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var(--ast-container-default-xlg-padding) );}.ast-separate-container .entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide,.ast-plain-container .entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide {margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;}}@media(min-width: 921px) {.ast-separate-container .entry-content .wp-block-group.alignwide:not(.inherit-container-width) > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright)),.ast-plain-container .entry-content .wp-block-group.alignwide:not(.inherit-container-width) > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright)) {max-width: calc( var(--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size) + 80px );}.ast-plain-container.ast-right-sidebar .entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] .alignfull,.ast-plain-container.ast-left-sidebar .entry-content[data-ast-blocks-layout] .alignfull {margin-left: -60px;margin-right: -60px;}}@media(min-width: 544px) {.entry-content > .alignleft {margin-right: 20px;}.entry-content > .alignright {margin-left: 20px;}}@media (max-width:544px){.wp-block-columns 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338 </div> 339 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-21c0a3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="21c0a3d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 340 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 341 <p><strong>28+ Countries</strong> – Working across sub-Saharan Africa<br /><strong>50+ Years</strong> – Advancing agricultural research since 1967<br /><strong>1000+ Staff</strong> – Scientists & support teams across Africa</p> </div> 342 </div> 343 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-653806e elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="653806e" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default"> 344 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 345 <div class="elementor-divider"> 346 <span class="elementor-divider-separator"> 347 </span> 348 </div> 349 </div> 350 </div> 351 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-727c959 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="727c959" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 352 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 353 <p><span style="margin-bottom: 5px;"><strong>Key Resources</strong></span></p> </div> 354 </div> 355 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-80a5ecc elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="80a5ecc" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> 356 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 357 <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> 358 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 359 <a href="https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IITAs-2024-â-2030-Strategy-revised-9-October-202495-1.pdf"> 360 361 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 362 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 363 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">IITAâs 2024 â 2030 Strategy</span> 364 </a> 365 </li> 366 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 367 <a href="https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IITA-Brochure.pdf"> 368 369 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 370 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 371 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">IITA Brochure</span> 372 </a> 373 </li> 374 </ul> 375 </div> 376 </div> 377 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1c93745 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="1c93745" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> 378 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 379 <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> 380 <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://iita.org/about-iita/"> 381 <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> 382 <span class="elementor-button-text">Learn more</span> 383 </span> 384 </a> 385 </div> 386 </div> 387 </div> 388 </div> 389 </div> 390 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-f14a078 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="f14a078" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 391 <div class="e-con-inner"> 392 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-953fc80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video" data-id="953fc80" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-settings="{"youtube_url":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=_9BPD7dKET4","show_image_overlay":"yes","image_overlay":{"url":"https:\/\/iita.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Screenshot-2025-12-07-at-19.45.28-scaled.png","id":2431,"size":"","alt":"","source":"library"},"video_type":"youtube","controls":"yes"}" data-widget_type="video.default"> 393 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 394 <div class="elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline"> 395 <div class="elementor-video"></div> <div class="elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay" style="background-image: url(https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Screenshot-2025-12-07-at-19.45.28-scaled.png);"> 396 <div class="elementor-custom-embed-play" role="button" aria-label="Play Video" tabindex="0"> 397 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-play" viewB
397ox="0 0 1000 1000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M838 162C746 71 633 25 500 25 371 25 258 71 163 162 71 254 25 367 25 500 25 633 71 746 163 837 254 929 367 979 500 979 633 979 746 933 838 837 929 746 975 633 975 500 975 367 929 254 838 162M808 192C892 279 933 379 933 500 933 621 892 725 808 808 725 892 621 938 500 938 379 938 279 896 196 808 113 725 67 621 67 500 67 379 108 279 196 192 279 108 383 62 500 62 621 62 721 108 808 192M438 392V642L642 517 438 392Z"></path></svg> </div> 398 </div> 399 </div> 400 </div> 401 </div> 402 </div> 403 </div> 404 </div> 405 <div id="e-n-tab-content-1651320862" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="e-n-tab-title-1651320862" data-tab-index="2" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 2;" class=" elementor-element elementor-element-93210e3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="93210e3" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 406 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-0365479 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="0365479" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 407 <div class="e-con-inner"> 408 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5b3a303 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="5b3a303" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 409 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 410 <p><strong>Leaders and Experts</strong></p> </div> 411 </div> 412 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-22602b8 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="22602b8" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> 413 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 414 <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> 415 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 416 <a href="https://iita.org/board-of-trustees/"> 417 418 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 419 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 420 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Board of Trustees</span> 421 </a> 422 </li> 423 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 424 <a href="https://iita.org/about-iita/#smt"> 425 426 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 427 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 428 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Senior Management team</span> 429 </a> 430 </li> 431 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 432 <a href="https://iita.org/staff/"> 433 434 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 435 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 436 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Staff</span> 437 </a> 438 </li> 439 </ul> 440 </div> 441 </div> 442 </div> 443 </div> 444 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b0c3d8c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="b0c3d8c" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 445 <div class="e-con-inner"> 446 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-468a1ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="468a1ee" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> 447 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 448 <img width="800" height="600" src="https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/DG-Leadership-edit.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-2625" alt="" srcset="https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/DG-Leadership-edit.jpg 800w, https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/DG-Leadership-edit-300x225.jpg 300w, https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/DG-Leadership-edit-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100v
448w, 800px" /> </div> 449 </div> 450 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-811ef46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="811ef46" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 451 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 452 <strong><span style="font-size:22px;">Simeon Ehui</span></strong><br/> 453Director General and CGIAR Regional Director for Africa </div> 454 </div> 455 </div> 456 </div> 457 </div> 458 <div id="e-n-tab-content-1651320863" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="e-n-tab-title-1651320863" data-tab-index="3" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 3;" class=" elementor-element elementor-element-bfa4e48 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="bfa4e48" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 459 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-08c55a9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="08c55a9" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 460 <div class="e-con-inner"> 461 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-92a17bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="92a17bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 462 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 463 <p>IITA maintains full transparency and accountability to donors and partners.</p> </div> 464 </div> 465 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-be0d1cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="be0d1cc" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 466 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 467 <strong>Key Links</strong> </div> 468 </div> 469 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c9e4bec elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="c9e4bec" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> 470 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 471 <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> 472 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 473 <a href="https://iita.org/finance/"> 474 475 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 476 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 477 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Financial Statements</span> 478 </a> 479 </li> 480 </ul> 481 </div> 482 </div> 483 </div> 484 </div> 485 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-273efdc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="273efdc" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 486 <div class="e-con-inner"> 487 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ba209cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="ba209cd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> 488 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 489 <a href="https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/2025-IITA-Audited-Financial-Statements.pdf"> 490 <img src="https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/IITA-Financial-report-2025-rsuo7okce7trtn7x1xwr51ngnz6qaxlq1yyjmnm4n4.png" title="IITA-Financial-report-2025" alt="IITA-Financial-report-2025" loading="lazy" /> </a> 491 </div> 492 </div> 493 </div> 494 </div> 495 </div> 496 <div id="e-n-tab-content-1651320864" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="e-n-tab-title-1651320864" data-tab-index="4" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 4;" class=" elementor-element elementor-element-3611882 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="3611882" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 497 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9f1c99c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="9f1c99c" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 498 <div class="e-con-inner"> 499 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-576518e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="576518e" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 500 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 501 <p><strong>IITA’s Presence in Africa</strong></p> </div>
502 </div> 503 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9fb46f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="9fb46f6" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 504 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 505 <p>We are in 28 Countries across 5 Regional Hubs in Africa</p> </div> 506 </div> 507 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d3a7046 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="d3a7046" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> 508 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 509 <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> 510 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 511 <a href="https://iita.org/central-africa-hub/"> 512 513 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 514 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 515 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Central Africa Hub</span> 516 </a> 517 </li> 518 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 519 <a href="https://iita.org/eastern-africa-hub/"> 520 521 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 522 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 523 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Eastern Africa Hub</span> 524 </a> 525 </li> 526 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 527 <a href="https://iita.org/sahel-africa-hub/"> 528 529 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 530 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 531 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Sahel Hub</span> 532 </a> 533 </li> 534 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 535 <a href="https://iita.org/southern-africa-hub/"> 536 537 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 538 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 539 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Southern Africa Hub</span> 540 </a> 541 </li> 542 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item">
543 <a href="https://iita.org/western-africa-hub/"> 544 545 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 546 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 547 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Western Africa Hub</span> 548 </a> 549 </li> 550 </ul> 551 </div> 552 </div> 553 </div> 554 </div> 555 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e598555 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="e598555" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 556 <div class="e-con-inner"> 557 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-60030fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="60030fb" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> 558 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 559 <img src="https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/WhatsApp-Image-2025-10-03-at-16.31.11-rgrxc9hvx6ovcosht40gki2buuxkzwxdrdc91aztvk.jpeg" title="WhatsApp Image 2025-10-03 at 16.31.11" alt="WhatsApp Image 2025-10-03 at 16.31.11" loading="lazy" /> </div> 560 </div> 561 </div> 562 </div> 563 </div> 564 <div id="e-n-tab-content-1651320865" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="e-n-tab-title-1651320865" data-tab-index="5" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 5;" class=" elementor-element elementor-element-50d6dfd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="50d6dfd" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 565 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-14672c4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="14672c4" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 566 <div class="e-con-inner"> 567 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-eef0f17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="eef0f17" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 568 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 569 <p><strong>Facilities</strong></p> </div> 570 </div> 571 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1552182 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="1552182" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 572 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 573 Specialized technical, scientific, and operational services supporting IITAâs research-for-development work. </div> 574 </div> 575 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5f1074c elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="5f1074c" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> 576 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 577 <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> 578 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 579 <a href="https://iita.org/molecular-genetics-lab/"> 580 581 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 582 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 583 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Molecular Genetics Lab</span> 584 </a> 585 </li> 586 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 587 <a href="https://iita.org/food-utilization-and-nutritional-lab/"> 588 589 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 590 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522
590-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 591 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Food Utilization and Nutritional Lab</span> 592 </a> 593 </li> 594 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 595 <a href="https://iita.org/genetic-resources-center/"> 596 597 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 598 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 599 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Genetic Resources Center</span> 600 </a> 601 </li> 602 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 603 <a href="https://soilhealthwa.iita.org/"> 604 605 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 606 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 607 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Fertilizer Hub</span> 608 </a> 609 </li> 610 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 611 <a href="https://iitabip.com/"> 612 613 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 614 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 615 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Business Incubation Platform</span> 616 </a> 617 </li> 618 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 619 <a href="https://bioscience.iita.org/"> 620 621 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 622 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 623 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Bioscience Center</span> 624 </a> 625 </li> 626 </ul> 627 </div> 628 </div> 629 </div> 630 </div> 631 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7298987 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="7298987" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 632 <div class="e-con-inner"> 633 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b82b070 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="b82b070" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> 634 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 635 <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> 636 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 637 <a href="https://iita.org/tissue-culture-lab/"> 638 639 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 640 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522
640-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 641 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Tissue Culture Lab</span> 642 </a> 643 </li> 644 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 645 <a href="https://iita.org/crop-processing/"> 646 647 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 648 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 649 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Crop Processing</span> 650 </a> 651 </li> 652 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 653 <a href="https://iita.org/germplasm-health-unit/"> 654 655 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 656 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 657 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Germplasm Health Unit</span> 658 </a> 659 </li> 660 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 661 <a href="https://iita.org/pathology-laboratory/"> 662 663 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 664 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 665 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Pathology Laboratory</span> 666 </a> 667 </li> 668 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 669 <a href="https://iita.org/analytical-laboratory/"> 670 671 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 672 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 673 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Analytical Laboratory</span> 674 </a> 675 </li> 676 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 677 <a href="https://hospitality.iita.org/"> 678 679 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 680 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 681 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Hospitality</span> 682 </a> 683 </li> 684 </ul> 685 </div> 686 </div> 687 </div> 688 </div> 689 </div> 690 <div id="e-n-tab-content-1651320866" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="e-n-tab-title-1651320866" data-tab-index="6" style="--n-tabs-title-order: 6;" class=" elementor-element elementor-element-7b070c4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="7b070c4" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 691 <div class="e-con-inner"> 692 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3f0e931 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="3f0e931" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 693 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a8cb0de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="a8cb0de" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 694 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 695 <strong>Working Together for Impact</strong> </div>
696 </div> 697 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1208747 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="1208747" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 698 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 699 IITA collaborates with governments, donors, research institutions, universities, NGOs, and the private sector to advance agricultural innovation across Africa. </div> 700 </div> 701 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6d81445 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="6d81445" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> 702 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 703 <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> 704 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 705 <a href="https://iita.org/partnership/#partnership"> 706 707 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 708 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 709 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Our Partners</span> 710 </a> 711 </li> 712 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 713 <a href="https://iita.org/partnership/#partner"> 714 715 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 716 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 717 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Become a Partner</span> 718 </a> 719 </li> 720 </ul> 721 </div> 722 </div> 723 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a4875fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="a4875fc" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> 724 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 725 <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> 726 <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://iita.org/partnership/"> 727 <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> 728 <span class="elementor-button-text">Learn more</span> 729 </span> 730 </a> 731 </div> 732 </div> 733 </div> 734 </div> 735 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-02f5b4e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="02f5b4e" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 736 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-78f4e91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="78f4e91" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> 737 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 738 <img width="835" height="800" src="https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Ministry-of-Agric-MOU-with-IITA.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-5626" alt="" srcset="https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Ministry-of-Agric-MOU-with-IITA.jpg 835w, https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Ministry-of-Agric-MOU-with-IITA-300x287.jpg 300w, https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Ministry-of-Agric-MOU-with-IITA-768x736.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 835px) 100vw, 835px" /> </div> 739 </div> 740 </div> 741 </div> 742 </div> 743 </div> 744 </div> 745 </div> 746 </div> 747 </div> 748 </div> 749 </div> 750 </div> 751 </li> 752 <li class="e-n-menu-item"> 753 <div id="e-n-menu-title-1532" class="e-n-menu-title"> 754 <div class="e-n-menu-title-container"> <span class="e-n-menu-title-text"> 755 OUR WORK </span> 756 </div> <button id="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-1532" class="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon e-focus" data-tab-index="2" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="e-n-menu-content-1532" > 757 <span class="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-opened"> 758 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up" viewB
758ox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Close OUR WORK</span> 759 </span> 760 <span class="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-closed"> 761 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-down" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Open OUR WORK</span> 762 </span> 763 </button> 764 </div> 765 <div class="e-n-menu-content"> 766 <div id="e-n-menu-content-1532" data-tab-index="2" aria-labelledby="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-1532" class="elementor-element elementor-element-04919a0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="04919a0" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> 767 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1df4fbf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="1df4fbf" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 768 <div class="e-con-inner"> 769 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-0dad214 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="0dad214" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 770 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 771 <p><strong>Our Work</strong></p> </div> 772 </div> 773 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d89e0eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="d89e0eb" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 774 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 775 <p>IITA collaborates with governments, donors, research institutions, universities, NGOs, and the private sector to advance agricultural innovation across Africa.</p> </div> 776 </div> 777 </div> 778 </div> 779 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6b49882 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="6b49882" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 780 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3050453 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="3050453" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 781 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 782 <p><strong>Programs</strong></p> </div> 783 </div> 784 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8f13800 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="8f13800" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> 785 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 786 <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> 787 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 788 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 789 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 790 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Biotechnology</span> 791 </li> 792 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 793 <a href="https://iita.org/programs/breeding/"> 794 795 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 796 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 797 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Breeding</span> 798 </a> 799 </li> 800 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 801 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 802 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522
802-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 803 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Genebank</span> 804 </li> 805 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 806 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 807 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 808 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Seed Systems</span> 809 </li> 810 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 811 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 812 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 813 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Farming Systems Agronomy</span> 814 </li> 815 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 816 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 817 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 818 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Plant health</span> 819 </li> 820 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 821 <a href="https://iita.org/programs/natural-resources-management-nrm/"> 822 823 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 824 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 825 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Natural Resource Management</span> 826 </a> 827 </li> 828 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 829 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 830 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 831 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Mechanization</span> 832 </li> 833 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 834 <a href="https://iita.org/programs/foresight-impact-assessment-and-scaling-fias/"> 835 836 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 837 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 838 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Foresight, Impact assessment and Scaling (FIAS)</span> 839 </a> 840 </li> 841 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 842 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 843 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522
843-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 844 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Gender, youth, and social inclusion (GYSI)</span> 845 </li> 846 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 847 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 848 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 849 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Nutrition and Health (NH)</span> 850 </li> 851 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 852 <a href="https://iita.org/climate-action/"> 853 854 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 855 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 856 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Resilience and Climate Adaptation (RCA)</span> 857 </a> 858 </li> 859 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 860 <a href="https://iita.org/programs/value-chains-markets-and-agribusiness-vcma/"> 861 862 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 863 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 864 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Value-chains, Markets, and agribusiness (VCMA)</span> 865 </a> 866 </li> 867 </ul> 868 </div> 869 </div> 870 </div> 871 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5f4f88 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="e5f4f88" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 872 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5a6c5d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="5a6c5d9" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 873 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 874 <p><strong>Projects</strong></p> </div> 875 </div> 876 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-aff7f0d elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="aff7f0d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> 877 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 878 <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> 879 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 880 <a href="https://iita.org/project/?wpv_view_count=123&wpv-science-area=0&wpv-impact-areas=0&wpv-program=0&wpv-crop=0&wpv-hub=0&wpv-location=0&wpv-project-status=active&wpv_post_search=&wpv_filter_submit=Submit"> 881 882 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 883 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 884 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Active projects</span> 885 </a> 886 </li> 887 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 888 <a href="https://iita.org/project-dashboard/"> 889 890 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 891 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522
891-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 892 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Projects dashboard</span> 893 </a> 894 </li> 895 </ul> 896 </div> 897 </div> 898 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8d43246 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="8d43246" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 899 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 900 <p><strong>Crops</strong></p> </div> 901 </div> 902 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-87f8844 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="87f8844" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> 903 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 904 <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> 905 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 906 <a href="https://iita.org/banana-and-plantain/"> 907 908 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 909 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 910 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Banana and Plantain</span> 911 </a> 912 </li> 913 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 914 <a href="https://iita.org/cassava/"> 915 916 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 917 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 918 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Cassava</span> 919 </a> 920 </li> 921 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 922 <a href="https://iita.org/cowpea/"> 923 924 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 925 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 926 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Cowpea</span> 927 </a> 928 </li> 929 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 930 <a href="https://iita.org/maize/"> 931 932 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 933 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 934 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Maize</span> 935 </a> 936 </li> 937 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 938 <a href="https://iita.org/soybean/"> 939 940 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 941 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522
941-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 942 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Soybean</span> 943 </a> 944 </li> 945 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 946 <a href="https://iita.org/yam/"> 947 948 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 949 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 950 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Yam</span> 951 </a> 952 </li> 953 </ul> 954 </div> 955 </div> 956 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b3f9626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="b3f9626" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 957 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 958 <p><strong>Support Services</strong></p> </div> 959 </div> 960 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-740a0c5 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="740a0c5" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> 961 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 962 <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> 963 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 964 <a href="https://iita.org/capacity-development-office/"> 965 966 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 967 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 968 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Capacity Development Office</span> 969 </a> 970 </li> 971 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 972 <a href="https://iita.org/communication-and-knowledge-management/"> 973 974 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 975 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 976 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Communication and Knowledge Management</span> 977 </a> 978 </li> 979 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 980 <a href="https://drmu.iita.org/" target="_blank"> 981 982 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 983 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 984 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Data and Research Methods</span> 985 </a> 986 </li> 987 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 988 <a href="https://iita.org/project-management-and-administration/"> 989 990 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 991 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522
991-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 992 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Project Management and Administration</span> 993 </a> 994 </li> 995 </ul> 996 </div> 997 </div> 998 </div> 999 </div> 1000 </div> 1001 </li> 1002 <li class="e-n-menu-item"> 1003 <div id="e-n-menu-title-1533" class="e-n-menu-title"> 1004 <div class="e-n-menu-title-container"> <span class="e-n-menu-title-text"> 1005 WHERE WE WORK </span> 1006 </div> <button id="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-1533" class="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon e-focus" data-tab-index="3" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="e-n-menu-content-1533" > 1007 <span class="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-opened"> 1008 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Close WHERE WE WORK</span> 1009 </span> 1010 <span class="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-closed"> 1011 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-down" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Open WHERE WE WORK</span> 1012 </span> 1013 </button> 1014 </div> 1015 <div class="e-n-menu-content"> 1016 <div id="e-n-menu-content-1533" data-tab-index="3" aria-labelledby="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-1533" class="elementor-element elementor-element-72a7a71 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="72a7a71" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> 1017 <div class="e-con-inner"> 1018 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-cbe2d1b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="cbe2d1b" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 1019 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d042cbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="d042cbb" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 1020 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1021 <p><strong>Where we work</strong></p> </div> 1022 </div> 1023 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-cb307e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="cb307e5" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 1024 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1025 <p>IITA collaborates with governments, donors, research institutions, universities, NGOs, and the private sector to advance agricultural innovation across Africa.</p> </div> 1026 </div> 1027 </div> 1028 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-dda5e80 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="dda5e80" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 1029 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a0facf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="a0facf2" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 1030 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1031 <p><a href="https://iita.org/central-africa-hub/"><strong>Central Africa</strong></a></p> </div> 1032 </div> 1033 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-bc7b0ce elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="bc7b0ce" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> 1034 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1035 <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> 1036 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1037 <a href="https://iita.org/burundi"> 1038 1039 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1040 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522
1040-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1041 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Burundi</span> 1042 </a> 1043 </li> 1044 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1045 <a href="https://iita.org/cameroon/"> 1046 1047 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1048 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1049 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Cameroon</span> 1050 </a> 1051 </li> 1052 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1053 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1054 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1055 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Central African Republic</span> 1056 </li> 1057 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1058 <a href="https://iita.org/democratic-republic-of-congo-drc/"> 1059 1060 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1061 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1062 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Democratic Republic of the Congo</span> 1063 </a> 1064 </li> 1065 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1066 <a href="https://iita.org/gabon"> 1067 1068 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1069 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1070 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Gabon</span> 1071 </a> 1072 </li> 1073 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1074 <a href="https://iita.org/rwanda"> 1075 1076 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1077 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1078 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Rwanda</span> 1079 </a> 1080 </li> 1081 </ul> 1082 </div> 1083 </div> 1084 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-90af294 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="90af294" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 1085 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1086 <p><a href="https://iita.org/eastern-africa-hub/"><strong>Eastern Africa</strong></a></p> </div>
1087 </div> 1088 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4483f07 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="4483f07" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> 1089 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1090 <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> 1091 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1092 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1093 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1094 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Ethiopia</span> 1095 </li> 1096 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1097 <a href="https://iita.org/kenya"> 1098 1099 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1100 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1101 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Kenya</span> 1102 </a> 1103 </li> 1104 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1105 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1106 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1107 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Madagascar</span> 1108 </li> 1109 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1110 <a href="https://iita.org/tanzania"> 1111 1112 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1113 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1114 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Tanzania</span> 1115 </a> 1116 </li> 1117 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1118 <a href="https://iita.org/uganda"> 1119 1120 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1121 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1122 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Uganda</span> 1123 </a> 1124 </li> 1125 </ul> 1126 </div> 1127 </div> 1128 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9424c11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="9424c11" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 1129 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1130 <p><a href="https://iita.org/sahel-hub/"><strong>Sahel</strong></a></p> </div>
1131 </div> 1132 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1cc4d99 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="1cc4d99" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> 1133 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1134 <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> 1135 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1136 <a href="https://iita.org/burkina-faso"> 1137 1138 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1139 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1140 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Burkina Faso</span> 1141 </a> 1142 </li> 1143 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1144 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1145 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1146 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Chad</span> 1147 </li> 1148 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1149 <a href="https://iita.org/Gambia/"> 1150 1151 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1152 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1153 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Gambia</span> 1154 </a> 1155 </li> 1156 </ul> 1157 </div> 1158 </div> 1159 </div> 1160 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-17f0e13 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="17f0e13" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 1161 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-41316ab elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="41316ab" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> 1162 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1163 <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> 1164 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1165 <a href="https://iita.org/Niger/"> 1166 1167 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1168 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1169 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Niger</span> 1170 </a> 1171 </li> 1172 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1173 <a href="https://iita.org/mali/"> 1174 1175 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1176 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1177 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Mali</span> 1178 </a> 1179 </li> 1180 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1181 <a href="https://iita.org/senegal"> 1182 1183 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1184 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522
1184-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1185 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Senegal</span> 1186 </a> 1187 </li> 1188 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1189 <a href="https://iita.org/sudan/"> 1190 1191 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1192 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1193 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Sudan</span> 1194 </a> 1195 </li> 1196 </ul> 1197 </div> 1198 </div> 1199 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a643238 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="a643238" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 1200 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1201 <p><a href="https://iita.org/southern-africa-hub/"><strong>Southern Africa</strong></a></p> </div> 1202 </div> 1203 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-97313fd elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="97313fd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> 1204 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1205 <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> 1206 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1207 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1208 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1209 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Angola</span> 1210 </li> 1211 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1212 <a href="https://iita.org/malawi"> 1213 1214 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1215 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1216 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Malawi</span> 1217 </a> 1218 </li> 1219 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1220 <a href="https://iita.org/Mozambique"> 1221 1222 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1223 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1224 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Mozambique</span> 1225 </a> 1226 </li> 1227 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1228 <a href="https://iita.org/zambia"> 1229 1230 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1231 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522
1231-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1232 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Zambia</span> 1233 </a> 1234 </li> 1235 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1236 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1237 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1238 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Zimbabwe</span> 1239 </li> 1240 </ul> 1241 </div> 1242 </div> 1243 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a997418 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="a997418" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 1244 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1245 <p>
1245<a href="https://iita.org/western-africa-hub/"><strong>Western Africa</strong></a></p> </div> 1246 </div> 1247 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-0ce618e elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="0ce618e" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default"> 1248 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1249 <ul class="elementor-icon-list-items"> 1250 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1251 <a href="https://iita.org/benin"> 1252 1253 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1254 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1255 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Bénin</span> 1256 </a> 1257 </li> 1258 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1259 <a href="https://iita.org/cote-divoire/"> 1260 1261 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1262 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1263 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Côte dâivoire</span> 1264 </a> 1265 </li> 1266 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1267 <a href="https://iita.org/ghana"> 1268 1269 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1270 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1271 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Ghana</span> 1272 </a> 1273 </li> 1274 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1275 <a href="https://iita.org/nigeria"> 1276 1277 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1278 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1279 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Nigeria</span> 1280 </a> 1281 </li> 1282 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1283 <a href="https://iita.org/sierra-leone"> 1284 1285 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1286 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1287 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Sierra Leone</span> 1288 </a> 1289 </li> 1290 <li class="elementor-icon-list-item"> 1291 <a href="https://iita.org/togo"> 1292 1293 <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> 1294 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522
1294-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"></path></svg> </span> 1295 <span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Togo</span> 1296 </a> 1297 </li> 1298 </ul> 1299 </div> 1300 </div> 1301 </div> 1302 </div> 1303 </div> 1304 </div> 1305 </li> 1306 <li class="e-n-menu-item"> 1307 <div id="e-n-menu-title-1534" class="e-n-menu-title"> 1308 <div class="e-n-menu-title-container"> <span class="e-n-menu-title-text"> 1309 IMPACT </span> 1310 </div> <button id="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-1534" class="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon e-focus" data-tab-index="4" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="e-n-menu-content-1534" > 1311 <span class="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-opened"> 1312 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Close IMPACT</span> 1313 </span> 1314 <span class="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-closed"> 1315 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-down" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Open IMPACT</span> 1316 </span> 1317 </button> 1318 </div> 1319 <div class="e-n-menu-content"> 1320 <div id="e-n-menu-content-1534" data-tab-index="4" aria-labelledby="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-1534" class="elementor-element elementor-element-a295501 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="a295501" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> 1321 <div class="e-con-inner"> 1322 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-65b19a7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="65b19a7" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 1323 <div class="e-con-inner"> 1324 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-bd05ed2 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-nav-menu__text-align-aside elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu" data-id="bd05ed2" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-settings="{"layout":"dropdown","submenu_icon":{"value":"<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-down\"
1324 viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z\"><\/path><\/svg>","library":"fa-solid"}}" data-widget_type="nav-menu.default"> 1325 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1326 <nav class="elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container" aria-hidden="true"> 1327 <ul id="menu-2-bd05ed2" class="elementor-nav-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3407"><a href="https://iita.org/product-development/" class="elementor-item menu-link" tabindex="-1">Innovations</a></li> 1328<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3406"><a href="https://iita.org/research-outputs/" class="elementor-item menu-link" tabindex="-1">Research outputs</a></li> 1329</ul> </nav> 1330 </div> 1331 </div> 1332 </div> 1333 </div> 1334 </div> 1335 </div> 1336 </div> 1337 </li> 1338 <li class="e-n-menu-item"> 1339 <div id="e-n-menu-title-1535" class="e-n-menu-title"> 1340 <div class="e-n-menu-title-container"> <span class="e-n-menu-title-text"> 1341 KNOWLEDGE </span> 1342 </div> <button id="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-1535" class="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon e-focus" data-tab-index="5" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="e-n-menu-content-1535" > 1343 <span class="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-opened"> 1344 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Close KNOWLEDGE</span> 1345 </span> 1346 <span class="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-closed"> 1347 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-down" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Open KNOWLEDGE</span> 1348 </span> 1349 </button> 1350 </div> 1351 <div class="e-n-menu-content"> 1352 <div id="e-n-menu-content-1535" data-tab-index="5" aria-labelledby="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-1535" class="elementor-element elementor-element-953d582 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="953d582" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> 1353 <div class="e-con-inner"> 1354 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6eba567 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="6eba567" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 1355 <div class="e-con-inner"> 1356 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-aae6eee elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-nav-menu__text-align-aside elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu" data-id="aae6eee" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-settings="{"layout":"dropdown","submenu_icon":{"value":"<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-down\"
1356 viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z\"><\/path><\/svg>","library":"fa-solid"}}" data-widget_type="nav-menu.default"> 1357 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1358 <nav class="elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container" aria-hidden="true"> 1359 <ul id="menu-2-aae6eee" class="elementor-nav-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3410"><a target="_blank" href="https://data.iita.org/" class="elementor-item menu-link" tabindex="-1">Datasets</a></li> 1360<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3411"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/iita-media-library/" class="elementor-item menu-link" tabindex="-1">Photos</a></li> 1361<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3412"><a target="_blank" href="https://cgspace.cgiar.org/communities/0074d1e1-d1a0-4fa2-ae90-f9bfbd09ea7d" class="elementor-item menu-link" tabindex="-1">Publications</a></li> 1362<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3409"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/@IITAVideos/featured" class="elementor-item menu-link" tabindex="-1">Videos</a></li> 1363</ul> </nav> 1364 </div> 1365 </div> 1366 </div> 1367 </div> 1368 </div> 1369 </div> 1370 </div> 1371 </li> 1372 <li class="e-n-menu-item"> 1373 <div id="e-n-menu-title-1536" class="e-n-menu-title"> 1374 <div class="e-n-menu-title-container"> <span class="e-n-menu-title-text"> 1375 MEDIA </span> 1376 </div> <button id="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-1536" class="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon e-focus" data-tab-index="6" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="e-n-menu-content-1536" > 1377 <span class="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-opened"> 1378 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-up" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Close MEDIA</span> 1379 </span> 1380 <span class="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-closed"> 1381 <svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-down" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Open MEDIA</span> 1382 </span> 1383 </button> 1384 </div> 1385 <div class="e-n-menu-content"> 1386 <div id="e-n-menu-content-1536" data-tab-index="6" aria-labelledby="e-n-menu-dropdown-icon-1536" class="elementor-element elementor-element-7ec0038 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="7ec0038" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> 1387 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-610de89 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="610de89" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container"> 1388 <div class="e-con-inner"> 1389 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9d16b52 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-nav-menu__text-align-aside elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu" data-id="9d16b52" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-settings="{"layout":"dropdown","submenu_icon":{"value":"<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-down\"
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1489 1490<div class="wp-block-toolset-blocks-container tb-container aligncenter" data-toolset-blocks-container="8b833fa320c85bcbd7d5de089d803eff"><div class="tb-container-inner"> 1491<div class="tb-field" data-toolset-blocks-field="a322ac1b7b2d4fce52a001db9bc50f29" data-last-update="1.4">Reading the viral fossils hidden in yam genomes</div> 1492 1493 1494 1495<div class="tb-field" data-toolset-blocks-field="8452329684563321e35250a7a9d50381" data-last-update="1.4">September 28, 2026</div> 1496 1497 1498 1499<div class="tb-field" data-toolset-blocks-field="7a210564af282d29b60f5b77eb9bf5e4" data-last-update="1.4"> 1500<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="820" height="411" src="https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Reading-1.png" alt=" Infected yam tuber. 1501" class="wp-image-35408" srcset="https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Reading-1.png 820w, https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Reading-1-300x150.png 300w, https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Reading-1-768x385.png 768w, https://iita.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Reading-1-18x9.png 18w" sizes="(max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"> Infected yam tuber.<br></figcaption></figure> 1502 1503 1504 1505<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><em>New genomic evidence could help scientists distinguish ancient viral remnants from active infectionsâand support safer yam germplasm exchange</em><em></em></p> 1506 1507 1508 1509<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Yams are prone to several viruses, and some of their genomes contain diverse viruses known as endogenous pararetroviral sequences (EPRVs), inherited over generations, these viruses complicate diagnostics and germplasm exchange because the sequences resemble the DNA of infectious viruses.</p> 1510 1511 1512 1513<p class="wp-block-paragraph">A recent <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00705-026-06703-4"><u>genomic study</u></a> of five yam speciesâ<em>D. rotundata, D. alata, D. praehensilis, D. abyssinica, and D. dumetorumâ</em>identified inactive integrations of four major groups of badnavirus-derived DNA in the yam genome. The findings provide new information that could help scientists clarify a persistent challenge for plant health testing and yam germplasm exchange.</p> 1514 1515 1516 1517<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://blogs.iita.org/reading-the-viral-fossils-hidden-in-yam-genomes/">Read More:</a></p> 1518</div> 1519 1520 1521 1522<div class="tb-social-share tb-social-share--092" data-shareurl="https://iita.org/news-item/reading-the-viral-fossils-hidden-in-yam-genomes/" data-title="" data-image="" data-toolset-blocks-social-share="f28af4114170166aa5e7e98789138ad1"><div class="tb-social-share__excerpt"></div><div class="tb-social-share__network"><div role="button" class="SocialMediaShareButton SocialMediaShareButton--facebook tb-social-share__facebook__share-button"></div></div><div class="tb-social-share__network"><div role="button" class="SocialMediaShareButton SocialMediaShareButton--linkedin tb-social-share__linkedin__share-button"></div></div><div class="tb-social-share__network"><div role="button" class="SocialMediaShareButton SocialMediaShareButton--twitter tb-social-share__twitter__share-button"></div></div><div class="tb-social-share__network"><div role="button" class="SocialMediaShareButton SocialMediaShareButton--email tb-social-share__email__share-button"></div></div></div> 1523 1524 1525 1526<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide"/> 1527 1528 1529 1530<div class="wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid tb-grid" data-toolset-blocks-grid="3d9c399fe625e1b972f817a0680229f6"> 1531<div class="wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid-column tb-grid-column tb-grid-align-top" data-toolset-blocks-grid-column="3034fbe886c11054e95b46b09d3e4112"> 1532<p class="has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Contributed by</strong></p> 1533 1534 1535 1536<div class="tb-field" data-toolset-blocks-field="6ef912b43e7f8c6d08e12b5624961c12" data-last-update="1.4"><div class="tces-js-font-encoded" style="display:none;">T3N3YWxkOjUwMCMjI1JhbGV3YXk6cmVndWxhcg==</div>
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1536<p><em>Lava Kumar</em></p> 1537</div> 1538</div> 1539 1540 1541 1542<div class="wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid-column tb-grid-column tb-grid-align-top" data-toolset-blocks-grid-column="3034fbe886c11054e95b46b09d3e4112"> 1543<p class="has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Recent stories</strong></p> 1544 1545 1546<div class="wpv-view-output" data-toolset-views-view-editor="7bb66ccdc23980500ec7020155d6e7e6"><div class="wp-block-toolset-views-view-editor"><div id="wpv-view-layout-48-TCPID35403CPID35403" class="js-wpv-view-layout js-wpv-layout-responsive js-wpv-view-layout-48-TCPID35403CPID35403" data-viewnumber="48-TCPID35403CPID35403" data-pagination="{"id":"48","query":"normal","type":"disabled","effect":"fade","duration":500,"speed":5,"pause_on_hover":"enabled","stop_rollover":"false","cache_pages":"enabled","preload_images":"enabled","preload_pages":"enabled","preload_reach":1,"spinner":"builtin","spinner_image":"https://iita.org/wp-content/plugins/toolset-blocks/embedded/res/img/ajax-loader.gif","callback_next":"","manage_history":"enabled","has_controls_in_form":"disabled","infinite_tolerance":"0","max_pages":1,"page":1,"base_permalink":"/news-item/reading-the-viral-fossils-hidden-in-yam-genomes/?wpv_view_count=48-TCPID35403CPID35403&wpv_paged=WPV_PAGE_NUM","loop":{"type":"","name":"","data":[],"id":0}}" data-permalink="/news-item/reading-the-viral-fossils-hidden-in-yam-genomes/?wpv_view_count=48-TCPID35403CPID35403"> 1547<div class="js-wpv-loop-wrapper"> 1548<div class="wp-block-toolset-views-view-template-block wpv-block-loop-item php-to-be-replaced-with-shortcode" data-toolset-views-view-template-block="35d921397e80fe352eeb33917f2de5a6"> 1549<div class="tb-field" data-toolset-blocks-field="9f0e6b0ec2b788238bc46af4016871a7" data-last-update="1.4"><a href="https://iita.org/news-item/iita-eastern-africa-hub-aligns-priorities-for-greater-regional-impact/">IITA Eastern Africa Hub aligns priorities for greater regional impact </a></div> 1550</div> 1551 1552<div class="wp-block-toolset-views-view-template-block wpv-block-loop-item php-to-be-replaced-with-shortcode" data-toolset-views-view-template-block="35d921397e80fe352eeb33917f2de5a6"> 1553<div class="tb-field" data-toolset-blocks-field="9f0e6b0ec2b788238bc46af4016871a7" data-last-update="1.4"><a href="https://iita.org/news-item/iita-donates-breeder-yam-seed-to-boost-ghanas-2027-seed-production/">IITA donates breeder yam seed to boost Ghanaâs 2027 seed production </a></div> 1554</div> 1555 1556<div class="wp-block-toolset-views-view-template-block wpv-block-loop-item php-to-be-replaced-with-shortcode" data-toolset-views-view-template-block="35d921397e80fe352eeb33917f2de5a6"> 1557<div class="tb-field" data-toolset-blocks-field="9f0e6b0ec2b788238bc46af4016871a7" data-last-update="1.4"><a href="https://iita.org/news-item/strengthening-seed-systems-to-bridge-yam-production-and-demand-gaps/">Strengthening seed systems to bridge yam production and demand gaps</a></div> 1558</div> 1559</div></div></div> 1560 1561</div></div> 1562</div> 1563</div></div> 1564 1565 1566 1567 </div><!-- .entry-content .clear --> 1568</div> 1569 1570 1571</article><!-- #post-## --> 1572 1573<nav class="navigation post-navigation" aria-label="Posts"> 1574 <div class="nav-links"><div class="nav-previous"><a title="IITAâCGIAR showcases plant biodiversity and conservation at Open Day for Gardeners 2026 " href="https://iita.org/news-item/iita-cgiar-showcases-plant-biodiversity-and-conservation-at-open-day-for-gardeners-2026/" rel="prev"><span class="ast-post-nav" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="ahfb-svg-iconset ast-inline-flex svg-baseline"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 448 512'><path d='M134.059 296H436c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-56c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12H134.059v-46.059c0-21.382-25.851-32.09-40.971-16.971L7.029 239.029
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1942 1943 1944<div id="ast-scroll-top" tabindex="0" class="ast-scroll-top-icon ast-scroll-to-top-right" data-on-devices="both"> 1945 <span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewbox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> 1946 <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z" /> 1947 </svg></span> <span class="screen-reader-text">Scroll to Top</span> 1948</div> 1949 <div data-elementor-type="popup" data-elementor-id="31367" class="elementor elementor-31367 elementor-location-popup" data-elementor-settings="{"entrance_animation":"fadeIn","exit_animation":"fadeIn","entrance_animation_duration":{"unit":"px","size":0.6999999999999999555910790149937383830547332763671875,"sizes":[]},"prevent_scroll":"yes","a11y_navigation":"yes","triggers":[],"timing":[]}" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library"> 1950 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-11ebdfa2 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-11ebdfa2-c7c1c38 " data-id="11ebdfa2" data-element_type="e-flexbox" data-e-type="e-flexbox" data-interaction-id="11ebdfa2" data-e-type="e-flexbox" data-id="11ebdfa2"> 1951 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3c571ef9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="3c571ef9" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 1952 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1953 <h5 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Olaosebikan, Olamide</h5> </div> 1954 </div> 1955 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-15e1699e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="15e1699e" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"> 1956 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1957 <p>Olamide Deborah Nwanze is a Senior Research Associate specializing in gender mainstreaming research to inform participatory and inclusive breeding, variety development, and seed systems policies regarding root, tuber, and banana (RTB) crops in the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Headquarters, Ibadan, Nigeria. She is a PhD candidate at the University of Ibadan and holds an MSc and B. Agric in Agricultural Extension and Rural Development. Olamide is a fellow of the African Women in Agricultural Research and Development â Gender Responsive Agricultural Systems Policy (<a href="https://awardfellowships.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Cohort_1_GRASP_Fellowship_Photobook.pdf">AWARD-GRASP</a>) and the Gender Responsive Researchers Equipped for Agricultural Transformation (<a href="https://greatagriculture.org/news/from-trainees-to-trainers-lessons-from-a-gender-training-workshop-for-village-seed-entrepreneurs-in-umudike-nigeria/">GREAT</a>). She seeks to apply her gender-mainstreaming learnings, gender-responsive research, and policy development, and review expertise to facilitate women, youth, children, and vulnerable social groupâs access to and adoption of agricultural Innovations that guarantee food, nutrition, income, and livelihood security in Africa. Her current roles include mentoring research fellows, development of <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10568/138326">guides and training manuals</a>, implementation and adaptation of gender frameworks and tools, value chain actorsâ engagement as citizen science partners, policy review and redesign, data management, and analysis. Her current research explores mixed methods and participatory and interdisciplinary approaches to capture and highlight gender dynamics, needs, preferences, and challenges stakeholders face within the agricultural livelihood value chain to prioritize gender-inclusive strategies in breeding programs, policy design, and implementation.</p><p>At IITA, she contributes to the implementation of the CGIAR <a href="https://www.cgiar.org/initiative/accelerated-breeding/">Accelerated Breeding Initiative</a> and <a href="https://www.cgiar.org/genetic-innovation">Genetic Innovation</a> Programs; participatory and gender research within the <a href="https://www.nextgencassava.org/">NextGen Cassava</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2018.11.007">HarvestPlus</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.12867">RTBFoods</a>, and <a href="https://1000farms.net/">Tricot-ClimMob 1000Farms</a> Projects; and gender knowledge communication via the <a href="https://www.iita.org/news-item/empowering-gender-research-insights-from-the-iita-gender-science-networks-webinar-series/">G-LENS webinar series</a>, video documentary, <a href="https://doi.org/10.25502/ht9j-7g74/p">policy briefs</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107837">publications</a>, and <a href="https://gender-portal.rtb.cgiar.org/farmer-stories/working-together-for-better-gari/">blogs</a>.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Recent publications</strong></p><p>de Sousa, K., van Etten, J., Manners, R. Bello, A., Teeken, B., <strong>Olaosebikan, O.,</strong> et al. 2024. The tricot approach: an agile framework for decentralized on-farm testing supported by citizen science. A retrospective. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 44, 8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-023-00937-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-023-00937-1</a></p><p>Madu, T., Onwuka, S., Nwafor, S., Onyemauwa, N., Ejechi, M., Ofoeze, M., Ukeje, B., Eluagu, C., <strong>Olaosebikan, O.,</strong> Okoye, B., 2024. Gender-Inclusive Consumer Studies Improve Cassava Breeding in Nigeria in: Frontiers in Sociology, volume 9, number: 1224504, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2024.1224504">doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2024.1224504</a></p><p><strong>Olaosebikan, O.;</strong> Bello, A.; Utoblo, O.; Okoye, B.; Olutegbe, N.; Garner, E.; Teeken, B.; Bryan, E.; Forsythe, L.; Cole, S.; Madu, T. 2023.  Stressors and Resilience within the Cassava Value Chain in Nigeria: Preferred Cassava Variety Traits and Response Strategies of Men and Women to Inform Breeding. Sustainability 15, 7837. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107837">https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107837</a></p><p>Okoye, B., Ofoeze, M., Ejechi, M., Onwuka, S., Nwafor, S., Onyemauwa, N., Ukeje, B., Eluagu, C., Obidiegwu, J.*, <strong>Olaosebikan, O.,</strong> Madu, T.* 2023. Prioritizing preferred traits in the yam value chain in Nigeria: a gender situation analysis in: Frontiers in Sociology, volume 8, number: 1232626, pages 1 â 9, ISSN 2297-7775, 2023. <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1232626/full">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1232626/full</a></p><p><strong>Olaosebikan, O.,</strong> Bello, A. A., de Sousa, K., Ndjouenkeu, R., Adesokan, M., Alamu, E. O., Agbona, A., van Etten, J., Kegah, F. N.*, Dufour, D., Bouniol, A., Teeken, B. 2023. Consumer acceptability of cassava gari-eba food products across cultural and environmental settings using the triadic comparison of technologies approach (tricot) in: Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,</p><p>Teeken, B., <strong>Olaosebikan, O.,</strong> Bello, A. A., Madu, T.*, Cole, S. M. 2023. Qualitative assessment on the positionality and preferences of dyads in relation to cassava-related activities: working with tricot trial citizen scientists <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10568/138326">https://hdl.handle.net/10568/138326</a> Type: Manual</p><p>Bouniol, A., Ceballos, H., Bello, A. A., Teeken, B., <strong>Olaosebikan, O.,</strong> Owoade, D., Agbona, A., Fotso Kuate, A., Madu, T.*, Okoye, B.*, Ofoeze, M.*, Nwafor, S.*, Onyemauwa, N.*, Adinsi, L.*, Forsythe, L., Dufour, D. 2023. Varietal impact on womenâs labour, workload and related drudgery in processing root, tuber and banana crops: focus on cassava in sub-Saharan Africa in: Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, pages 1 â 25, ISSN 0022-5142,</p><p>Bello, A. A., Agbona, A., <strong>Olaosebikan, O.,</strong> Edughaen, G., Dufour, D., Bouniol, A., Iluebbey, P., Ndjouenkeu, R.*, Rabbi, I. Y., Teeken, B. 2023. Genetic and environmental effects on processing productivity and food product yield: drudgery of womenâs work in: Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, pages 1 â 32, ISSN 0022-5142, 5</p><p>Cavicchioli, M., Zimbiti, T., Teeken, B., <strong>Nwanze, D.O.,</strong> Liani, M., Parkes, E. & Bello, A. 2023. IITA-Gender Responsive Breeding Training Report. Genetic Resources Center, IITA-HQ, Ibadan, 21-23 September, 2022. Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA, (34 p.).<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10568/131368">https://hdl.handle.net/10568/131368</a></p><p>Agbona, A. Peteti P., Teeken B., <strong>Olaosebikan O.</strong> Bello, A. A., Parkes, E., Rabbi, I. Y., Mueller, L., Egesi, C., Kulakow, P. 2022. Data Management in Multi-disciplinary African RTB Crop Breeding Programs. In: Williamson, H.F., Leonelli, S. (eds) Towards Re
1957sponsible Plant Data Linkage: Data Challenges for Agricultural Research and Development. Springer, Cham. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13276-6_5">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13276-6_5</a></p><p>Lora Forsythe, Pricilla Marimo, Sarah Mayanja, <strong>Olamide D. Olaosebikan,</strong> Esme Stuart, Bela Teeken, Benjamin Okoye, Tessy Madu, (2021). Cross-product Gender Analysis of RTBfoods Step 2 Gendered Food Mapping on RTB Products. Understanding the Drivers of Trait Preferences and the Development of Multi-user RTB Product Profiles, WP1. London, UK: RTBfoods Field Scientific Report, 30 p.</p><p>Teeken, B., Garner, E., Agbona, A., Balogun, I., <strong>Olaosebikan, O.,</strong> Bello, A., Madu, T., Okoye, B., Egesi, C., Kulakow, P. and Tufan, H.A. 2021. Beyond âWomenâs Traitsâ: Exploring How Gender, Social Difference, and Household Characteristics Influence Trait Preferences. <em>Frontiers Sustainable Food Systems</em> 5:740926. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.740926">https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.740926</a></p><p>Teeken, B., Agbona, A., Bello, A., <strong>Olaosebikan, O.,</strong> Alamu, E., Adesokan, M., Awoyale, W., Madu, T., Okoye, B., Chijioke, U., Owoade, D., Okoro, M., Bouniol, A., Dufour, D., Hershey, C., Rabbi, I., MaziyaâDixon, B., Egesi, C., Tufan, H. and Kulakow, P. (020. Understanding cassava varietal preferences through pairwise ranking of gariâeba and fufu prepared by local farmerâprocessors. <em>Int J Food Sci Technol.</em> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.14862">https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.14862</a></p><p>Bela Teeken, <strong>Olamide Olaosebikan,</strong> Ireti Balogun, Benjamin Okoye, Tessy Madu, Steven Cole, Abolore Bello, Elizabeth Parkes. (2020). Piloting the G+ customer and product profile tools for gender-responsive cassava breeding in Nigeria. Nigeria: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/13000">https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/13000</a></p> </div> 1958 </div> 1959 1960</div> 1961 </div> 1962
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2047<script id="wp-mediaelement-js" src="https://iita.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.js?ver=7.1.2"></script>
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2048<script id="underscore-js" src="https://iita.org/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.8"></script>
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2049<script id="wp-util-js-extra"> 2050var _wpUtilSettings = {"ajax":{"url":"/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php"}}; 2051//# sourceURL=wp-util-js-extra 2052</script>
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2053<script id="wp-util-js" src="https://iita.org/wp-includes/js/wp-util.min.js?ver=7.1.2"></script>
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2054<script id="backbone-js" src="https://iita.org/wp-includes/js/backbone.min.js?ver=1.6.1"></script>
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2054
2055<script id="wp-playlist-js" src="https://iita.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-playlist.min.js?ver=7.1.2"></script>
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2056<script id="views-blocks-frontend-js-extra"> 2057var wpv_pagination_local = {"front_ajaxurl":"https://iita.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","calendar_image":"https://iita.org/wp-content/plugins/toolset-blocks/embedded/res/img/calendar.gif","calendar_text":"Select date","datepicker_min_date":null,"datepicker_max_date":null,"datepicker_min_year":"1582","datepicker_max_year":"3000","resize_debounce_tolerance":"100","datepicker_style_url":"https://iita.org/wp-content/plugins/toolset-blocks/vendor/toolset/toolset-common/toolset-forms/css/wpt-jquery-ui/jquery-ui-1.11.4.custom.css","wpmlLang":""}; 2058//# sourceURL=views-blocks-frontend-js-extra 2059</script>
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2059
2060<script id="views-blocks-frontend-js" src="https://iita.org/wp-content/plugins/toolset-blocks/public/js/views-frontend.js?ver=3.6.29"></script>
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2071 2072 2073<nav 2074 class="trp-language-switcher trp-floating-switcher trp-ls-dropdown trp-switcher-position-top" 2075 style="--bg:#ffffff;--bg-hover:#0000000d;--text:#143852;--text-hover:#1d2327;--border:1px solid #1438521a;--border-radius:0px 0px 8px 8px;--flag-radius:2px;--flag-size:18px;--aspect-ratio:4/3;--font-size:14px;--switcher-width:auto;--switcher-padding:10px 0;--transition-duration:0.2s;--top:0px;--right:10vw" 2076 role="navigation" 2077 aria-label="Website language selector" 2078 data-no-translation 2079> 2080 2081 <div class="trp-language-switcher-inner"> 2082 <div class="trp-language-item trp-language-item__current" title="English" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Change language" aria-controls="trp-switcher-dropdown-list" data-no-translation><img src="https://iita.org/wp-content/plugins/translatepress-multilingual/assets/flags/4x3/en_US.svg" class="trp-flag-image" alt="" role="presentation" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="18" height="14" /><span class="trp-language-item-name">English</span></div> 2083 <div 2084 class="trp-switcher-dropdown-list" 2085 id="trp-switcher-dropdown-list" 2086 role="group" 2087 aria-label="Available languages" 2088 hidden 2089 inert 2090 > 2091 <a href="https://iita.org/fr/news-item/reading-the-viral-fossils-hidden-in-yam-genomes/" class="trp-language-item" title="French" data-no-translation><img src="https://iita.org/wp-content/plugins/translatepress-multilingual/assets/flags/4x3/fr_FR.svg" class="trp-flag-image" alt="" role="presentation" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="18" height="14" /><span class="trp-language-item-name">French</span></a> </div> 2092 </div> 2093 2094 </nav> 2095 </body> 2096</html>
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