PageSourceSearch

https://citizenlab.ca/research/

html citizenlab.ca collected 2026-09-24 07:25:36 UTC 114,229 bytes, 806 lines download raw bytes

1<!doctype html>
2<html lang="en-CA">
3    <head>
4        <meta charset="UTF-8" />
5        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
6        <meta name="developer" content="Office/Bureau">
7        <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />
8
9	<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https://yoast.com/product/yoast-seo-wordpress/ -->
10	<title>Research - The Citizen Lab</title>
11	<link rel="canonical" href="https://citizenlab.ca/research/" />
12	<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
13	<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
14	<meta property="og:title" content="Research - The Citizen Lab" />
15	<meta property="og:description" content="Our research investigates novel threats to democracy, human rights, and global security in the digital ecosystem. LATEST REPORTS BROWSE ALL RESEARCH" />
16	<meta property="og:url" content="https://citizenlab.ca/research/" />
17	<meta property="og:site_name" content="The Citizen Lab" />
18	<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2026-07-03T05:24:40+00:00" />
19	<meta property="og:image" content="http://citizenlab.staging-001.dev/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/icon-arrow-right.svg" />
20	<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
21	<meta name="twitter:site" content="@citizenlab" />
22	
22<script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/research\/","url":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/research\/","name":"Research - The Citizen Lab","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/research\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/research\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/citizenlab.staging-001.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/icon-arrow-right.svg","datePublished":"2025-09-25T15:53:59+00:00","dateModified":"2026-07-03T05:24:40+00:00","inLanguage":"en-CA","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/research\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-CA","@id":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/research\/#primaryimage","url":"http:\/\/citizenlab.staging-001.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/icon-arrow-right.svg","contentUrl":"http:\/\/citizenlab.staging-001.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/icon-arrow-right.svg"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/#website","url":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/","name":"The Citizen Lab","description":"University of Toronto","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-CA"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/#organization","name":"The Citizen Lab","url":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-CA","@id":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/citizen-lab-logo-Teal-Orange.svg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/citizen-lab-logo-Teal-Orange.svg","width":572,"height":256,"caption":"The Citizen Lab"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/x.com\/citizenlab","https:\/\/mastodon.social\/@citizenlab","https:\/\/ca.linkedin.com\/company\/the-citizen-lab","https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/citizenlab.ca","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCf5Aunw7xvt3lAFrLhiCA5w","https:\/\/github.com\/citizenlab"]}]}</script>
22
23	<!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. -->
24
25
26<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com' />
27<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' />
28<link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcitizenlab.ca%2Fresearch%2F" />
29<link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcitizenlab.ca%2Fresearch%2F&#038;format=xml" />
30<style id="wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css">
31img:is([sizes=auto i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px}
32/*# sourceURL=wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css */
33</style>
34<style id="wp-block-library-inline-css">
35:root{--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color);--wp-editor-canvas-background:#ddd;--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,160.5;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;
35--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}:root .has-text-align-center{text-align:center}:root .has-text-align-left{text-align:left}:root .has-text-align-right{text-align:right}.has-fit-text{white-space:nowrap!important}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{word-wrap:normal!important;border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-break:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-color],[style*=";border-color"],[style*="; border-color"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-color],[style*=";border-top-color"],[style*="; border-top-color"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-color],[style*=";border-right-color"],[style*="; border-right-color"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-color],[style*=";border-bottom-color"],[style*="; border-bottom-color"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-color],[style*=";border-left-color"],[style*="; border-left-color"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-width],[style*=";border-width"],[style*="; border-width"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-width],[style*=";border-top-width"],[style*="; border-top-width"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-width],[style*=";border-right-width"],[style*="; border-right-width"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-width],[style*=";border-bottom-width"],[style*="; border-bottom-width"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-width],[style*=";border-left-width"],[style*="; border-left-width"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}}
36
37/*# sourceURL=/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/common.min.css */
38</style>
39<style id="wp-block-button-inline-css">
40.wp-block-button__link{align-content:center;box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;height:100%;text-align:center;word-break:break-word}.wp-block-button__link.aligncenter{text-align:center}.wp-block-button__link.alignright{text-align:right}:where(.wp-block-button__link){border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration:none}.wp-block-button[style*=text-decoration] .wp-block-button__link{text-decoration:inherit}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button.has-custom-width{max-width:none}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button.has-custom-width .wp-block-button__link{width:100%}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button.has-custom-font-size .wp-block-button__link{font-size:inherit}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button[class*=wp-block-button__width]{width:calc(var(--wp--block-button--width)*1% - var(--wp--style--block-gap, .5em)*(1 - var(--wp--block-button--width)/100))}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button.wp-block-button__width-25{width:calc(25% - var(--wp--style--block-gap, .5em)*.75)}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button.wp-block-button__width-50{width:calc(50% - var(--wp--style--block-gap, .5em)*.5)}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button.wp-block-button__width-75{width:calc(75% - var(--wp--style--block-gap, .5em)*.25)}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button.wp-block-button__width-100{flex-basis:100%;width:100%}.wp-block-buttons.is-vertical>.wp-block-button[class*=wp-block-button__width]{width:calc(var(--wp--block-button--width)*1%)}.wp-block-buttons.is-vertical>.wp-block-button.wp-block-button__width-25{width:25%}.wp-block-buttons.is-vertical>.wp-block-button.wp-block-button__width-50{width:50%}.wp-block-buttons.is-vertical>.wp-block-button.wp-block-button__width-75{width:75%}.wp-block-button.is-style-squared,.wp-block-button__link.wp-block-button.is-style-squared{border-radius:0}.wp-block-button.no-border-radius,.wp-block-button__link.no-border-radius{border-radius:0!important}:root :where(.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline),:root :where(.wp-block-button.is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link){border:2px solid;padding:.667em 1.333em}:root :where(.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-text-color)),:root :where(.wp-block-button.is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color)){color:currentColor}:root :where(.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-background)),:root :where(.wp-block-button.is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background)){background-color:transparent;background-image:none}
41/*# sourceURL=https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/blocks/button/style.min.css */
42</style>
43<style id="wp-block-buttons-inline-css">
44.wp-block-buttons{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-buttons.is-vertical{flex-direction:column}.wp-block-buttons.is-vertical>.wp-block-button:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button{display:inline-block;margin:0}.wp-block-buttons.is-content-justification-left{justify-content:flex-start}.wp-block-buttons.is-content-justification-left.is-vertical{align-items:flex-start}.wp-block-buttons.is-content-justification-center{justify-content:center}.wp-block-buttons.is-content-justification-center.is-vertical{align-items:center}.wp-block-buttons.is-content-justification-right{justify-content:flex-end}.wp-block-buttons.is-content-justification-right.is-vertical{align-items:flex-end}.wp-block-buttons.is-content-justification-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.wp-block-buttons.aligncenter{text-align:center}.wp-block-buttons:not(.is-content-justification-space-between,.is-content-justification-right,.is-content-justification-left,.is-content-justification-center) .wp-block-button.aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:100%}.wp-block-buttons[style*=text-decoration] .wp-block-button,.wp-block-buttons[style*=text-decoration] .wp-block-button__link{text-decoration:inherit}.wp-block-buttons.has-custom-font-size .wp-block-button__link{font-size:inherit}.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button__link{width:100%}.wp-block-button.aligncenter{text-align:center}
45/*# sourceURL=https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/blocks/buttons/style.min.css */
46</style>
47<style id="wp-block-post-template-inline-css">
48.wp-block-post-template{box-sizing:border-box;list-style:none;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;max-width:100%;padding:0}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:1.25em}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container>li{margin:0;width:100%}@media (min-width:600px){.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container.is-flex-container.columns-2>li{width:calc(50% - .625em)}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container.is-flex-container.columns-3>li{width:calc(33.33333% - .83333em)}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container.is-flex-container.columns-4>li{width:calc(25% - .9375em)}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container.is-flex-container.columns-5>li{width:calc(20% - 1em)}.wp-block-post-template.is-flex-container.is-flex-container.columns-6>li{width:calc(16.66667% - 1.04167em)}}@media (max-width:600px){.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid[class*=columns-]:not
48(.has-native-responsive-grid){grid-template-columns:1fr}}.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-constrained>li>.alignright,.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow>li>.alignright{float:right;margin-inline-end:0;margin-inline-start:2em}.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-constrained>li>.alignleft,.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow>li>.alignleft{float:left;margin-inline-end:2em;margin-inline-start:0}.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-constrained>li>.aligncenter,.wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow>li>.aligncenter{margin-inline-end:auto;margin-inline-start:auto}
49/*# sourceURL=https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/blocks/post-template/style.min.css */
50</style>
51<style id="wp-block-post-title-inline-css">
52.wp-block-post-title{box-sizing:border-box;word-break:break-word}.wp-block-post-title :where(a){display:inline-block;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;line-height:inherit;text-decoration:inherit}
53/*# sourceURL=https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/blocks/post-title/style.min.css */
54</style>
55<style id="wp-block-columns-inline-css">
56.wp-block-columns{box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap!important}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-columns{flex-wrap:nowrap!important}}.wp-block-columns{align-items:normal!important}.wp-block-columns.are-vertically-aligned-top{align-items:flex-start}.wp-block-columns.are-vertically-aligned-center{align-items:center}.wp-block-columns.are-vertically-aligned-bottom{align-items:flex-end}@media (max-width:781px){.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column{flex-basis:100%!important}}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column{flex-basis:0;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column[style*=flex-basis]{flex-grow:0}}.wp-block-columns.is-not-stacked-on-mobile{flex-wrap:nowrap!important}.wp-block-columns.is-not-stacked-on-mobile>.wp-block-column{flex-basis:0;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-columns.is-not-stacked-on-mobile>.wp-block-column[style*=flex-basis]{flex-grow:0}:where(.wp-block-columns){margin-bottom:1.75em}:where(.wp-block-columns.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-column{flex-grow:1;min-width:0;overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-top{align-self:flex-start}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-center{align-self:center}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-bottom{align-self:flex-end}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-stretch{align-self:stretch}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-bottom,.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-center,.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-top{width:100%}
57/*# sourceURL=https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/blocks/columns/style.min.css */
58</style>
59<style id="wp-block-group-inline-css">
60.wp-block-group{box-sizing:border-box}:where(.wp-block-group.wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained){position:relative}
61/*# sourceURL=https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/blocks/group/style.min.css */
62</style>
63
64
65<style id="acf-card-block-style-inline-css">
66.nua-card-block .content-card--featured .content-card__footer{display:none}.first-featured .nua-card-block .content-card--featured .content-card__title{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-48)}
67
68/*# sourceURL=https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/plugin-citizenlab/blocks/card-block/build/style-index.css */
69</style>
70<style id="acf-focus-areas-block-style-inline-css">
71
72
73/*# sourceURL=https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/plugin-citizenlab/blocks/focus-areas-block/build/style-index.css */
74</style>
75<style id="nua-search-filter-style-inline-css">
76.nua-search-filter__filter-bar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:end;margin-bottom:1rem}.nua-search-filter__dropdown{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;margin-right:1em;position:relative;vertical-align:top;width:auto;z-index:5}.nua-search-filter__dropdown:last-child{margin-right:0}.nua-search-filter__dropdown--active .nua-search-filter__dropdown-list{height:auto;padding-bottom:1.5rem;padding-top:.5rem}.nua-search-filter__dropdown-clear{height:40px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;right:0;text-indent:200%;top:0;width:40px}.nua-search-filter__dropdown-clear:before{content:"×";left:50%;line-height:1em;position:absolute;text-align:center;text-indent:0;top:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%)}.nua-search-filter__dropdown-title,.nua-search-filter__filters{height:2.625rem}.nua-search-filter__dropdown-list{background:#0000;border:0;display:block;height:0;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:relative}.nua-search-filter__dropdown-list,.nua-search-filter__dropdown-title{background:#fff;border:1px solid #000;padding:10px}.nua-search-filter__dropdown-title{margin-bottom:-1px;padding-right:40px}.nua-search-filter__dropdown-list{border-top-width:0;margin:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-top:0}.nua-search-filter__map,.nua-search-filter__map-container{aspect-ratio:16/9;width:100%}
77
78/*# sourceURL=https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/plugin-citizenlab/blocks/search-filter/build/style-index.css */
79</style>
80
81<style id="global-styles-inline-css">
82:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #FFFFFF;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--gray-light: #BBBBBB;--wp--preset--color--orange: #F8981C;--wp--preset--color--teal: #1ABCB9;--wp--preset--color--brown: #38301F;--wp--preset--color--beige: #958F87;--wp--preset--color--beige-dark: #E9E4D9;--wp--preset--color--beige-light: #F9F5EE;--wp--preset--color--beige-light-extra: #FCFAF7;--wp--preset--color--red: #9A031E;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(6,147,227) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(252,185,
820) 0%,rgb(255,105,0) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,105,0) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: clamp(14px, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 0.682), 20px);--wp--preset--font-size--large: clamp(22.041px, 1.378rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 1.586), 36px);--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: clamp(25.014px, 1.563rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 1.93), 42px);--wp--preset--font-size--size-10: clamp(0.625rem, 0.625rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1), 0.625rem);--wp--preset--font-size--size-12: 12.0px;--wp--preset--font-size--size-12-fluid: clamp(10px, 0.625rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 0.227), 12px);--wp--preset--font-size--size-14: clamp(0.875rem, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1), 0.875rem);--wp--preset--font-size--size-16: clamp(1rem, 1rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1), 1rem);--wp--preset--font-size--size-18: clamp(1.125rem, 1.125rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1), 1.125rem);--wp--preset--font-size--size-20: 1.250rem;--wp--preset--font-size--size-20-fluid: clamp(1rem, 1rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.455), 1.25rem);--wp--preset--font-size--size-25: clamp(1.5625rem, 1.563rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1), 1.5625rem);--wp--preset--font-size--size-28: clamp(1.25rem, 1.25rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.909), 1.75rem);--wp--preset--font-size--size-30: clamp(1.875rem, 1.875rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1), 1.875rem);--wp--preset--font-size--size-32: clamp(2rem, 2rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1), 2rem);--wp--preset--font-size--size-36: clamp(1.5rem, 1.5rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1.364), 2.25rem);--wp--preset--font-size--size-40: clamp(2.5rem, 2.5rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1), 2.5rem);--wp--preset--font-size--size-44: clamp(2.75rem, 2.75rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1), 2.75rem);--wp--preset--font-size--size-44-fluid: clamp(2rem, 2rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1.364), 2.75rem);--wp--preset--font-size--size-80: clamp(3rem, 3rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 3.636), 5rem);--wp--preset--font-family--theinhardt-condensed: "Theinhardt Condensed", sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--moderat-serif: "Moderat Serif", sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--moderat-mono: "Moderat Mono", monospace;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgb(255, 255, 255), 6px 6px rgb(0, 0, 0);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgb(0, 0, 0);}.wp-block-button{--wp--preset--dimension--25: 25%;--wp--preset--dimension--50: 50%;--wp--preset--dimension--75: 75%;--wp--preset--dimension--100: 100%;}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: 918px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1200px; }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks { padding-top: var(--wp--style--root--padding-top); padding-bottom: var(--wp--style--root--padding-bottom); }.has-global-padding { padding-right: var(--wp--style--root--padding-right); padding-left: var(--wp--style--root--padding-left); }.has-global-padding > .alignfull { margin-right: calc(var(--wp--style--root--padding-right) * -1); margin-left: calc(var(--wp--style--root--padding-left) * -1); }
82.has-global-padding :where(:not(.alignfull.is-layout-flow) > .has-global-padding:not(.wp-block-block, .alignfull)) { padding-right: 0; padding-left: 0; }.has-global-padding :where(:not(.alignfull.is-layout-flow) > .has-global-padding:not(.wp-block-block, .alignfull)) > .alignfull { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: 24px; margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }:root { --wp--style--block-gap: 24px; }:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 24px;}:root :where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 24px;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{color: var(--wp--preset--color--brown);font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--moderat-serif);--wp--style--root--padding-top: 0px;--wp--style--root--padding-right: 0px;--wp--style--root--padding-bottom: 0px;--wp--style--root--padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: var(--wp--preset--color--brown);font-weight: 500;text-decoration: underline;}:root :where(a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)):visited){color: var(--wp--preset--color--brown);}:root :where(a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)):hover){color: var(--wp--preset--color--brown);text-decoration: underline;}:root :where(a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)):active){color: var(--wp--preset--color--brown);}h1{color: var(--color-brown);font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--theinhardt-condensed);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-80);font-weight: 700;line-height: 1;margin-bottom: 1rem;}h2{color: var(--color-brown);font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--theinhardt-condensed);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-44);font-weight: 700;line-height: 1;margin-top: 3rem;margin-bottom: 1rem;}h3{color: var(--color-brown);font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--theinhardt-condensed);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-36);font-weight: 700;line-height: 1;margin-top: 1rem;margin-bottom: 1rem;}h4{color: var(--color-brown);font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--theinhardt-condensed);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-25);font-weight: 700;margin-bottom: 1rem;}h5{color: var(--color-brown);font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--theinhardt-condensed);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-18);font-weight: 700;margin-bottom: 1rem;}h6{color: var(--color-brown);font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--theinhardt-condensed);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-20);font-weight: 700;margin-bottom: 1rem;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit;letter-spacing: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding-top: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-right: calc(1.333em + 2px);padding-bottom: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-left: calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;text-transform: inherit;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-gray-light-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-light) !important;}.has-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--orange) !important;}.has-teal-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--teal) !important;}.has-brown-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--brown) !important;}.has-beige-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--beige) !important;}.has-beige-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--beige-dark) !important;}.has-beige-light-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--beige-light) !important;}.has-beige-light-extra-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--beige-light-extra) !important;}.has-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-gray-light-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-light) !important;}.has-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--orange) !important;}.has-teal-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--teal) !important;}.has-brown-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brown) !important;}.has-beige-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--beige) !important;}.has-beige-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--beige-dark) !important;}.has-beige-light-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--beige-light) !important;}.has-beige-light-extra-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--beige-light-extra) !important;}.has-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-gray-light-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--gray-light) !important;}.has-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--orange) !important;}.has-teal-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--teal) !important;}.has-brown-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--brown) !important;}.has-beige-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--beige) !important;}.has-beige-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--beige-dark) !important;}.has-beige-light-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--beige-light) !important;}.has-beige-light-extra-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--beige-light-extra) !important;}.has-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}
82.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-size-10-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-10) !important;}.has-size-12-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-12) !important;}.has-size-12-fluid-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-12-fluid) !important;}.has-size-14-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-14) !important;}.has-size-16-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-16) !important;}.has-size-18-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-18) !important;}.has-size-20-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-20) !important;}.has-size-20-fluid-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-20-fluid) !important;}.has-size-25-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-25) !important;}.has-size-28-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-28) !important;}.has-size-30-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-30) !important;}.has-size-32-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-32) !important;}.has-size-36-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-36) !important;}.has-size-40-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-40) !important;}.has-size-44-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-44) !important;}.has-size-44-fluid-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-44-fluid) !important;}.has-size-80-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-80) !important;}.has-theinhardt-condensed-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--theinhardt-condensed) !important;}.has-moderat-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--moderat-serif) !important;}.has-moderat-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--moderat-mono) !important;}
83:root :where(.wp-block-post-title){font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--theinhardt-condensed);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-80);font-weight: 700;line-height: 1.5;}
84:root :where(p){font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--moderat-serif);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--size-20-fluid);font-weight: 400;line-height: 1.5;margin-bottom: 1em;}
85/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */
86</style>
87
88<link rel="stylesheet preload" as="style" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/bigfoot_footnotes/library/bigfoot-number.css?ver=7.1.2" media="all"><link rel="stylesheet preload" as="style" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/styles/style.css?ver=1.0.0" media="all"><link rel="stylesheet preload" as="style" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/featherlight/1.7.13/featherlight.min.css?ver=1.7.13" media="all"><link rel="stylesheet preload" as="style" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/blocks/paragraph/style.min.css?ver=7.1.2" media="all">
88<script id="jquery-core-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1"></script>
88
89
90<!-- Google tag (gtag.js) snippet added by Site Kit -->
91<!-- Google Analytics snippet added by Site Kit -->
vendor: 80 bytes, lines 91-92
91
92<script id="google_gtagjs-js" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=
92GT-PB6MGSC
vendor: 18 bytes, line 92
92" async></script>
93<script id="google_gtagjs-js-after">
94window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
95gtag("set","linker",{"domains":["citizenlab.ca"]});
96gtag("js", new Date());
97gtag("set", "developer_id.dZTNiMT", true);
98gtag("config", "GT-PB6MGSC");
99 window._googlesitekit = window._googlesitekit || {}; window._googlesitekit.throttledEvents = []; window._googlesitekit.gtagEvent = (name, data) => { var key = JSON.stringify( { name, data } ); if ( !! window._googlesitekit.throttledEvents[ key ] ) { return; } window._googlesitekit.throttledEvents[ key ] = true; setTimeout( () => { delete window._googlesitekit.throttledEvents[ key ]; }, 5 ); gtag( "event", name, { ...data, event_source: "site-kit" } ); }; 
100//# sourceURL=google_gtagjs-js-after
101</script>
101
102<meta name="generator" content="Site Kit by Google 1.188.0" /><noscript><style>.lazyload[data-src]{display:none !important;}</style></noscript><style>.lazyload{background-image:none !important;}.lazyload:before{background-image:none !important;}</style><style class="wp-fonts-local">
103@font-face{font-family:"Theinhardt Condensed";font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Theinhardt-Condensed-Bold.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Theinhardt-Condensed-Bold.woff') format('woff');font-stretch:normal;}
104@font-face{font-family:"Theinhardt Condensed";font-style:italic;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Theinhardt-Condensed-Bold-Italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Theinhardt-Condensed-Bold-Italic.woff') format('woff');font-stretch:normal;}
105@font-face{font-family:"Moderat Serif";font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Moderat-Serif-Regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Moderat-Serif-Regular.woff') format('woff');font-stretch:normal;}
106@font-face{font-family:"Moderat Serif";font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Moderat-Serif-Regular-Italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Moderat-Serif-Regular-Italic.woff') format('woff');font-stretch:normal;}
107@font-face{font-family:"Moderat Serif";font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Moderat-Serif-Bold.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Moderat-Serif-Bold.woff') format('woff');font-stretch:normal;}
108@font-face{font-family:"Moderat Serif";font-style:italic;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Moderat-Serif-Bold-Italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Moderat-Serif-Bold-Italic.woff') format('woff');font-stretch:normal;}
109@font-face{font-family:"Moderat Mono";font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Moderat-Mono-Regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Moderat-Mono-Regular.woff') format('woff');font-stretch:normal;}
110@font-face{font-family:"Moderat Mono";font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Moderat-Mono-Regular-Italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Moderat-Mono-Regular-Italic.woff') format('woff');font-stretch:normal;}
111@font-face{font-family:"Moderat Mono";font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Moderat-Mono-Semibold.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Moderat-Mono-Semibold.woff') format('woff');font-stretch:normal;}
112@font-face{font-family:"Moderat Mono";font-style:italic;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Moderat-Mono-Semibold-Italic.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/fonts/Moderat-Mono-Semibold-Italic.woff') format('woff');font-stretch:normal;}
113</style>
114<link rel="icon" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/cropped-Favicon-Large-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" />
115<link rel="icon" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/cropped-Favicon-Large-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" />
116<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/cropped-Favicon-Large-180x180.png" />
117<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/cropped-Favicon-Large-270x270.png" />
118    <style id="core-block-supports-inline-css">
119.wp-container-content-ec1bbf6b{grid-column:span 12;grid-row:span 1;}@container (max-width: 160.5rem ){.wp-container-content-ec1bbf6b{grid-column:1/-1;grid-row:auto;}}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-b380412f{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-1{top:calc(0px + var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset, 0px));position:sticky;z-index:10;}.wp-container-content-cd8adcc6{grid-column:span 8;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-ad7c68f1 > *{margin-block-start:0;margin-block-end:0;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-ad7c68f1 > * + *{margin-block-start:0;margin-block-end:0;}.wp-container-content-ffc8cefc{grid-column:span 3;}@container (max-width: 39rem ){.wp-container-content-ffc8cefc{grid-column:1/-1;grid-row:auto;}}.wp-container-content-6022eb05{grid-column:span 4;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-eb702602{grid-template-columns:repeat(12, minmax(0, 1fr));gap:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);}
120/*# sourceURL=core-block-supports-inline-css */
121</style>
122
123</head>
124    <body class="wp-singular page-template-default page page-id-83856 wp-theme-theme-citizenlab">
125                <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a>
126        <div class="screen-reader-text">
127            <span id="new-window">Opens in a new window</span>
128            <span id="external-site">Opens an external site</span>
129            <span id="new-window-external-site">Opens an external site in a new window</span>
130        </div>
131        <header id="header" class="site-header" role="banner">
132            <!-- <a href="https://citizenlab.ca">
133                <picture class="site-logo">
134                    <source  type="image/webp" data-srcset="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/images/logo.webp">
135                    <source  type="image/png" data-srcset="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/images/logo.png">
136                    <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="The Citizen Lab" data-src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/images/logo.png" decoding="async" class="lazyload">
137                </picture><noscript><img src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/images/logo.png" alt="The Citizen Lab" data-eio="l"></noscript>
138            </a> -->
139            			<nav class="grid-nav-mobile" role="navigation" aria-label="Mobile Navigation">
140
141	<div class="grid-nav-mobile__wrapper">
142				<div class="grid-nav-mobile__background-cell"></div>
143				<button class="hamburger-menu mobile" aria-label="Toggle Menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mobile-primary-nav">
144			<span class="hamburger-box" aria-hidden="true">
145				<span class="hamburger-inner"></span>
146			</span>
147		</button>
148
149				<div class="grid-nav-mobile__item primary-nav" id="mobile-primary-nav">
150			<nav class="site-nav" aria-label="Primary navigation"><ul id="menu-primary-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-85318" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-85318"><a href="#">Our Work</a>
151<ul class="sub-menu">
152	<li id="menu-item-83866" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-83856 current_page_item menu-item-83866"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/research/" aria-current="page">Research</a></li>
153	<li id="menu-item-83865" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83865"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/publication-directory/">Publication Directory</a></li>
154	<li id="menu-item-83867" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83867"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/tools-resources/">Tools &amp; Resources</a></li>
155</ul>
156</li>
157<li id="menu-item-85320" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-85320"><a href="#">News &#038; Events</a>
158<ul class="sub-menu">
159	<li id="menu-item-84381" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-content-type menu-item-84381"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/content-type/expert-insights/">Expert Insights</a></li>
160	<li id="menu-item-84382" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-content-type menu-item-84382"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/content-type/in-the-media/">In the Media</a></li>
161	<li id="menu-item-83860" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83860"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/events/">Events</a></li>
162	<li id="menu-item-84473" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-content-type menu-item-84473"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/content-type/news/">News</a></li>
163</ul>
164</li>
165<li id="menu-item-85325" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-85325"><a href="#">About</a>
166<ul class="sub-menu">
167	<li id="menu-item-83869" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83869"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/who-we-are/">Who We Are</a></li>
168	<li id="menu-item-84299" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-84299"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/contact/">Contact</a></li>
169	<li id="menu-item-83864" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83864"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/people/">People</a></li>
170	<li id="menu-item-83897" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-83897"><a target="_blank" href="https://engage.utoronto.ca/site/SPageServer?pagename=donate#/fund/847">Donate</a></li>
171</ul>
172</li>
173</ul></nav>		</div>
174
175
176				<div class="grid-nav-mobile__item search-field">
177			<p>Search by keyword</p>
178			<div class="search-form__wrapper" id="mobile-search-form">
179				<form role="search" aria-label="Mobile search" method="get" id="searchform-mobile" class="searchform" action="https://citizenlab.ca/">
180	<div>
181		<label class="screen-reader-text" for="s-mobile">Search for:</label>
182		<input type="text" value="" name="s" id="s-mobile">
183		<input type="submit" id="searchsubmit-mobile" value="Search">
184	</div>
185</form>
186				<button class="search-toggle__button mobile" aria-label="Toggle Search" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mobile-search-form">
187					<span aria-hidden="true"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="19" height="20" viewBox="0 0 19 20" fill="none">
188  <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"/>
189  <path d="M12 13L18 18.5" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"/>
190</svg>
191</span>
192				</button>
193			</div>
194		</div>
195
196
197
198
199				<div class="grid-nav-mobile__item menu-closed-logo">
200			<a href="https://citizenlab.ca" aria-label="Citizen Lab Home">
201				<span aria-hidden="true">
201<svg width="130" height="16" viewBox="0 0 130 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
202<path d="M10.2612 0.658691V3.13459H7.00344V15.2926H4.21479V3.13459H0.957031V0.658691H10.2612Z" fill="#1ABCB9"/>
203<path d="M12.0957 15.2926V0.658691H14.8909V6.52268H18.8458V0.658691H21.6409V15.2926H18.8458V8.96601H14.8909V15.2926H12.0957Z" fill="#1ABCB9"/>
204<path d="M24.3184 15.2926V0.658691H31.9741V3.13459H27.1135V6.47055H30.8209V8.93995H27.1135V12.7906H32.1826V15.2665L24.3184 15.2926Z" fill="#1ABCB9"/>
205<path d="M37.0068 10.9677C37.0068 12.5901 37.7104 13.0331 38.8246 13.0331C39.9387 13.0331 40.6489 12.5901 40.6489 10.9677V9.9969H43.4506V10.6028C43.4506 14.2125 41.5416 15.509 38.8246 15.509C36.1076 15.509 34.2051 14.2059 34.2051 10.6028V5.39041C34.2051 1.78731 36.1141 0.490723 38.8246 0.490723C41.535 0.490723 43.4506 1.79383 43.4506 5.39041V5.43602H40.6489V5.03205C40.6489 3.40968 39.9453 2.96011 38.8246 2.96011C37.7039 2.96011 37.0068 3.40968 37.0068 5.03205V10.9677Z" fill="#F8981C"/>
206<path d="M45.8809 15.2926V0.658691H48.7021V15.2926H45.8809Z" fill="#F8981C"/>
207<path d="M59.825 0.658691V3.13459H56.5673V15.2926H53.7656V3.13459H50.5078V0.658691H59.825Z" fill="#F8981C"/>
208<path d="M61.6543 15.2926V0.658691H64.4495V15.2926H61.6543Z" fill="#F8981C"/>
209<path d="M67.0981 0.658691H75.2034V3.0108L69.6782 12.7841H75.3272V15.26H66.5312V12.9209L72.0694 3.14763H67.0981V0.658691Z" fill="#F8981C"/>
210<path d="M77.252 15.2926V0.658691H84.9142V3.13459H80.0471V6.47055H83.7544V8.93995H80.0471V12.7906H85.1097V15.2665L77.252 15.2926Z" fill="#F8981C"/>
211<path d="M87.5469 15.2926V0.658691H90.6027L94.512 9.33088H94.5576V0.658691H97.1117V15.2926H94.4338L90.1401 5.819H90.101V15.2665L87.5469 15.2926Z" fill="#F8981C"/>
212<path d="M99.7637 15.2926V0.658691H102.565V12.8167H107.061V15.2926H99.7637Z" fill="#1ABCB9"/>
213<path d="M107.77 15.2926L111.392 0.658691H114.982L118.514 15.2926H115.81L115.158 12.2107H111.249L110.454 15.2926H107.77ZM111.764 9.72833H114.507L113.203 3.81873H113.164L111.764 9.72833Z" fill="#1ABCB9"/>
214<path d="M120.033 0.658691H123.943C126.94 0.658691 128.66 1.91619 128.66 4.43119C128.665 5.04909 128.503 5.65694 128.193 6.1911C127.882 6.72526 127.434 7.16608 126.894 7.46743C128.432 8.43825 129.044 9.24618 129.044 11.077C129.044 13.9699 127.09 15.2926 124.138 15.2926H120.04L120.033 0.658691ZM122.835 6.45753H123.806C125.063 6.45753 125.897 5.72127 125.897 4.73091C125.897 3.74054 125.246 2.97171 123.943 2.97171H122.828L122.835 6.45753ZM122.835 12.9731H124.008C124.3 13.0094 124.596 12.9806 124.876 12.8887C125.155 12.7969 125.411 12.6442 125.625 12.4418C125.839 12.2394 126.005 11.9921 126.112 11.7179C126.218 11.4436 126.263 11.1491 126.242 10.8555C126.242 9.45468 125.272 8.76402 123.812 8.76402H122.841L122.835 12.9731Z" fill="#1ABCB9"/>
215</svg>
216</span>
217			</a>
218		</div>
219
220
221	</div>
222</nav>        </header>
223        <div id="content" class="site-content">
224			<main id="main" class="site-main" role="main">
225				
226<nav class="grid-nav" role="navigation" aria-label="Main Navigation">
227	
228	<div class="grid-nav__background-cell"></div>
229
230		<div class="grid-nav__item primary-nav" id="desktop-primary-nav">
231		<nav class="site-nav" aria-label="Primary navigation"><ul id="menu-primary-menu-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-85318"><a href="#">Our Work</a>
232<ul class="sub-menu">
233	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-83856 current_page_item menu-item-83866"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/research/" aria-current="page">Research</a></li>
234	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83865"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/publication-directory/">Publication Directory</a></li>
235	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83867"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/tools-resources/">Tools &amp; Resources</a></li>
236</ul>
237</li>
238<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-85320"><a href="#">News &#038; Events</a>
239<ul class="sub-menu">
240	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-content-type menu-item-84381"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/content-type/expert-insights/">Expert Insights</a></li>
241	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-content-type menu-item-84382"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/content-type/in-the-media/">In the Media</a></li>
242	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83860"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/events/">Events</a></li>
243	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-content-type menu-item-84473"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/content-type/news/">News</a></li>
244</ul>
245</li>
246<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-85325"><a href="#">About</a>
247<ul class="sub-menu">
248	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83869"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/who-we-are/">Who We Are</a></li>
249	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-84299"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/contact/">Contact</a></li>
250	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83864"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/people/">People</a></li>
251	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-83897"><a target="_blank" href="https://engage.utoronto.ca/site/SPageServer?pagename=donate#/fund/847">Donate</a></li>
252</ul>
253</li>
254</ul></nav>	</div>
255
256		<div class="grid-nav__item focus-areas">
257					<h2>Focus Areas</h2>
258			<ul class="focus-areas-list">
259									<li>
260						<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/app-privacy-security/" class="focus-area-link">
261							App Security &amp; Privacy						</a>
262					</li>
263									<li>
264						<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/artificial-intelligence/" class="focus-area-link">
265							Artificial Intelligence						</a>
266					</li>
267									<li>
268						<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/censorship/" class="focus-area-link">
269							Censorship						</a>
270					</li>
271									<li>
272						<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/digital-transnational-repression/" class="focus-area-link">
273							Digital Transnational Repression						</a>
274					</li>
275									<li>
276						<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/disinformation/" class="focus-area-link">
277							Disinformation						</a>
278					</li>
279									<li>
280						<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/law-policy/" class="focus-area-link">
281							Law &amp; Policy						</a>
282					</li>
283									<li>
284						<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/mass-surveillance/" class="focus-area-link">
285							Mass Surveillance						</a>
286					</li>
287									<li>
288						<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/targeted-surveillance/" class="focus-area-link">
289							Targeted Surveillance						</a>
290					</li>
291							</ul>
292			</div>
293
294		<div class="grid-nav__item newsletter-signup">
295					<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/newsletter/" target="_self" class="btn">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>
296			</div>
297
298
299		<div class="grid-nav__item search-toggle">
300		<div class="search-form__wrapper" id="desktop-search-form">
301			<p>Search by keyword</p>
302			<form role="search" aria-label="Desktop search" method="get" id="searchform-desktop" class="searchform" action="https://citizenlab.ca/">
303	<div>
304		<label class="screen-reader-text" for="s-desktop">Search for:</label>
305		<input type="text" value="" name="s" id="s-desktop">
306		<input type="submit" id="searchsubmit-desktop" value="Search">
307	</div>
308</form>
309		</div>
310
311		<button class="search-toggle__button desktop" aria-label="Toggle Search" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="desktop-search-form">
312			<span aria-hidden="true"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="19" height="20" viewBox="0 0 19 20" fill="none">
313  <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"/>
314  <path d="M12 13L18 18.5" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"/>
315</svg>
316</span>
317		</button>
318
319		<button class="search-close-toggle__button desktop" aria-label="Close Search" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="desktop-search-form">
320			<span aria-hidden="true"><svg width="21" height="20" viewBox="0 0 21 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
321<line y1="-1" x2="25.1719" y2="-1" transform="matrix(0.707107 -0.707107 -0.707107 -0.707107 0.814453 18.2993)" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"/>
322<path d="M19.0089 18.7992L1.20966 1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"/>
323</svg>
324</span>
325		</button>
326	</div>
327
328
329		<div class="grid-nav__item menu-closed-logo ">
330		<a href="https://citizenlab.ca" aria-label="Citizen Lab Home">
331			<span aria-hidden="true"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="143" viewBox="0 0 18 143" fill="none">
332  <path d="M0.820312 132.612L3.58457 132.612L3.58457 136.249L17.1586 136.249L17.1586 139.363L3.58458 139.363L3.58458 143L0.820312 143L0.820312 132.612Z" fill="#1ABCB9"/>
333  <path d="M17.1586 130.561L0.820312 130.561L0.820312 127.44L7.36726 127.44L7.36726 123.024L0.820312 123.024L0.820312 119.904L17.1586 119.904L17.1586 123.024L10.0952 123.024L10.0952 127.44L17.1586 127.44L17.1586 130.561Z" fill="#1ABCB9"/>
334  <path d="M17.1586 116.914L0.820312 116.914L0.820312 108.367L3.58457 108.367L3.58458 113.793L7.30906 113.793L7.30906 109.654L10.0661 109.654L10.0661 113.793L14.3652 113.793L14.3652 108.134L17.1295 108.134L17.1586 116.914Z" fill="#1ABCB9"/>
335  <path d="M12.3144 102.75C14.1257 102.75 14.6204 101.965 14.6204 100.721C14.6204 99.477 14.1257 98.684 12.3144 98.684L11.2305 98.684L11.2305 95.5561L11.907 95.5561C15.937 95.5561 17.3846 97.6875 17.3846 100.721C17.3846 103.754 15.9298 105.878 11.907 105.878L6.08752 105.878C2.06479 105.878 0.617187 103.747 0.617187 100.721C0.617187 97.6947 2.07206 95.5561 6.08752 95.5561L6.13844 95.5561L6.13844 98.684L5.68743 98.684C3.87611 98.684 3.37417 99.4697 3.37417 100.721C3.37417 101.972 3.87611 102.75 5.68743 102.75L12.3144 102.75Z" fill="#F8981C"/>
336  <path d="M17.1586 92.8433L0.820312 92.8433L0.820312 89.6935L17.1586 89.6934L17.1586 92.8433Z" fill="#F8981C"/>
337  <path d="M0.820312 77.2763L3.58457 77.2763L3.58457 80.9135L17.1586 80.9135L17.1586 84.0415L3.58458 84.0415L3.58458 87.6787L0.820312 87.6787L0.820312 77.2763Z" fill="#F8981C"/>
338  <path d="M17.1586 75.2383L0.820312 75.2383L0.820312 72.1176L17.1586 72.1176L17.1586 75.2383Z" fill="#F8981C"/>
339  <path d="M0.820312 69.1572L0.820312 60.1078L3.44637 60.1078L14.3579 66.2765L14.3579 59.9696L17.1222 59.9696L17.1222 69.79L14.5107 69.79L3.59913 63.6068L3.59913 69.1572L0.820312 69.1572Z" fill="#F8981C"/>
340  <path d="M17.1586 57.8169L0.820312 57.8169L0.820312 49.2622L3.58457 49.2622L3.58458 54.6962L7.30906 54.6962L7.30906 50.5571L10.0661 50.5571L10.0661 54.6962L14.3652 54.6962L14.3652 49.044L17.1295 49.044L17.1586 57.8169Z" fill="#F8981C"/>
341  <path d="M17.1586 46.3232L0.820312 46.3232L0.820312 42.9116L10.5025 38.5469L10.5025 38.496L0.820312 38.496L0.820312 35.6444L17.1586 35.6444L17.1586 38.6342L6.58162 43.428L6.58162 43.4717L17.1295 43.4717L17.1586 46.3232Z" fill="#F8981C"/>
342  <path d="M17.1586 32.6831L0.820312 32.6831L0.820312 29.5551L14.3943 29.5551L14.3943 24.5358L17.1586 24.5358L17.1586 32.6831Z" fill="#1ABCB9"/>
343  <path d="M17.1586 23.7437L0.820312 19.6991L0.820312 15.6909L17.1586 11.7482L1
3437.1586 14.7671L13.7178 15.4945L13.7178 19.8591L17.1586 20.7466L17.1586 23.7437ZM10.9463 19.2845L10.9463 16.2219L4.34839 17.6768L4.34839 17.7205L10.9463 19.2845Z" fill="#1ABCB9"/>
344  <path d="M0.820312 10.0605L0.820312 5.69591C0.820312 2.3497 2.22427 0.429255 5.03218 0.429254C5.72205 0.423814 6.40068 0.603941 6.99706 0.950758C7.59343 1.29758 8.0856 1.79833 8.42204 2.40062C9.50592 0.683863 10.4079 6.8065e-05 12.4521 6.79757e-05C15.6819 6.78345e-05 17.1586 2.18238 17.1586 5.47768L17.1586 10.0533L0.820312 10.0605ZM7.29452 6.93256L7.29452 5.84868C7.29452 4.44472 6.47251 3.5136 5.3668 3.5136C4.2611 3.5136 3.40272 4.24104 3.40272 5.69591L3.40272 6.93984L7.29452 6.93256ZM14.5689 6.93256L14.5689 5.62317C14.6094 5.29708 14.5773 4.96607 14.4747 4.65388C14.3722 4.3417 14.2018 4.0561 13.9758 3.81758C13.7497 3.57905 13.4737 3.39352 13.1675 3.27431C12.8613 3.15509 12.5325 3.10514 12.2047 3.12806C10.6407 3.12806 9.86964 4.21194 9.86964 5.8414L9.86964 6.92529L14.5689 6.93256Z" fill="#1ABCB9"/>
345</svg>
346</span>
347		</a>
348	</div>
349
350
351		<button class="hamburger-menu desktop" aria-label="Toggle Menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="desktop-primary-nav">
352		<span class="hamburger-box" aria-hidden="true">
353			<span class="hamburger-inner"></span>
354		</span>
355	</button>
356</nav>
357
358<article id="post-83856" class="post-83856 page type-page status-publish hentry">
359    <div class="entry-content nua-grid translated">
360		
361<div class="wp-block-columns alignwide is-style-invert-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-b380412f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="margin-bottom:8rem">
362<div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-stretch is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:80%">
363<div class="wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow" style="margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);padding-right:0;padding-left:0"><h2 style="line-height:1;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0" class="wp-block-post-title">Research</h2></div>
364
365
366
367<p class="has-size-28-font-size wp-block-paragraph">Our research investigates novel threats to democracy, human rights, and global security in the digital ecosystem.</p>
368</div>
369</div>
370
371
372
373<div class="wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow">
374<p class="has-moderat-mono-font-family has-size-16-font-size wp-block-paragraph">LATEST REPORTS</p>
375</div>
376
377
378
379<div class="wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-eb702602 wp-block-group-is-layout-grid" style="margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80)">
380<div class="wp-block-group wp-container-content-cd8adcc6 is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-ad7c68f1 wp-block-group-is-layout-flow">
381<div class="wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow wp-container-1 is-position-sticky" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)">
382<div class="wp-block-query is-layout-flow wp-block-query-is-layout-flow"><ul class="wp-block-post-template is-layout-flow wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow"><li class="wp-block-post post-89431 research type-research status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry content-type-brief content-type-report focus-area-disinformation region-africa region-angola region-israel region-middle-east-north-africa topic-hack-for-hire topic-influence-operation year-sf-1609">
383
384<div 	class="nua-card-block wp-block-acf-card-block"	>
385	
386<article class="content-card content-card--research content-card--featured post-89431 research type-research status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry content-type-brief content-type-report focus-area-disinformation region-africa region-angola region-israel region-middle-east-north-africa topic-hack-for-hire topic-influence-operation year-sf-1609">
387			<div class="content-card__thumbnail">
388			<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/research/blackcores-influence-operations-for-hire/" aria-label="Research Note: BlackCore’s Influence Operations for Hire">
389				<img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="2560" height="1440" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAB4AAAAQ4AQMAAADSHVMAAAAAA1BMVEVHcEyC+tLSAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAARJJREFUGBntwQENAAAAwiD7p34PBwwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAOBU+OUAARAVzPEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" class="attachment-medium-large size-medium-large wp-post-image lazyload" alt=""   data-src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Disinfo-Brief-9.png" data-srcset="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Disinfo-Brief-9.png 2560w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Disinfo-Brief-9-300x169.png 300w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Disinfo-Brief-9-1024x576.png 1024w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Disinfo-Brief-9-768x432.png 768w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Disinfo-Brief-9-1536x864.png 1536w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Disinfo-Brief-9-2048x1152.png 2048w" data-max-width="2560" data-sizes="auto" data-eio-rwidth="2560" data-eio-rheight="1440" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="2560" height="1440" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Disinfo-Brief-9.png" class="attachment-medium-large size-medium-large wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Disinfo-Brief-9.png 2560w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Disinfo-Brief-9-300x169.png 300w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Disinfo-Brief-9-1024x576.png 1024w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Disinfo-Brief-9-768x432.png 768w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Disinfo-Brief-9-1536x864.png 1536w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Disinfo-Brief-9-2048x1152.png 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100v
389w, 2560px" data-eio="l" /></noscript>			</a>
390		</div>
391	
392	<div class="content-card__content">
393		<header class="content-card__header">
394							<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/research/blackcores-influence-operations-for-hire/">
395					<h2 class="content-card__title">Research Note</h2>
396					<h3 class="content-card__subtitle">BlackCore’s Influence Operations for Hire</h3>
397				</a>
398					</header>
399		<div class="content-card__excerpt">
400			<p>In this research note, we examine the digital infrastructure of BlackCore, an Israeli influence-for-hire company. We describe how we identified a BlackCore campaign consisting of a training program provided to government employees in Angola, including the launch of a supervised influence operation.</p>
401		</div>
402		<div class="content-card__meta-container">
403			<div class="content-card__date">September 17, 2026</div>
404			<span><a class="btn btn-secondary btn-xs" href="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/disinformation/">Disinformation</a></span>		</div>
405	</div>
406
407
408</article></div>
409
410</li></ul></div>
411</div>
412</div>
413
414
415
416<div class="wp-block-group wp-container-content-6022eb05 is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow">
417<div class="wp-block-group wp-container-content-ffc8cefc is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)">
418<div class="wp-block-query is-style-query-sidebar is-layout-flow wp-block-query-is-layout-flow"><ul style="margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)" class="wp-block-post-template is-layout-flow wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow"><li class="wp-block-post post-89386 research type-research status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry content-type-brief content-type-report focus-area-targeted-surveillance region-eastern-europe-central-asia region-serbia topic-pegasus topic-spyware year-sf-1609">
419
420<div 	class="nua-card-block wp-block-acf-card-block"	>
421	
422<article class="content-card content-card--research content-card--compact post-89386 research type-research status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry content-type-brief content-type-report focus-area-targeted-surveillance region-eastern-europe-central-asia region-serbia topic-pegasus topic-spyware year-sf-1609">
423			<div class="content-card__thumbnail">
424			<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/research/pegasus-spyware-infection-of-serbian-activist/" aria-label="Pegasus Spyware Infection of Serbian Pro-Democracy Student Activist">
425				<img decoding="async" width="2560" height="1440" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAB4AAAAQ4AQMAAADSHVMAAAAAA1BMVEVHcEyC+tLSAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAARJJREFUGBntwQENAAAAwiD7p34PBwwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAOBU+OUAARAVzPEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" class="attachment-medium-large size-medium-large wp-post-image lazyload" alt=""   data-src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2.png" data-srcset="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2.png 2560w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2-300x169.png 300w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2-1024x576.png 1024w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2-768x432.png 768w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2-1536x864.png 1536w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2-2048x1152.png 2048w" data-max-width="2560" data-sizes="auto" data-eio-rwidth="2560" data-eio-rheight="1440" /><noscript><img decoding="async" width="2560" height="1440" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2.png" class="attachment-medium-large size-medium-large wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2.png 2560w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2-300x169.png 300w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2-1024x576.png 1024w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2-768x432.png 768w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2-1536x864.png 1536w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2-2048x1152.png 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100v
425w, 2560px" data-eio="l" /></noscript>			</a>
426		</div>
427	
428	<div class="content-card__content">
429		<header class="content-card__header">
430							<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/research/pegasus-spyware-infection-of-serbian-activist/"><h2 class="content-card__title">Pegasus Spyware Infection of Serbian Pro-Democracy Student Activist</h2></a>					</header>
431		<div class="content-card__meta-container">
432			<div class="content-card__date">September 2, 2026</div>
433			<span><a class="btn btn-secondary btn-xs" href="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/targeted-surveillance/">Targeted Surveillance</a></span>		</div>
434	</div>
435
436
437</article></div>
438
439</li><li class="wp-block-post post-89226 research type-research status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry content-type-report focus-area-targeted-surveillance region-europe region-greece topic-pegasus topic-spyware year-sf-1609">
440
441<div 	class="nua-card-block wp-block-acf-card-block"	>
442	
443<article class="content-card content-card--research content-card--compact post-89226 research type-research status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry content-type-report focus-area-targeted-surveillance region-europe region-greece topic-pegasus topic-spyware year-sf-1609">
444			<div class="content-card__thumbnail">
445			<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/research/member-of-committee-investigating-spyware-hacked-with-pegasus/" aria-label="Espionage Against the European Parliament: Member of Committee Investigating Spyware Hacked with Pegasus">
446				<img decoding="async" width="2560" height="1440" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAB4AAAAQ4AQMAAADSHVMAAAAAA1BMVEVHcEyC+tLSAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAARJJREFUGBntwQENAAAAwiD7p34PBwwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAOBU+OUAARAVzPEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" class="attachment-medium-large size-medium-large wp-post-image lazyload" alt=""   data-src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/olive-oil-report-web.jpg" data-srcset="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/olive-oil-report-web.jpg 2560w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/olive-oil-report-web-300x169.jpg 300w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/olive-oil-report-web-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/olive-oil-report-web-768x432.jpg 768w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/olive-oil-report-web-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/olive-oil-report-web-2048x1152.jpg 2048w" data-max-width="2560" data-sizes="auto" data-eio-rwidth="2560" data-eio-rheight="1440" /><noscript><img decoding="async" width="2560" height="1440" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/olive-oil-report-web.jpg" class="attachment-medium-large size-medium-large wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/olive-oil-report-web.jpg 2560w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/olive-oil-report-web-300x169.jpg 300w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/olive-oil-report-web-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/olive-oil-report-web-768x432.jpg 768w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/olive-oil-report-web-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/olive-oil-report-web-2048x1152.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100v
446w, 2560px" data-eio="l" /></noscript>			</a>
447		</div>
448	
449	<div class="content-card__content">
450		<header class="content-card__header">
451							<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/research/member-of-committee-investigating-spyware-hacked-with-pegasus/">
452					<h2 class="content-card__title">Espionage Against the European Parliament</h2>
453					<h3 class="content-card__subtitle">Member of Committee Investigating Spyware Hacked with Pegasus</h3>
454				</a>
455					</header>
456		<div class="content-card__meta-container">
457			<div class="content-card__date">July 3, 2026</div>
458			<span><a class="btn btn-secondary btn-xs" href="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/targeted-surveillance/">Targeted Surveillance</a></span>		</div>
459	</div>
460
461
462</article></div>
463
464</li><li class="wp-block-post post-89108 research type-research status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry content-type-brief content-type-report focus-area-law-policy region-canada topic-bill-c-22 topic-cloud-act year-sf-1609">
465
466<div 	class="nua-card-block wp-block-acf-card-block"	>
467	
468<article class="content-card content-card--research content-card--compact post-89108 research type-research status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry content-type-brief content-type-report focus-area-law-policy region-canada topic-bill-c-22 topic-cloud-act year-sf-1609">
469			<div class="content-card__thumbnail">
470			<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/research/analysis-of-proposed-surveillance-law-expansion-under-bill-c-22/" aria-label="(Un)forced Errors: Analysis of Proposed Surveillance Law Expansion under Bill C-22, An Act respecting lawful access">
471				<img decoding="async" width="1920" height="1080" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAB4AAAAQ4AQMAAADSHVMAAAAAA1BMVEVHcEyC+tLSAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAARJJREFUGBntwQENAAAAwiD7p34PBwwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAOBU+OUAARAVzPEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" class="attachment-medium-large size-medium-large wp-post-image lazyload" alt=""   data-src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/SECU-C-22-Featured-Visual-5.jpg" data-srcset="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/SECU-C-22-Featured-Visual-5.jpg 1920w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/SECU-C-22-Featured-Visual-5-300x169.jpg 300w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/SECU-C-22-Featured-Visual-5-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/SECU-C-22-Featured-Visual-5-768x432.jpg 768w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/SECU-C-22-Featured-Visual-5-1536x864.jpg 1536w" data-max-width="1920" data-sizes="auto" data-eio-rwidth="1920" data-eio-rheight="1080" /><noscript><img decoding="async" width="1920" height="1080" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/SECU-C-22-Featured-Visual-5.jpg" class="attachment-medium-large size-medium-large wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/SECU-C-22-Featured-Visual-5.jpg 1920w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/SECU-C-22-Featured-Visual-5-300x169.jpg 300w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/SECU-C-22-Featured-Visual-5-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/SECU-C-22-Featured-Visual-5-768x432.jpg 768w, https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/SECU-C-22-Featured-Visual-5-1536x864.jpg 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" data-eio="l" /></noscript>			</a>
472		</div>
473	
474	<div class="content-card__content">
475		<header class="content-card__header">
476							<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/research/analysis-of-proposed-surveillance-law-expansion-under-bill-c-22/">
477					<h2 class="content-card__title">(Un)forced Errors</h2>
478					<h3 class="content-card__subtitle">Analysis of Proposed Surveillance Law Expansion under Bill C-22, An Act respecting lawful access</h3>
479				</a>
480					</header>
481		<div class="content-card__meta-container">
482			<div class="content-card__date">June 2, 2026</div>
483			<span><a class="btn btn-secondary btn-xs" href="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/law-policy/">Law &amp; Policy</a></span>		</div>
484	</div>
485
486
487</article></div>
488
489</li></ul></div>
490</div>
491
492
493
494<div class="wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)">
495<div class="wp-block-button is-style-bevel-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://citizenlab.ca/reports/" style="text-transform:uppercase">See all reports <img decoding="async" class="wp-image-653 lazyload" style="width: 14px;" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="" data-src="http://citizenlab.staging-001.dev/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/icon-arrow-right.svg"><noscript><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-653" style="width: 14px;" src="http://citizenlab.staging-001.dev/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/icon-arrow-right.svg" alt="" data-eio="l"></noscript></a></div>
496</div>
497</div>
498</div>
499
500
501
502<div 	class="nua-focus-areas-block alignfull nua-grid wp-block-acf-focus-areas-block"	>
503
504	<div class="focus-areas__container alignwide">
505		<div class="focus-areas__content">
506			<h2 class="focus-areas__title">Our Focus Areas</h2>
507
508			<div class="focus-areas__grid" role="group" aria-label="Focus Areas">
509									<button type="button"
510						class="focus-area__button btn btn-secondary"
511								data-area-url="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/app-privacy-security/"
512						data-image-url="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/spot-illustrations-ali-300x300.jpg"
513						data-image-alt="App Security &amp; Privacy"
514								aria-pressed="false"
515						aria-controls="focus-areas-content">
516						App Security &amp; Privacy					</button>
517									<button type="button"
518						class="focus-area__button btn btn-secondary"
519								data-area-url="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/artificial-intelligence/"
520						data-image-url="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/AI-CL-feat-image-e1761939478957-300x300.png"
521						data-image-alt="Artificial Intelligence"
522								aria-pressed="false"
523						aria-controls="focus-areas-content">
524						Artificial Intelligence					</button>
525									<button type="button"
526						class="focus-area__button btn btn-secondary"
527								data-area-url="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/censorship/"
528						data-image-url="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/spot-illustrations-ahmad-300x300.jpg"
529						data-image-alt="Censorship"
530								aria-pressed="false"
531						aria-controls="focus-areas-content">
532						Censorship					</button>
533									<button type="button"
534						class="focus-area__button btn btn-secondary"
535								data-area-url="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/digital-transnational-repression/"
536						data-image-url="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/CL-DTR2-SPOT-7-1-e1764613947223-300x205.jpg"
537						data-image-alt="Digital Transnational Repression"
538								aria-pressed="false"
539						aria-controls="focus-areas-content">
540						Digital Transnational Repression					</button>
541									<button type="button"
542						class="focus-area__button btn btn-secondary"
543								data-area-url="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/disinformation/"
544						data-image-url="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/spot-illustrations-amir-300x300.jpg"
545						data-image-alt="Disinformation"
546								aria-pressed="false"
547						aria-controls="focus-areas-content">
548						Disinformation					</button>
549									<button type="button"
550						class="focus-area__button btn btn-secondary"
551								data-area-url="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/law-policy/"
552						data-image-url="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/law-policy-300x300.jpg"
553						data-image-alt="Law &amp; Policy"
554								aria-pressed="false"
555						aria-controls="focus-areas-content">
556						Law &amp; Policy					</button>
557									<button type="button"
558						class="focus-area__button btn btn-secondary"
559								data-area-url="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/mass-surveillance/"
560						data-image-url="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Focus-Area-Featured-Images-300x300.jpg"
561						data-image-alt="Mass Surveillance"
562								aria-pressed="false"
563						aria-controls="focus-areas-content">
564						Mass Surveillance					</button>
565									<button type="button"
566						class="focus-area__button btn btn-secondary"
567								data-area-url="https://citizenlab.ca/focus-area/targeted-surveillance/"
568						data-image-url="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/CL-DTR2-SPOT-5-300x300.jpg"
569						data-image-alt="Targeted Surveillance"
570								aria-pressed="false"
571						aria-controls="focus-areas-content">
572						Targeted Surveillance					</button>
573							</div>
574		</div>
575
576		<div class="focus-areas__featured">
577			<div class="focus-areas__content-container" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true">
578				<div class="focus-areas__description">
579					<p id="focus-areas-text">
580											</p>
581				</div>
582				<div class="focus-areas__image-container" style="display: none;">
583					<img id="focus-areas-image"
584						class="focus-areas__featured-image"
585						src=""
586						alt="" />
587				</div>
588			</div>
589		</div>
590	</div>
591</div>
592
593
594<div class="wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow" id="all-reports" style="margin-top:88px;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)">
595<p class="has-moderat-mono-font-family has-size-16-font-size wp-container-content-ec1bbf6b wp-block-paragraph">BROWSE ALL RESEARCH</p>
596</div>
597
598
599
600<div class="wp-block-nua-search-filter alignwide"><div class="nua-search-filter nua-grid not-translated research" data-options="{&quot;postTypes&quot;:[&quot;research&quot;],&quot;showSearch&quot;:true,&quot;filterByPostTypes&quot;:false,&quot;postsPerPage&quot;:8,&quot;taxonomies&quot;:[&quot;focus-area&quot;,&quot;content-type&quot;,&quot;region&quot;,&quot;year-sf&quot;],&quot;taxOptions&quot;:{&quot;topic&quot;:{&quot;hierarchical&quot;:&quot;false&quot;},&quot;region&quot;:{&quot;hierarchical&quot;:&quot;true&quot;}},&quot;enableHierarchical&quot;:true,&quot;enableMetaSearch&quot;:false,&quot;enableSort&quot;:true,&quot;enableCardContentType&quot;:true,&quot;baseQueryTerms&quot;:[{&quot;taxonomy&quot;:&quot;content-type&quot;,&quot;term&quot;:&quot;brief&quot;},{&quot;taxonomy&quot;:&quot;content-type&quot;,&quot;term&quot;:&quot;external-publication&quot;},{&quot;taxonomy&quot;:&quot;content-type&quot;,&quot;term&quot;:&quot;report&quot;},{&quot;taxonomy&quot;:&quot;content-type&quot;,&quot;term&quot;:&quot;resource&quot;},{&quot;taxonomy&quot;:&quot;content-type&quot;,&quot;term&quot;:&quot;submission&quot;}],&quot;enableYearFilter&quot;:false,&quot;showCount&quot;:true}"></div></div>
601	</div><!-- .entry-content -->
602</article>
603
604</main><!-- #main -->
605<footer class="site-footer" role="contentinfo">
606
607	<div class="brand-symbol__row nua-grid not-translated">
608		<div class="alignwide">
609			<svg width="132" height="59" viewBox="0 0 132 59" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-labelledby="footer-brand-symbol-title">
610				<title id="footer-brand-symbol-title">Citizen Lab Brand Symbol</title>
611				<g clip-path="url(#clip0_3763_14516)">
612					<path d="M20.1895 25.9468C27.354 25.9468 33.1629 20.1379 33.1629 12.9734C33.1629 5.80896 27.354 0 20.1895 0C13.025 0 7.21608 5.80896 7.21608 12.9734C7.21608 20.1379 13.025 25.9468 20.1895 25.9468ZM35.1102 29.4115H5.2688C2.47433 29.4115 0.210938 31.6749 0.210938 34.4694V59H6.20451V44.3625H9.69444V59H30.5V44.3625H33.9899V59H40.1681V34.4694C40.1681 31.6749 37.9047 29.4115 35.1102 29.4115Z" fill="#1ABCB9" />
613					<path d="M65.71 25.9468C72.8745 25.9468 78.6834 20.1379 78.6834 12.9734C78.6834 5.80896 72.8745 0 65.71 0C58.5455 0 52.7366 5.80896 52.7366 12.9734C52.7366 20.1379 58.5455 25.9468 65.71 25.9468ZM80.6307 29.4115H50.7893C47.9948 29.4115 45.7314 31.6749 45.7314 34.4694V59H51.725V44.3625H55.2149V59H76.0205V44.3625H79.5104V59H85.6886V34.4694C85.6886 31.6749 83.4252 29.4115 80.6307 29.4115Z" fill="#F8981C" />
614					<path d="M111.231 25.9468C118.396 25.9468 124.205 20.1379 124.205 12.9734C124.205 5.80896 118.396 0 111.231 0C104.067 0 98.2581 5.80896 98.2581 12.9734C98.2581 20.1379 104.067 25.9468 111.231 25.9468ZM126.152 29.4115H96.3108C93.5163 29.4115 91.2529 31.6749 91.2529 34.4694V59H97.2465V44.3625H100.736V59H121.542V44.3625H125.032V59H131.21V34.4694C131.21 31.6749 128.947 29.4115 126.152 29.4115Z" fill="#1ABCB9" />
615				</g>
616				<defs>
617					<clipPath id="clip0_3763_14516">
618						<rect width="130.999" height="59" fill="white" transform="translate(0.210938)" />
619					</clipPath>
620				</defs>
621			</svg>
622		</div>
623	</div>
624
625	<div class="footer__wrapper nua-grid not-translated">
626
627		<div class="column__start-1 column__end-4 row__start-0">
628			<div class="brand-wordmark__wrapper">
629				<a class="logo" href="https://citizenlab.ca" aria-label="Citizen Lab Home">
630										<svg width="267" height="32" viewBox="0 0 267 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-labelledby="footer-wordmark-title">
631						<title id="footer-wordmark-title">The Citizen Lab</title>
632						<path d="M19.3954 1.07324V6.23449H12.6043V31.579H6.79112V6.23449H0V1.07324H19.3954Z" fill="#1ABCB9" />
633						<path d="M23.2261 31.579V1.07324H29.0529V13.2973H37.2973V1.07324H43.1241V31.579H37.2973V18.3906H29.0529V31.579H23.2261Z" fill="#1ABCB9" />
634						<path d="M48.7056 31.579V1.07324H64.6647V6.23449H54.5323V13.1886H62.2606V18.3363H54.5323V26.3634H65.0993V31.5246L48.7056 31.579Z" fill="#1ABCB9" />
635						<path d="M75.1519 22.5336C75.1519 25.9156 76.6188 26.8392 78.9413 26.8392C81.2639 26.8392 82.7444 25.9156 82.7444 22.5336V20.5098H88.5847V21.773C88.5847 29.2976 84.6051 32.0004 78.9413 32.0004C73.2775 32.0004 69.3115 29.284 69.3115 21.773V10.9072C69.3115 3.39622 73.2911 0.693359 78.9413 0.693359C84.5915 0.693359 88.5847 3.4098 88.5847 10.9072V11.0023H82.7444V10.1602C82.7444 6.7782 81.2775 5.84102 78.9413 5.84102C76.6052 5.84102 75.1519 6.7782 75.1519 10.1602V22.5336Z" fill="#F8981C" />
636						<path d="M93.6494 31.579V1.07324H99.5305V31.579H93.6494Z" fill="#F8981C" />
637						<path d="M122.715 1.07324V6.23449H115.924V31.579H110.084V6.23449H103.292V1.07324H122.715Z" fill="#F8981C" />
638						<path d="M126.52 31.579V1.07324H132.347V31.579H126.52Z" fill="#F8981C" />
639						<path d="M137.875 1.07324H154.771V5.97643L143.253 26.3498H155.029V31.5111H136.693V26.635L148.238 6.26166H137.875V1.07324Z" fill="#F8981C" />
640						<path d="M159.048 31.579V1.07324H175.021V6.23449H164.875V13.1886H172.603V18.3363H164.875V26.3634H175.429V31.5246L159.048 31.579Z" fill="#F8981C" />
641						<path d="M180.507 31.579V1.07324H186.877L195.027 19.1512H195.122V1.07324H200.446V31.579H194.864L185.913 11.8304H185.832V31.5246L180.507 31.579Z" fill="#F8981C" />
642						<path d="M205.977 31.579V1.07324H211.817V26.4177H221.189V31.579H205.977Z" fill="#1ABCB9" />
643						<path d="M222.667 31.579L230.219 1.07324H237.703L245.064 31.579H239.427L238.069 25.1546H229.92L228.263 31.579H222.667ZM230.993 19.9797H236.711L233.995 7.66063H233.913L230.993 19.9797Z" fill="#1ABCB9" />
644						<path d="M248.216 1.07324H256.365C262.613 1.07324 266.199 3.69462 266.199 8.93736C266.209 10.2254 265.873 11.4925 265.225 12.606C264.577 13.7196 263.642 14.6385 262.518 15.2667C265.723 17.2904 267 18.9746 267 22.7912C267 28.8218 262.925 31.579 256.773 31.579H248.229L248.216 1.07324ZM254.056 13.1614H256.08C258.701 13.1614 260.44 11.6266 260.44 9.56215C260.44 7.49764 259.082 5.89493 256.365 5.89493H254.043L254.056 13.1614ZM254.056 26.7437H256.501C257.11 26.8194 257.728 26.7593 258.311 26.5678C258.894 26.3763 259.427 26.0582 259.872 25.6362C260.318 25.2142 260.664 24.6989 260.887 24.1271C261.109 23.5554 261.202 22.9415 261.16 22.3295C261.16 19.4093 259.136 17.9695 256.094 17.9695H254.07L254.056 26.7437Z" fill="#1ABCB9" />
645					</svg>
646				</a>
647			</div>
648							<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/newsletter/" target="_self" class="btn newsletter-signup-btn newsletter-signup-btn-1 column__start-1 column__end-4">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>
649					</div>
650
651
652		<div class="menu__wrapper column__start-5 column__end-12 row__start-0">
653			<nav class="footer-nav" aria-label="Footer navigation"><ul id="menu-footer-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-85334" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-85334"><a href="#">Our Work</a>
654<ul class="sub-menu">
655	<li id="menu-item-83905" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-83856 current_page_item menu-item-83905"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/research/" aria-current="page">Research</a></li>
656	<li id="menu-item-83904" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83904"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/publication-directory/">Publication Directory</a></li>
657	<li id="menu-item-83906" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83906"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/tools-resources/">Tools &amp; Resources</a></li>
658</ul>
659</li>
660<li id="menu-item-85335" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-85335"><a href="#">News &#038; Events</a>
661<ul class="sub-menu">
662	<li id="menu-item-85339" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-content-type menu-item-85339"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/content-type/expert-insights/">Expert Insights</a></li>
663	<li id="menu-item-85337" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-content-type menu-item-85337"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/content-type/in-the-media/">In the Media</a></li>
664	<li id="menu-item-83899" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83899"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/events/">Events</a></li>
665	<li id="menu-item-85338" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-content-type menu-item-85338"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/content-type/news/">News</a></li>
666</ul>
667</li>
668<li id="menu-item-85336" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-85336"><a href="#">About</a>
669<ul class="sub-menu">
670	<li id="menu-item-83908" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83908"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/who-we-are/">Who We Are</a></li>
671	<li id="menu-item-85340" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-85340"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/contact/">Contact</a></li>
672	<li id="menu-item-83902" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83902"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/people/">People</a></li>
673	<li id="menu-item-83910" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-83910"><a target="_blank" href="https://engage.utoronto.ca/site/SPageServer?pagename=donate#/fund/847">Donate</a></li>
674</ul>
675</li>
676</ul></nav>		</div>
677
678					<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/newsletter/" target="_self" class="btn newsletter-signup-btn newsletter-signup-btn-2 column__start-1 column__end-4">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>
679		
680		<div class="socials__wrapper column__start-1 column__end-6">
681			<h4>CONNECT</h4>
682
683							<ul class="socials">
684																		<li>
685								<a href="https://bsky.app/profile/citizenlab.ca" target="_blank" aria-label="Follow us on Bluesky">
686									<span aria-hidden="true"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21" height="18" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 21 18"><path fill="currentColor" d="M15.795 1.436c-2.312 1.728-4.799 5.231-5.712 7.111-.913-1.88-3.4-5.383-5.712-7.111C2.703.189 0-.776 0 2.294c0 .613.353 5.15.56 5.886.72 2.561 3.343 3.214 5.676 2.819-4.078.691-5.116 2.98-2.875 5.268 4.255 4.347 6.116-1.09 6.593-2.483.088-.256.129-.375.13-.274 0-.101.04.018.128.274.477 1.393 2.338 6.83 6.594 2.483 2.24-2.288 1.203-4.577-2.876-5.268 2.334.395 4.957-.258 5.676-2.819.207-.736.56-5.273.56-5.886 0-3.07-2.703-2.105-4.37-.858Z"> </path></svg> </span>
687								</a>
688							</li>
689																								<li>
690								<a href="https://ca.linkedin.com/company/the-citizen-lab" target="_blank" aria-label="Follow us on LinkedIn">
691									<span aria-hidden="true"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="19" height="20" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 19 20"><path fill="currentColor" d="M17.692.531c.712.019 1.244.716 1.25 1.417l-.003 16.33c-.039.676-.534 1.323-1.224 1.358H1.343C.726 19.613.175 19.042.167 18.41V1.758C.174 1.143.73.528 1.343.53h16.349ZM4.147 3.187c-1.237.
69113-1.83 1.664-1.05 2.653.785.998 2.4.694 2.766-.531.345-1.151-.55-2.244-1.716-2.121v-.001ZM16.084 16.79v-5.703c-.09-1.704-.579-3.2-2.4-3.53-1.208-.222-2.518.003-3.3 1.045-.06.08-.152.272-.195.316-.029.03-.044.028-.083.024V7.717H7.465v9.074h2.76v-4.894c.063-1.022.4-1.886 1.524-1.95 1.193-.067 1.542.75 1.599 1.827v5.017h2.736ZM5.712 7.717H2.975v9.074h2.737V7.717Z"> </path></svg> </span>
692								</a>
693							</li>
694																								<li>
695								<a href="https://x.com/citizenlab" target="_blank" aria-label="Follow us on X (Twitter)">
696									<span aria-hidden="true"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="18" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 17 18"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10.121 7.818 16.14.822h-1.426L9.488 6.897 5.314.822H.5l6.312 9.186L.5 17.344h1.426l5.519-6.415 4.408 6.415h4.814L10.12 7.818Zm-1.953 2.27-.64-.914L2.44 1.896h2.19L8.738 7.77l.64.914 5.337 7.635h-2.19l-4.356-6.23Z"> </path></svg> </span>
697								</a>
698							</li>
699																								<li>
700								<a href="https://www.instagram.com/thecitizenlab/" target="_blank" aria-label="Follow us on Instagram">
701									<span aria-hidden="true"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21" height="21" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 21 21"><path fill="currentColor" d="M6.24.07C5.169.12 4.436.292 3.796.543A4.932 4.932 0 0 0 2.01 1.71 4.943 4.943 0 0 0 .85 3.497C.603 4.14.434 4.872.387 5.946.34 7.02.33 7.364.335 10.103c.005 2.738.017 3.081.068 4.157.051 1.073.223 1.805.473 2.446a4.937 4.937 0 0 0 1.167 1.784 4.945 4.945 0 0 0 1.788 1.159c.641.248 1.375.417 2.448.464 1.076.047 1.42.058 4.157.052 2.738-.005 3.082-.017 4.157-.068 1.073-.051 1.805-.223 2.446-.473a4.943 4.943 0 0 0 1.784-1.166 4.944 4.944 0 0 0 1.16-1.789c.247-.641.416-1.375.463-2.447.047-1.076.058-1.42.053-4.158-.005-2.738-.018-3.08-.069-4.156-.05-1.074-.223-1.806-.473-2.447a4.948 4.948 0 0 0-1.166-1.784A4.935 4.935 0 0 0 17.003.518C16.36.27 15.628.101 14.555.054c-1.076-.048-1.42-.058-4.157-.053C7.66.006 7.316.018 6.24.07m.117 18.228c-.983-.043-1.517-.206-1.872-.343a3.145 3.145 0 0 1-1.161-.752 3.134 3.134 0 0 1-.757-1.158c-.138-.356-.304-.889-.35-1.872-.05-1.063-.062-1.382-.067-4.074-.005-2.692.005-3.01.051-4.074.043-.983.207-1.517.343-1.872.183-.472.4-.808.753-1.162a3.125 3.125 0 0 1 1.158-.756c.355-.139.888-.304 1.871-.35 1.063-.05 1.382-.062 4.074-.067 2.692-.005 3.011.004 4.075.051.982.043 1.517.206 1.872.343.471.183.807.4 1.16.752.354.353.574.687.758 1.159.138.354.304.888.35 1.87.05 1.064.062 1.383.067 4.075.005 2.692-.005 3.01-.051 4.074-.043.983-.206 1.517-.343 1.873-.183.47-.4.807-.753 1.16a3.133 3.133 0 0 1-1.158.757c-.355.139-.889.304-1.87.35-1.064.05-1.383.062-4.075.067-2.692.005-3.01-.005-4.074-.051m8.22-13.605a1.21 1.21 0 1 0 2.42-.005 1.21 1.21 0 0 0-2.42.005m-9.34 5.4a5.178 5.178 0 1 0 10.355-.021 5.178 5.178 0 0 0-10.355.021Zm1.817-.003a3.361 3.361 0 1 1 6.722-.012 3.361 3.361 0 0 1-6.722.012"></path></svg> </span>
702								</a>
703							</li>
704																								<li>
705								<a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCf5Aunw7xvt3lAFrLhiCA5w" target="_blank" aria-label="Follow us on YouTube">
706									<span aria-hidden="true"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="19" viewBox="0 0 25 19" fill="none"><path d="M24.4793 3.48247C24.1912 2.40616 23.3454 1.56034 22.2691 1.27223C20.3182 0.749512 12.5 0.749512 12.5 0.749512C12.5 0.749512 4.68184 0.749512 2.73296 1.27223C1.65665 1.56034 0.810833 2.40616 0.52272 3.48247C0 5.43135 0 9.49992 0 9.49992C0 9.49992 0 13.5685 0.52272 15.5174C0.810833 16.5937 1.65665 17.4395 2.73296 17.7276C4.68184 18.2503 12.5 18.2503 12.5 18.2503C12.5 18.2503 20.3182 18.2503 22.267 17.7276C23.3433 17.4395 24.1892 16.5937 24.4773 15.5174C25 13.5685 25 9.49992 25 9.49992C25 9.49992 25 5.43135 24.4773 3.48247H24.4793ZM9.99959 13.2495V5.75033L16.4945 9.49992L9.99959 13.2495Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg> </span>
707								</a>
708							</li>
709																								<li>
710								<a href="https://github.com/citizenlab" target="_blank" aria-label="Follow us on Social Media">
711									<span aria-hidden="true"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="26" viewBox="0 0 25 26" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.5089 0.933594C5.59253 0.933594 0 6.6626 0 13.7509C0 19.4174 3.5824 24.2116 8.55268 25.9095C9.17493 26.0371 9.40283 25.6334 9.40283 25.2949C9.40283 24.998 9.38234 23.9798 9.38234 22.9173C5.90237 23.6803 5.1777 21.3887 5.1777 21.3887C4.61947 19.9044 3.78981 19.5216 3.78981 19.5216C2.65031 18.7378 3.87175 18.7378 3.87175 18.7378C5.13417 18.8237 5.79739 20.0528 5.79739 20.0528C6.9164 22.0059 8.71656 21.4538 9.4438 21.1127C9.54622 20.2846 9.87911 19.7117 10.2299 19.394C7.45415 19.0971 4.53497 17.993 4.53497 13.0713C4.53497 11.6703 5.03174 10.5245 5.81787 9.63387C5.6924 9.31617 5.25964 8.0011 5.94334 6.23813C5.94334 6.23813 6.99835 5.8996 9.38234 7.5532C10.4015 7.27196 11.4539 7.12873 12.5089 7.12873C13.5639 7.12873 14.642 7.27716 15.6355 7.5532C18.017 5.897 19.0745 6.23813 19.0745 6.23813C19.7582 7.9985 19.3229 9.31617 19.2 9.63387C20.0066 10.5245 20.4829 11.6703 20.4829 13.0713C20.4829 17.9956 17.5637 19.0763 14.7675 19.394C15.2233 19.7976 15.6176 20.5606 15.6176 21.7715C15.6176 23.4902 15.5971 24.8704 15.5971 25.2949
711C15.5971 25.6334 15.825 26.0371 16.4473 25.9095C21.4175 24.2116 24.9999 19.4174 24.9999 13.7509C25.0204 6.6626 19.4074 0.933594 12.5115 0.933594L12.5089 0.933594Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg> </span>
712								</a>
713							</li>
714																								<li>
715								<a href="https://citizenlab.ca/feed/" target="_blank" aria-label="Follow us on Social Media">
716									<span aria-hidden="true"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="26" viewBox="0 0 25 26" fill="none"><path d="M0 9.2002C9.23211 9.25426 16.7002 16.7242 16.7002 25.9336H12.1758C12.1758 24.2816 11.8532 22.6806 11.2139 21.1758C10.5956 19.7191 9.70889 18.4094 8.58105 17.2861C7.45007 16.1628 6.13754 15.2798 4.6748 14.6641C3.19393 14.0423 1.62263 13.7171 0 13.7051V9.2002ZM1.19434 0.933594C14.3411 0.933594 24.9998 11.5485 25 24.6416C25 25.0621 24.9879 25.4829 24.9668 25.9004H20.4365C20.4606 25.4829 20.4756 25.0621 20.4756 24.6416C20.4755 22.0466 19.9662 19.5327 18.9619 17.1689C18.4794 16.0337 17.8821 14.9373 17.1855 13.9102C16.4979 12.892 15.7046 11.9364 14.8301 11.0654C13.9555 10.1974 12.996 9.40755 11.9736 8.71973C10.9452 8.02587 9.84124 7.43079 8.70117 6.9502C6.32454 5.94997 3.80018 5.44246 1.19434 5.43945C0.814417 5.43945 0.434523 5.45164 0.0576172 5.47266V0.960938C0.43452 0.942925 0.81442 0.933594 1.19434 0.933594ZM3.51367 18.8691C5.45296 18.8691 7.0273 20.4397 7.02734 22.3711C7.02734 24.3025 5.45299 25.8672 3.51367 25.8672C1.57436 25.8672 0 24.2996 0 22.3682C5.14674e-06 20.4368 1.57135 18.8692 3.51367 18.8691Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg> </span>
717								</a>
718							</li>
719															</ul>
720					</div>
721
722		<div class="uoft-logos__wrapper column__start-7 column__end-12">
723							<a href="https://munkschool.utoronto.ca/" target="_blank">
724					<img width="506" height="82" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAfoAAABSAQMAAACG44Q9AAAAA1BMVEVHcEyC+tLSAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAABxJREFUWMPtwQENAAAAwqD3T20ON6AAAAAAAF4MFNIAAbmnUToAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" class="attachment-full size-full lazyload" alt="Munk Logo" decoding="async" data-src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/MunkLogoLockup.svg" data-eio-rwidth="506" data-eio-rheight="82" /><noscript><img width="506" height="82" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/MunkLogoLockup.svg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="Munk Logo" decoding="async" data-eio="l" /></noscript>				</a>
725					</div>
726
727
728
729		<div class="copyright__wrapper column__start-1 column__end-12">
730			<span>&copy; 2026 The Citizen Lab</span>
731
732			<nav class="utility-nav" aria-label="Utility navigation"><ul id="menu-utility-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-85811" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-85811"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/vulnerability-disclosures/">Disclosure Policy</a></li>
733<li id="menu-item-83916" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-83916"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li>
734</ul></nav>		</div>
735
736	</div>
737</footer>
738</div><!-- #content -->
739
740<script type="speculationrules">
741{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["/wp-*.php","/wp-admin/*","/wp-content/uploads/*","/wp-content/*","/wp-content/plugins/*","/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/*","/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
742</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 742
742
743<script id="eio-lazy-load-js-before">
744var eio_lazy_vars = {"bg_min_dpr":1.1,"exactdn_domain":"","safe_domains":["citizenlab.ca","www.citizenlab.ca"],"skip_autoscale":0,"threshold":0,"use_dpr":1};
745//# sourceURL=eio-lazy-load-js-before
746</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 746
746
747<script async data-wp-strategy="async" id="eio-lazy-load-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/ewww-image-optimizer/includes/lazysizes.min.js?ver=877"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 747
747
748<script id="bigfoot-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/bigfoot_footnotes/library/bigfoot.js?ver=1.0"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 748
748
749<script id="bigfoot-min-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/bigfoot_footnotes/library/bigfoot.min.js?ver=1.0"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 749
749
750<script id="bigfoot-function-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/bigfoot_footnotes/library/bigfoot-function.js?ver=1.0"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 750
750
751<script id="nua-scripts-js-before">
752const nua_env = {"rest_url":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/wp-json\/","base_url":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca","base_path":"\/","nonce":"b988f9969e","site_name":"The Citizen Lab","site_url":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca","current_user":{"data":{},"ID":0,"caps":[],"cap_key":null,"roles":[],"allcaps":[],"filter":null}}
753//# sourceURL=nua-scripts-js-before
754</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 754
754
755<script id="nua-scripts-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab/build/main.js?ver=1.0.0"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 755
755
756<script id="featherlight-js-js" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/featherlight/1.7.13/featherlight.min.js?ver=1.7.13"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 756
756
757<script id="googlesitekit-events-provider-content-events-js-before">
758window._googlesitekit = window._googlesitekit || {};
759window._googlesitekit.contentEvents = {"postID":83856,"isSinglePost":false,"hasVimeoEmbed":false};
760//# sourceURL=googlesitekit-events-provider-content-events-js-before
761</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 761
761
762<script id="googlesitekit-events-provider-content-events-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/google-site-kit/dist/assets/js/googlesitekit-events-provider-content-events-c7172f3fd0e4d5ad62ef.js" defer></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 762
762
763<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="acf-card-block-view-script-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/plugin-citizenlab/blocks/card-block/build/script.js?ver=84efda77fc402a6fb0ed"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 763
763
764<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="acf-focus-areas-block-view-script-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/plugin-citizenlab/blocks/focus-areas-block/build/script.js?ver=914b62bcc8037bee9ddb"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 764
764
765<script id="react-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/react.min.js?ver=18.3.1.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 765
765
766<script id="react-dom-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/react-dom.min.js?ver=18.3.1.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 766
766
767<script id="wp-hooks-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=f0f188028580e8dc1255"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 767
767
768<script id="wp-i18n-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=1dfe7db3940c23ea9216"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 768
768
769<script id="wp-i18n-js-after">
770wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } );
771//# sourceURL=wp-i18n-js-after
772</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 772
772
773<script id="wp-private-apis-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/js/dist/private-apis.min.js?ver=eb85f28c4c729bb4f002"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 773
773
774<script id="wp-url-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/js/dist/url.min.js?ver=7b0de086d4ae11d55704"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 774
774
775<script id="wp-api-fetch-js-translations">
776( function( domain, translations ) {
777	var localeData = translations.locale_data[ domain ] || translations.locale_data.messages;
778	localeData[""].domain = domain;
779	wp.i18n.setLocaleData( localeData, domain );
780} )( "default", {"translation-revision-date":"2026-09-23 10:44:04+0000","generator":"GlotPress\/4.1.0","domain":"messages","locale_data":{"messages":{"":{"domain":"messages","plural-forms":"nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;","lang":"en_CA"},"Could not get a valid response from the server.":["Could not get a valid response from the server."],"Unable to connect. Please check your Internet connection.":["Unable to connect. Please check your Internet connection."],"Media upload failed. If this is a photo or a large image, please scale it down and try again.":["Media upload failed. If this is a photo or a large image, please scale it down and try again."],"The response is not a valid JSON response.":["The response is not a valid JSON response."]}},"comment":{"reference":"wp-includes\/js\/dist\/api-fetch.js"}} );
781//# sourceURL=wp-api-fetch-js-translations
782</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 782
782
783<script id="wp-api-fetch-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/js/dist/api-fetch.min.js?ver=6f2a4faeee3c722b1e57"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 783
783
784<script id="wp-api-fetch-js-after">
785wp.apiFetch.use( wp.apiFetch.createRootURLMiddleware( "https://citizenlab.ca/wp-json/" ) );
786wp.apiFetch.nonceMiddleware = wp.apiFetch.createNonceMiddleware( "b988f9969e" );
787wp.apiFetch.use( wp.apiFetch.nonceMiddleware );
788wp.apiFetch.use( wp.apiFetch.mediaUploadMiddleware );
789wp.apiFetch.nonceEndpoint = "https://citizenlab.ca/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=rest-nonce";
790//# sourceURL=wp-api-fetch-js-after
791</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 791
791
792<script id="wp-escape-html-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/js/dist/escape-html.min.js?ver=87ebe53e97bba59805a5"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 792
792
793<script id="wp-element-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/js/dist/element.min.js?ver=4a4370b2b349066fd440"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 793
793
794<script id="nua-search-filter-script-js-extra">
795var nsf = {"apiKey":"","themeUrl":"https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/theme-citizenlab","siteUrl":"https://citizenlab.ca","blockUrl":"https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/plugin-citizenlab/blocks/search-filter/build/","strings":{"result":"Result","results":"Results","clear":"Clear","no_terms_found":"No terms found","type":"Type","search":"Keyword","label_search":"Search by keyword","loading":"Loading","error":"Error:","no_results":"No results found","date_desc":"Newest","date_asc":"Oldest","title_asc":"A-Z","title_desc":"Z-A","event_upcoming":"Upcoming","event_ongoing":"Ongoing","event_past":"Past","sort":"Sort by","post_types":"Post types","zoom_in":"Zoom in","zoom_out":"Zoom out","all_types":"All Types","all_topics":"All Topics","all_regions":"All Regions","all_focus_areas":"All Focus Areas","all_content_types":"All Content Types","all_investigations":"All Investigations","year":"Year","years":"Year Published","all_years":"All Years","researches":"Research"}};
796//# sourceURL=nua-search-filter-script-js-extra
797</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 797
797
798<script id="nua-search-filter-script-js" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/plugin-citizenlab/blocks/search-filter/build/script.js?ver=51fa3b1730745483dd19"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 798
798
799<script type="module" src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/v31edd6df95cf4e85bb4c19e7a9bdbcba1788362987495" integrity="sha512-iIg7k2xntmwu6/uSb5tpc/hySgZc4eoL31yB29W6tJFo2akwjPWcEqnCEdJvGexCL0KEQwVYv5BlowfhVz26hg==" data-cf-beacon='{"version":"2024.11.0","token":"aa7b04b1eb484691ab3f8397d4b2e4e7","r":1,"spa":2}' crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
799
800</body>
801
802</html><!--
803Performance optimized by Redis Object Cache. Learn more: https://wprediscache.com
804
805Retrieved 5202 objects (1 MB) from Redis using PhpRedis (v6.3.0).
806-->

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.