lg:items-center lg:justify-between flex-wrap gap-4" id="4Mi-background"><h2 class="mod--variant--default"><strong>4Mi Background</strong></h2></div>
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591<div class="wp-block-mmd-accordion mmd-accordion w-full mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md mmd-padding-y">
592<div id="accordion-e0e617c5" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-e0e617c5-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">When did 4Mi start?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-e0e617c5-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
593<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi started in East Africa (Nairobi) in 2014 and was conceived by the Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat (RMMS, which is now the East Africa &amp; Yemen hub of the Mixed Migration Centre), to fill information gaps around mixed migration, especially protection risks and vulnerabilities of people on the move.</p>
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598<div id="accordion-391d3510" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-391d3510-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">What is the relationship between 4Mi, MMC, and DRC?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-391d3510-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
599<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi is MMC’s flagship primary data collection project. It is run by MMC staff and 4Mi data feeds into a large number of MMC’s knowledge products. MMC is part of and is governed by DRC. MMC&#8217;s institutional link to DRC ensures its work, including that of 4Mi, is grounded in operational reality and can adapt to those realities. At the same time, MMC acts as an independent source of data, research, analysis, and policy development on mixed migration. The position of MMC does not necessarily reflect that of DRC. In different c
599ountries or along routes, MMC (often including 4Mi teams) works alongside DRC in joint programmes to provide evidence on the situation of people in mixed migration.</p>
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604<div id="accordion-eb209dd7" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-eb209dd7-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">Does 4Mi work with partners?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-eb209dd7-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
605<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Yes, 4Mi work with partners in different ways. 4Mi works with partners to conduct data collection, where this approach is deemed more viable and effective than directly recruiting enumerators ourselves. These may be local associations, NGOs, private companies or social enterprises, and there is a thorough assessment process to evaluate the partnership before proceeding. 4Mi also develops more partnerships that go beyond data collection, designing projects and developing methodologies with both international and local experts and institutions. And finally, 4Mi often shares its data with partners or contributes its data and analysis to specific products and projects.</p>
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613<div class="wp-block-mmd-heading mmd-heading flex flex-col lg:flex-row lg:items-center lg:justify-between flex-wrap gap-4"><h2 class="mod--variant--default"><strong><strong>4Mi Scope</strong></strong></h2></div>
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617<div class="wp-block-mmd-accordion mmd-accordion w-full mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md mmd-padding-y">
618<div id="accordion-01224a51" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-01224a51-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">What questions is 4Mi trying to answer?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-01224a51-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
619<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi conducts continuous data collection with a broad and heterogeneous target population, and its research questions are broad. More precise questions are formulated when conducting specific analyses of the data. The broad underlying questions are:</p>
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623<ul class="wp-block-list">
624<li>Who are undertaking mixed migration journeys?&nbsp;</li>
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628<li>What do refugees&#8217; and migrants’ journeys look like: route, duration, conditions, financing?&nbsp;</li>
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632<li>What is motivating them to make the journey?</li>
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640<li>What dangers do they face on the journey and where?</li>
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644<li>How vulnerable are refugees and migrants on their journey, and what determines their vulnerability?</li>
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648<li>How prevalent is smuggling and how does it manifest itself?</li>
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652<li>How are decisions made regarding migration and the migration journey and what influences those decisions?</li>
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658<div id="accordion-b94242c8" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-b94242c8-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">What is the difference between 4Mi and other data collection projects on people on the move?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3>
658<div id="accordion-b94242c8-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
659<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi complements other data collection projects because it:</p>
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663<ul class="wp-block-list">
664<li>collects original first-hand data directly among refugees and migrants;&nbsp;</li>
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668<li>collects in-depth yet quantitative data on the range of refugees&#8217; and migrants’ experiences;</li>
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672<li>collects data continuously, ensuring up-to-date information and enabling a degree of comparison over time; and</li>
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676<li>uses the same tool across all regions and routes, enabling global and cross-regional comparison.</li>
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682<div id="accordion-1cea012a" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-1cea012a-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">How does 4Mi data help migrants?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-1cea012a-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
683<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi data is collected directly from refugees and migrants, making it an invaluable source for understanding the details of their journeys, perceptions, and perspectives at scale. 4Mi data and analysis means that migration policies, debates, and protection responses for people on the move can be grounded in evidence from migrants themselves.</p>
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688<div id="accordion-3d00aea0" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-3d00aea0-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">Does 4Mi provide longitudinal data?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-3d00aea0-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
689<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi is continuous, and for the most part, interviews respondents once on their journey. Each respondent reports on their entire journey, providing a history. And 4Mi enumerators are often operating at different points along a mixed migration route, providing data on the dynamics at different points on the journey. However, none of this is strictly longitudinal data.</p>
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693<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Beginning in 2023, after successfully developing a longitudinal approach to data collection in 2021, 4Mi will run a number of projects that follow a select number of subjects (respondents) over a longer period of time, interviewing them over regular intervals.</p>
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698<div id="accordion-ad7395d2" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-ad7395d2-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">Is 4Mi quantitative or qualitative ? </span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3>
698<div id="accordion-ad7395d2-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
699<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi takes a quantitative approach to data collection, while at the same time providing rich and in-depth insights through the kinds of questions it asks. It uses standardised, structured surveys with almost exclusively closed-ended questions. This provides measurable data, which can be used in statistical analysis. Due to the type of data (much is categorical) and the sampling approach. MMC often restricts its analysis to descriptive statistics. However, it is possible to carry out more advanced statistical analysis with some 4Mi datasets.</p>
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704<div id="accordion-d9f22507" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-d9f22507-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">Does 4Mi administer other surveys?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-d9f22507-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
705<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In addition to the core migrant survey which covers the full migration journey, &nbsp;special modules can be added to focus on specific themes or emerging issues (for example in 2025 a module was added looking at the measures by the Trump administration). These modules are integrated into the core survey for rapid and targeted data collection using the already existing 4Mi infrastructure to avoid the need to set up a new standalone research project.&nbsp;</p>
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709<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Other surveys have also been developed for specific thematic 4Mi projects. For example, during Covid-19, a new survey captured the pandemic’s impact, with over 25,000 remote interviews collected in the first year, and 4Mi Cities was developed to explore migration realities in urban hubs.&nbsp;</p>
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713<p class="wp-block-paragraph">On selected routes, 4Mi also implements a longitudinal approach, repeatedly interviewing the same respondents to track how journeys, decisions, and risks evolve over time.</p>
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717<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Finally, 4Mi has developed targeted approaches to reach specific populations in addition to people on the move, such as developing surveys of smugglers and surveys of returnees.</p>
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725<div class="wp-block-mmd-heading mmd-heading flex flex-col lg:flex-row lg:items-center lg:justify-between flex-wrap gap-4"><h2 class="mod--variant--default"><strong><strong><strong>Methodology used</strong></strong></strong></h2></div>
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729<div class="wp-block-mmd-accordion mmd-accordion w-full mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md mmd-padding-y">
730<div id="accordion-8c234786" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-8c234786-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">What sampling method does 4Mi use?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3>
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731<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi utilizes a mix of purposive and snowball sampling methods, preferring direct purposive sampling. That is, potential survey respondents are selected at key locations according to a small set of criteria.&nbsp; Selected respondents often refer others who also fit the criteria, and so on. Enumerators also identify respondents through referral by community leaders or people working with migrants, as well as inviting or approaching potential participants via social media platforms (although we do not use advertising).</p>
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735<p class="wp-block-paragraph">All these methods are strictly managed to ensure that participation is voluntary, and that bias in sampling is mitigated to the extent possible.</p>
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740<div id="accordion-cb3e5d5b" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-cb3e5d5b-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">Is 4Mi data representative of the migrant population?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-cb3e5d5b-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
741<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Due to the sampling methods used, 4Mi data is not representative of national or international migration dynamics. It therefore cannot be used to provide estimates of the volume or characteristics of the overall migrant population.&nbsp;</p>
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745<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Instead, 4Mi seeks to maximise access to the population of interest, so that it can include the full diversity of that population. It does this through the quantity of interviews (more than 10,000 interviews are conducted each year), careful scoping and selection of sampling sites, and careful recruitment of enumerators. For example, 4Mi policy is to recruit a minimum of one male and one female enumerator in each location, as this ensures a better male: female ratio of respondents. 4Mi also implements a sampling schedule in some regions, to ensure an even presence of enumerators across recruitment locations and recruitment times at each location. Specific projects, with more specific populations of interest, allow for a more random approach, where we can be confident that the data is more representative. A note on sampling is included in all MMC&#8217;s analysis products.</p>
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750<div id="accordion-b4b2f7a3" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-b4b2f7a3-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">What questions and topics are included in the 4Mi survey?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-b4b2f7a3-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
751<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The main 4Mi survey consists of an in-depth structured questionnaire of around 160 items. Most items are questions, and a range of measures (nominal, ordinal, and interval) and answer options (forced-choice, multiple-choice, and Likert scale) are used to record the respondents’ answers.</p>
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755<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The core 4Mi survey questions cover 8 key areas:</p>
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759<ol class="wp-block-list">
760<li><strong>Profile:</strong> age, nationality, religion, sex, socio-economic status, etc.</li>
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764<li><strong>Route and journey conditions:</strong> country of departure, transit countries, number of people travelling together, etc.</li>
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768<li><strong>Drivers and aspirations:</strong> reasons for leaving, decision-making, determination to reach destination, etc.</li>
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772<li><strong>Protection risks:</strong> perceived risks and dangerous locations, perpetrators, etc.</li>
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776<li><strong>Assistance:</strong> type of assistance needed, assistance providers, locations where assistance is most needed, etc.</li>
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780<li><strong>Smugglers:</strong> services provided by smugglers, payment arrangements, migrants’ perceptions of smugglers, etc.</li>
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784<li><strong>Financing the journey:</strong> sums paid, access to money while travelling, bribes paid, etc.</li>
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788<li><strong>Access to information:</strong> sources of information used before and during the journey, phone and internet access, social media use, etc.&nbsp;</li>
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793<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Respondents are asked one open-ended question, to allow them to speak more in their own words about any particular aspect of their migration experience.&nbsp;</p>
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797<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Finally, the questionnaire includes questions (some for the enumerator) on selection criteria and other metadata covering interview conditions, possible sources of bias, etc. Respondents are also invited to ask questions at the end.&nbsp;</p>
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801<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The core 4Mi survey is the same across all regions, to enable comparison and ensure consistency. No questions can be removed from the core survey,&nbsp; but optional modules cover specific themes in greater depth and are added to the survey in particular regions, for a particular time period, or for particular population groups. Modules have been developed on smuggling, children and youth, unex
801ploded ordnance, livelihoods, future intentions and decision-making, social media, and exploitation.</p>
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806<div id="accordion-205ce734" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-205ce734-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">How are interviews conducted?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-205ce734-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
807<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Enumerators use the same protocol to interview respondents across all regions. First, enumerators read a script to respondents, informing them about DRC and MMC, the purpose and scope of the interview, and that the information shared by them is voluntary, anonymous and confidential.&nbsp;</p>
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811<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Enumerators are trained to ensure that interviews are conducted in places where both they and the respondent feel comfortable, often a public place that offers a degree of privacy. They strive to conduct the interview uninterrupted, but it can take place on more than one occasion.&nbsp;</p>
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815<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The enumerator uses a smartphone to administer the questionnaire, reading out the questions and (where prompting is required) answer options. At the end of the interview, enumerators record any challenges during the interview.</p>
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820<div id="accordion-428979e7" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-428979e7-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">How is 4Mi conducted remotely?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-428979e7-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
821<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi interviews are most often conducted face-to-face, but where this is not possible, most often for safety reasons, the interviews are conducted remotely, by phone.&nbsp;</p>
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825<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Sampling is through a mixture of purposive and snowball approaches, and participants are recruited directly as well as through a number of remote or third-party mechanisms, using social media, community networks, and assistance programs. The teams have developed mechanisms that are relevant to the local context to promote diversity in sampling and mitigate sampling bias.</p>
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829<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Data protection measures are in place to ensure that the data collected remains anonymous. Enumerator training also reflects the different requirements of telephone interviewing.</p>
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834<div id="accordion-f0b541d7" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-f0b541d7-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">In which languages is the survey administered?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3>
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835<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The written questionnaire is available in Arabic, English, Dari, French, Pashto, Somali and Spanish. To reach a more diverse sample, where possible, some enumerators simultaneously translate the survey into the respondent’s first language while administering it.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
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839<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Our glossary comprises definitions of terminology used in the survey to ensure that translations are accurate and that participants, enumerators, and analysts all have a common understanding.</p>
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844<div id="accordion-f648863f" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-f648863f-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">How does 4Mi adhere to ethical standards?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3>
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845<p class="wp-block-paragraph">All enumerators and staff involved in 4Mi are trained in research ethics. 4Mi deals with potentially sensitive topics and enumerators will engage with participants who may have been exposed to physical and sexual abuse or other traumatic experiences. It is therefore vital that enumerators are trained properly on how to approach participants and that they understand the importance of informing participants about the purpose of the interview and listen, show empathy and respect the limits of what the respondent wishes to share.&nbsp;</p>
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849<p class="wp-block-paragraph">All participants are informed orally by the enumerators about the purpose of the data collection, the use of the data, the anonymity and confidentiality of the survey interview, and the right not to respond and to withdraw. When discussing particularly sensitive issues relating to protection, we focus on respondents’ perceptions and do not probe their personal experience. At the end of each interview, time is set aside for participants to ask questions, making sure that participants are not left with unaddressed concerns. Participants are given an email address to contact if they have any questions after the interview.</p>
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853<p class="wp-block-paragraph">All interviewees are anonymous and once an enumerator has uploaded a questionnaire to the 4Mi server, 4Mi has set procedures for data management and protection, and will not use the data for any purposes beyond those for which the participants gave their consent.&nbsp;</p>
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857<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi can also take an emotional toll on enumerators. Their training includes measures on self-care, and the 4Mi teams maintain regular follow-up with the teams so that any concerns are identified and addressed.</p>
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865<div class="wp-block-mmd-heading mmd-heading flex flex-col lg:flex-row lg:items-center lg:justify-between flex-wrap gap-4"><h2 class="mod--variant--default"><strong>Who collects 4Mi data?</strong></h2></div>
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870<div id="accordion-fa3f6d66" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-fa3f6d66-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">Who are the 4Mi enumerators?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-fa3f6d66-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
871<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The enumerators who conduct the structured interviews are either from among the migrant community themselves, or (in some regions, depending on profiles and language skills) they can be nationals of the country in which the interviews take place. Attention is paid during recruitment to enumerators&#8217; profiles (e.g. age, sex, languages spoken), as this contributes to the diversity of the sample.</p>
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876<div id="accordion-0983764d" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-0983764d-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">What is the nationality of the enumerators?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3>
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877<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This depends. In 2023, the enumerators were from 26 different countries. Some are migrants themselves, but approximately 63% of enumerators are nationals in the country where they operate.</p>
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882<div id="accordion-c0cea081" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-c0cea081-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">How do you train the enumerators?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-c0cea081-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
883<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The enumerators receive a specific training following recruitment. Where possible, this is face-to-face and run by MMC staff. As well as in-depth sessions on administering the survey, training covers the concepts around mixed migration and primary data collection sampling methods, and ethical considerations. MMC staff provide continuous quality control and feedback during data collection.</p>
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888<div id="accordion-8dac100d" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-8dac100d-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">Are the enumerators MMC or DRC staff?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-8dac100d-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
889<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Most enumerators are under contract to DRC. This can be a service contract or an employment contract, and varies by location. Enumerators are most often paid per questionnaire or at a daily rate. Where DRC cannot support enumerators directly (most often because DRC is not registered in the country of operations), MMC works with partners, who contract enumerators.</p>
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897<div class="wp-block-mmd-heading mmd-heading flex flex-col lg:flex-row lg:items-center lg:justify-between flex-wrap gap-4"><h2 class="mod--variant--default"><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>Who are 4Mi respondents?</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></h2></div>
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899
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901<div class="wp-block-mmd-accordion mmd-accordion w-full mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md mmd-padding-y">
902<div id="accordion-108a4790" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-108a4790-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">What is 4Mi’s target group?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3>
902<div id="accordion-108a4790-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
903<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi’s target group for the core survey is adults on the move away from their country of departure on mixed migration routes, irrespective of status, though often engaging (at least for parts of the journey) in irregular migration. For particular projects conducted at regional or country level, the target be more specific.&nbsp;For the smuggler survey, 4Mi targets individuals who facilitate irregular movements of people. See our <a href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/terminology_mixed_migration_smuggling_MMC-en-fr.pdf">definitions</a> for more details.&nbsp;</p>
904</div></div></div>
905
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908<div id="accordion-8d8428e5" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-8d8428e5-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">What are your selection criteria?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-8d8428e5-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
909<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For the standard migrant survey, 4Mi uses the following criteria to select respondents:</p>
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913<ul class="wp-block-list">
914<li>Respondents must be 18 years or older</li>
915
916
917
918<li>Respondents must have crossed a border</li>
919
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921
922<li>Respondents must have arrived in the location of interview no longer than 2 years ago (this can increase according to context and access to the population)<strong>&nbsp;</strong></li>
923
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926<li>Respondents must not be returning to their home country or country of departure</li>
927
928
929
930<li>Respondents must not have been interviewed by 4Mi before</li>
931</ul>
932
933
934
935<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In some locations, or for some 4Mi projects, we may target particular nationalities or other profiles in addition to these criteria. In other 4Mi programmes (e.g. 4Mi Returns), the criteria differ.</p>
936</div></div></div>
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939
940<div id="accordion-a8970e48" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-a8970e48-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">Does 4Mi provide assistance or refer respondents in need of help? </span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-a8970e48-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
941<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi is a data collection and research tool and does not provide assistance. 4Mi enumerators are not trained to provide assistance and MMC is not an operational organisation. However, while maintaining a necessary boundary between data collection and research on the one hand, and provision of assistance on the other, MMC has developed an orientation mechanism, providing information on where to find help. This is being implemented in some locations.</p>
942</div></div></div>
943
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945
946<div id="accordion-1c81644e" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-1c81644e-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">How do you ensure the anonymity of the respondents?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3>
946<div id="accordion-1c81644e-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
947<p class="wp-block-paragraph">When conducting most data collection, respondents’ names are not recorded, and instead an ID number is automatically generated.&nbsp;</p>
948
949
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951<p class="wp-block-paragraph">When conducting remote data collection (by phone), personal data is collected, but is stored separately to survey data, and MMC has procedures for its management and protection. Enumerators cannot access survey data once they have submitted it to our data collection platform.&nbsp;</p>
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955<p class="wp-block-paragraph">When conducting longitudinal data collection, it is necessary to collect identifiers in order to be able to re-contact participants. The storage and processing of this data is subject to rigorous data protection protocols. The data is pseudonymised as soon as possible and anonymised as soon as data collection is complete.</p>
956</div></div></div>
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960<div id="accordion-7b67eecb" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-7b67eecb-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">Do you share results with respondents?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-7b67eecb-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
961<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As the 4Mi survey is anonymous, results cannot be shared directly with the respondents. That said, respondents are told about MMC and its website, where results are published, and an email address is shared in case they wish to contact us after the interview.</p>
962</div></div></div>
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964
965
966<div id="accordion-52126cfc" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-52126cfc-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">Can respondents provide feedback?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-52126cfc-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
967<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Yes. Respondents can ask questions and make comments at the end of the interview, and these are recorded. They are also given a contact email for later feedback.</p>
968</div></div></div>
969</div>
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974<div id="tab-panel-mmd-tabs--99aea8-8de994" class="wp-block-mmd-tab-child mmd-tabs__panel mmd-content" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" arialabelledby="tab-button-tab-panel-mmd-tabs--99aea8-8de994" hidden>
975<div class="wp-block-mmd-heading mmd-heading flex flex-col lg:flex-row lg:items-center lg:justify-between flex-wrap gap-4"><h2 class="mod--variant--default"><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong>4Mi data protection &amp; usage</strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></h2></div>
976
977
978
979<div class="wp-block-mmd-accordion mmd-accordion w-full mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md mmd-padding-y">
980<div id="accordion-c7215124" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-c7215124-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">What are the limitations of 4Mi data?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3>
980<div id="accordion-c7215124-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
981<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi data is not representative of the general migrant population (see question under methodology for more) and cannot be used to estimate the numbers of migrants in or on the move in the regions where it operates.&nbsp;</p>
982
983
984
985<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi data is also self-reported and MMC has no means to verify, for example, reported incidents.</p>
986</div></div></div>
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990<div id="accordion-2fc4e677" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-2fc4e677-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">What is 4Mi data used for? </span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-2fc4e677-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
991<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi data and analysis provide contextual insights and evidence to support new thinking about the focus and location of new humanitarian or development activities, new directions for migration and related policies, and increases the knowledge base on mixed migration generally.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
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995<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi data is used in most MMC reports and publications, as well as in 4Mi data explorer and MMC frequently presents 4Mi findings at conferences and seminars.&nbsp;MMC has a number of agreements with partners to provide 4Mi data and analysis, and frequently responds to <em>ad hoc</em> requests for information, both from DRC staff and external organizations. 4Mi data has been used in a wide range of non-MMC projects and reports, including IOM’s “Missing Migrants” project and in reports by organisations such as UNICEF, UNHCR, UNFPA, UNODC, OHCHR, Clingendael and the Expert Council of German Foundations on Integration and Migration, as well as governments.</p>
996</div></div></div>
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1000<div id="accordion-a175f879" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-a175f879-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">Can 4Mi be used to inform humanitarian programming? </span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-a175f879-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
1001<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Yes. 4Mi can provide the necessary contextual analysis, and provide credible evidence on where and why there is a need to develop a response for migrants on the move. It can provide the project rationale, and the baseline and context it provides can inform the development of more targeted needs assessment, independent of 4Mi. In terms of the programme cycle, 4Mi plays a particular role in the initial analysis, strategic design and (as a consequence) resource mobilisation. Given the limitations of the methodology, 4Mi cannot provide rapid data on the need for real-time flexible adjustments during programme implementation, though during longer-term programmes it can provide indications of shifting trends and needs.</p>
1002</div></div></div>
1003
1004
1005
1006<div id="accordion-f4347c7d" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-f4347c7d-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">How can I use 4Mi data?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3>
1006<div id="accordion-f4347c7d-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
1007<p class="wp-block-paragraph">4Mi data and analysis can inform humanitarian response programming, policy making, and additional research into mixed migration.&nbsp;Use 4Mi data explorer to explore the data and generate findings that are useful to you. Graphs and data published in MMC publications or generated through 4Mi data explorer can be used freely in external publications or presentations, as long as the source is acknowledged as “4Mi data – Mixed Migration Centre”. MMC also has an information request system: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#96fff8f0f9d6fbffeef3f2fbfff1e4f7e2fff9f8b8f9e4f1">contact us</a> for details.</p>
1008</div></div></div>
1009
1010
1011
1012<div id="accordion-7a108bcb" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-7a108bcb-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">Does 4Mi share its data?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-7a108bcb-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
1013<p class="wp-block-paragraph">MMC has a number of 4Mi data sharing agreements with selected organisations and responds to <em>ad hoc</em> requests for parts of the dataset and/or data analysis on a case-by-case basis and depending on the nature of the request and available resources. MMC does not publish or share the full raw data set.</p>
1014</div></div></div>
1015
1016
1017
1018<div id="accordion-06dde39b" class="wp-block-mmd-accordion-child mmd-accordion-item border-b"><h3 class="py-5"><button type="button" class="accordion-button text-left pr-8 cursor-pointer relative block w-full " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-06dde39b-content"><span class="text-xl font-bold block m-0 text-inherit">How does 4Mi store and process data? How is quality assured?</span><span aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="size-[18px] pointer-events-none absolute top-[5px] right-0 flex justify-center items-center"><svg class="accordion-arrow transition-all duration-200 text-inherit" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" width="40" height="40"><use href="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/sprites/sprite.svg?1.0.7#Plus" class="text-inherit"></use></svg></span></button></h3><div id="accordion-06dde39b-content" class="max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all duration-400 ease-in-out"><div class="mmd-content pb-6">
1019<p class="wp-block-paragraph">After an enumerator submits a completed interview to the 4Mi online system, the raw data is stored on servers in Germany. Data that is exported is stored locally, in one of the MMC hubs, and periodically duplicated and transferred to servers housed in Europe.</p>
1020
1021
1022
1023<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Data is then subject to quality control. Survey validation procedures minimize the risk that fraudulent or fabricated data, or even errors in inputting, are introduced in the 4Mi dataset. For example, interviews that were completed in less than 20&nbsp; minutes or that do not match the interview locations assigned to the enumerators are discarded.&nbsp;</p>
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1025
1026
1027<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Data cleaning involves verification of internal inconsistencies in responses and unclear responses.&nbsp;</p>
1028
1029
1030
1031<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Data analysis varies according to the size of the dataset and the task. 4Mi snapshots are produced by regions, and generally present descriptive statistics as visuals. More in-depth studies use regional or cross-regional datasets and can include inferential statistics (regression analysis, etc.).</p>
1032</div></div></div>
1033</div>
1034</div>
1035</section>
1036</div></section>
1037
1038
1039
1040<section class="wp-block-mmd-section--1col mmd-spacing mmd-spacing-md mmd-padding-y bg-system-white mod--theme--light"><div class="container mmd-content">
1041<div class="wp-block-mmd-heading mmd-heading flex flex-col lg:flex-row lg:items-center lg:justify-between flex-wrap gap-4"><h2 class="mod--variant--default">Related resources</h2></div>
1042
1043
1044<div class="mmd-grid-content-picker mmd-row mmd-row-static lg:cols-3">
1045  <div class="mmd-col">
1046<article class="mmd-card relative isolate flex flex-col justify-start items-stretch group">
1047  <div class="mmd-card__content pt-4">
1048    <div class="mb-2 flex flex-col justify-start items-stretch md:flex-row md:justify-between md:items-center gap-1">
1049                </div>
1050    <h3 class="text-heading-4 group-hover:underline group-focus-within:underline underline-offset-2">4Mi Data Explorer</h3>
1051          <p>Explore data from surveys with thousands of refugees and migrants on the move.</p>
1052        </div>
1053  <figure class="mmd-card__image order-first is-ratio-image ratio-3-2 rounded-3px">
1054    <img class="" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201881%20999'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="1881" height="999" alt="World map showing migration interview data by location." decoding="async" data-image-id="18531" data-lazy-srcset="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/4Midataexplorer-450x300.jpg 450w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/4Midataexplorer-600x400.jpg 600w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/4Midataexplorer-1000x670.jpg 1000w" data-lazy-sizes="auto, (min-width: 992px) 25vw, 100vw" data-lazy-src="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/4Midataexplorer-450x300.jpg" /><noscript><img class="" src="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/4Midataexplorer-450x300.jpg" width="1881" height="999" alt="World map showing migration interview data by location." decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-image-id="18531" srcset="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/4Midataexplorer-450x300.jpg 450w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/4Midataexplorer-600x400.jpg 600w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/4Midataexplorer-1000x670.jpg 1000w" sizes="auto, (min-width: 992px) 25vw, 100vw" /></noscript>
1055    
1056    
1057    
1058      </figure>
1059  <a href="https://mixedmigration.org/4mi-data-explorer/fr" class="absolute z-10 inset-0" aria-label="Learn more about 4Mi Data Explorer" target="_self"></a>
1060</article>
1061</div><div class="mmd-col">
1062<article class="mmd-card relative isolate flex flex-col justify-start items-stretch group">
1063  <div class="mmd-card__content pt-4">
1064    <div class="mb-2 flex flex-col justify-start items-stretch md:flex-row md:justify-between md:items-center gap-1">
1065                </div>
1066    <h3 class="text-heading-4 group-hover:underline group-focus-within:underline underline-offset-2">4Mi Return Migration Data</h3>
1067          <p>Explore data from surveys with thousands of returning migrants and refugees.</p>
1068        </div>
1069  <figure class="mmd-card__image order-first is-ratio-image ratio-3-2 rounded-3px">
1070    <img class="" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201237%20709'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="1237" height="709" alt="Silhouetted figures carrying belongings toward distant city skyline" decoding="async" data-image-id="18649" data-lazy-srcset="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/4miReturnsBackgroun
1070d-450x300.png 450w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/4miReturnsBackground-600x400.png 600w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/4miReturnsBackground-1000x670.png 1000w" data-lazy-sizes="auto, (min-width: 992px) 25vw, 100vw" data-lazy-src="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/4miReturnsBackground-450x300.png" /><noscript><img class="" src="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/4miReturnsBackground-450x300.png" width="1237" height="709" alt="Silhouetted figures carrying belongings toward distant city skyline" decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-image-id="18649" srcset="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/4miReturnsBackground-450x300.png 450w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/4miReturnsBackground-600x400.png 600w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/4miReturnsBackground-1000x670.png 1000w" sizes="auto, (min-width: 992px) 25vw, 100vw" /></noscript>
1071    
1072    
1073    
1074      </figure>
1075  <a href="https://mixedmigration.org/4mi-return-migration-data/" class="absolute z-10 inset-0" aria-label="Learn more about 4Mi Return Migration Data" target="_self"></a>
1076</article>
1077</div><div class="mmd-col">
1078<article class="mmd-card relative isolate flex flex-col justify-start items-stretch group">
1079  <div class="mmd-card__content pt-4">
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1082    <h3 class="text-heading-4 group-hover:underline group-focus-within:underline underline-offset-2">Our Work</h3>
1083          <p>Explore what we do, our areas of research, our strategy, and who are our funding partners.</p>
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1086    <img class="" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201200%20800'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="1200" height="800" alt="A women enumerator interviews a migrant, both at a table." decoding="async" data-image-id="5622" data-lazy-srcset="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_Enumerator1200X800-450x300.png 450w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_Enumerator1200X800-600x400.png 600w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_Enumerator1200X800-1000x670.png 1000w" data-lazy-sizes="auto, (min-width: 992px) 25vw, 100vw" data-lazy-src="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_Enumerator1200X800-450x300.png" /><noscript><img class="" src="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_Enumerator1200X800-450x300.png" width="1200" height="800" alt="A women enumerator interviews a migrant, both at a table." decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-image-id="5622" srcset="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_Enumerator1200X800-450x300.png 450w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_Enumerator1200X800-600x400.png 600w, https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/4Mi_page_Enumerator1200X800-1000x670.png 1000w" sizes="auto, (min-width: 992px) 25vw, 100vw" /></noscript>
1087    
1088    
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1329d" aria-invalid="false">
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value="Germany">Germany</option><option value="Ghana">Ghana</option><option value="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</option><option value="Greece">Greece</option><option value="Greenland">Greenland</option><option value="Grenada">Grenada</option><option value="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</option><option value="Guam">Guam</option><option value="Guatemala">Guatemala</option><option value="Guernsey">Guernsey</option><option value="Guinea">Guinea</option><option value="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</option><option value="Guyana">Guyana</option><option value="Haiti">Haiti</option><option value="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</option><option value="Holy See">Holy See</option><option value="Honduras">Honduras</option><option value="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</option><option value="Hungary">Hungary</option><option value="Iceland">Iceland</option><option value="India">India</option><option value="Indonesia">Indonesia</option><option value="Iran">Iran</option><option value="Iraq">Iraq</option><option value="Ireland">Ireland</option><option value="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</option><option value="Israel">Israel</option><option value="Italy">Italy</option><option value="Jamaica">Jamaica</option><option value="Japan">Japan</option><option value="Jersey">Jersey</option><option value="Jordan">Jordan</option><option value="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</option><option value="Kenya">Kenya</option><option value="Kiribati">Kiribati</option><option value="Kosovo">Kosovo</option><option value="Kuwait">Kuwait</option><option value="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</option><option value="Laos">Laos</option><option value="Latvia">Latvia</option><option value="Lebanon">Lebanon</option><option value="Lesotho">Lesotho</option><option value="Liberia">Liberia</option><option value="Libya">Libya</option><option value="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</option><option value="Lithuania">Lithuania</option><option value="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</option><option value="Macao">Macao</option><option value="Macedonia">Macedonia</option>
1330<option value="Madagascar">Madagascar</option><option value="Malawi">Malawi</option><option value="Malaysia">Malaysia</option><option value="Maldives">Maldives</option><option value="Mali">Mali</option><option value="Malta">Malta</option><option value="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</option><option value="Martinique">Martinique</option><option value="Mauritania">Mauritania</option><option value="Mauritius">Mauritius</option><option value="Mayotte">Mayotte</option><option value="Mexico">Mexico</option><option value="Micronesia">Micronesia</option><option value="Moldova">Moldova</option><option value="Monaco">Monaco</option><option value="Mongolia">Mongolia</option><option value="Montenegro">Montenegro</option><option value="Montserrat">Montserrat</option><option value="Morocco">Morocco</option><option value="Mozambique">Mozambique</option><option value="Myanmar">Myanmar</option><option value="Namibia">Namibia</option><option value="Nauru">Nauru</option><option 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value="Poland">Poland</option><option value="Portugal">Portugal</option><option value="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</option><option value="Qatar">Qatar</option><option value="Reunion">Reunion</option><option value="Romania">Romania</option><option value="Russia">Russia</option><option value="Rwanda">Rwanda</option><option value="Saint Barthelemy">Saint Barthelemy</option><option value="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</option><option value="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</option><option value="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</option><option value="Saint Martin (French part)">Saint Martin (French part)</option><option value="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</option><option value="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</option><option value="Samoa">Samoa</option><option value="San Marino">San Marino</option><option value="Sao Tome and Principe">Sao Tome and Principe</option><option value="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</option><option value="Senegal">Senegal</option><option value="Serbia">Serbia</option><option value="Seychelles">Seychelles</option><option value="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</option><option value="Singapore">Singapore</option><option value="Sint Maarten (Dutch part)">Sint Maarten (Dutch part)</option><option value="Slovakia">Slovakia</option><option value="Slovenia">Slovenia</option><option value="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</option><option value="Somalia">Somalia</option><option value="South Africa">South Africa</option><option value="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</option><option value="South Korea">South Korea</option><option value="South Sudan">South Sudan</option><option value="Spain">Spain</option><option value="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</option><option value="Sudan">Sudan</option><option value="Suriname">Suriname</option><option value="Svalbard and Jan 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1331	
1332	
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1335<div id="frm_field_21_container" class="frm_form_field form-field  frm_top_container frm12 col-span-full">
1336	<label for="field_86scs" id="field_86scs_label" class="frm_primary_label">Organisation
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1348			<input type="checkbox" name="item_meta[22][]" id="field_43p2t-0" value="0" data-reqmsg="Select your preferences cannot be blank." data-invmsg="Select your preferences is invalid" aria-required="true"> <span class="mmd-checkbox-label-wrapper"><span class="mmd-checkbox-badge">Flagship</span><span class="mmd-checkbox-title">Global Newsletter</span><span class="mmd-checkbox-desc">Want the big picture? Sign up for a quarterly roundup of migration trends and policy developments from every region, brought together in one email.</span></span></label></div><div class="mmd-pref-heading mt-[32px] mb-[16px] col-span-full">Regional Hub updates</div><div class="mmd-regions-grid grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-x-4 gap-y-6 col-span-full"><div class="frm_checkbox" id="frm_checkbox_22-1">			<label for="field_43p2t-1">
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1353			<input type="checkbox" name="item_meta[22][]" id="field_43p2t-5" value="5" data-reqmsg="Select your preferences cannot be blank." data-invmsg="Select your preferences is invalid"> <span class="mmd-checkbox-label-wrapper"><span class="mmd-checkbox-title">North Africa</span><span class="mmd-checkbox-desc"></span></span></label></div><div class="frm_checkbox" id="frm_checkbox_22-6">			<label for="field_43p2t-6">
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1355			<input type="checkbox" name="item_meta[22][]" id="field_43p2t-7" value="7" data-reqmsg="Select your preferences cannot be blank." data-invmsg="Select your preferences is invalid"> <span class="mmd-checkbox-label-wrapper"><span class="mmd-checkbox-title">Middle East</span><span class="mmd-checkbox-desc"></span></span></label></div></div>
1356		
1357		
1358		
1359		
1360		
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1384
1385
1386
1387</div>
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vendor: 1 bytes, line 1447
1447
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vendor: 1 bytes, line 1448
1448
1449<script id="jquery-core-js" src="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1449
1449
1450<script id="jquery-migrate-js" src="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" data-rocket-defer defer></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1450
1450
1451<script id="formidable-js-extra">
1452var frm_js = {"ajax_url":"https://mixedmigration.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","images_url":"https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/plugins/formidable/images","loading":"Loading\u2026","remove":"Remove","offset":"4","nonce":"6fb83b4479","id":"ID","no_results":"No results match","file_spam":"That file looks like Spam.","calc_error":"There is an error in the calculation in the field with key","empty_fields":"Please complete the preceding required fields before uploading a file.","focus_first_error":"1","include_alert_role":"1","include_resend_email":""};
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vendor: 1 bytes, line 1456
1456
1457<script id="formidable-js" src="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/plugins/formidable-pro/js/frm.min.js?ver=6.34-6.35-jquery" data-rocket-defer defer></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1457
1457
1458<script id="formidable-js-after">
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vendor: 210 bytes, lines 1462-1463
1462
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vendor: 1 bytes, line 1467
1467
1468<script>window.lazyLoadOptions=[{elements_selector:"img[data-lazy-src],.rocket-lazyload,iframe[data-lazy-src]",data_src:"lazy-src",data_srcset:"lazy-srcset",data_sizes:"lazy-sizes",class_loading:"lazyloading",class_loaded:"lazyloaded",threshold:300,callback_loaded:function(element){if(element.tagName==="IFRAME"&&element.dataset.rocketLazyload=="fitvidscompatible"){if(element.classList.contains("lazyloaded")){if(typeof window.jQuery!="undefined"){if(jQuery.fn.fitVids){jQuery(element).parent().fitVids()}}}}}},{elements_selector:".rocket-lazyload",data_src:"lazy-src",data_srcset:"lazy-srcset",data_sizes:"lazy-sizes",class_loading:"lazyloading",class_loaded:"lazyloaded",threshold:300,}];window.addEventListener('LazyLoad::Initialized',function(e){var lazyLoadInstance=e.detail.instance;if(window.MutationObserver){var observer=new MutationObserver(function(mutations){var image_count=0;var iframe_count=0;var rocketlazy_count=0;mutations.forEach(function(mutation){for(var i=0;i<mutation.addedNodes.length;i++){if(typeof mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByTagName!=='function'){continue}
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1471<script data-no-minify="1" async src="https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-rocket/assets/js/lazyload/17.8.3/lazyload.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1471
1471
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1472<noscript><link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='mmc-newsletter-form-css-css' href='https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/mmc-newsletter-form/assets/css/newsletter-form.css?ver=1790878405' media='all' /><link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='main-style-css' href='https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/gutenberg/build/css/style.min.css?ver=1790878405' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='mmd-slider-core-style-css' href='https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/libraries/splide/splide-core.min.css?ver=1790827679' media='all' /><link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='zoomist-css-css' href='https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/libraries/zoomist/zoomist.css?ver=1790878405' media='all' /><link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='raw-css-css' href='https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/marameodesign/assets/css/custom/raw.css?ver=1790878405' media='all' /></noscript>
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1473</body>
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1475</html>
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