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866                  <a href="/solutions/risk-assessment-mitigation" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Risk Assessment &amp; Mitigation</a>
867                  
868  
869  
870                </li>
871                              <li>
872                  <a href="/solutions/technology-data-innovation" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Technology, Data &amp; Innovation</a>
873                  
874  
875  
876                </li>
877              
878              
879            
880          </ul>
881        </div>
882          </li>
883      
884    <li>
885      <a href="/industries" class="nav-main-link" data-children="true" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1562">Industries</a>
886
887                    <button class="nav-main-next js-side-menu-next" aria-label="View Dropdown"></button>
888        <div class="nav-main-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-nav-level="2">
889          <ul>
890            <li class="side-menu-intro">
891              <button tabindex="-1" class="side-menu-back js-side-menu-back" data-drupal-link-system-path=node/1562>Industries</button>
892                              <ul class="side-menu-intro-links">
893                                      <li><a href="/industries" class="-underline">Industries Overview</a></li>
894                                  </ul>
895                          </li>
896
897            
898                              <li>
899                  <a href="/industries/chemicals" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Chemicals</a>
900                  
901  
902  
903                </li>
904                              <li>
905                  <a href="/industries/construction" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Construction</a>
906                  
907  
908  
909                </li>
910                              <li>
911                  <a href="/industries/consumer-products" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Consumer Products</a>
912                  
913  
914  
915                </li>
916                              <li>
917                  <a href="/industries/electronics" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Electronics</a>
918                  
919  
920  
921                </li>
922                              <li>
923                  <a href="/industries/energy" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Energy</a>
924                  
925  
926  
927                </li>
928                              <li>
929                  <a href="/industries/food-beverage" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Food &amp; Beverage</a>
930                  
931  
932  
933                </li>
934                              <li>
935                  <a href="/industries/government-public-sector" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Government Sector</a>
936                  
937  
938  
939                </li>
940                              <li>
941                  <a href="/industries/software-computer-science" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Software &amp; Computer Science</a>
942                  
943  
944  
945                </li>
946                              <li>
947                  <a href="/industries/life-sciences-healthcare" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Life Sciences &amp; Healthcare</a>
948                  
949  
950  
951                </li>
952                              <li>
953                  <a href="/industries/industrial-manufacturing" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Industrial &amp; Manufacturing</a>
954                  
955  
956  
957                </li>
958                              <li>
959                  <a href="/industries/mining-forestry" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Mining &amp; Forestry</a>
960                  
961  
962  
963                </li>
964                              <li>
965                  <a href="/industries/transportation" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Transportation</a>
966                  
967  
968  
969                </li>
970                              <li>
971                  <a href="/industries/utilities" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Utilities</a>
972                  
973  
974  
975                </li>
976              
977              
978            
979          </ul>
980        </div>
981          </li>
982      
983    <li>
984      <a href="/expertise" class="nav-main-link" data-children="true" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1563">Expertise</a>
985
986                    <button class="nav-main-next js-side-menu-next" aria-label="View Dropdown"></button>
987        <div class="nav-main-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-nav-level="2">
988          <ul>
989            <li class="side-menu-intro">
990              <button tabindex="-1" class="side-menu-back js-side-menu-back" data-drupal-link-system-path=node/1563>Expertise</button>
991                              <ul class="side-menu-intro-links">
992                                      <li><a href="/expertise" class="-underline">Expertise Overview</a></li>
993                                      <li><a href="/testing-evaluations" class="-underline">Testing &amp; Evaluations</a></li>
994                                      <li><a href="/information-resources" class="-underline">Information Resources</a></li>
995                                      <li><a href="/visual-communication" class="-underline">Visual Communication</a></li>
996                                  </ul>
997                          </li>
998
999            
1000                              <li>
1001                  <a href="/expertise/biomechanics" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Biomechanics</a>
1002                  
1003  
1004  
1005                </li>
1006                              <li>
1007                  <a href="/expertise/biomedical-engineering-sciences" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Biomedical Engineering &amp; Sciences</a>
1008                  
1009  
1010  
1011                </li>
1012                              <li>
1013                  <a href="/expertise/chemical-regulation-food-safety" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Chemical Regulation &amp; Food Safety</a>
1014                  
1015  
1016  
1017                </li>
1018                              <li>
1019                  <a href="/expertise/civil-structural-engineering" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Civil &amp; Structural Engineering</a>
1020                  
1021  
1022  
1023                </li>
1024                              <li>
1025                  <a href="/expertise/computer-data-security-sciences" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Computer, Data &amp; Security Sciences</a>
1026                  
1027  
1028  
1029                </li>
1030                              <li>
1031                  <a href="/expertise/construction-consulting" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Construction Consulting</a>
1032                  
1033  
1034  
1035                </li>
1036                              <li>
1037                  <a href="/expertise/ecological-biological-sciences" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Ecological &amp; Biological Sciences</a>
1038                  
1039  
1040  
1041                </li>
1042                              <li>
1043                  <a href="/expertise/electrical-engineering" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Electrical Engineering</a>
1044                  
1045  
1046  
1047                </li>
1048                              <li>
1049                  <a href="/expertise/environmental-and-earth-sciences" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Environmental &amp; Earth Sciences </a>
1050                  
1051  
1052  
1053                </li>
1054                              <li>
1055                  <a href="/expertise/health-sciences" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Health Sciences</a>
1056                  
1057  
1058  
1059                </li>
1060                              <li>
1061                  <a href="/expertise/human-factors" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Human Factors</a>
1062                  
1063  
1064  
1065                </li>
1066                              <li>
1067                  <a href="/expertise/materials-science-electrochemistry" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Materials Science &amp; Electrochemistry</a>
1068                  
1069  
1070  
1071                </li>
1072                              <li>
1073                  <a href="/expertise/mechanical-engineering" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Mechanical Engineering</a>
1074                  
1075  
1076  
1077                </li>
1078                              <li>
1079                  <a href="/expertise/metallurgical-corrosion-engineering" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Metallurgical &amp; Corrosion Engineering</a>
1080                  
1081  
1082  
1083                </li>
1084                              <li>
1085                  <a href="/expertise/polymers-chemistry" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Polymers &amp; Chemistry</a>
1086                  
1087  
1088  
1089                </li>
1090                              <li>
1091                  <a href="/expertise/thermal-sciences" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Thermal Sciences</a>
1092                  
1093  
1094  
1095                </li>
1096                              <li>
1097                  <a href="/expertise/user-sciences" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">User Sciences</a>
1098                  
1099  
1100  
1101                </li>
1102                              <li>
1103                  <a href="/expertise/vehicle-engineering" class="nav-child-link" hreflang="en">Vehicle Engineering</a>
1104                  
1105  
1106  
1107                </li>
1108              
1109                              <li>
1110                        <div class="side-menu-nav-item-promo">
1111      <div class="eyebrow">Featured Expertise</div>
1112      <div class="promos">
1113        
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121    
1122
1123  
1124      
1125    <div class="promo-featured js-link-event">
1126            <picture title="Exponent, Expertise for Battery&amp; Energy Storage "><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_promo_featured/public/media/images/battery-abstract-hero.jpg.webp?itok=aOv1LrNL" width="300" height="220" alt="An abstract photo of battery energy. Exponent conducts research and provides strategic engineering support for battery and energy storage.">
1127  </picture>
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132      <a href="/capabilities/batteries-energy-storage" class="js-link-event-link">Batteries &amp; Energy Storage</a>
1133    </div>
1134
1135  
1136
1137        <div class="promo-secondary">
1138                      
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146    
1147
1148  
1149      
1150    <div class="promo js-link-event">
1151            <picture><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_promo/public/media/images/GettyImages-1809660148.jpg.webp?itok=JqFtjNKs" width="144" height="140" alt="Modern Data Technology Center Server Racks Working in Well-Lighted Room. Concept of Internet of Things, Big Data Protection, Storage, Cryptocurrency Farm, Cloud Computing. Mining Facility Warehouse.">
1152  </picture>
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157      <a href="/capabilities/data-center-consulting-engineering" class="js-link-event-link">Data Center Consulting &amp; Engineering</a>
1158    </div>
1159
1160  
1161
1162                      
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170    
1171
1172  
1173      
1174    <div class="promo js-link-event">
1175            <picture><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_promo/public/media/images/CB_International%20Disputes_hero_1600x840.png.webp?itok=WK7LVCqL" width="144" height="140" alt="Collage of international cities">
1176  </picture>
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181      <a href="/capabilities/international-dispute-resolution" class="js-link-event-link">International Dispute Resolution</a>
1182    </div>
1183
1184  
1185
1186                  </div>
1187      </div>
1188    </div>
1189  
1190                </li>
1191              
1192            
1193          </ul>
1194        </div>
1195          </li>
1196      
1197    <li>
1198      <a href="/find-people" class="nav-main-link" data-children="true" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3583">People</a>
1199
1200                    <button class="nav-main-next js-side-menu-next" aria-label="View Dropdown"></button>
1201        <div class="nav-main-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-nav-level="2">
1202          <ul>
1203            <li class="side-menu-intro">
1204              <button tabindex="-1" class="side-menu-back js-side-menu-back" data-drupal-link-system-path=node/3583>People</button>
1205                              <ul class="side-menu-intro-links">
1206                                      <li><a href="/find-people" class="-underline">See All People</a></li>
1207                                  </ul>
1208                          </li>
1209
1210                          <li class="side-menu-experts-search">
1211                <form class="exponent-search-person" data-drupal-selector="exponent-search-person" action="/article/are-your-robots-ready-real-world" method="post" id="exponent-search-person" accept-charset="UTF-8" novalidate>
1212    <div class="search-people js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-wrapper" id="edit-wrapper">  <input data-drupal-selector="edit-title" type="hidden" name="title" value="" />
1213
1214<div class="search-filters"><div class="search-input"><label>Name</label>  <div id="searchBox-people-6ab45b94b2043" class="search-box"></div>
1215</div><div class="search-input search-box">
1216      <label for="edit-q">Keyword</label>
1217          <input data-drupal-selector="edit-q" type="search" id="edit-q" name="q" value="" size="60" maxlength="128" class="form-search" />
1218
1219
1220        </div></div><div class="search-filters"><div class="search-filter">
1221      <label for="edit-expertise">Expertise</label>
1222        <select class="chosen-enable form-select" data-drupal-selector="edit-expertise" id="edit-expertise" name="expertise">
1223            <option value=""  selected="selected">Any</option>
1224                <option value="Biomechanics" >Biom
1224echanics</option>
1225                <option value="Biomedical Engineering and Sciences" >Biomedical Engineering and Sciences</option>
1226                <option value="Chemical Regulation and Food Safety" >Chemical Regulation and Food Safety</option>
1227                <option value="Civil and Structural Engineering" >Civil and Structural Engineering</option>
1228                <option value="Computer, Data &amp; Security Sciences" >Computer, Data &amp; Security Sciences</option>
1229                <option value="Construction Consulting" >Construction Consulting</option>
1230                <option value="Ecological and Biological Sciences" >Ecological and Biological Sciences</option>
1231                <option value="Electrical Engineering" >Electrical Engineering</option>
1232                <option value="Environmental and Earth Sciences" >Environmental and Earth Sciences</option>
1233                <option value="Health Sciences" >Health Sciences</option>
1234                <option value="Human Factors" >Human Factors</option>
1235                <option value="Information Resources" >Information Resources</option>
1236                <option value="Legal" >Legal</option>
1237                <option value="Materials Science and Electrochemistry" >Materials Science and Electrochemistry</option>
1238                <option value="Mechanical Engineering" >Mechanical Engineering</option>
1239                <option value="Metallurgical and Corrosion Engineering" >Metallurgical and Corrosion Engineering</option>
1240                <option value="Polymers &amp; Chemistry" >Polymers &amp; Chemistry</option>
1241                <option value="Thermal Sciences" >Thermal Sciences</option>
1242                <option value="User Sciences" >User Sciences</option>
1243                <option value="Vehicle Engineering" >Vehicle Engineering</option>
1244                <option value="Visual Communication" >Visual Communication</option>
1245      </select>
1246
1247        </div><div class="search-filter">
1248      <label for="edit-office">Location</label>
1249        <select class="chosen-enable form-select" data-drupal-selector="edit-office" id="edit-office" name="office">
1250            <option value=""  selected="selected">Any</option>
1251                <option value="Alexandria" >Alexandria</option>
1252                <option value="Atlanta" >Atlanta</option>
1253                <option value="Austin" >Austin</option>
1254                <option value="Basel" >Basel</option>
1255                <option value="Bellevue" >Bellevue</option>
1256                <option value="Bowie" >Bowie</option>
1257                <option value="Burlington" >Burlington</option>
1258                <option value="Chicago" >Chicago</option>
1259                <option value="Denver" >Denver</option>
1260                <option value="Edinburgh" >Edinburgh</option>
1261                <option value="Farmington Hills" >Farmington Hills</option>
1262                <option value="Harrogate" >Harrogate</option>
1263                <option value="Hong Kong" >Hong Kong</option>
1264                <option value="Houston" >Houston</option>
1265                <option value="Ireland" >Ireland</option>
1266                <option value="Irvine" >Irvine</option>
1267                <option value="London" >London</option>
1268                <option value="Los Angeles" >Los Angeles</option>
1269                <option value="Mannheim" >Mannheim</option>
1270                <option value="Menlo Park" >Menlo Park</option>
1271                <option value="Miami" >Miami</option>
1272                <option value="Natick" >Natick</option>
1273                <option value="New York" >New York</option>
1274                <option value="Oakland" >Oakland</option>
1275                <option value="Pasadena" >Pasadena</option>
1276                <option value="Philadelphia" >Philadelphia</option>
1277                <option value="Phoenix" >Phoenix</option>
1278                <option value="Sacramento" >Sacramento</option>
1279                <option value="Seattle" >Seattle</option>
1280                <option value="Shanghai" >Shanghai</option>
1281                <option value="Singapore" >Singapore</option>
1282                <option value="Tampa" >Tampa</option>
1283                <option value="Warrenville" >Warrenville</option>
1284                <option value="Washington DC" >Washington DC</option>
1285      </select>
1286
1287        </div></div>  <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions">  <input class="btn button button--primary js-form-submit form-submit" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Search" />
1288
1289</div>
1290</div>
1291  <input autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="form-bfooy-oepp0cvgf9tgdhq2pjdumjt-pcfcpowdwhrx8" type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-bfoOy_oEpP0cvgf9Tgdhq2PJDuMJt_PcfCpowdwHrx8" />
1292
1293  <input data-drupal-selector="edit-exponent-search-person" type="hidden" name="form_id" value="exponent_search_person" />
1294
1295
1296</form>
1297
1298              </li>
1299
1300            
1301          </ul>
1302        </div>
1303          </li>
1304      
1305    <li>
1306      <a href="/insights" class="nav-main-link" data-children="true" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1565">Insights</a>
1307
1308                    <button class="nav-main-next js-side-menu-next" aria-label="View Dropdown"></button>
1309        <div class="nav-main-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-nav-level="2">
1310          <ul>
1311            <li class="side-menu-intro">
1312              <button tabindex="-1" class="side-menu-back js-side-menu-back" data-drupal-link-system-path=node/1565>Insights</button>
1313                              <ul class="side-menu-intro-links">
1314                                      <li><a href="/our-expert-approach" class="-underline">Our Expert Approach</a></li>
1315                                      <li><a href="/events-webinars" class="-underline">Events &amp; Webinars</a></li>
1316                                      <li><a href="/alerts" class="-underline">Alerts</a></li>
1317                                      <li><a href="/case-studies-0" class="-underline">Case Studies</a></li>
1318                                      <li><a href="/publications" class="-underline">Publications</a></li>
1319                                      <li><a href="/announcements" class="-underline">Announcements</a></li>
1320                                  </ul>
1321                          </li>
1322
1323                          <li>
1324                <div class="side-menu-insights">
1325                    <div class="side-menu-recent-insights">
1326    <div class="eyebrow">Recent Insights</div>
1327    
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335    
1336
1337  <a href="/event/data-centers-bess-speed-power" class="side-menu-recent-insights-featured">
1338    <div class="side-menu-recent-insights-featured-link">Data Centers, BESS &amp; Speed to Power</div>
1339    <div class="side-menu-recent-insights-featured-photo">
1340      
1341    </div>
1342  </a>
1343
1344
1345          <div class="side-menu-recent-insights-links">
1346                  <a href="/article/are-your-robots-ready-real-world" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5894" class="is-active" aria-current="page">Are Your Robots Ready for the Real World?</a>
1347                  <a href="/article/how-can-conops-drive-evolution-av-safety-cases" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5898">How Can ConOps Drive the Evolution of AV Safety Cases?</a>
1348              </div>
1349      </div>
1350
1351                        <div class="side-menu-trending">
1352      <div class="eyebrow">Trending</div>
1353              <div class="side-menu-trending-links">
1354                      
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362    
1363
1364  
1365      
1366    <a href="/capabilities/ai-consulting">
1367            <picture><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_promo_trending/public/media/images/GettyImages-1356364287%20%281%29.jpg.webp?itok=HPWECajr" width="230" height="180" alt="Close-up Focus on Person&#039;s Hands Typing on the Desktop Computer Backlit Keyboard">
1368  </picture>
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373      <span>AI Consulting</span>
1374    </a>
1375
1376  
1377
1378                      
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386    
1387
1388  
1389      
1390    <a href="/capabilities/cybersecurity-consulting">
1391            <picture><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/menu_promo_trending/public/media/images/GettyImages-808157346.jpg.webp?itok=JcjcMLZM" width="230" height="180" alt=" Close-up Shot of Female IT Engineer Working in Monitoring Room. She Works with Multiple Displays.">
1392  </picture>
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397      <span>Cybersecurity Consulting</span>
1398    </a>
1399
1400  
1401
1402                  </div>
1403          </div>
1404  
1405                </div>
1406              </li>
1407
1408            
1409          </ul>
1410        </div>
1411          </li>
1412  
1413
1414          
1415  
1416      
1417    <li class="utility">
1418      <a href="/company/our-impact" class="nav-main-link" data-children="true" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3560">Our Impact</a>
1419
1420                    <button class="nav-main-next js-side-menu-next" aria-label="View Dropdown"></button>
1421        <div class="nav-main-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-nav-level="2">
1422          <ul>
1423            <li class="side-menu-intro">
1424              <button tabindex="-1" class="side-menu-back js-side-menu-back" data-drupal-link-system-path=node/3560>Our Impact</button>
1425                          </li>
1426
1427            
1428                              <li>
1429                  <a href="/company/our-impact" class="nav-child-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3560">Overview</a>
1430                  
1431  
1432  
1433                </li>
1434                              <li>
1435                  <a href="/our-impact/investing-people" class="nav-child-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4118">Investing in People</a>
1436                  
1437  
1438  
1439                </li>
1440                              <li>
1441                  <a href="/advancing-science" class="nav-child-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4092">Advancing Science</a>
1442                  
1443  
1444  
1445                </li>
1446                              <li>
1447                  <a href="/our-impact/future-focused-solutions" class="nav-child-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4281">Safety &amp; The Environment</a>
1448                  
1449  
1450  
1451                </li>
1452              
1453              
1454            
1455          </ul>
1456        </div>
1457          </li>
1458      
1459    <li class="utility">
1460      <a href="/company-about" class="nav-main-link" data-children="true" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1558">Company</a>
1461
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1711      
1712                                    <h1 class="h1">Are Your Robots Ready for the Real World?</h1>
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1722                          <div class="hero-image">      <picture><img loading="eager" src="/sites/default/files/styles/hero_teal/public/media/images/GettyImages-1924607771.jpg.webp?itok=PuTV8gNi" width="975" height="560" alt="Robot assistant doing vacuuming a room. Home helper. Smart assistant. 3D illustration">
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1752  <article class="text-block wysiwyg-content text-block-alt">
1753    <p>
1754      <span class="date">May 27, 2026</span>
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1774    <h2 class="eyebrow">Authors</h2>
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1792              <picture title="Keith Beers, Ph.D., P.E., CFEI, CQE, CVFI"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/headshot_authors/public/media/images/keith-beers-37-uuid-6a8f67ed4825d.png.webp?itok=qQH9uIkr" width="125" height="125" alt="Keith Beers, Ph.D., P.E., CFEI, CQE, CVFI">
1793  </picture>
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799    </div>
1800    <div class="authors-grid-card-inner">
1801              <a href="/people/keith-beers" class="authors-grid-card-name js-link-event-link">Keith Beers, Ph.D., P.E., CFEI, CQE, CVFI</a>
1802      
1803              <p class="authors-grid-card-info">Practice Director and Principal Engineer</p>
1804              <p class="authors-grid-card-info"><a href="/expertise/materials-science-electrochemistry">Materials Science and Electrochemistry</a></p>
1805              <p class="authors-grid-card-info"><a href="/offices/menlo-park">Menlo Park</a></p>
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1812
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1814
1815
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1818
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1820  <div class="authors-grid-card js-link-event" data-animation-duration="2000" data-animation="fadeIn">
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1822              <picture title="Nicholas Faenza, Ph.D., P.E., CFEI, CVFI"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/headshot_authors/public/media/images/nicholas-faenza-949-uuid-6aac7d2a923c6.png.webp?itok=8NNX69lz" width="125" height="125" alt="Nicholas Faenza, Ph.D., P.E., CFEI, CVFI">
1823  </picture>
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829    </div>
1830    <div class="authors-grid-card-inner">
1831              <a href="/people/nicholas-faenza" class="authors-grid-card-name js-link-event-link">Nicholas Faenza, Ph.D., P.E., CFEI, CVFI</a>
1832      
1833              <p class="authors-grid-card-info">Principal Engineer</p>
1834              <p class="authors-grid-card-info"><a href="/expertise/materials-science-electrochemistry">Materials Science and Electrochemistry</a></p>
1835              <p class="authors-grid-card-info"><a href="/offices/phoenix">Phoenix</a></p>
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1850  <div class="authors-grid-card js-link-event" data-animation-duration="2000" data-animation="fadeIn">
1851    <div class="authors-grid-card-image">
1852              <picture title="Garrett Grocke, Ph.D."><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/headshot_authors/public/media/images/garrett-grocke-4968-uuid-6a445fd256b25.png.webp?itok=zTQ_KtFJ" width="125" height="125" alt="Garrett Grocke, Ph.D.">
1853  </picture>
1854
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1858
1859    </div>
1860    <div class="authors-grid-card-inner">
1861              <a href="/people/garrett-grocke" class="authors-grid-card-name js-link-event-link">Garrett Grocke, Ph.D.</a>
1862      
1863              <p class="authors-grid-card-info">Senior Associate</p>
1864              <p class="authors-grid-card-info"><a href="/expertise/materials-science-electrochemistry">Materials Science and Electrochemistry</a></p>
1865              <p class="authors-grid-card-info"><a href="/offices/menlo-park">Menlo Park</a></p>
1866          </div>
1867  </div>
1868
1869
1870            </div>
1871          </div>
1872        </div>
1873      </article>
1874
1875    
1876  
1877  
1878
1879  
1880        
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1887                                                          
1888            <div class="call-to-action-card">
1889              <h2 class="h3">Executive Summary</h2>
1890                              <div class="wysiwyg-content">  <p>Autonomous robots are transitioning from controlled settings into homes and workplaces, making battery reliability and safety a mission-critical challenge. High-energy battery packs  —  essential for mobility and computing  —  introduce new risks, including fires and toxic gas releases. Managing those risks takes system-level thinking: identifying, assessing, and mitigating battery risks through rigorous evaluations and lifecycle-focused risk management. By integrating proactive design strategies and failure analysis, product developers can address critical safety issues and safeguard their investments as robotics adoption accelerates worldwide.</p>
1891
1892</div>
1893                                        </div>
1894                  </div>
1895      </div>
1896    </article>
1897
1898  
1899  
1900
1901  
1902    <article class="text-block wysiwyg-content">
1903        <h2>Key lessons&nbsp;from micromobility and other high-energy industries to help robotics developers&nbsp;manage battery risks as autonomous systems&nbsp;spread into homes and workplaces</h2><p>As robots move out of controlled industrial settings and into homes, warehouses, hospitals, and mixed-use environments, they require large, high-energy battery packs for motion and onboard computing. In many cases, this means robots may carry some of the largest batteries used near people and inside homes. Specialized industry standards like&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ul.com/services/portable-power-pack-testing">UL 2743</a> and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-855-standard-development/855">NFPA 855</a> flag 1 kWh as a threshold for large batteries, typically limited to commercial and industrial applications, and outline more strenuous safety standards than many consumer products are held to. A single humanoid robot's battery pack may exceed this threshold many times over.</p><p>The micromobility industry experienced a similar rapid deployment of high-energy battery systems into spaces where people live and work, providing a critical precedent for the rapid scale-up of robotics development. Adoption of some micromobility technologies outpaced regulation, causing safety incidents, including thermal runaway events, intense fires, toxic off-gassing, property damage, and even fatalities. Robotics manufacturers, who are poised to deliver an estimated&nbsp;<a href="https://www.morganstanley.com/insights/articles/humanoid-robot-market-5-trillion-by-2050">80 million robots into homes and one billion across diverse applications by 2050</a>, may be able to avoid similar outcomes by drawing on the hard-earned lessons of fast-evolving micromobility applications.</p><p>Without regulatory frameworks to guide deployment in homes and public settings, robotics manufacturers face an increased burde
1903n of managing the inherent risks powerful battery systems can pose to workers, consumers, patients, children, and even pets. Existing codes leave critical questions unanswered. For instance, regulators have yet to determine what infrastructure beyond a standard electrical outlet is needed to safely charge a high-energy home robot, or how businesses should manage the concentrated hazard of fleet charging. Manufacturers will need to address these questions as deployment continues to outpace regulatory response.</p><p>Effectively addressing these hazards requires understanding how batteries behave in complex robotic systems, identifying failure modes before they manifest, and accounting for risks that fall outside existing standards as use cases evolve. That means building robust risk mitigation into design, testing, and product lifecycle decisions from the outset: asking the right questions, gathering the right data, stress-testing assumptions about battery behavior and system interactions, and probing for potential misuse scenarios.</p><h2>How can product developers bridge the gap between robotic capability and human safety?</h2><p>Battery risk in robotics is not defined solely by cell chemistry or energy density. It emerges from how the battery is integrated into a complex system that moves, makes decisions, interacts with people, and operates across varied environments, from factory floors to living rooms and kitchens. With batteries now supporting motion and the significant computational workloads required for AI-driven autonomy, reliability is foundational to robotic function. Early, safety-led design evaluations can focus on understanding the full range of failure modes: how they could occur, how they might propagate, and what the consequences would be under realistic conditions, including both heavy, continuous operation and light, intermittent use scenarios.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><blockquote><p><em>Interrogating and stress-testing assumptions helps surface blind spots before they become potentially dangerous realities.&nbsp;</em></p></blockquote><p>&nbsp;</p><h5>System‑level design reviews</h5><p>Battery risk assessment begins with structured design reviews that identify battery-initiated failure modes and their system-level consequences, including design failure modes and effects analysis (DFMEA). In robotics, this work examines how battery faults such as thermal events, isolation failures, or degradation interact with electrical architectures, mechanical structures, control systems, and human‑facing behaviors, including fail‑safe responses when faults or power loss occur.</p><p>One of the key&nbsp;lessons learned&nbsp;from the micromobility ramp-up is that design evaluations can benefit from accounting for variables beyond the robot itself, such as the thermal load on standard electrical outlets or the potential need for fire-rated charging environments. Early micromobility fires frequently stemmed from design defects and thermal management systems that could not contain cascading failures across battery packs that were rushed to market. Electrical, mechanical, and thermal engineers can help manufacturers address these pivotal risk points in humanoid robotics applications.</p><p>Turning these and other precedents into a roadmap for safety requires reassessing failure modes across the product lifecycle. Interrogating and stress-testing assumptions helps surface blind spots before they become potentially dangerous realities.</p><h5>Use and abuse tolerance analyses</h5><p>Robots will face diverse conditions in handling, human interactions, and operational environments that extend well beyond controlled conditions. A home robot may be bumped by a child, knocked off a step, or caught in an accidental spill; a warehouse robot may absorb repeated impacts from carts or machinery. Use and abuse tolerance analyses and custom testing methodologies can offer critical insights into specific applications and edge cases failure modes.</p><p>Testing may also simulate impacts from falls or collisions, exposure to environmental elements and weather, or other unexpected interactions. In the micromobility sector, water immersion and moisture ingress,&nbsp;initially unanticipated by many OEMs,&nbsp;<a href="https://micromobility.io/news/rad-powers-battery-fire-warning-could-influence-the-entire-micromobility-sector">became a leading cause of field failures</a>, ranging from hoverboard fires to e-bike explosions during charging. By integrating these "off-label" abuse scenarios  —  such as high-pressure cleaning or prolonged exposure to moisture  —  into test programs, engineers can challenge design margins and better understand how risk evolves in the field.</p><h5>Battery failure containment</h5><p>If a battery fault occurs in a robotic application  —  whether from a collision, a degraded cell, or an unexpected electrical short  —  what happens next largely depends on how well the system was designed to contain it. Failure c
1903ontainment and thermal runaway propagation assessments evaluate whether faults remain localized or escalate across cells and packs. Industry standards provide a useful baseline, but robotic operating environments introduce variables like confined spaces, proximity to people, and extended use that standardized conditions often do not address.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><blockquote><p><em>Connecting design intent to factory-floor reality supports long-term consistency and protects against the latent defects that compromise fleet reliability.</em></p></blockquote><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Where design reviews identify theoretical failure pathways, containment assessments put those assumptions to the test. Engineers evaluate thermal barrier performance, cell spacing, and protective feature effectiveness under conditions that reflect how robots actually operate  —  not just how they were designed. Lessons from micromobility reinforce why this distinction matters: In some early e-scooter and e-bike models, containment strategies that appeared sound on paper failed to prevent single-cell thermal runaway from propagating rapidly through entire battery packs, demonstrating the importance of a well-designed containment strategy in preventing a single cell fault from becoming a system-wide catastrophe.</p><p>Understanding those gaps is precisely where engineers can add the greatest value. By developing custom test scenarios that reflect realistic configurations and edge cases, engineers can examine how thermal events initiate, how failures propagate, and how design choices  —  including materials selection, cell spacing, thermal barriers, and protective features  —  shape escalation pathways and available safety margins.</p><h5>Supply chain and manufacturing risk</h5><p>Battery risk is shaped not only by design but by how cells and packs are sourced, manufactured, and assembled across supply chains. Variability in materials, processes, and quality control can potentially introduce latent defects that influence reliability, degradation, and failure propagation over time. Factory audits and manufacturing quality evaluations are essential to identify and mitigate these risks  —  but without the right tools, these efforts can be ineffective and costly.</p><p>X-ray techniques such as computed tomography (CT) play an important role in non-destructively identifying internal defects, contaminants, misalignments, or manufacturing anomalies that external inspection cannot reveal. When applied across the product lifecycle, from supplier qualification to field failure investigations, these technologies and related analyses confirm that manufacturing realities align with safety requirements before issues emerge at scale. This rigor helps avoid the quality-control lapses seen in early micromobility surges, where defective cells or inconsistent assembly led to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jul/06/hoverboards-mass-recall-danger-explosion-fire-hazards">widespread recalls</a>. Connecting design intent to factory-floor reality supports long-term consistency and protects against the latent defects that compromise fleet reliability.</p>
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1932        <h5>Accelerated lifetime analyses</h5><p>Battery safety and reliability evolve over time, making accelerated lifetime analyses critical for understanding degradation-driven risk in robotic systems. These evaluations examine how performance, reliability, and failure propensity change under realistic combinations of charging behavior, thermal cycling, mechanical loading from motion, and environmental exposure. Experience from micromobility  —  and EV  —  deployments underscore this point: frequent fast charging, subtle manufacturing defects, and unforeseen use scenarios in real-world conditions have surfaced&nbsp;
1932<a href="https://inl.gov/content/uploads/2023/07/EV-EVSE-Fault-Analysis-Report-Final-8-27-25-1.pdf">additional failure modes</a> that lab testing failed to anticipate, ultimately leading to costly recalls and design modifications across multiple manufacturers.</p><p>Predicting these long-term risks requires a specialized, cross-functional approach. By combining electrochemistry, materials science, and thermal engineering, specialized engineering teams leverage advanced laboratory data to analyze complex battery lifecycle and degradation data, uncovering overlooked failure modes and defining safety margins before robots deploy.</p><h2>How do insights from failure analysis help mitigate future risks?</h2><p>Even rigorous design and comprehensive testing cannot entirely eliminate battery failures  —  especially as robotic technologies are deployed in new and unpredictable environments. When a home robot suffers a battery-related thermal event, or an autonomous warehouse system's battery fails in a way that damages property or injures workers, the questions that follow are rarely straightforward.</p><p>Rigorous battery failure analysis and root-cause investigations are essential to determine not just what failed but why. Leveraging advanced tools such as CT scanning and materials characterization, engineers can uncover hidden defects, damage, and complex system interactions  —  findings that frequently play key roles in high-stakes disputes and litigation.</p><p>Critically, failure analysis and root-cause investigations provide manufacturers with the knowledge needed to address vulnerabilities and mitigate against possible future incidents. By understanding the pathways to failure, developers can strengthen their designs, refine manufacturing processes, and improve safety across both current and emerging battery technologies.</p>
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1950                          <h2 class="eyebrow">What Clients Are Talking About</h2>
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1958                                              <h3 class="h2 -bold accordion-standard-trigger">Is thermal runaway risk reduction achieved at the software level or hardware level?</h3>
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1965                      <p>Both. Should a thermal event occur in a cell, a robust design (e.g., sufficient cell-to-cell spacing, use of thermal barriers, etc.) is the primary defense against fire propagation, but software and control logic also play a critical role in early intervention. Prior to a thermal event, software and hardware decisions may help to prevent such a scenario from occurring. A design that prevents water ingress, for example, represents a hardware-based approach, while analyzing humidity sensors, battery isolation resistance, and temperature measurements would constitute a software control with appropriate hardware.</p><p>Additionally, decisions about when to restrict motion, route the robot away from people or structures, issue immediate evacuation warnings, or transition to a safe state are software-programmed decisions that should be deeply informed by an understanding of battery failure modes and system‑level consequences. Coordinating hardware containment with smart software responses is essential to minimize the risk of a single cell failure escalating&nbsp;into a catastrophic system-wide fire.</p>
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1980                                              <h3 class="h2 -bold accordion-standard-trigger">How can developers prepare for future regulatory scrutiny as robotics batteries scale up?</h3>
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1987                      <p>As robotic deployments grow, regulatory frameworks are likely to evolve in response to incidents, public concern, and lessons from adjacent industries such as e‑mobility. Developers can prepare by documenting battery‑centered risk assessments, testing beyond minimum standards, and demonstrating that foreseeable use and misuse scenarios were considered during design. This forward‑looking approach not only supports compliance but also enables stakeholders to reduce liability exposure and strengthen consumer confidence.</p>
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2099          <p class="intro">With decades of experience and specialized thermal, chemical, electrical, material, and mechanical expertise, our expert consultants support risk evaluations and failure analysis investigations to address critical safety and reliability issues for batteries in emerging humanoid robotics applications.
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vendor: 1 bytes, line 2564
2564
2565<script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_WI0jxtzbFsMHytgYBAeDev1I7f2e3rCxaHreeRHhZIk.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=5&amp;language=en&amp;theme=exponent&amp;include=eJxLzsgvTs3TTykqLUjM0UsG83RSKwry81LzSvTTc_KTEnPg_Pji1MSi5Az9gtT8gpxUALd7F0k"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2565
2565
2566<script src="/modules/custom-managed/is_meilisearch/js/is_meilisearch.js?tlgkvm" type="module"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2566
2566
2567<script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_-SnKbSeqdAlEiEFyNxu6l-7MitNyln8-321mcs1CcS0.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=7&amp;language=en&amp;theme=exponent&amp;include=eJxLzsgvTs3TTykqLUjM0UsG83RSKwry81LzSvTTc_KTEnPg_Pji1MSi5Az9gtT8gpxUALd7F0k"></script>
2567
2568
2569</body>
2570</html>

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.